Problems 31 i Problem available in WileyPLUS at instructor's discretion. ‘Tutoring problem available in WileyPLUS at instructor's discretion, Problem is related 10 a chapter video available in WileyPLUS. Problem to be solved with aid of programmable calculator or computer ‘Open ended problem that requites critical thinking. These problems require various assumptions to provide the necessary = o ‘ ‘input data. There are not unique answers to these problems. Review Problems Go to Appendix G (WileyPLUS or the book's web site, www seiley:com/college/munson) for & set of review problems with Esswers. Detailed solutions can be found in the Student Solution Conceptual Questions ‘Manual and Study Guide for Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanies, by ‘Munson etal. © 2013 John Wiley and Sons, Inc) LIC The eotect Sutemeat for the definition of density is 4) Density isthe mass per unit volume. ) Density isthe volume per unit mass ©) Density isthe weight per unit volume. 6 Density isthe weight divided by gravity: <2) Density isthe mass divided by the weight. 12C Given the folowing equation were p is pressure in Ib, ‘Fis inespovifie weight in ID, Vis the magninude of velocity in Eis in ls, and zis height in feet If values are substituted ‘Seo the equation, will the correct value of C be determined?” “2 Yes if the constant C has units off +5) Yes ifthe constant C is dimensiontess, ©) No, the equation eannot produce the correct value of C. “2 Yes if the constant C has units of f. and the specific weight is multiplied by the conversion factor from Ibm to Ibf. E3C The no-slip condition is: “sn experimental observation that che velocity of a fluid in con- ‘act with a salid surface is equal 10 the velocity of the surface. "> Valid only for liquids. »blems “Note: Unless specific values of required fluid properties are given ‘he problem statement, use the values found in the fableson the See of the front cover: Answers fo the even-numbered problems listed at the end of the book. The Lab Problems as well asthe that accompany problems ean be accessed in WileyPLUS the book’s web site, www.wiley.com/eollege/munson, fon 1.2. Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, Units “The force, F ofthe wind blowing against a building is given by = C,pV2A/2, where Vis the wind speed, p the density of the at, sce ctoss-sectional area of the building, and Cpis «constant termed, ‘ag coefficient. Determine the dimensions of the drag coefficient. Determine the dimensions, in both the FLT system and the TT system, for (a) the product of mass times velocity, (b) the ©) Useful only for very low density gases. 4) Indicates that two solids in contact will not slip if the joining once is large. 1.AC-In fits, the shearing sain rate M for @ Newtonian fd tas dimension of ¥ aur our. wut. aur. LSC The laminar velocity profile for a Newtonian fluid is shown, below. ce “Which figure best describes the variation of shear stress with dis- tance from the plate? ‘Additional conceptual questions are available in WileyPLUS at the instructor's discretion. product of force times volume, and (e) kinetic energy divided by 1.3. Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT and MLT systems, ‘of the following quantities Which appear in Table 1.1: (a) volume, (b) acceleration, (€) mass, (d) moment of inertia (area), and (©) work. 1.4 Determine the dimensions, in both the FLT system and the MLT system, fr (a the product of force times acceleration, (b) the product of force times velocity divided by area, and (e) momentum vided by volume. 1.5. Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT and MLT systems, of the following quantities which appear in Table 1.1: (a) angular velocity, (b) energy, (€) moment of inertia (area), (@) power, and. (e) pressure32 chapter 1m Introduction 1.6 Verity the dimensions, in both the FLT sytem andthe MLT system, ofthe following quantities which sppear in Table 11: (a) frequency, (b) tes, () stain, (@) torque, and (€) Work 17 Iu is a velocity, x a length, and a time, what are the dimensions (in the MLT system) of (@) au/a, (b) dx/axd, and (© fliulan) det 1.8. Verify the dimensions, in borh the FLT system and the MET system, ofthe following quanites sich appear in Table I.) acceleration, (b) sess, (6) moment ofa free, (@) volume, a (&) work 19 Ip is pressure, Va velocity, and p a fod density, what are the dimensions (in the MLT system) of (a) p/p. (b) pVp, and (©) Plpv? 110 If P is a force and xa length, what are the dimensions Gn the FLT system) of (@) dP, (b)d° Pid’ and (€) Ps? 1.11 Be if Visa velocity € a length, ad v 9 Hid property (tie Kinematie viscosity) having dimensions of 27! which ofthe following combinations are dimensionless: (a) Vor, (b) Ve/n, (6) Vr) ¥/e0? L2_If Visa velocity, determine the dimensions of Z, a and G, vihich appear in the dimensionally homogeneous equation V=Za-1)+6 1.13 The volume rate of flow, Q, through a pipe containing & slowly moving liguid is given by the equation aR'Ap Bul ‘where Ris the pipe rads, Ap the