Gen. Cons.

ANTENNAS

z Introduction
y Frequency spectrum
y Types of antennas
y History of antennas

1. General considerations and

fundamental parameters

z Antenna Parameters
y Radiation patterns

z Transmission equation

Patterns

Antenna parameters
z Radiation pattern
z Radiation power density
z
z
z
z
z
z

Directivity
Gain
Polarization
Impedance
Antenna matching
Effective length and aperture

GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF ANTENNA RADIATION

PROPERTIES

ISOTROPIC
PATTERN

OMNIDIRECTIONAL
PATTERN

DIRECTIVE
PATTERN

E & H Planes

Patterns

E
H
max
H-Plane
E-Plane

Beamwidth

Side lobe level (NLPS)

Beamwidth between zeros

NLPS

Radiation fields
E

Radiation Power Density

ur
r r
P ( , ) = Re E H *

r
E
r =
H

E
r
E

Radiation Intensity

Power per unit solid angle

K ( , ) = P ( , ) r 2

ur
E2 + E2
P ( , ) =

Radiated Power

uur
r
Wr = P ( , ) ds
dS

watt/steradian

Gain & Directivity

Directivity
Isotropic antenna
Directive antenna
Source

G ( , ) =

Directivity aproximation

Prad ( , )
Went
4 r 2

4
4
=
e 1 2

D ( , ) =

Prad ( , )
Wrad
4 r 2

Efficiency

=
D=

Wrad

Went

Wrad
Went

G ( , ) = D ( , )

Polarization

Polarization (3D)

Time-varying direction and relative magnitude of

the electric-field vector

linear

circular

ellptical

Impedance

Radiation efficiency

Zg
+

Z0

Vg

Wt
Wt
I 2 Rr
Rr
=
= 2
=
We Wt + W I ( Rr + R ) Rr + R

Z a = Ra + jX a = Rr + R + jX a

Matching

Maximum power transfer

Z a = Ra + jXa

Antenna

Z L = Ra jXa

Va
Source

Transmission line
Conjugate matching
2

V
W = a
4Ra
m
r

Effective aperture

Aef =

Wr
Pin

2
Aef = D
4

Effective length

Plane wave

lef =

Vca
Ein

Plane wave

Friss
Transmission Equation

Wr = Wt Dt ( ', ')

1
Ar ( , )
4 r 2

Friss
Transmission Equation

Wr Dt Ar
=
Wt 4 r 2
Wr At Ar
=
Wt r 2
Wr
=
Dt Dr
Wt 4 r
2