SOURCES OF ERROR

From the time the equipment was set up, a few errors could have
already been made such as not properly calibrating the
equipment and not fully getting rid of the air in the manometers.
Air inside the system may have a great effect on the data
obtained. It was possible that the gate valve was not accurately
adjusted to 75%, 100% and 125% of a turn as desired in the
procedure. Since this experiment, like the previous ones
performed, deals with obtaining the flow rate, a minor source of
error is the inaccuracy in measuring the time. Human and
parallax errors could also have been encountered while taking the
volume readings.

REMARKS
Energy losses in pipe flows are the result of friction between the
fluid and the pipe walls and internal friction between fluid
particles. Minor (secondary) head losses occur at any location in a
pipe system where streamlines are not straight, such as at pipe
junctions, bends, valves, contractions, expansions, and reservoir
inlets and outlets. In this experiment, a minor head loss through a
pipe section that has a gate valve was measured. On opening the
gate valve, the flow path is enlarged in proportion with respect to
the percent of the opening. When fully open, the typical gate
valve has no obstruction in the flow path, resulting in very low or
even negligible friction loss. Moreover, a gate valve was used in
performing this experiment and a pressure gage to measure the
difference in heads. As there were two different types of valves, a
gate valve and a globe valve, the group suggests that future
experiments may involve other types of valves so respective loss
coefficients can be compared as to which type is more efficient to
use in certain circumstances.