pressure drop along the pipe, s.2 uid property called viscosity (FL *7), and £ the length of pipe. ‘What are the dimensions of the constant 7/8? Would you classify this equation as a general homogeneous equation? Explain 4.14 According to information found in an old hydraulics book, the energy loss per nit weight of fluid flowing through a nozele ‘connected to a hose canbe estimated by the formula b= (0.04 t0 0.09\D/A)*V/28 where isthe energy loss per unit weight, D the hose diameter the nozzle tip diameter, V the fluid velocity in the hose, and g the scceleration of gravity. Do you think this equation is valid in any system of units? Exphin 115 The pressure difference, Ap, across a partial blockage in an artery (called a stenosis) 's approximated by the equation AY Ao Voy? where V is the blood velocity, 4 the blood viscosity (FL“=P, phe blood density (ML), D the artery diameter, Aptbe area ofthe fimobstructed artery, and Ay the area of the stenosis. Determine the ‘timensions of the constanss K, and K,, Would this equation be valid imany system of units? 1.16 Assume thatthe speed of sound, c in fluid depends on an elastic modulus, £,. with dimensions FL", and the Mud density, p. in the form c= (E,}(pP. If this is to be @ dimensionally homogeneous equation, Wit ar the values for a and 6? Ts your result consistent withthe standard formula forthe speed of sound? (See Eg. 1.19) LAT (RA formula to estimate the volume rate of flow, Q flow ing over a dam of length, B, is given by the equation = 3.09 aH" where His the depth of the water above the top of the dam (called the head), This formula gives Q in fe when B and H are in feet. Is the constant, 3,09, dimensionless? Would this equation be valid if units other than feet and seconds were used? 1.18 The force, P, that is exerted on a spherical particle moving, slowly through & liquid is given by the equation P= 3muDVv where is uid property (viscosity) having dimensions of FLT, Dis the particle diameter, and Vis the particle velocity. What are the dimensions of the constant, 37°? Would you classify this equa tion as @ general homogeneous equation? F119 Cite an example ofa restricted homogeneous equation con- tained in a technical article found in an engineering journal in your field of interest, Define all terms in the equation, explain why itis fa resiricied equation, and provide a complete journal citation lute, date, ete). 1.20. Make wse of Table 1.3 to express the following quan- tities in SI units; (a) 10.2 in/min, (b) 481 slugs, (€) 3.02 1b, (@) 3.1/8, (€) 0.0234 1b. s/f 1.21 (FP Make use of Table 1.4 to express the following quan- tities in BG units: (a) 142 km, (b) 8.14. N/m’, (@) 1.61 ks/m, (4) 0.0320 N «m/s, (e) 5.67 mm/s. 1.22 (Give Express the following quantities in SE units: (a) 160 acres, (b) 15 gallons (U.S.),(¢) 240 miles, (2) 79.1 hp, (e) 60:3 °F. 1.23 For Table 1.3 verity the conversion relationships for: (a) area, (b) density, €) velocity, and (@) specific weight. Use the basic conversion relationships: 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 Ib = 44482.N; and slug = 14.594 kg. 1.24 For Table 1.4 verify the conversion relationships for: (a) ac cceleration, (b) density, (€) pressure, and (d) volume flowrate. Use the basie conversion relationships: | m= 3.2808 ft; IN = 0.22481 Iby and | kg = 0.068521 slug. 41.25 (RB Water flows from a large drainage pipe at arate of 1200 gal/min, What is this volume rate of flow in (a) mi, b)liters/min, and (@) 6/67 1.26 Dimensionless combinations of uanties (commonly called dimensionless parameters) play an important role in fluid: me- ‘hanies. Mae up five possible dimensionless parameters by using combinations of some of the quantities listed in Table T-1 1.27, "An important dimensionless parameter in certain types of fluid flow problems is the Froude number defined as V/Vg0, where Vis a velocity, g the acecleration of gravity, and ¢ a length Determine the value of the Froude number for V— 10 ft/s, 1g = 32.2 ft/s and € = 24 Recalculate the Froude number using Stunts for V.g. and €. Explain the significance of the results of these calculations. Section 1.4 Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight 1.28. Obtain a photograph/image of a situation in which the den- sity or specific weight ofa fluid is important. Print this photo and ‘write a brief paragraph that describes the situation involved. 1.29 A tank contsins 500 kg of a liguid whose specific gravity is, 2 Determine the volume of the liquid inthe tank. 1.30 ER Clouds can weigh thousands of pounds due to their liguid water content. Often this content is measured in grams per cubic meter (g/m'). Assume that a cumulus cloud oecupies a volume of one cubie kilometer, and its Tiquid water content is (0.2 gim’, (a) What is the volume of this cloud in cubic miles? {b) How much does the water in the cloud weigh in pounds?131 HA tank of oil has a mass of 25 slugs. (a) Determine its ‘weight in pounds and in newtons atthe Earth's surface, (b) What Would be its mass (in slugs) and its weight (in pounds) if located ‘on the moon's surface where the gravitational attraction is ap- proximately one-sixth that atthe Earth's surface? 