HYBRID ELECTRIC

CARS:THE FUTURE
PRASHANT PANDEY , SHUBHAM
SHARMA ,VIPUL YADAV
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
ABES ENGINEERING COLEGE,GHAZIABAD
Prashantpandey1803@gmail.com

Hybrid Electric Cars:The future

Prashant pandey,shubham
sharma,vipul yadav

ABSTRACT
The demand for Petrol and Diesel in India,
especially by light-duty vehicles, continues
to increase with economic growth and
development. Fossil fuel driven vehicles
are not only creating financial strain due to
fluctuating prices but are also polluting the
environment and posing health risks to the
community. In an effort to find the best
alternate of these fuels, this paper reviews
hybrid vehicle technology as a logical step
towards
sustinable,efficient
and
environment friendly transportation.This
paper compares different methods of
engine propulsion fossil fuels with hybrid
cars technologies so as to find the best
future alternative of these.
INTRODUCTION
With increasing awareness towards
economic
and environmental concerns
associated with fuel combustion in
automobiles,the world is focusing towards
the
development
of
sustainable
technologies.The transportation sector is
one of the highest consumers of fossil
fuels and the largest contributor of
greenhouse gas emissions which is a
major cause of pollution.
The oil dependency, particularly by lightduty vehicles, is responsible for a quarter
of the total GHG emissions in the country
and has become a source of economic
stress with rising oil prices.Hybrid electric
vehicles (HEVs) offer a fuel efficient
solution that combines an electric motor
based drivetrain with the conventional
internal combustion engine (ICE) to
reduce fuel consumption and vehicle
emissions.These HEV benefits have
prompted the automakers to develop
hybrid vehicles, most of which are
available in different parts of the world..
However consumer acceptance to hybrid
vehicles remains low, mostly due to public
unawareness of the performance and

reliability of HEV technology as well as the

high initial cost of hybrid cars.
This paper attempts to raise public
understanding of the growing need to Shift
transportation
industry
to
sustainable,environment
friendly
alternatives and to review the current
hybrid technology as an efficient
Solution by comparing it with other latest
technoligies which uses fossil fuels for
their function.

HYBRID VEHICLES
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type
of hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle which
combines
a
conventional
internal
combustion engine (ICE) propulsion
system with an electric propulsion system.
The presence of the electric powertrain is
intended to achieve either better fuel
economy than a conventional vehicle or
better performance. There are a variety of
HEV types, and the degree to which they
function as EVs varies as well. The most
common form of HEV is the hybrid electric
car, although hybrid electric trucks
(pickups and tractors) and buses also
exist. Hybrid electric vehicles can be
classified according to the way in which
power is supplied to the drivetrain

:
In parallel hybrids, the ICE and the electric
motor are both connected to the
mechanical
transmission
and
can
simultaneously transmit power to drive the

wheels, usually through a conventional

transmission. Honda's Integrated Motor
Assist (IMA) system as found in the
civic,accord as well as the GM Belted
Alternator/Starter system found in the
Chevrolet Malibu hybrids are examples of
production parallel hybrids. The internal
combustion engine of many parallel
hybrids can also act as a generator for
supplemental
recharging.
Currently,
commercialized parallel hybrids use a full
size combustion engine with a single,
small (<20 kW) electric motor and small
battery pack as the electric motor is
designed to supplement the main engine,
not to be the sole source of motive power
from launch. Parallel hybrids are more
efficient than comparable non-hybrid
vehicles especially during urban stop-andgo conditions where the electric motor is
permitted to contribute and during highway
operation.

Series hybrid schematic diagram

Power splits hybrids have the benefits of a
combination of series and parallel
characteristics. As a result, they are more
efficient overall, because series hybrids
tend to be more efficient at lower speeds
and parallel tend to be more efficient at
high speeds; however, the cost of powersplit the hybrid is higher than a pure
parallel.Examples of power-split (referred
to by some as "series-parallel") hybrid
powertrains include current model of
ford,Nissan etc.

Split hybrid schemaatic diagram

HYBRID
ELECTRIC
COMPONENTS
Parallel hybrid schematic diagram

In Series hybrids,only the electric motor

drives the drivetrain, and a smaller ICE
works as a Generator to power the electric
motor or to recharge the batteries. They
also usually have a larger battery pack
than parallel hybrids, making them more
expensive. Once the batteries are low, the
small combustion engine can generate
power at its optimum settings at all times,
making them more efficient in extensive
city driving.

