29(2010), 293327

30)

. . .
.
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, , ]

.

.

.

.
.
.

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.
. , .
,

.

(Bhvaviveka, 500-570)
* . heecho1218@hanmail.net

2 9 4 2 9

(svtantrika, Ra rgyud pa) (Budd

haplita, 470-540) (prsagika, Th
al gyur ba) 1)
.2) (Candrakrti,
ca.600-660) (Prasannapad)  1
1
.



.
.
.

,
.3)
1) (2008, p. 225)
(i ma grags, 1055-?). :(1984, pp.
599-600) 
(Jaynanda, 11, 12)
(Madhyamakvatrak) svtantrika ra
rgyud pa . (2008) pp.
266-7 .
2)  (, 1982) (, 1982)
, (Ruegg, S.
D.(1981, p. 58), (, 1982), (, 1988),
(Lopez, S. D. Jr.(1987, pp. 55-81) .
3) (2005, p. 29) -
, -
. ,
. ,
, .

 2 9 5

.

,

.
.

.4) ()
() (
) .
.5)
.6)

.
,7)
, .
,
. (saving the
phenomena) .
,
.
4) (1980), (2001), (1999)
.
5) (2008) p. 311, pp. 468-9; (1997) p. 347.
6) ,
, ,
.
(2001, pp. 19-25)
. (2004),
(2006) .
7) (, real being) .
, ,
.
(substantialism)

2 9 6 2 9

.

,

.
.

.8)

2.1.

(Ngrjuna, ca.150-250) 
(Mlamadhyamakakrik, )
()
.9)
(realism) . , (nihilism)
.
8)
,

.
9) (Trantha)
(Samanta) ,
, .
(Bhavya) (buddhaplita)
(Kamalabuddhi) ,
(, updhyya) .

 2 9 7

(Madhyamakvatra, ) 
. 


.10)

.11)
 [()
()] ()
[] , 
 
.12)
 .
  (daabhmika
stra, ) () ()
, , , 
. -- ,
(1977) pp. 218-9: Trantha, Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya ed., Lama
Chimpa, Alaka Chattopadhyaya tr.(1970) pp. 198-9:
(1990) .
10) 
(2001) p. 64, (1980) p. 152 .
(1988, p. 5) 
. 


.
11) (2001, p. 93) .
(Skhya), (Nyya), (Vaieika)

.
,
. (1983) pp. 142-3 .
12) (1988) pp. 4-5; (1976) p. 6.

2 9 8 2 9

.13) (
) 
.
. ()

, 
14) . 226
() (, MA..8-119)
(, MA..120-178) (, MA..180226) . (
) () . 
11 (), (), (),
() () ,
.15)
 ()
.
()
. ,

.
13)   () ,
(pramudit bhmi, ), (vimal bhmi,
), (prabhkar bhmi, ), (arcimat bhmi,
), (sudurjay bhmi, ), (abhimukh bhmi,
), (dragam bhmi, ), (acal bhmi,
), (sdhumat bhmi, ), (dharmamegha bhmi,
), , , ,
, , , , , ,
. (1982) p. 8 .
14) (1988) p. 7.
15)  (2004) pp. 1194-9 ,
Fenner, P.(1983) pp. 7-34 .

 2 9 9

(da) (pram
a) ,
?
. ()
. ?16)

,
.
.

.
,
.17)
.
.

16)  (1976) 6
, (1980) (1982)
. (Fenner,
P.(1990), pp. 211-302) 
. Ari Goldfield,
Jules Levinson, Jim Scott, and Birgit Scott tr.(2005), Candrakirti,
Padmakara Translation Group tr.(2002), Candrakirti, Alex Trisoglio
ed.(2003), Wangchuk Dorje, Tyler Dewar tr.(2008) .
 Fenner, P.(1990) ,
(1980) ,
.
MA. . 22. gang gis rang lta la gnas 'jig rten tshad mar 'dod pas
na/ 'dir ni rigs pa smras pa nyid kyis lta go ci shig bya/ gzhan las
gzhan 'byung ba yang 'jig rten pa yis rtogs gyur te/ des na gzhan
las skye yod 'dir ni rigs pas ci zhig dgos//
17) MA. . 23. dnogs kun yang dag rdzun pa mthong pa yis/ dngos
rnyed ngo bo gnyis 'dzin par 'gyur/ yang dag mthong yul gang de
de nyid de/ mthong ba brdzun pa kun rdzob bden par gsungs//

3 0 0 2 9

.18)
(gr
hya) ,
.19)

,
.20)

. () ()
.21)

.
.