1.32 (Gis A certain object weighs 300 N at the Earth's surface. Determine the mass of the object (in kilograms) and its weight (in nevstons) when located on a planet with an acceleration of gravity equal to 4.0 1Y8%, 1,33. (The density of a certain type of jt fuel is 775 kg/m’, Determine its specific pravity and specitie weight. 1.34 © (RA hndrometer is used to measure the specific grav- ity of liquids. (See Video V2.8.) For a certain liquid, a hydrom- ster reading indicates a specific gravity of 1.15. What is the liq- Lil's density and specific weight? Express your answer in SI 1.35 The specific weight of a certain liquid is 85.3 lb/ft, Deter imine its density and specific gravity 1.36 (& An open, cigid-walled, cylindrical tank contains 4 fe of water at 40°F. Over a 24-hour period of time the water tem- perature varies from 40 to 90 °F. Make use of the data in Appen- dix B to determine how much the volume of water will change, ‘For a tank diameter of 2 ft, would the corresponding change in wa ter depth be very noticeable? Explain, 71.37 Estimate the number of pounds of mercury it would take to Sill your bathtub. List all assumptions and show all calculations 1.38 A mountain climber's oxygen tank contains I Ib of oxygen when he begins his trip at sea level where the acceleration of grav- aay is 32.174 fs". What is the weight of the oxygen in the tank ‘when he reaches the top of Mt. Everest where the acceleration of _zrvity is 32.082 fs"? Assume that no oxygen has been removed from the tank; it willbe used on the descent portion ofthe climb, 1.39 FG The information on a can of pop indicates that the can A compressed air tank contains 5 kg of air at a tem- perature of 80 °C. A gage on the tank reads 300 kPa. Determine the volume of the tank. 1.50 > cg tak contains sr at pressure of 90 psia and ‘Gmperatte of 60 By how much Wl the presse rea se the temperature is needsed to 110 °F? LSI ‘The density of oxygen contained in a tank is 2.0 kg/m? when the temperature is 25 °C, Determine the gage pressure ofthe gas if the atmospheric pressure is 97 kPa. 1.52 The helium-flled blimp shown in Fig. PI.S2 is used at var- ious athletic events. Determine the number of pounds of helium ‘within it if its volume is 68,000 fe and the temperature and pres- sure are 80 °F and 14.2 psia, respectively m Figure P1.52 1.83 Develop « computer program for calculating the density of an ideal gas when the gas pressure in pascals (abs), the tem. perature in degrees Celsius, and the gas constant in J/kg» K are specified. Plot the density of helium as a function of tempera ture from 0 C to 200 °C and pressures of 50, 100, 150, and 200 Pa (abs), Section 1.6 Viscosity (also see Lab Problems 1.1LP and 1.2L) 41.54 Obtain a photograph/image of a situation in which the vis- cosity of a fluid is important. Print this photo and write a brief paragraph that describes the situation involved,34 Chapler 1 m Introduction 1LSS_For flowing water, what i the magnitude ofthe velocity gra- dient needed to produce a shear stress of 1.0 Nim"? 1.56. Make use of the data in Appendix B to determine the dy~ ‘namic viscosity of glycerin at 85°F. Express your answer in both Sand BG unis 187. Make use of the data in Appendix B to determine the dy~ namie viscosity of mercury at 75 °F. Express your answer in BG units $8 €9 (> One type of capillary-rube viscometer is shown in Video VIL5 and in Fig. PISS, For this device the liquid to be tested is drawn into the tube 10a level above the top etched fine. ‘The time is then obtained for the liquid to drain to the bottom etched line. The Kinematic viscosity, v, in avs is then obtained from the equation » = KR*s where K is a constant, R isthe radius of the capillary tube in mm, and 1 is the drain time in seconds. ‘When glycerin at 20 °C is used as a calibration fluid in a partic- ‘lar viscometer. the drain time is 1430 s. When « liquid having density of 970 kg/m’ is tested in the same viscometer the drain time is 900 s. What is the dynamic viscosity of this liquid? =) 159 € (Fe The viscosity of a soft drink was determined by ting a cepillary tube viseometer similar to that shown in Fig. PISS, and Video VL. For this device the kinematic viscosity, vis di- rectly proportional tothe time, 2, chat it takes fora given amount of liquid to flow through a small capillary tube. That is, v = Kr. The following data were obtained from regular pop and diet pop. The corresponding measured specific gravities are also given. Based on these data, by what percent is the absolute viscosity, , of regular pop greater than that of diet pop? Regular pop Diet pop. 9) 377.8 3003 SG Low 1.003 1.60 Determine the ratio ofthe dynamic viscosity of water to ir at ‘a temperature of 60 °C. Compare this value withthe coresponding ratio Of kinematic viscosities. Assume the air is at standard atmos pheric pressure. 161. i The viscosity of a certain Mid is 5. 