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ALKALINE WATER: THE DISEASE FIGHTING WATER

Khushboo Patel*1, Lipsa Sant1, Priti Yadav1, Divya Patel1, Kaenat Sindhi1, Shivani
Patel1, Hitesh Jain1
1Sigma Institute of Phamacy, Vadodara, Gujarat.
ABSTRACT
All life on earth is thought to have arisen from water. The bodies of all
living organisms are composed largely of water. About 70 to 90% of
all organic matter is water. The chemical reactions in all plants and
animals that support life take place in a water medium. Water not only
provides the medium to make these life sustaining reactions possible,
but water itself is often an important reactant or product of these
reactions. Every one of us wants to be healthy that is diseased free, but
we are unaware of the fact that most of the diseases are caused due to
our own lifestyle as most of us live an acidic lifestyle, which is the
basic reason of occurrence of diseases. Alkaline lifestyle including
alkaline water and alkaline food can help us from this. Basically
alkaline water can help us to fight against ageing, chronic degenerative disorders, overweight,
tumor and other diseases.
KEYWORDS: Chronic degenerative diseases, Ageing, Tumor, Alkaline water.
INTRODUCTION [1]
Life on earth totally depends on water. A high percentage of living things, both plants and
animals are found in water. The human organism operates at peak efficiency when the pH of
the blood is slightly alkaline with a pH of 7.36. By following a diet of primarily alkaline
foods, by drinking alkaline water and by modifying your lifestyle to avoid acid producing
activities one can begin to detoxify ones body, removing the excess proteins and acid wastes,
which create inflammation and degenerative changes. Water can be either acidic or alkaline.
If the residue from food or water is primarily sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine and incombustible
organic acid radicals, then an acidic condition results.

World Journal of Pharmaceutical ReseaRch

Volume 3, Issue 3, 3845-3853. Review Article ISSN 2277 7105
Article Received on
03 February 2014,
Revised on 05 March 2014,
Accepted on 26 March 2014
*Correspondence for
Author
Khushboo Patel
Sigma Institute of
Phamacy, Vadodara,
Gujarat.
khevna093@gmail.com

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TYPES OF WATER
Acidic water: It is ideal for external use. It is astringent water that is excellent for skin. Its
slight bleaching, constrictive and oxidizing characteristics are perfect for cleansing, washing
and a variety of topical applications. But in excess it is not suitable for the body as it creates

acidosis.
Alkaline water: It is smooth, energizing, cleansing and great tasting water that has a
combination of unique characteristics. This micro water possesses unparalleled absorption
and hydrating abilities. Rich in alkalizing minerals, it aids in buffering the negative effects of
over acidic health conditions. With an abundance of available electrons, alkaline ionized
water renders cell-destroying free radicals harmless.
ADVANTAGES OF ALKALINE IONIZED WATER [2]
1. Ionization raises the pH of tap water from around 7 (neutral) to 9.5 (alkaline). An ionized
alkaline water act as a solvent on acidic waste (such as fats, uric acid, and cholesterol)
stored in the body and dissolves it to be removed by the blood.
2. Ionization cuts the size of the water molecular cluster in half. This smaller cluster can
penetrate the cellular membranes of the body easier, thus speeding new tissue building
and waste removal. The smaller clusters also means that alkaline ionized water is more
hydrating and helps reduce wrinkles and keep the skin supple and smooth.
3. Ionization splits the water molecule into H+ and OH- ions. By drinking the water with the
alkaline, oxygen rich OH- ions more oxygen is made available to enrich the blood which
can increase one's level of energy and promote quicker healing
4. The ionized OH- molecules have extra electrons that neutralize destructive free radicals
circulating throughout the body and thus allow the natural healing processes of the body
to predominate slow down the aging process and promote health.
5. Ionization results in abundant alkaline minerals such as calcium and its ionized form
contribute to the "burn off" of fats and carbohydrates thus helping to reduce weight and
eliminate obesity.
6. Most of the diseases occur in acidic condition of the body thus an alkaline condition has
to be created to prevent the diseases and this can be done by consuming food that contains
more alkalinity and by drinking alkaline water.
THE NEED OF ALKALINE WATER [3]
Our body can only process a certain amount of acid, so it is possible to overload the system
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and for the body to become overly acidic. Meat including beef, pork, chicken and turkey, is
acidic. Dairy products such as milk, butter and cheese are also acidic. Grains such as rice and
barley as well as potatoes, pasta and bread, are also acidic. Coffee, tea, and soft drinks are
extremely acidic. These dietary products increase the acidity and leads to precipitation of
many diseases.Thus a need of alkaline water arises.
LIMITATIONS OF ACID WATER
A. Reasons for diseased conditions in the body
pH levels are balanced in our body. To reach and maintain optimum health our blood
fluids and delicate tissues throughout our body must remain alkaline. This however is in a
constant state of flux as practically every metabolic process in our body from breathing,
to digestion, to the production of energy, all create acidic byproducts.
So our body is constantly working to maintain a very delicate balance between acid and
alkaline. When this acidic-alkaline balance is not maintained which results in increasing
acidity is the major cause of diseased condition of our body.
B. Dangers due to too much acid [4]
When our body gets out of balance and become too acidic then our health is directly affected
and gets susceptible to many health issues including
Lack of energy / fatigue
Weight gain

