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Hieraquia PDH PDF
Hieraquia PDH PDF
by JM Caballero
Trend Communications
POTS
1
2, 3 ,4
Information (1)
only meaningful for the end user
Signals (2)
modification of a physical characteristic: electricity, light, magnetism...relative to time
Nodes (4)
relay the signals maintaining their characteristics.
there are three basic types: regenerators, switches/routers and multiplexers
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Information
Analog
Signals
Digital
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Analog
Digital
Modulation
Digital Modulation
- AM/FM radio
- ADSL
- broadcast TV
- digital TV
Digitalization
Codification
- audio CD
- ISDN (data)
- ISDN (voice)
- Internet
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Transmission media
Transmission types
Twisted pair
- Conductors
Coaxial
Transmission obstruction
- Noise
- Dielectrics
Optical Fiber
thermic
intermodulation (sum total of frequencies)
noise point
Space
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Telecommunication in evolution
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analog
Central
analog
: 1900
digital
digital
Modem
Modem
analog
digital
Central
Central
analog
digital
digital
Central
Central
analog
digital
: 1960
: 1990
The telephone networks have moved to the digitalization. At the beginning on the local
exchanges, backbones. The last step is the local loop.
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SAM PLIN G
t
t0
Q U AN TISATIO N
t0+T
011
010
001
000
100
101
110
111
EN C O D IN G
001
011
001
101
100
t
t0
t0+T
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fs = 2*4000=8000 Hz
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C= Bw log2 (1 + P/N)
C: Capacity of a channel in bit/s
Bw: Bandwidth in Hz.
P: Signal power
N: Media noise
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3V
PA M
3V
t
t0+T
t0
-V
-3V
7V
5V
3V
V
-V
-3 V
-5 V
-7 V
(3)
(2)
(1)
(0)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
011
010
001
000
100
101
110
111
PD M
t
t0+T
t0
t0+3T t0+4T
t0
t0+T
t0+2T
t
1
PPM
t
t0
t0+T
001
011
001
101
100
PC M
t
t0
t7
t0 t1 t2
t3 t4 t5 t6
t8 t9
A N A LO G
PU LSE
M O D U LA TIO N
D elta
M odul.
t0+T
t4 t5 t6 t7
t0 t1 t2
t3
t8 t9
D IG ITA L
PU LSE
M O D U LA TIO N
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Line Codifications
Facts:
Evaluation factors:
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+V
NRZ
Non
Return
Zero
-V
+V
AMI
2 Mbit/s
8 Mbit/s
Alternate
Mark
Inversion -V
HDB3
High
Density
Bipolar
Three
Zeroes
+V
B
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
0
0
B: balancing
V: violation
-V
+V
CMI
Coded
Mark
Inverted
140 Mbit/s
155 Mbit/s
0
-V
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
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Multiplexing
Allows the use of several communications channels through a transmission media
DTE-A
BWs1
BWC
BW
s2
DTE-B
.
.
.
BWs1
DTE-F
MULTIPLEXER
Transmission media
FDMA
TDMA
CDMA
Code Division Multiplexing Access
11 01 0 00 10 11 01110 0 1
F
E
B
C
B A F E D CB A
frequency
time
code
Bit
UMTS
The PDH hierarchy
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Digital switching
Analog switching & transmission: Inefficient, expensive
Demodulator
demultiplexer
A(f1)
A(f1)
B(f2)
B(f2)
A(f1), B(f2), C(f3), D(f4)
C(f3)
A(f1), B(f2)
Analog
switch
C(f3)
D(f4)
D(f4)
C(f3), D(f4)
4 channels at the
same frequency
Easy to manage
Digital switch
ABABABABAB
ABCDABCDABCDABCD
CDCDCDCDCD
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PC M M U X
2 M bit/s
LTE
R EG EN ER A TO R
A N A LO G
EXC H A N G E
D IG ITAL
TR A N SM ISSIO N
LIN E
SU BSC R IBER S
R EG EN ER A TO R
2 M bit/s
LTE
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PCM M UX
2 M bit/s
LTE
2 M bit/s
2 M bit/s
REG EN ERA TO R
DIG ITAL
EXCHANG E
DIG ITAL
TRANSM ISSIO N
LINE
REG EN ERA TO R
SU BSCR IBERS
PCM M UX
2 M bit/s
LTE
2 M bit/s
2 M bit/s
The swictching capabilities use to be inside and integrated with the digital network
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Simplifies swtiching
...but
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Needs synchronization
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Digital milestones
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Switching
Transmission
Signalling
Local loop
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T e le c o m m u n ic a tio n
S ta n d a rd iz a tio n S e cto r o f th e
In te rn a tio n a l
T e le c o m m u n ic a tio n
U n io n
R E C O M M E N D A T IO N S