10 poise. De termine its viscosity in both SI and BG units, 1.62 ‘The kinematic viscosity and specific gravity of a liquid are 35 10 mils and 0,79, respectively. What is the dynamic vis- ceosity of the iquid in SI units? 1.63 A liquid has a specific weight of $9 lb/ft’ and a dynamic vis- conity of 2.75 Ib- sit, Determine its Kinematic viscosity, 1.64. ‘The kinematic viscosity of oxygen at 20 °C and a pressure of 150 KPa (as) i 0.104 stokes, Determine the dynamie viscosity of oxygen at his temperature and pressure 1.65 © Fluids for which the shearing sess, , isnot linearly related to the rate of shearing sin, 7, are designated as non ‘Newtonian fluids. Such fluids are commonplace and can exhibit ‘unusual behavior, as shown in Video V1.6. Some experimental data ‘obtained fora particular noa-Newtonian fluid st 80 °F are shown below. Cb o jan o | 50 182 100 Iss 150 317 200 Plot these data and ft a second-order polynomial to the data using fa suitable graphing program. What is the apparcat viscosity of this fd when the rate of shearing strain is 70 s "? Is this apparent vis- cosity larger or smaller than that for water atthe same tempera- ‘ure? 1.66 3 (GE Water flows near a Mat surface and some measure- ments of the water velocity, parallel tothe surface, at different Ineighis,y, above the surface are obtained. At the surface y = 0, Af ter an anelysis of the daa, the lab technician reports thatthe veloc ity distribution in the range 0 < y < 0.1 fis given by the equation w= 081 +9.2y + 4.1 10 swith w in Fs when y is in A. (a) Do you think thet this equation ‘would be valid in any system of units? Explain. (b) Do you think this equation is correct? Explain. You may want to look at Video 1.10 help you arrive at your answer. 1.67. Calculate the Reynolds numbers for the flow of water and for air through a 4-mme-diameter tube, if the mean velocity is 53 m/s and the temperature i 30 °C in both cases (see Example 1.4), Assume the air is at standard atmospheric pressure 1.68 SAE 30 oil at 60°F flows through a 2-in--iameter pipe with ‘a mean velocity of Sf. Determine the value of the Reynolds num- ber (See Example 1.4) 1.69 For air at standard atmospheric pressure the values of the constants that appear in the Sutherland equation (Eq. 1.10) are C= 1458 X 10" kg/(m:s+K"?) and $= 1104 K, Use these ‘values to predict the viscosity of air at 10°C and 90°C and com- pare with values given in Table B.¢ in Appendix B, 1,70. Use the values of viscosity of air given in Table B.4 at tem- peratures of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100°C to determine the con Stants C and § which appear in the Sutherland equation (Eq. 1.10) ‘Compare your results with the values given in Problem 1.69. (int Rewrite the equation in the form and plot 7°*/p. versus 7. From the slope and intercept of this curve, Cand S can be obtained.) 1.71 © The viscosity of 2 fluid plays a very important role in determining how a fluid flows. (See Video V1.3.) The value of the viscasity depends not only on the specific fuid but also onthe fuid temperature, Some experiments show that when a Tiguid, under the action of a constant driving pressure, is forced with & low veloc- ity, V; through a small horizontal tube, the velocity is given by the ‘equation V = Ki. ln this equation K is a constant for a given tube and pressure, and jx is the dynamic viscosity. For a particularliquid of interest, the viscosity is given by Andrade's equation (Ea LID) with D-='5 x 10-7Ib-s/ft? and B= 4000 °R, By what percentage will the velocity increase as the liquid temperature is increased from 40 °F to 100 °F? Assume all other factors remain constant, 1.72. Use the value of the viscosity of water given in Table B.2 at temperatures of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100°C to determine the ‘constants D and B which appear in Andrade’s equation (Eq. 1.11). Caleulate the value of the viscosity at 50°C and compare with the value given in Table B.2. (Hint: Rewrite the equation in the form tno) n «and pot In versus 1/7. From the slope and intercept of this curve, B and D can be obtained. If a nonlinear curve-fitting program is available, the constants can be obtained directly from Ea. 1-11 with ut rewriting the equation, 1.73 Fora certain liquid pp = 7.1.x 10° Ibe at 40°F and ye = 1.9. 