 Muscle aches and pains

Frequent colds and flu
Nasal congestion and excess mucus production
Anxiety and irritability
Poor digestion
The Acid/Alkaline Balancing act [5]
Under normal circumstances, the body uses two methods to counter metabolic acidosis
and maintain the blood pH in a narrow range of 7.35 7.45. One factor that can cause
metabolic acidosis is a buildup of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood. The lungs are used
to counteract excess CO2 which is normally produced by the bodys metabolic processes.
The most common cause of CO2 build up is exercise, and the body responds by increasing
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the breathing rate which allows the lungs to expel the excess CO2 and maintain the proper
blood pH balance.
Metabolic acidosis caused by diet is marked by a buildup of acid-forming hydrogen ions
in the blood. The kidneys respond to this by producing bicarbonate (HCO3) which is
released into the bloodstream to counteract the hydrogen ions. The kidneys can also act to
reduce levels of hydrogen ions in the blood by expelling them in the urine.
Both pH balancing systems normally work together as well. The products of both systems
combine to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) which can be broken down to form both
hydrogen ions, and bicarbonate, based on what the body needs at the time. In a normal,
healthy body these two systems work to maintain the blood pH balance.
NEED OF ANTIOXIDANTS [6]
Oxygen is essential to survival. It is relatively stable in air, but when too much is absorbed
into the body it becomes active and unstable and leads to generation of free radicals. These
free radicals are unstable and have a high oxidation potential, which means they are capable
of stealing electrons from other cells. Inside the body free radicals are of great benefit due to
their ability to attack and eliminate bacteria, viruses and other waste products. Problems arise
when too many of these free radicals are turned loose in the body where they can also
damage normal tissue. Some substances are thought to have activity aganist oxygen free
radicals, these are called antioxidants. They are believed to inhibit cancer, which includes:
vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, selenium, and glutathione (an amino acid). These
substances are reducing agents. They supply electrons to free radicals and block the
interaction of the free radical with normal tissue.
Table 1: Effect of oxidation on vital organs
MANUFACTURING OF ALKALINE WATER [7-9]
Stage 1: Separation and Purification
Pass water through a sediment filter to remove big particles such as sand and rust.
Oxidized tissue Leads To
Liver Hepatitis, cirrhosis, cancer
Pancreas Pancreatitis, diabetes, cancer
Kidney Neohritis, nephrosis ,cancer
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Then flow it through active carbon filters to remove all chemicals such as chlorine and
fluoride.
Pass it through a reverse osmosis system to eliminate metal and mineral residues.