,
,
.
.
.
.
18) MA. . 24. mthong ba rdzun pa'ang rnam pa gnyis 'dod de/ dbang
po gsal dang dbang po skyon ldan no/ skyon ldan dbang can rnams
kyi ses pa ni/ dbang po legs gyur shes bltos log par dod//
19) MA. . 25. gnod pa med pai dbang po drug rnams kyis/ bzung ba
gang zhig 'jig rten gyis rtogs te/ 'jig rten nyid las bden yin lhag ma
ni/ 'jig rten nyid las log par rnam bar bzhag//
20) MA. . 26. mi shes gnyid kyis rab bskyod mu stegs can/ rnams kyis
bdag nyid ji bzhin brtags pa dang/ sgyu ma smig rgyu sogs la
brtags pa dang/ de dag 'jig rten las kyang yod min nyid//
21) MA. . 27. mig ni rab rib can gyis dmigs pa yis/ rab rib med shes
la gnod min ji ltar/ de bzhin dri med ye shes spangs pai blos/ dri
med blo la gnod pa yod ma yin//

 3 0 1

(svabhvvaraa)
. (ktriman) []
.
[ ] .22)
,
[ ]
, .
.23)
,
, ?
() ?
.24)
.
.
,
.25)

,
.
,

.26)
22) MA. . 28. gti mug rang bzhin sgrib phyir kun rdzob ste/ des gang
bcos ma bden par snang de ni/ kun rdzob bden zhes thub pa des
gsungs te/ bcos mar gyur pai dngos ni kun rdzob tuo//
23) MA. . 29. rab rib mthu yis skra shad la sogs pai/ ngo bo log pa
gang zhig rnam brtags pa/ de nyid bdag nyid gang du mig dag pas/
mthong de de nyid de bzhin 'dir shes kyis//
24) MA. . 30. gal te 'jig rten tshad ma yin na ni/ 'jig rten de nyid
mthong bas 'phags gzhan gyis/ ci dgos 'phags pai lam gyis ci zhig
bya/ blun po tshad mar rigs pa'ang ma yin no//
25) MA. . 31. rnam kun 'jig rten tshad min de yi phyir/ de nyid skabs
su 'jig rten gnod pa med/ 'jig rten don ni 'jig rten grags nyid kyis/
gal te sel na 'jig rten gyis gnod 'gyur//

3 0 2 2 9

2.2.

.
, , ,
.
.
,
.
. 

.
,
.
. .27)

26)
(1980) p. 159 .
27) (1980, p. 160),
(2002, pp. 115), (2001, p. 101), Huntington, C.
W.(1983, p. 86) .

.

 3 0 3

(

)

(

)

(a)

(b)

, ,

(c)

(d)

(a)
, (b) .
, ,
(alokasavti, ).28)
(b)
, (c) (lokasavti,
) . (c)
, (savtimtra, )
. ,
.
. (c)
() .
.
.
.
(d)
28) (mithysavti, )
(2001) pp. 95-6 .

3 0 4 2 9

, .
.
.

.
()

.
.29)



.30)

2.3.

(paramrtha)
(tatpurua), (karmadhraya), (bah
uvrhi) .
,
.
.31)
29)
.
, ,
.
.
30) (vicra) .
31) (1980) p. 10, (2001) p. 42.

 3 0 5

,
.32)
.
, ,
.33)

 18.9 .


.

.34)
, .
(vyavahra),
.

.
,
, .
, (d) .
.
, (c)
, .

.
32) PP. p. 494.l.1. paramacsvarthaceti paratmrtha
33) (2001) pp.
105-6 .
34) (2009) pp. 322-4 .

3 0 6 2 9

.
.
. ,
, .

2.4.

26.8
(tatvvacchdana), (paras
parasabhavana), (lokavyavahra)
.
.
, .
. .
[], .35)

, (vyavahra) .36)

.
.

35) PP. p. 492.ll.13-16. samantdvaraa savti / ajna hi samantt
sarvapadrthatatvvacchdant savtir ity ucyate /
parasparasabhavana v savtir anyonyasamrayeetyartha /
atha v savti saketo lokavyavahra ity artha /
36) (2005) p. 343.

 3 0 7

.
.
. 
,
, . ,

.
, .

.
,
, .

, ,
.
(vyavahra)
, (vicra)
,
. , ,
.

2.5.

.

.
.

3 0 8 2 9

 15.2cd
(aktrima), (nirapeka)
.37)
.38)
.
.
.
. , .
.
.39)

40) .
,
. .
37) MK.15.2cd. aktrima svabhvo hi nirapeka paratra ca.
(2009) pp. 144-6 .
38) (Ames, L. W.(1982, p. 12)
.
. (Ames, L. W.(1982, pp. 12-3)
,
.