10" Ib: sift’ at 150 °F. Make use of these data to detes- ‘mine the constants D and B which appear in Andrade’s equation (Eq, 1.11). What would be the viscosity at 80 °F? 174. FB Fora parallel plate arangement of he type shown in Figs 1s found that when the distance between plates is 2mm, f Sheanng sess af 150 Pa develops atthe upper late when it fatled ata velocity of | mis Determine the vest of he Tid Exteen he plaes, Express your answer it ST ons 75. Two flat plates are oriented parallel above a fixed lower plate 2s shown in Fig, PI.75, The top plate, located a distance b above the fixed plate, is pulled along with speed V. The other thin plate & located a distance eb, where 0 = ¢ <1, above the fixed plate This plate moves with speed V,, which is determined by the vis- cous shear forces imposed on it by the fluids on its top and bot fom, The fluid on the top is twice as viscous as that on the bot tom, Plot the ratio V/V as a function of ¢ for 0-<¢ < 1 Figure P1.75 1.76 @ There are many fluids that exhibit non-Newtonian ‘Schavior (see, for example, Video V1.6). Fora given fuid the dis- ‘Section between Newtonian and non-Newtonian behavior is usu ‘aly based on measurements of shear stress and rate of shearing ‘scain. Assume that the viscosity of blood is to be determined ‘Sy measurements of shear stress, , and rate of shearing strain, Sud, obtained from & small blood sample tested in a suitable vis- ‘cometer, Based on the daia given below, determine if the blood is, ‘= Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluid. Explain how you arrived at Nim) | 0.04 | 005 | 0.12 [0.18 | 0.30 [0.52 | 1.12 | 2.10 Bais ©) 12.25 1450 111.25 122.5 1450 F900 T 225 F450 £77 (ie The sled shown in Fig. PI.77 slides along on a thin bor otal layer of water between the ie and the runners, The horizon- “2 fore that the water puts on the runners is equal 1o 1.2 Ib when “Se lod's speed is 50 fUs. The (ial area of both runners in contact eth the water is 0.08 1°, and the viscosity of the water is 35 Problems 3.5 x 10" Ibss/f2, Determine the thickness ofthe water layer un decthe runners, Assume a linear velocity distbution nthe water layer. Figure P1.77 41.78 (&De A 25-mm-diameter shat is pulled through a cylind- cal bearing as shown in Fig. P1.78. The lubricant that fills the ‘03.mm gap between the shaft and bearing is an ol having a kine- matic viscosity of 80 10~* m/s and specific gravity of 0.91 Determine the force P required (0 pull the shaft ata velocity of 3 mus. Assume the velocity distribution in the gap is linea, Bearing Lubvican #05 m+ lm Figure P1.78 1.79. A piston having diameter of 5.48 i, and length of 950 in, slides downward with a veloity V though Yer pipe. The downward moon i resisted by an il fim between the pst and the pipe wall. The film thickness ¥s 0.002 in, and the cylinder swsighs D5 Th Estimate Vif theo viscosity is 0016 Ib As Sune the velocity distribution in the gap is nea. 1,80 (A 10-kg block slides down a smooth inclined sar {aie as shown in Fig. PI.80. Determine the terminal velocity of the block if the 0.1-mm gap between the block and the surface contains SAE 30 oil at 60 °F, Assume the velocity distribution in the gap is linear, and the area of the block in contact with the oil is 0.1 m* Ou mn e as Figure P1.80 181 (Give A layer of water flows down sn inclined fixed surface With the velocity profile shown in Fig. PI.81. Determine the mag- nitude and direction of the shearing stress thatthe water exerts on the fixed surface for U = 2:m/s and ft = 0.1 m.36 Chaptor 1 m Introduction 1m Figure P1.81 1.82. A thin layer of glycerin flows down an inclined, wide plate ‘sith the velocity distribution shown in Fig. PLL82. For h = 0.3 in. ‘and ar = 20°, determine the surface velocity, U. Note that for equi- Tibrium, the Component of weight acting parallel to the plate sur~ face must be balanced by the shearing force developed along the plate surface. In your analysis assume a it plate width & Figure P1.82 181,83 (@ Standard air flows past a flat surface, and velocity imcasurements near the surface indicate the following distribution: y(®) | 0.005 | O01 | 002 | 004 | 006 | 008 vy bora | ist 1 303 T 637 Tio2i | 1443 “The coordinate y is measured normal to the surface and w is the velocity parallel to the surface. (a) Assume the velocity distribu tion is of the form wa cy + Gy and use a standard curve-fiting technique to determine the con stants Cy and C>.(D) Make use ofthe results of part (go determine the magnitude of the shearing stress at the wall (y = 0) and at y= 005 f, 1.84 i A new computer drive is proposed to have a disc, a shown in Fig. PI84, The dise is to rotate at 10,000 rpm, and the reader head is to be positioned (2.0005 in. above the surface ofthe tise, Estimate the shearing force on the reader head as a result of the air between the dise and the head. Rosating ise Figure P1.84 1.85 (Ge The space between two is filled with glycerin (viscosity = 8.5 < 10° Tb- s/f). The in ner eylinder has a radius of 3 in, and the gap width between cylin~ ers 60.1 in, Determine the torque and the power required 10 rotate the inner eyfinder at 180 rev/min. The outer eylinder is fixed. ‘Assume the velocity distribution in the gap t0 be linear 6-in-long concentric cylinders 1.86 > A pivot bearing used on the shaft of an electrical in- sirument is shown in Fig, PI.86. An oil with a viscosity of ‘0.010 Ib - s/t fills the 0.001-in. gap between the rotating shaft and the stationary base. Determine the frictional torque on the shat ‘when it rotates at 5000 rpm. | 5000 rm 02. ‘p01 ie = 0.01015? I \m Figure P1.86 1.87 The visoosty of liguids can be measured through the use of a rotating cylinder viscometer ofthe type illustrated in Fig, P187. In this device the outer cylinder is