 This is exposed to ultra-violet light sterilization to kill all viruses and bacteria.
It then enters a de-ionization chamber where a special resin binds with any residues
that may have escaped.
Stage 2: Re-energization and Re-vitalization
Simulate the Water Cycle (evaporation and condensation), using a distiller which
removes any remaining negative imprints.
Expose water to full rainbow spectrum of light for several hours.
Now re-energize the water by passing it through a vortex. The vortex reproduce the
natural course of water flowing over and around rocks and other natural obstacles,
creating eddies and undercurrents (vortices) which supercharge the water with oxygen
and help re-establish the coherent crystalline patterns
Throughout these stages water is enveloped in a "blanket" of classical music, creating a
positive imprint and vibrationally-balanced water, further enhancing its Hado structure.
Stage3:Re-mineralization and balancing
For next 24 hours feed water into a ceramic egg, which contains pristine Kalhari crystal
salt, this egg shape creates a natural vortex movement.
Water absorb minerals and trace elements from the soil. Minerals help to re-establish pH
of water, thus creating an alkaline liquid.
ROLE OF ALKALINE LIFESTYLE [7-10]
All diseases in the body are caused by an acid environment and those diseases cannot
survive in an alkaline environment.
It is also concluded that we are not fat, we are over acid. This is because if we consume
acid food, the body stores it as fat. A glass of lemon water should be taken every morning
and for sweetening honey can be added but sugar cannot be used.
A glass of water with a teaspoonful of bicarbonate soda can be tried every morning to get
rid of acidosis.
When our body is out of pH balance, the disease process begins, resulting in problems
ranging from bone loss to premature ageing.
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When our body enjoys pH balance we experience radiant good health.
APPLICATIONS OF ALKALINE WATER
1. Anti-ageing and the prevention of chronic degenerative diseases [3, 11]
Ageing is the result of damage to bodily tissues by organic acids and free radicals. Free
radicals cause oxidative damage to the cells of the body. They damage cells and over time
damaged cells lead to tissue break down, which results in chronic diseases. A number of
diseases including arthritis, atherosclerosis, Alzheimers disease and diabetes, have been
associated with free radical damage. Alkaline water helps to counter the free radical damage
that leads to chronic disease. It neutralizes acids and scavenges free radicals.
2. Weight loss [3]
Obesity in the industrialized world is the result of acidity in the body. Due to acidity body
creates fat cells to trap and neutralize these excess acids in the system. These fat molecules
are stored which result in weight gain.Drinking alkaline water and maintaining a healthy
body pH can reduce fat storage by releasing the acidic waste build up.
3. Detoxification [3]
Predominant organ of detoxification is liver which has various filtration systems and enzyme
systems to neutralize toxins and prepare them for excretion. The enzyme systems of the liver
are categorized as the phase I and phase II detoxification systems.
The detoxification systems of the body are taxed by the increasing amount of acidity in the

body caused by todays common diet and pollution levels.Thus drinking alkaline water solves
the problem of detoxification.
4. Prevents bone resorption [12-14]
Endogenous acid produced by the metabolism of foods in ordinary diets abundant in
proteins may contribute to the decrease in bone mass that occurs normally with ageing.
The oral administration of potassium bicarbonate at a dose sufficient to neutralize
endogenous acid improves calcium and phosphorus balance, reduces bone resorption and
creases the rate of bone formation.
Humans generally consume a diet that generates metabolic acids leading to a reduction in
the systemic bicarbonate and a fall of pH. Chronic metabolic acidosis alters bone cell
function; there is an increase in osteoclastic bone resorption and a decrease in osteoblastic
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bone formation.
An alkali balanced diet modulates bone resorption and the associated alterations in
calcium and phosphate homeostasis.
5. Maintains homeostasis [15, 16]
Chronic metabolic acidosis is a process whereby an excess acid load is placed on the body
due to excess acid generation or diminished acid removal by normal homeostatic
mechanisms. Excessive meat ingestion and aging are two clinical conditions often associated
with chronic metabolic acidosis. The body's homeostatic response to this pathology is very
efficient. Therefore, the blood pH is frequently maintained within the "normal" range.
However, these homeostatic responses engender pathologic consequences such as
nephrolithiasis, bone demineralization, muscle protein breakdown and renal growth. Acidbase
homeostasis exerts a major influence on protein function, thereby critically affecting
tissue and organ performance. Deviations in body acidity can have adverse consequences and
when severe, can be life-threatening.
6. Inhibitory effect of electrolyzed reduced water on tumor angiogenesis [16]
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key mediator of tumor angiogenesis. Tumor
cells are exposed to higher oxidative stress compared to normal cells. Numerous reports have
demonstrated that the intracellular redox state is closely associated with the pattern of VEGF
expression.These redox reactions are dependent on pH greatly, in acidic conditions more
oxidative stress results. Results have shown that drinking alkaline water shows effects on
prevention of tumour. Electrolyzed reduced water (ERW) produced near the cathode during
the electrolysis of water scavenged intracellular H2O2 and decreased the release of H2O2
from a human lung adrenocarcinoma cell line.
7. Electrolyzed-reduced water scavenges active oxygen species and protects DNA from
oxidative damage [17]
Active oxygen species or free radicals are considered to cause extensive oxidative damage to
biological macromolecules, which brings about a variety of diseases as well as aging. The
ideal scavenger for active oxygen should be 'active hydrogen'. 'Active hydrogen' can be
produced in reduced water near the cathode during electrolysis of water. Reduced water
exhibits high pH, low dissolved oxygen (DO), extremely high dissolved molecular hydrogen
(DH), and extremely negative redox potential (RP) values. This protects and prevents
oxidative damage.
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Table 2: List of acidic foods