G S E R IE S :
T ra n s m is sio n s ys te m s a n d
M u ltip le x a tio n e q u ip m e n t
O S E R IE S :
M S E R IE S :
T ra n s m is sio n s ys te m s m a in te n a n c e
Section
Multiplexing Hierarchies
Provides an standarized way for transmission and multiplexing in terms of rates and formats
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It is digital
It is a hierachy because define four standarized layers for 2, 8, 34, and 140 Mbit/s
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PDH is plesiochronous
PDH
PDH
PDH
PDH
PDH
PDH
clock
PDH circuits
alignment
SWITCH
Lines Input
Synchronization
Switched lines
Plesio- means almost but truth is that each PDH island has its own clock: the result is an
unsynchronized network
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hirarchy
standard
binary rate
line code
amplitude
attenuation
G.704/732
2048kbit/s50ppm
HDB3
2.37V
3.00V
6dB
G.742
8448kbit/s30ppm
HDB3
2.37V
6dB
G.751
34368kbit/s20ppm
HDB3
1.00V
12dB
G.751
139264kbit/s15ppm
CMI
1.00V
12dB
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T1
i - Tributary bits
J11
R1
Justification bits
ai bi ci di
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C1 C2 C3 C4
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Frame alignment
FA S
FA S
tim e slots
It needs the FAS word at the beginning of each odd framefor the 2 Mbit/s or at the beginning
of the frame for the rest of the hierarchies
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The first time slot is for the control, the 16 channel is for signalling
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Most of the narrow band networks are built over this frame: POTS, Frame Relay, GSM, NISDN, and some leased lines, and ATM access networks
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FAS =0011011
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The second bit of the NFAS is equal to 1 and it is used to avoid aleatory coincidences with
the FAS
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The S bits are reserved space for opertators that want to implement management and
maintenance protocols
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It detects block errors. Each 4 bits CRC corresponds to the previous sub-multiframe
The receiver compute the submultiframe CRC and compares it with the code received on
the next frame
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Error monitoring
This two bits indicate block errors detected by the CRC. First for the upper submultiframe
and the second for the II submultiframe
If multiplexer detects block errors then sets to 0 the bit E to the frame which is sent to the
other side
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Multiframe alignment
The 001011 sequence is the alignment which is inserted on the odd frames
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Alarm bit used to indicate a power fault, loss of incoming signal, loss of frame, coder/
decoder fault, a very high bit error rate (>10-3) that do not allows recover the channels
Then the receiver sets the bit A=1 on the frames travelling on the other direction
When transmitter realizes on the alarm state then send an AIS setting all the frame bits to 1
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Spare bits
The bits S are reserved for the Network Operator internal use only
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Si is a four bits channel (a1, a2, a3, a4) i values goes from 1 to 30, one per channel
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Alarm bit used to indicate a power fault, loss of incoming signal, loss of multiframe CAS,
coder/decoder fault, a very high bit error rate (>10-3) that do not allows recover the channels
Then the receiver sets the bit A=1 on the frames travelling on the other direction
When transmitter realizes on the alarm state then sets all the bits of the CAS multiframe to
indicate the alarm on the response from the remote side is to set CAS bits to 1
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111110100000 A S
T1 T2T3 T4
FA S
34 M bit/s
1111010000 AS T
1 T2 T 3T 4
FA S
8 M bit/s
1111010000 AS T
1 T2 T 3T 4
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Bit rate
CCITT standard
Frame Alignment
Frame Loss
2048 Kbit/s
G.704/732
3 consecutive
errored FAS
8448 Kbit/s
G.742
3 consecutive
correct FAS
4 consecutive
errored FAS
34368 Kbit/s
G.751
3 consecutive
correct FAS
4 consecutive
errored FAS
139264 Kbit/s
G.751
3 consecutive
correct FAS
4 consecutive
errored FAS
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FAS