fixed and the inner eykinder is rotated ‘with an angular velocity, The torque T required to develop « is ‘measured and the viscosity is ealoulated from these (wo measurements. {a) Develop an equation relating , «3 €.R,, and R,, Neglect end tlfects and assume the velocity distribution in the gap is linear. (b) The following torque-angulur velocity data were obtained with a rotating cylinder viscometer of the type discussed in part). ‘Torque (lt-Ib) | 13.1 | 260 | 395 _| 52.7_| 649 | 78.6 ‘Angular velocity (rad/s) 11.0 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 Fr this viscometer R, = 2.S0/in,, Ri = 245 in.. and € = 5.00 in. ‘Make use ofthese data and a standard curve-fitting program to de termine the viscosity ofthe liquid contained in the viscometer. Feo a bute quid Ss eee Stationary reader M28 9p ae 7 — TL «coos | i = Figure P1.871.88 Ono type of rotating cylinder viscometer, called a Stormer viscometer, uses 2 falling weight, W to cause the cylinder to 10- tate with an angular velocity, , as ilustrated in Fig. PL.88. For this deviee the viscosity, 4, of the liquid is related to Wand @ through the equation 'W— Kya, where K is constant that epends only on the geometry (including the liquid depth) of the viscometer. The valve of K is usually determined by using a eali- bration liquid (a liquid of known viscosity) (a) Some data fora particular Stormer viscometer, obtained using slyeerin at 20 °C as a calibration liquid, are given below, Plot val- ‘es of the Weight as ordinates and values of the angular velocity as abscissoe. Draw the best curve through the plotted points and de termine K for the viscometer. waby (revs) 022 053 0.66 159 Lo 279) Ls 3.83 220 3.49 ()A liquid of unknown viscosity is placed in the same viscometer ‘used in part (a), and the data given below are obtained. Determine the viscosity ofthis liquid wavy OOF [om | 022 | 033 | oss ove | om Tiss Tar [sae Taz s\—westt ||] eoaure fl] tone — rine outer Luis pincer = Figure P1.88 1.89 (&H A 12-in-ciameter circular plate is placed over « fixed otom plate with a 0.1-in. gap between the two plates filled with slycorin as shown in Fig. P89. Determine the torque required t0 rotate the eicular plate slowly at 2 rpm. Assume that tbe velocity distribution inthe gap is linear and thatthe shear stress on the edge ofthe rotating plate is negligible, Rotating pate Torque o.Lin gp Figure P1.89 $1.90 Vehicle shock absorbers damp out oscillations caused by sad roughness. Describe how a temperature change may affect the ‘operation of a shock absorber. 41.91 (He Some measurements on a blood sample at 37°C (086 F) indicate a shearing stress of 0.52 N/m for a core. sponding rate of shearing stain of 200 $*, Determine the apparent siseosity of the blood and compare it with the viscosity of Sater at the same temperature 37 Problems: Section 1.7 Compressibility of Fluids 1.92. Obtain a photograplvimage of a situation in which the com- pressiility ofa fluid is important. Pint this photo and waite a brief paragraph that describes the situation involved 1.93 (FG A sound wave is observed to travel through a Liquid with a speed of 1500 mvs. Te specific gravity of the liguid is 1.5, Determine the bulk modus for this fd 1.94 A rigid.walled cubical container is completely filled with wa {erat 40 °F and sealed, The water is then heated 0 100 °F, Deter- ‘mine the pressure that develops in the container when the water reaches this higher temperuture. Assume that the volume of the container remains constant and the value of the bulk modulus of the water remains constant and equal to 300,000 psi 41.95 tn a wes to determine the bulk modulus of a liguid it was found that as the absolute pressure was changed from 15 to 3000 ithe volume decreased from 10.240 w 10.138 in. Determine the bulk modulus for this guid 1.96 E™ Estimate the increase in pressure (in ps) required to decrease 8 unit Volume of mereury by 0.1%. 1.97 (Ze A I-m' volume of water is contained in a rigid con- ‘ainer. Estimate the change in the volume of the water when apis ton applies a pressure of 35 MPa. 1.98 Determine the speed of sound at 20 °C in (a) ai, (b) helium, and (e) natural gas (methane). Express your answer in ms 1.99 Calculate the speed of sound in ms for (a) gasoline, (b) mer ceury, and (e) seawater 1.100 /&=> Air is enclosed by a rigid cylinder containing a pis- ton. A pressure gage attached to the cylinder indicates an initial evading of 25 psi Determine the reading on the gage when the pis- ton has compressed the air to one-third its original volume, ‘Assume the compression process to be isothermal and the local atmospheric pressure to be 14.7 psi 1.101. Repeat Problem I.100 ifthe compression process takes place ‘ithout fiction and without heat transfer lisentropic process). 