ACID - Proton rich

Mildly Acid Moderately Acidic Highly Acidic
Beverages - fruit juice alcohol, fruit ,tea, coffee,
wine
Condiments sunflower oil, grapeseed oil butter, ghee, corn oil Fruits plum, fresh date, sweet
cherry orange, banana, pineapple dried fruit, pickled fruit
Grains millet, kasha brown rice, wheat, white
rice barley, corn, oat bran
Marine
foods fresh water fish ocean fish wild shell fish, farm raised fish
Milk
products Rice milk, Milk cream - hard cheese, ice cream,
yoghurt
Nuts brazil nuts, hazelnuts Walnuts peanuts, cashews
Table 2: List of alkaline foods
ALKALINE - Electron rich
Highly Alkaline Moderately Alkaline Mildly Alkaline
Beans and
legumes
Soy nuts,
soylecithin soybeans, white navy beans lentils, soy flour, tofu
Beverages
Alkaline water - distilled water
Condiments Real salt, celtic salt - olive oil, flaxseed oil,
Milk
products human breast milk - goat milk
Vegetables
- beets, radish, ginger turn-up, carrot
Seeds pumpkin - sesame, cumin, fennel,
caraway
Vegetables grasses, sprouts tomato, spinach, garlic,
cabbage peas, asparagus
CONCLUSION
It can thus be said alkaline water can be life saving as well can save our bodies from various
problems , deadly diseases caused due to oxygen free radicals. It is concluded that use
alkaline water can help us to maintain a healthy lifestyle and can prevent many diseases like
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cancer. It can be a promising tool to fight against various diseases.
REFERENCES
1. http/www.healthiswealthmaui.com/alkaline-water-benefit (Accessed on 6/7/13)
2. http/www.waterworks4u.com(Accessed on 24/7/13)
3. http/www.restormedicine.com(Accessed on 6/8/13)
4. Arnett TR. Extracelluar pH regulates Bone Cell Function. J Nutr, 2008; 138: 41554185
5. Frassetto L , Sebastian A , Age and systemic acid-base equilibrium: analysis of published
data, Journal of Gerontology, 1996; 51: B91-99.
6. http/www.anti-aging-today.org(Accessed on 6/8/13)
7. http/www.essense-of-life.com(Accessed on 6/8/13)

8. http/www.chansonalkalinewater.com(Accessed on 25/8/13)
9. http/www.energiseforlife.com(Accessed on 25/8/13)
10. http/www.2012unlimited.net(Accessed on 6/9/13)
11. Nabata T, Morimoto S, Ogihara T, Abnormalities in acid-base balance in the elderly,

Nippon Rinsho, 1992; 50: 2249-53.