.
39) PP. p. 241, ll.7-9. iha yo dharmo ya padrtha na vyabhicarati sa
tasya svabhva iti vyapadiyate aparapratibaddhatvt agner aua hi
loke tad avyabhicritvt svabhva ity ucyate tadevauam
apspalabhyamna parapratyayasabhtatvt ktrimatvn na
svabhva iti yad caivam avyabhicri svabhvena bhavitavya tad
asyvyabhicritvd anyathbhva syd abhva.
40) (1986) p. 59 .

 3 0 9

, .
.
(dharmat) (svarpa).
? (svabhva). ? (prakti)
. ? (nyat). ?
(naisvbhvya).
? (tathat). ?
(tathbhva), (avikritva), (sadaiva
sthyit).41)

(svarpa)=(dharmat)=(svabhva)=(prakti)=
(nyat)= (naisvbhvya)
.
,
.
,
.

.

, , .
 18.7
,

41) (1996) pp. 264-5: PP. p. 264, l.11-p. 265, l.1. y s

dharm dharmat nma saiva tat svarpa atha keya
dharm dharmat dharm svabhva ko'ya svabhva
prakti k ceya prakti yeya nyat keya nyat
naisvbhvya kim ida naisvbhvyam tathat keya tathat
tathbhvo 'vikritva sadaiva sthyit.

3 1 0 2 9

(dharmat)
.42) (tattva)
, ,
, ,
.43)

.44)

3.1.

(vyavahra) [vyava-h]
, ,
.
.45)
vyavahra
vyhra , vyhra
vohra ,
.46) (vyavahra)
42) MK.18.7. nivttam abhidhtavya nivtta cittagocara/
anutpannniruddh hi nirvam iva dharmat//
43) MK.18.9. aparapratyaya nta prapacair aprapacitam/
nirvikalpam annrtham etat tattvasya lakaam//
44)
.
(1982) p. 173 .
45) (2000) p. 276, p. 493.

 3 1 1

. (vyavahra)
.47)
.
. .

, .
(savti)
[](saketa), (lokavyavahra)

. (ab
hidhna) (abhidheya), (jna) (jeya)
.48)
.
,
(laukikavyavahra) .49)
46) (1955) p. 167. SED(1034a) vyavahra
(doing), (performing), (action), (practice),
(conduct), (behaviour) (commerce), (affair),
(custom), (ordinary life) .
BHSD(516) vyavahra (, )
(designation), (term), (manner of speech),
(motion), (gesture) . vyavahra
(1988), (1999)
() . ,
, (1980) (2001)
() .
.
() .
47) (2000) p. 516.
48) PP. pp. 493, ll.11-12. sarva evyam
abhidhnbhidheyajnajeydivyavahro'eo lokasavtisatyam ity
ucyate.
49) PP. p. 326, ll.2-3. ghaa kuru paa kurvityevam daya ca sarva

3 1 2 2 9

, , , ,
(laukikavyavahra) .50)

(loka) (vyavahra)
.

.
.
, , []
.51)
, .

.52)

 24.10 (vyavahra) ,
.
.  24.8
(lokasavtisatya) ,
.
53),
eva laukikavyavahr virudhyante.
50) PP. p. 512, ll.12-13. sarva eva hyete gaccha kuru paca paha
tihetyevamdayo laukik vyavahr prattyasamutapann.
51) (2001) p. 89.
52) MA..80. tha snyad bden pa thabs gyur su pa dang/ don dam bden
pa thabs byung gyur pa ste/ de gnyis rnam dbye gang gis mi shes
pa/ de ni rnam rtog log pas lam ngan zhugs//
53) (1994, p. 177) ,

 3 1 3

.54) ,
. , .
.
, ,
.55)
,
.
.
. .
.

. .
.

(savti)

(paramrtha)

(prapaca),
(alokasavti)

(vyavahrasatya)
(lokasavtisatya)

(paramrthasatya)

3.2.

(savtimtra)
, (vyavahra)
.
54) (2009) pp. 229-34 .
55) (2001) p. 89.

3 1 4 2 9

.56)
.
. .
, , , , ,
, , ,
.57)

, ,
,
.
.58)

.
.59) 
6 28
.60) ,
,

.
,

56) (2001) p. 89: (1988) p. 26 .

57) PP. p. 389. ll.7-8. pacemni bhikava sajmtra pratijmtra
vyavahramtra savtimtra yaduttto'ghv'ngato'dhv'ka
nirva pudgalaceti //
58) (2001) p. 97.
59) (2001, pp. 97-9)
.  2,
 1,  1 .
60) (1976) p. 381.