1.102. (FB Carbon dioxide at 30°C and 300 kPa absolute pres- sure expands isothermally (0 an absolute pressure of 165 KPa, Determine the final density of the gs, 1.103 Oxygen at 30 °C and 300 kPa absolute pressure expands isothermally to an absolute pressure of 120 kPa. Determine the Final density of the gas. 1.104_ > Natural ges at 70 °F and standard atmospheric pressure ‘of 14.7 psi (abs) is compressed isentropically to anew absolute pres sure of 70 psi, Determine the final density and temperature of the 1.105 Compare the isentropic bulk modulus of air at LOT kPa abs) ‘ith that of water at the same pressure, 1.106 Develop a computer program for calculating the final gage pressure of gas when the initial gage presse ital and final vol- umes, atmospheric pressure, and the type of process (isothermal or isentropic) are specified. Use BG units. Check your program ‘against the results obtained for Problem 1.100. 1.107 Often the assumption is made thatthe flow ofa certain fluid ‘can be considered as incompressible flow ifthe density ofthe fuid cchanges by Tess than 2%. If aris flowing through a tube such that the air pressure at one section is 9.0 psi and at a downstream sec- tion it is 8.6 psi at the same temperature, do you think that this low could be considered an incompressible flow’? Support your answer with the necessary calculations. Assume standard atmos pherie pressure38 = Chapter 1 troduction 1.108 /@=» An important dimensionless parameter concered with ‘ery high-speed flow i the Mach number, defined as Vio, where V Jethe speed of the object such as an sirplane or projectile, and is the speed of sound in the fluid surrounding the objec. For 8 pro jeetile traveling at 800 mph through az at $0 “P and standard ‘mosphere pressure, what is the value ofthe Mach number? 109 Jet ailinees typically fly at altitudes between approximately 0 10 40,000 ft. Make use of the data in Appendix € to show on 2 raph how the speed of sound varies over this range. 1110 (ie (See Fluids in the News ariee tiled “This water jet is a blast,” Section 1.7.1.) By what percent isthe volume of wae fer decreased if its pressure is increased to an equivalent to 3000 atmospheres (44,100 psi? Section 1.8 Vapor Pressure LLL (> Daring a mountain climbing trp iti observed that the water used to ook & meal bails at 90 °C rater shan the sane {dad 100 "Cat sea level. At what altitude ae dhe elimiers prepar- {ne their meal? (See Tables B.2 and C.2 for data needed to solve this problem) 1112. (im When a Muid flows dhrough a sharp bend, low pres- res ay develop in localized regions of the bend. Estimate the tinny absolute pressure (in pi) that can develop without caus- ing cavitation if he lid is water at 160 °F. 1.113 A partially filled closed tak contains ethyl aleahol a 68°F, Tf the at hove the alcool is evacuated, what isthe minimarn ab- sollte pressure tht develops in the evacuated space? L114 (GP Estimate the minimum absolute pressure (in pascals) that ean be developed atthe inlet of a pump fo avoid cavitation if the fluid is carbon tetrachloride at 20°C. L115 (Gi When water at 70°C flows through a conversing: Section of pipe, the pressure decreases in the direction of flow. Estimate the minimum absolute pressure that can develop without Causing cavitation. Express your answer in both BG and ST units LAG @e Atwhat atmospheric pressure will ware boil at 35 °C? Express your answer in both ST and BG units Section 1.9 Surface ‘Tension 1.117 Obtain a photographlimage of a situation in which the sur fice tension of 2 fluid important. Print this photo and write brief paragraph that describes the situation involved. LAI €} When a 2-mm-diameter tube is inserted into a liquid in an open tank, the liquid is observed to rise 10 mm above the free surface ofthe liquid (See Video V1.10), The contact angle be- tween the Higuid and the tube is zero, and the specific weight of the liquid is 12. 10" Nim, Determine the value of the surface tension for this liquid L119. An open 2-tnm-diameter tube is inserted into a pan of ethyl lechol, and a similar 4-mm-ciameter tube is inserted into a pan Af water In which tube will the height ofthe rise of the Nid col- timn due to capillary action be the greatest? Assume the angle of ntact isthe same for both tubes. 1.120 (Gare Small dropless of carbon tetrachloride at 68 °F are formed with a spray nozzle, Ifthe average diameter ofthe droplets js 200 jam, what isthe difference in pressure between the inside and outside of the droplets? 121A L2-mmediameter jet of water discharges vertically inte the atmosphere, Due fo surface tension the pressure inside the jet ‘wil be slightly higher than the surrounding atmospheric pressure Determine tis difference in pressure. 