12. Sebastian A, Harris S, Ottaway J, Todd K, Morris R, Improved mineral balance and
skeletal metabolism in postmenopausal women treated with potassium bicarbonate, J of
Med, 1994; 330(25): 1776-81.
13. Bushinsky D, Acid-base imbalance and skeleton, Eur J of Nutr, 2001; 40: 238-244.
14. Maurer M, Reisen W, Muser J, Hulter H, Krapf R, Neutralisation of Western diet
inhibits bone resorption independently of pottasium intake and reduces cortisol secretions
in human, Am J of Physio and Renal Physio, 2003; 284: F 32-40.
15. Alpern R, Sakhaee K, The clinical spectrum of chronic metabolic acidosis: homeostatic
mechanisms produce significant morbidity, Am J of Kid Disease, 1997; 29: 291-302.
16. Adrogue H, Madias N, Management of life-threatening acid-base disorders, J of Med,
1998; 338: 26-34.
17. Shirahata S, Kabayam S, Nakano M, Miura T, Kusumoto K, Gotoh M, Hayashi H,
Otsubo K, Morisawa S, Y Katakura Y, Electrolyzed-reduced Water Scavenges Active
Oxygen Species and Protects DNA from Oxidative Damage, Biochem Biophys Res
Commun, 1997; 234: 269-274.
L.o.1 Memahami dan menjelaskan narkotika
L.i.1 Definisi narkotika
Narkoba adalah zat kimia yang dapat mengubah keadaan psikologi seperti perasaan, pikiran,
suasana hati serta perilaku jika masuk ke dalam tubuh manusia baik dengan cara dimakan,
diminum, dihirup, suntik, intravena, dan lain sebagainya (Kurniawan, 2008).
L.i.2 Jenis-jenis
Narkoba dibagi dalam 3 jenis :
1. Narkotika
2. Psikotropika
3. Zat adiktif lainnya
1. Narkotika
Narkotika adalah zat atau obat yang berasal dari tanaman atau bukan tanaman baik sintetis
maupun semi sintetis yang dapat menyebabkan penurunan atau perubahan kesadaran,
hilangnya rasa, mengurangi sampai menghilangkan rasa nyeri, dan dapat menimbulkan
ketergantungan, atau ketagihan yang sangat berat
(Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 22 tahun 1997).
Jenis narkotika di bagi atas 3 golongan :
a. Narkotika golongan I : adalah narkotika yang paling berbahaya, daya adiktif sangat tinggi
menyebabkan ketergantunggan. Tidak dapat digunakan untuk kepentingan apapun, kecuali
untuk penelitian atau ilmu pengetahuan. Contoh : ganja, morphine, putauw adalah heroin
tidak murni berupa bubuk.
b. Narkotika golongan II : adalah narkotika yang memilki daya adiktif kuat, tetapi bermanfaat
untuk pengobatan dan penelitian. Contoh : petidin dan turunannya, benzetidin, betametadol.

c. Narkotika golongan III : adalah narkotika yang memiliki daya adiktif ringan, tetapi dapat
bermanfaat untuk pengobatan dan penelitian. Contoh : codein dan turunannya (Martono,
2006).
2. Psikotropika
Psikotropika adalah zat atau obat, baik alamiah maupun sintetis, bukan narkotika yang
berkhasiat psikoaktif melalui pengaruh selektif pada susunan syaraf pusat yang menyebabkan
perubahan khas pada aktifitas mental dan prilaku, digunakan untuk mengobati gangguan jiwa
(Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 tahun 1997).
Jenis psikotropika dibagi atas 4 golongan :
a. Golongan I : adalah psikotropika dengan daya adiktif yang sangat kuat untuk menyebabkan
ketergantungan, belum diketahui manfaatnya untuk pengobatan, dan sedang diteliti
khasiatnya seperti esktasi (menthylendioxy menthaphetamine dalam bentuk tablet atau
kapsul), sabu-sabu (berbentuk kristal berisi zat menthaphetamin).
b. Golongan II : adalah psikotropika dengan daya aktif yang kuat untuk menyebabkan
Sindroma ketergantungan serta berguna untuk pengobatan dan penelitian. Contoh :
ampetamin dan metapetamin.
c. Golongan III : adalah psikotropika dengan daya adiktif yang sedang berguna untuk
pengobatan dan penelitian. Contoh: lumubal, fleenitrazepam.
d. Golongan IV : adalah psikotropika dengan daya adiktif ringan berguna untuk pengobatan
dan penelitian. Contoh: nitra zepam, diazepam (Martono, 2006).
3. Zat Adiktif Lainnya
Zat adiktif lainnya adalah zat zat selain narkotika dan psikotropika yang dapat menimbulkan
ketergantungan pada pemakainya, diantaranya adalah :
a) Rokok
b) Kelompok alkohol dan minuman lain yang memabukkan dan menimbulkan ketagihan.
c) Thiner dan zat lainnya, seperti lem kayu, penghapus cair dan aseton, cat, bensin yang bila
dihirup akan dapat memabukkan (Alifia, 2008).