 3 1 5

.
(vicra)
.
,
.61)

3.3.

(vicra)
. , , , ,
(), (), (investigation), (examination),
(analysis) .62)
. (vitakka)
,
. ,
.
(nimitta)
,
.
, (Cave
61) (2001) p. 100.
62) (Fenner, P.(1984, p. 142) (analysis) (examination),
(investigation) (vicara)
.
(vicara) ,
, ,
.
,
.

3 1 6 2 9

dallasutta)
(vacisakhra) .63)

(vca) .
.64) .
.
, .
. 
.65)

.
, ,
, ,
.66)

.
.
.

63) MN..301. Asssapasss kho vuso viskha kyasakhro.

Vitakkavicr vacsakhro. Sa ca vedan ca cittasakhroti.
() ()
(Cavedallasutta)
(cittasayutta) ,
, ,
. . SN..293.
Asssapasss kho gahapati kyasakhro. Vitakkavicr
vacsakhro, sa ca vedan ca cittasakhroti.
64) MN..302. vitakketv vicretv pacch vca bhindati. Tasm
vitakkavicr vacsakhro.
65)  33a1 vitarkacrv audryaskmate ,
(1973) p. 236, (1975) p. 297.
66) (1985) p. 180.

 3 1 7

.
.

.67)
(vikalpa) .
[ ] .
[ ] .

.68)
, (yogin)
.
(vicra) () .69)

, [] (tattva) .
. []
.70)

.
.71)
67) (Fenner, P.(1990, p. 101) ,
(1980, p. 169) .
(vicra) (1980, p. 170-1)
.
68) MA..116. rtog rnams dngos po yod na' gyur ba ste/ dngos po ji ltar
med par yongs dpyad zin/ dngos po med par 'di rnams mi byung
dper/ bud shing med par me yod min de bzhin//
69) MA..117. so soi skye bo rnams ni rtog pas bcings/ mi rtog rnal
'byor pa ni grol gyur bas/ rtog rnams log par 'gyur ba gang yin te/
rnam par dpyod pai bras bur mkhas rnams gsung//
70) MA..118. bstan bcos las dpyad rtsod la chags pai phyir/ ma mdzad
rnam grol phyir ni de nyid bstan/ gal te de nyid rnam par bsahd pa
na/ gzhan gzhung 'jig par 'gyur na nyes pa med//

3 1 8 2 9

116

.
117 . 117
.

,
. ,
() ,
. ,
,
. .
,
.72)
,
.
.
,
.73)

,
.
.74)
,
71) MA..119. rang gi lta ba chags dang de bzhin du/ gzhan gyi lta la
'khrug gang rtog pa nyid/ dei phyir 'dod chags khong khro rnam
bsal te/ rnam dpyod pa na myur du grol bar 'gyur//
72) (1980) pp. 169-70.
73)
. (2009) pp. 160-5 .
74) Fenner, P.(1990) p. 103.

 3 1 9

.75)

.
,
,
.76)

,
. , .
, .

. ,
.
(b)
, (c)
, .
, ,
. (b)
, (c) ,
.
, .

, .
, . ,
,

75) Fenner, P.(1984) pp. 142-3.

76) MA..35. gang phyir dngos po 'di dag rnam dpyad na/ de nyid bdag
can dngos las tshu rol tu/ gnas rnyed ma yin de phyir 'jig rten gyi/
tha snyad bden la rnam bar dpyad mi bya//

3 2 0 2 9

.
.
()
. car
, (vicra)

.
.77)
(vicara)
.78)

.
.
,
.
.

, ,
. , ,
, ,
.

77) (1980) p. 172.

78) Fenner, P.(1984) p. 144.

 3 2 1

.

.

.
.
, ,
.
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
.
. , ,

.
.
.
, .

,79)
. ,
,
. ,

, .

79) (2009) pp. 237-9.