VEHICLE

There are many components that an HEV

is comprised of. The M/Gs , the ICE, and
the battery pack are all main components
that power the vehicle. These elements
need a way to be monitored and controlled
with sensors and controllers.
Other devices, such as inverters and
converters, ensure that the right type (AC
or DC) and right amount of current is being supplied to the various systems in
an HEV.
INNOVATIONS IN HYBRID CARS

As we know that hybrid cars are

future,there are many components in it
which can replaced to enhance its
capability and efficiency therby to increase
its demand between customers.

1.FUEL LESS GRAVITY ENGINE

The biggest innovation which we can add
in it is FUEL LESS GRAVITY Engine.The
Fuelless Gravity Engine is an amazing
new idea created by Rick H. & David
Waggoner of Creative Science &
Research. It is unlike any other gravity
motor we have ever seen before.The
Gravity Engine or ( Motor ) can be
designed to run itself very easily.
The FGE2 Gravity Engine is basically a
gravity, inertia driven motor which gets its
torque power from leverage as well as
speed.

currently.We can use this engine by

modifying it such that it can produce us
higher rpm constantly so that it can be
used efficiently at high speeds and
thereby be used to store energy to the
batteries.

2.IMPROVED
BREAKING

REGENERATIVE

Regenerative braking is a system in which

the electric motor that normally drives a
hybrid or pure electric vehicle is
essentially
operated
in
reverse
(electrically) during braking or coasting.
Instead of consuming energy to propel a
vehicle, the motor acts as a generator that
charges the onboard batteries with
electrical energy that would normally be
lost as heat through traditional mechanical
friction brakes. As the motor acts in
reverse, it generates electricity. The
accompanying
friction
(electrical
resistance) assists the normal brake pads
in overcoming inertia and helps slow the
vehicle.
We can improve regenerative breaking by
improving its capacity to charge the
battries.If we will be able to multiply the
charge stored in the battries,we can
multiply the efficiency of the battery and
hence the efficiency of the vehicle.

Fuel less gravity engine

So,fuel less gravity engine can be used as
an alternate to engine which we are using

where the gasoline engine uses premium

fuel, so the diesel price disadvantage per
gallon of fuel is less than 10%.
Thus Hybrid cehicles can be used in future
by modifying it with above stated
technologies so as to improve fuel
economy and efficiency of the vehicle.
RESULTS
Regenerative breaking system

COMPARISION WITH PRESENT

TECHNOLOGY
Gas, diesel, hybrid, or electric? Everyone
wants their
car to have better fuel
economy and wouldnt mind if its better
for the environment.
Choosing of vehicle depends on the
customers interest. Go with gasoline if
youre a low-mileage driver, hybrid for city
driving, and diesel for high-mileage
(mostly highway) driving.
The mainstream gasoline engine is best if
you drive less than 7500 miles a year
because the savings on fuel wont match
the premium youre likely to pay for a
hybrid or diesel car. Hybrid is the winner if
you cover a lot of miles in stop and go city
driving or on clogged expressways, where
braking recharges the battery that powers
the electric motor. It helps if youre easy
on the throttle and brake early and
smoothly in a hybrid.
If you drive a lot of highway miles, diesel
cars are right choice for cost per mile
driven, and most diesel vehicles have
higher trade-in values than gasolinepowered cars. The case for diesel is
clearer in the premium/sporty segment

Among the technologies which have been

used to run the car,the most efficient in
terms of fuel consumption is Hybrid
technology.Hybrid technology not only
improves fuel consumption but also
increase efficiency and reduce complexity
of the cars.Thus by using the components
stated above,we can use the Hybrid cars
at much higher level as this will be the
future of the cars.

CONCLUSIONS
The above paper concludes that:The Hybrid technology is one of the
biggest future growing technology in the
world.As this technology gives maximum
efficiency and hence reduces the fuel
consumption.
The above stated technology can be
improved by using the components stated
above in order to attain maximum
efficiency in city traffic.
We will be largely depending on this
technology in future due to depletion of
fossil fuels.
REFERENCES
Husain, Electric and Hybrid
Vehicles-Design Fundamentals,
Boca Raton, CRC Press, 2003.

 D. J. Santini, P. D. Patterson, and

A. D. Vyas,Importance of vehicle
costs, fuel prices, and fuel
efficiency in hybrid electric vehicle
market success,
Cogan, Ron. "Hybrid Synergy
Drive
Goes
Upscale...And
Small."Green Car Journal
(2009): 22-23
http://www.howstuffworks.com/hybr
id-car.htm

http://www.emicbg.org/files/Imapct_of_Hybrid_Car
s_Final.pdf