L.i.5 Dampak positif dan negatif penggunaan narkoba

a. Euforia
1. Perasaan senang dan gembira yang luar biasa di tambah munculnya keberanian yang luar biasa.
2. Hilangnya segala beban fikiran, seperti rasa sedih, resah, khawatir, menyesal dan sebagainya.
b. Delirium
1. Disusul dengan ketegangan psikis, tekanan jiwa yang berat sekali.
2. Diikuti kegelisahan jiwa yang besar sehingga timbul gangguan koordinasi gerakan motorik
(gangguan kerja otak ).
c. Halusinasi
1. Timbul khayalan yang tidak terkendali.

2. Indra pendengaran dan penglihatan tidak stabil sehingga terdengar dan tampak sesuatu yang
tidak ada.
d. Weakness
1. Keadaan Jasmani dan Rohani lemah.
2. Keadaan lemah dan ingin tidur terus-menerus.
e. Drawsines
Keadaan menurun seperti setengah tidur dengan fikiran ingin menggunakan
lagi, dan akhirnya menjadi apatis dan tidak menghiraukan sekelilingnya
(Alifia, 2008).

L.i.6 Penyembuhan penggunaan narkoba (sabu-sabu)

Ada 5 bentuk penanggulangan masalah narkoba
1. Promotif ( pembinaan)
Ditujukan kepada masyarakat yang belum mengunakan narkoba, prinsipnya adalah meningkatkan
peranan atau kegiatan agar kelompok ini secara nyata lebih sejahtera sehingga tidak pernah
berpikir untuk memperoleh kebahagiaan semu dengan memakai narkoba. dengan pelaku program
adalah lembaga kemasyarakatan yang difasilitasi dan diawasi oleh pemerintah.
2. Preventif (program pencegahan)
Program ini ditujukan kepada masyarakat sehat yang belum mengenal
narkoba agar mengetahui seluk beluk narkoba sehingga tidak tertarik untuk
mengunakanya. Selain dilakukan oleh pemerintah, program ini juga sangat
efektif bila dibantu oleh lembaga propesional terkait, lembaga swadaya
masyarakat, organisasi masyarakat.
3. Kuratif (pengobatan)
Ditujukan kepada para penguna narkoba. tujuannya adalah untuk mengobati ketergantungan dan
menyembuhkan penyakit, sebagai akibat dari pemakai narkoba, sekaligus menghentikan
pemakaian narkoba. tidak sembarangan orang boleh mengobati narkoba. Pengobatan harus
dilakukan oleh dokter yang mempelajari narkoba secara khusus.
Bentuk kegiatan kuratif.
a. Penghentian pemakaian narkoba.
b. Penggobatan gangguan kesehatan akibat penghentian dan pemakaian narkoba.
c. Penggobatan terhadap organ tubuh akibat penggunaan narkoba.
d. Penggobatan terhadap penyakit yang masuk bersama narkoba (penyakit tidak langsung yang
disebabkan oleh narkoba) seperti : HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B/C, sifilis, pnemonia, dan lain lain.
4. Rehabilitatif

Upaya pemulihan kesehatan jiwa dan raga yang ditujukan kepada pemakai narkoba yang sudah
menjalanin program kuratif. Tujuanya agar ia tidak memakai lagi dan bebas dari penyakit ikutan
yang disebabkan oleh bekas pemakai narkoba, Pemakai narkoba dapat mengalami penyakit
ikutan berupa:
a) Kerusakan fisik (syaraf, otak, darah, jantng, paru-paru, ginjal, hati dan lain-lain).
b) Kerusakan mental, perubahan karakter ke arah negatif .
c) Penyakit- penyakit ikutan.
5. Represif
Program penindakan terhadap produsen, bandar, pengedar, dan pemakai
berdasarkan hukum. Program ini merupakan program instasi pemerintah
yang berkewajiban mengawasi dan mengendalikan produksi maupun
distribusi semua zat yang tergolong narkoba (Martono, 2006).