3 2 2 2 9

MN:

Majjhima Nikya. ed. by V. Trenckner and R. Chalmers,

London., PTS, 1977-1979.
SN:
Sayutta Nikya. ed. by M. L. Feer, London, PTS,
1884-1904.
MK:
Ngrjuna Mlamadhyamakakrik. ed. by J. W. de
Jong, Madras, The Adyar Library and Research Centre,
1977.
BHSD: Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary. ed.
by F. Edgerton, Kyoto, Rinsen Book Company, 1985.
SED:
A Sanskrit English Dictionary. ed. by Sir M. Monier
Williams, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1899/1988.
MA:
Madhyamakavatara par Candrakirti. ed. by Louis de la
Valle Poussin, Bibliotheca Buddhica , Tokyo,
Meicho-Fukyu-Kai, 1977. (Romanized by Fenner, P.(1990))
PP:
Mlamadhyamakakriks de Ngrjuna avec la
Prasannapad commentaire de Candrakrti. ed. by Louis
de la Valle Poussin, Bibliotheca Buddhica ,
St.-Ptersburg, 1903-1913. (Romanized by Jongcheol Lee)
Ames, L. W.(1982). The Notion of Svabhva in the Thought of
Candrakrti. ed. by P. Williams(2005). Buddhism : Critical
Concepts in Religious Studies volume : Abhidharma
and Madhyamaka, pp. 1-15.
Ari Goldfield, Jules Levinson, Jim Scott, and Birgit Scott tr.(2005),
The Moon of Wisdom : chapter six of Chandrakirti's
Entering the middle way with commentary from the
Eighth Karmapa, Mikyo Dorje's Chariot of the Dakpo
Kagyu Siddhas. Ithaca, N.Y., Snow Lion Publications.

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Candrakirti, Alex Trisoglio ed.(2003). Introduction to the Middle

Way: Chandrakirti's Madhyamakavatara with commentary
by Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche. Khyentse
Foundation.
Candrakirti, Padmakara Translation Group tr.(2002). Introduction
to the Middle Way: Candrakirti's Madhyamakavatara
with commentary by Ju Mipham. Boston, Shambhala.
Fenner, P.(1983). A Reconstruction of the Madhyamakvatra's
Analysis of the Person. The Journal of the International
Association of Buddhist Studies Vol.6, No.2, pp. 7-34.
Fenner, P.(1984). A Study of the Relationship between Analysis
(vicara) and Insight (prajna) based on the
Madhyamakavatara. Journal of Indian philosophy. Vol.12
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Fenner, P.(1990). The Ontology of the Middle Way,
Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
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Prasannapad and the Madhyamakvatra: A Study in
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Trantha, Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya ed., Lama Chimpa, Alaka
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(1994). Prapacavyavahra Candrakrti,

85(43-1), pp. 173-178(L).
(1980). , 3 - , , , pp.
147-178.
(1982). , , , , pp. 147-174.
(1990). Bhvaviveka/Bhavya/Bhviveka.
76(38-2), pp. 98-106(L).
(2006). , , .
(2005). , , ,
.
(2002). (vicra),
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(1999).
, 55, pp.
87-109(L).
(1985). "Vikappa, Vitakka and Vicra"
, ,
pp. 173-186.
(2008). , , , ,
, , , .
(1996). - , , .
(1982). , , , , pp.
2-83.
, (1973).
() 1:
, , .
(1986). , 19, pp. 49-74.
(1976). - , , .
(1984). Svatantrika.

 3 2 5

259, pp. 599-600.

(1988). -
, , .
(1997). , , .
(2001). , ,
.
(1975). - , , .
(1982). (), , .
(2009). -
, ,
.
(2004). .
, Vol.2-2, pp. 1193-1200.
(1982). , , , , pp. 118-145.
(2000). , , , .
(1955). ,
: , , , pp.
162-176.
-- , (1977). -- , ,
.

3 2 6 2 9

Abstract

The Two Truths Theory and Theory of Language in

Candrakrti
Youn, Hee Jo
(Seoul University of Buddhism)

The
two
truths
theory
in
Candrakrti's
Madhyamakvatra shows that saint's view cannot be
defeated by layman's view. First, the two truths theory
which is dependent on agent's view has four steps in which
cognition in lower steps are defeated by cognition in upper
steps. Second, paramrtha and savti is defined by
svabhva which has different meaning in each case. Third,
specially concerned with theory of language in Candrakrti,
vyavahra is also divided into two meanings, one of which
is used as positive meaning, and another as negative
meaning. Negative one is equal to prapaca or alokasavti,
on the contrary to this positive one is savtisatya or
vyavahrasatya.
Vicra or analysis is epistemological action in point of
saint's view and is method for instructing paramrtha and
annihilates conceptuality. In this time savtisatya or
vyavahrasatya
is
just
savtimtra.
By
vicra,
savtisatya or conventional truth cannot be no more truth.
It is just convention under vicra or saint's view. Trough
vicra, vyavahrasatya aims for paramrtha. This is highest
role which language can perform in Candrakrti's theory of
language.

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Key Words: Candrakrti, Madhyamakvatra, the two truths

theory, savti, paramrtha, svabhva,
vyavahra, savtimtra, vicra, theory of
language

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