AST T T T
1 2 3 4
2121
T1T2T3 T4
212
45
Ji
T1 T2T3 T4T1
T4T1 T2T3 T4
Ji
45
212 1
45
T1 T2T3 T4 T1
T4 T1 T2T3 T4
Ji
212
89
Ri
T1 T2T3 T4 T1
T4T1 T2T3 T4
N u m b er o f trib u taries = 4
Ju stificatio n : P ositive
bits Jij = 1 R i = fill-in (justification)
bits Jij = 0 R i = inform ation (no justification)
(decision is based on m ajority count of bits Jij)
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= 2051,7 kbit/s
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FAS
AST T T T
1 2 3 4
384 1
T1 T2T3 T4
384
45
Ji
T1T2T3 T4 T1
T4 T1T2T3 T4
Ji
45
384 1
45
T1 T2T3 T4 T1
T4 T1 T2T3 T4
Ji
89
Ri
T1 T2T3T4 T1
384
T4T1 T2T3 T4
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= 8456,4 kbit/s
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FAS
1
A S
T1 T2T3T4
T1 T2T3 T4T1
488
T1 T2T3 T4 T1
T4 T1 T2T3 T4
488
45
Ji
T1 T2T3 T4T1
T4 T1 T2T3 T4
Ji
T1 T2T3 T4 T1
Ji
T4 T1 T2T3 T4
89
45
488
45
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Num beroftributaries = 4
Justification :Positive
bits Jij = 1 R i= fill-in (justification)
bits Jij = 0 R i= inform ation (no justification)
T4 T1 T2T3 T4
45
Ji
T1 T2T3 T4
488
45
Ji
488
Ri
T1 T2T3 T4 T1
488
T4T1 T2T3 T4
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Synchronization problems
34
The standard allows some offsets from the nominal bit rates because it is assumed the lack
of synchronization on PDH networks
In order to avoid errors the second, third and fourth hierachies provides mechanisms to
accommodate the rate impairments
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If the tributary were absolutely synchronized with the multiplexed frame the it would use the
R bit about the 50% of the opportunities
Then the multiplexer must set on all the Jik bits that belong to that tributary i.e.) if it is the
second tributary would set J21, J22, J23 = 1 and R2=1
At the reception site a majority criteria is applied to identify if R bit contains information of
the tributary or not. If it does the bits must be insert on the bit sequence when demultiplexing
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Maximum justification rate. 2nd hierarchy: 9962,264 bits/s, 3rd hierarchy: 22375,0 bits/s, 4th.
hierarchy: 47562,842 bits/s
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140, 34 y 8 Mbit/s
FAS
A S
T1T2T3 T4
The same functionality than 2 Mbit/s frame uses the full duplex capabilities of a link.
It is used to indicate for alarms at higher rates:
loss of signal
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140 M bit/s.
34 M bit/s
8 M bit/s
FAS
FAS
FAS
A S S ST
A ST
T2T3T4
A ST
T2T3T4
1T2T3
T4
general purpose bit that defines a channel which can be used by any operator application
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PDH events
hierarchy
ID
Explanation
All
AIS
LOF
LOS
RAI (RDI)
FAS error
Alignment error
Bit error
Code error
CRC-LOM
CAS-LOM
RLOM
CRC error
REBE
2Mbit/s
LOF
RAI (bit A=1)
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:X
=1
2 Mbit/s AIS
TS16 AIS
TS16 AIS at the signaling channel. The rest of the bits are not modified
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multiplexer
CRC4
errors....
2 Mbit/s
REBE (bit E=1)
1) CRC process
4) error indication reader
2) error detection
3) error indication writter
As all CRC It is not perfect the 6,25% of the errors are not detected
Each multiplexer informs to the partner the detected errors using the E bit:
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POTS
8
Alquilada
ISDN
2
8
Frame
Relay
Internet
Alquiladas
ISDN
2
8
GSM
2
34
Internet
34
GSM
ADSL
LMDS
Frame
Relay
ADSL
ATM
ATM
LMDS
PDH networks provide circuits to public and private networks like POTS, GSM, ISDN, FRL,
audio, video, and data.
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Loss of compatibility
between European,
Japanese and North
American hierachies
Low management
capabilities
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Section
How to measure
In Service Measurement
64
140
2
2 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
(ISM)
2
140
64
FRAME
ANALYZER
test equipment
64
140
140 Mbit/s
140
2 Mbit/s
64
2 Mbit/s
ERROR
DETECTOR
PATTERN
GENERATOR
test equipment
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Equalization
Attenuation (dB)
140 Mbit/s
140
34
28
8
2
EQUALIZATION
f
amplification is a requirement
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Quality Measurements
%ROUTE ALLOCATION
OK
SERIAL
OUTPUT
DEGRADED
LIMIT
OK
BAD
LIMIT
BAD
ITU-T Recommendations
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