L.o.2 Memahami dan menjelaskan rekam medis dan rahasia medis

L.i.1. Definisi Rekam medis dan Rahasia medis
Menurut Permenkes RI No.749a/Menkes/PER/XII/1989 , Medical record atau rekam medis
kesehatan adalah berkas catatan dan dokumen tentang identitas pasien, pemeriksaan,
pengobatan, tindakan dan pelayanan lain kepada pasien pada sarana pelayanan kesehatan.
Menurut pasal 46 Undang-undang Pradoks, rekam medis adalah berkas yang berisikan
catatan dan dokumen tentang identitas pasien, pemeriksaan, pengobatan, tindakan, dan
pelayanan lain yang telah diberikan kepada pasien.
Kerahasian Rekam medik
Menurut UU No.29 Th. 2004 pasl 47(2) rekam medis harus disimpan dan dijaga
kerahasiaannya oleh dokter, dokter gigi dan pimpinan sarana kesehatan setempat.
Permenkes yang sama pada pasal 13 menyebutkan bahwa sarana kesehatan bertanggung
jawab atas:
hilangnya, rusaknya, atau pemalsuan rekam medis, penggunaan oleh orang/badan yang
tidak berhak.
Rekam Medis diisi oleh dokter penanggungjawab pasien, Tenaga kesehatan, Asissten,
Resident, Co-ass, Perawat
Bila terjadi kesalahan dalam pengisian rekam medis, Tidak boleh di hapus dengan apapun,
Dicoret kemudian dibubuhi paraf
( Permenkes No.749A/MEN.KES/PER/XII/1989
psl 5)

L.i.2 Fungsi Rekam Medis dan Rahasia medis

Permenkes No.749 Tahun 1989 pasal 13 menyebutkan rekam medis dapat dipakai sebagai:

L.i.3 Jenis dan isi Rekam medis

Jenis dan isi Rekam medis menurut Permenkes No.749 Tahun 1989 pasal 2:

Jenis dan isi rekam medis menurut Permenkes No.749 Tahun 1989 pasal 3 :

L.i.4 Aturan penggunaan rekam medis

Permenkes No.749 Tahun 1989 pasal

L.i.5 Kepemilikan rekam medis

Permenkes No.749 Tahun 1989 pasal

L.i.6 Etika dan moral dokter dalam menangani rekam medis

L.o.3 Memahami dan menjelaskan uu narkotika (Kepemilikan, penggunaan, dan

distribusi) dan rekam medis (Membuat, menyimpan, dan melanggar)
Rekam medis
Penyimpan rekam medis Tata Permenkes No.749 Tahun 1989 pasal 8:

Penyimpan rekam medis non rumah sakit menurut Permenkes No.749 Tahun 1989 pasal 9:

Tanggung jawab rekam medis menurut Permenkes No.749 Tahun 1989 pasal 14:

L.o.4 Memahami dan menjelaskan pandangan islam mengenai penyalahgunaan

narkoba dan menjaga rahasia
L.i.1 Penyalahgunaan narkoba
Para ulama sepakat haramnya mengkonsumsi narkoba ketika bukan dalam keadaan
darurat. Ibnu Taimiyah rahimahullah berkata, Narkoba sama halnya dengan zat yang
memabukkan diharamkan berdasarkan kesepakatan para ulama. Bahkan setiap zat yang
dapat menghilangkan akal, haram untuk dikonsumsi walau tidak memabukkan (Majmu Al
Fatawa, 34: 204).
Dalil-dalil yang mendukung haramnya narkoba:
Pertama: Allah Taala berfirman,

Dan menghalalkan bagi mereka segala yang baik dan mengharamkan bagi mereka segala
yang buruk (QS. Al Arof: 157). Setiap yang khobits terlarang dengan ayat ini. Di antara
makna khobits adalah yang memberikan efek negatif.

Kedua: Allah Taala berfirman,

Dan janganlah kamu menjatuhkan dirimu sendiri ke dalam kebinasaan (QS. Al Baqarah:
195).