1.422 Estimate the excess pressure inside a raindrop having a di- ameter of 3mm, 1.123 What is the difference between the pressure inside a soup hubble and atmospheric pressure for a 3-n-diameter bubble? “Assume the surface tension of the soap film t0 be 70% of that of ‘water at 70 °F. 1.124 €@ (PAs shown in Video VII, surface tension forces ean be strong enough to allow a double-edge steel razor Blade to “float” on water, but a single-edge blade will sink, Assume thatthe surface tension forces act at an angle @ relative to the water sur~ face as shown in Fig. PL.124. (a) The mass of the double-edge blade is 0.64 % 10°" kg, and the total Iength of its sides is 206 tm, Determine the value of 9 required to maintain equilibrium be- tween the blade weight and the resultant surface tension force {b) The mass ofthe single-edge blade is 2.61 % 10 * kg, and the total Length ofits sides is 154 mm. Explain why this blade sinks. ‘Support your answer with the necessary calculations. Ssrace ersion im Figure P1.24 1.125 To measure the water depth ina large open tank with tpague walls, an open Vertical glass tube is attached 0 the side of the tank. The height of the water column in the tube is then tsed as a measure of the depth of water inthe tank. (a) Fora tue ‘water depth in the tank of 31, make use of Eg. 1.22 (with @ = 0°) qo determine the percent error due to capillarity as the diameter Uf the less tube is changed, Assume a water temperature of 80 °F Show your results on a graph of percent erzor versus tube diam- bien, Dyin the range O.1 in, < D-< L0in, (b) If you want the Grror to be less than 1%, what is the smallest tube diameter allowed? 1.126. 9 B® Under the right conditions, is posible, de to sirlace fonsisa, to have metal objects float on water. (See Video VI) Consider placing a shot length of a small diameter stel {G7 = 490 Ib) rod on surface of water. What isthe maxim ameter that the tod can have before it will sink? Assume tht the surface tension forces at vertically upward, Note: A standard TRper clip has a diameter of 0.036 in. Partially unfold a rarer clip and see if you ean get it to float on water. Do the Fesults ofthis experiment support your analysis? L127 €@ (Be An open, clean glass tube, having a diameter of 4 mam, fs iaserted vertically into a dish of mercury at 20°C (see ‘Video VL-10), How far wil the column of mercury in the tbe be depressed? 1.128 €9 (HE An open, clean glass tube ("= O°) is inserted sentcally into « pan of water (see Video VI.10). What tube tlismeter is needed ifthe water level in the tube is to rise one tube diameter (due to surface tension)? 1.129, © (RE Determine the height that water at 60 °F wil rise due to capillary action in a clean, }-in-diameter tube (see Video WV1.10) What will be the height if the diameter is reduced to 0.01 1.130 Two vertical, parallel, clean glass plates ure spaced a. dis- tance of 2 mm apart. Ifthe plates are placed in water, how thigh Will the water rise between the plates de to capillary action?1.131 (> (See Fluids in the News article titled “Walking on water,” Section 1.9.) (a) The water strider bug shown in Fig. 1.131 is supported on the surface of a pond by surface tension acting along the interface between the water and the bug's legs. Determine the minimum length of this interface needed to sup. port the bug. Assume the bug weighs 1~" N and the surface te- sion force acts vertically upwards, (b) Repeat part (a) if surface fension were f0 support a person weighing 750 N, Figure P1131 Lab Problems LILP This problem involves the use of a Stormer viscometer to determine whether a fluid is a Newtonian or a non-Newtonian Fluid. To proceed with this problem, go to Appendix. H, which is located in WileyPLUS or on the book's web site, www, wiley.com/callegermunson L.2LP_(&e This problem involves the use of a capillary tube vis- cometer to determine the kinematic viscosity of Water as a func ‘on of temperature. To proceed with this problem, go to Appent ix H, which is located in WileyPLUS or on the book's wed site, wwouwiley.com/eollegeimunson, 39 Problems Lifelong Learning Problems LI LL Although there are numerous non-Newtonian fluids that ‘occur naturally (quicksand and blood among them). with the ad vent of modem chemistry and chemical processing, many new ‘manufactured non-Newtonian fluids are now available for a vari- ety of novel applications. Obsain information about the discovery and use of newly developed non-Newtonian fluids, Summarize your findings in a brief report. 1.2 LL For yeats, lubricating oils and greases obtained by retin ing crude oil have been used to lubricate moving parts in'a wide variety of machines, motors, and engines. With the increasing cost ‘of crude oil and the potential for the reduced availability of it, the need for non-petroleum-based lubricants has increased consider ably. Obtain information about non-petroleum-based lubricants, ‘Summarize your findings in a bref report. 1.3 LL. Itis predicted that nano technology and the use of nano sized ‘objects will allow many processes, procedures, and products that, as of now, are difficult for us to comprehend. Among new nano technology areas is that of nano scale fluid mechanics. Fluid heb for atthe nano scale can be ently different than that forthe usual everyday flows with which we are familia, Obtain information about various aspects of nano fluid mechanics. Summarize your findings i brie report FE Exam Problems ‘Sample FE (Fundamentals of Engineering) exam question for fuid mechanics are provided in WileyPLUS or on the book's web sit, ‘www. wiley.com/college/manson,