Dan janganlah kamu membunuh dirimu; sesungguhnya Allah adalah Maha Penyayang
kepadamu (QS. An Nisa: 29).
Dua ayat di atas menunjukkan akan haramnya merusak diri sendiri atau membinasakan diri
sendiri. Yang namanya narkoba sudah pasti merusak badan dan akal seseorang. Sehingga
dari ayat inilah kita dapat menyatakan bahwa narkoba itu haram.
Ketiga: Dari Ummu Salamah, ia berkata,

- -

Rasulullah shallallahu alaihi wa sallam melarang dari segala yang memabukkan dan
mufattir (yang membuat lemah) (HR. Abu Daud no. 3686 dan Ahmad 6: 309. Syaikh Al
Albani mengatakan bahwa hadits ini dhoif). Jika khomr itu haram, maka demikian pula
dengan mufattir atau narkoba.
Keempat: Dari Abu Hurairah, Nabi shallallahu alaihi wa sallam bersabda,

,
,

Barangsiapa yang sengaja menjatuhkan dirinya dari gunung hingga mati, maka dia di
neraka Jahannam dalam keadaan menjatuhkan diri di (gunung dalam) neraka itu, kekal
selama lamanya. Barangsiapa yang sengaja menenggak racun hingga mati maka racun itu
tetap ditangannya dan dia menenggaknya di dalam neraka Jahannam dalam keadaan kekal
selama lamanya. Dan barangsiapa yang membunuh dirinya dengan besi, maka besi itu
akan ada ditangannya dan dia tusukkan ke perutnya di neraka Jahannam dalam keadaan
kekal selama lamanya (HR Bukhari no. 5778 dan Muslim no. 109).

Hadits ini menunjukkan akan ancaman yang amat keras bagi orang yang menyebabkan
dirinya sendiri binasa. Mengkonsumsi narkoba tentu menjadi sebab yang bisa
mengantarkan pada kebinasaan karena narkoba hampir sama halnya dengan racun.
Sehingga hadits ini pun bisa menjadi dalil haramnya narkoba.
Kelima: Dari Ibnu Abbas, Rasul shallallahu alaihi wa sallam bersabda,

Tidak boleh memberikan dampak bahaya, tidak boleh memberikan dampak bahaya (HR.
Ibnu Majah no. 2340, Ad Daruquthni 3: 77, Al Baihaqi 6: 69, Al Hakim 2: 66. Kata Syaikh Al
Albani hadits ini shahih). Dalam hadits ini dengan jelas terlarang memberi mudhorot pada
orang lain dan narkoba termasuk dalam larangan ini.

L.i.2 Kerahasiaan
1. kita di suruh untuk memenuhi janji karena setiap janji itu akan ditanyakan, spt terdapat
dalam QS.al isra :34

Dan penuhilah janji, karena sesungguhnyaWahai orangyang beriman dengan lisannya,

tetapi tidak beriman dengan hatinya. Janganlah kamu mengumpat kaum muslimin dan
janganlah mengintip aib mereka, maka barang siapa yang mengintip aib saudaranya,
niscaya Allah akan mengintip aibnya dan siapa yang diintip Allah akan aibnya, maka
Allah akan membuka aibnya meskipun dirahasiakan di lubang kendaraannya.(HR. atTirmidzi) janji itu akan ditanyakan.
2.Islam melarang untuk mengorek aib saudaranya karena Alloh kelak akan mengorek aib kita,
Rosululloh saw, bersabda : Wahai orangyang beriman dengan lisannya, tetapi tidak
beriman dengan hatinya. Janganlah kamu mengumpat kaum muslimin dan janganlah
mengintip aib mereka, maka barang siapa yang mengintip aib saudaranya, niscaya Allah
akan mengintip aibnya dan siapa yang diintip Allah akan aibnya, maka Allah akan
membuka aibnya meskipun dirahasiakan di lubang kendaraannya.(HR. at-Tirmidzi)
Bahkan Rasulullah Shallallahu alaihi wasallam juga melarang seseorang untuk membuka aib
dirinya sendiri kepada orang lain, sebagaimana sabdanya: Setiap umatku dimaafkan kecuali
orang yang terang-terangan (melakukan maksiat). Dan termasuk terang-terangan

adalah seseorang yang melakukan perbuatan maksiat di malam hari, kemudian di

paginya ia berkata: wahai fulan, kemarin aku telah melakukan ini dan itu padahal Allah
telah menutupnya- dan di pagi harinya ia membuka tutupan Allah atas dirinya. (HR.
Bukhori Muslim)
Sebaliknya, Rasulullah memberikan kabar gembira bagi orang-orang yang menutup aib saudarasaudara mereka, dengan menutup aib mereka di dunia dan akhirat, seperti dalam hadits shahih:
Dan barangsiapa yang menutup aib seorang muslim, niscaya Allah menutup aibnya di
dunia dan akhirat. (HR. Muslim)