CHAPTER 1—PROBLEM SOLUTIONS wo) re ¥ eV Liga @ raha OLA R08 Note: Volts, milliamps. and kilc-ohms constiute 12 ia) P= PR= 0x 10)?x 110-09 Tihs, should have a 1-W rating 0) P=? R= (40x 10? «1x10 = 1,6 W Thus, the resistor snould have a 2-W roting. (© P=PR=G x10 }%x 10% 10! = 0.00 W W rating Thus, the resistor should have () P= Praia Thus, the resistor should have 1}2 10 10) 0.16 W W rating fe) P= P= 20/0) x 10) =0.4 W Ths, the resistor shouk! have a 1-W rating () P= = 1A x 10) =0.121 WThue, a rating of EW. should though 1 W would be pradent 10 13 (a) V=dR~10mA x14 theoretically suffice allow fo wv P=ER=(\OmAY x 1 KA= 100 mW (&) R=V4=10VA ma=1010 PoVi=10V «1 mA =10 mW (© f=P/V=1WAOV=01A RaVI=10 VA A= 1008 (0) V=PA=0.1 WAOmA = 190 mWAO A= I R=Vi=10V/ADmA = 1K (© P=PR> 1 =APTR 1 = {1000 WT ER = 31.6 VaR =316 Note: V. mA, KO and mW cons 4 6 ma or Tus, there ate 17 possible resistance values. LS Shunting the 10KALby 0 resistor of value K result rnbination baving a resistance 10K + f Reto 0.99 2 R= 990K 095 => R= 190 ka For 1 10% redaction R Re #1 50% redaction R Rio 0.90 = R= 90k 030 = R= 10k Stunting the 10K2 by a) EMD eesultin 10x 1000, 10 R 9.9 KO, 01% reduction 1000+ 10 * Tor bb) 100K results in 10x 100 _ 10 ew fq = 124100 199.09 ka, 49.1% rebveton TOKO results in 10 = 5 KO, 450% reduction x, RF, To find Ry. we short crsuit Vay and ook back int nade X- 330 +008) (+005) 6811-005) 2.94 =3NV 22K Ro= alues of Re are For-15% resistor lolerance the exveme values of Yo are a 0.08) « 6.8(1 ~0.05) ae asl eta 3.(1 = 0.05) + 6.8(1 0.05) Ove 7=005)+68(14 00 =2.22(1 -005)=2.11 4 275V Rongs =2.22(1 +005)=233 KD wt av \ woo ‘3 i aos a nag win I v j wows. © 2s gener: {two wavs: (a) and (e) with () having b) (two ways: (2) and (d) with () having a lower outpet resistancefr Y= 1s) y2V To reduce Vo 10 10.00 V we shunt the 10.402 resistor by a esistor A whose value is such shat 10 = 24,7 vsv 4 Thus ON io R94 Re 156.7 =157k2 Now, WRIS7 KO 94 h47= Aa s.133% imately 200.2, a shows, stash To obtain Va = 10.00 V and Ro = 3 EX we have 10 shunt both the 47-402 ard the 10k tesistor a showa. To yield an output voltage Vy = 10.00 V we must have (RD 10) = 208/147) ® a 2k w nisy 47a {h- + For Ry =3 A we must ve Ri bRS=S 2) Solving (1) and (2) yields Rnas R=90 which can be used to find, and Ay respectively, y= ISTO R= 0KD 10LAT Connect a resistor & in parallel with Ry, To make (0) Connect a resistor in series withthe loo resistor R 4, = O2F (and thus the current through A, O81), so a8 to raise the resistance of the load brench by 10% R should be such rey rest Livision ratio tos O20 1k = 0.818 desired valu resistance must be 10% 2 R= 2500 Of Rie, 0.1K f0) ie “T A, i Ty make the current through K equal 0 173 we shot ® by a resistance 2 of valve suck that the current dough ‘will be 203; thes Lid, = 10 — me _ iD axing alae specified maximum of {he prcbiein can be Solved in two ways: te gol cn (@) Conrectw resistor Ry across R, of value Such that R; with a resistor R whose value is such thatthe paral RHR, = B/2, thus lel combination of R, and & is <1 kQ. Thus, ROAR) _ RR, R+G1R/a) "2 Ber! Lik =R,+ LE RSL KO = R=11KQ alzing only one additions correntdiviler acrosseasia Now, subiracting (1) form @) yielde ww 40/,=45, — > h=1125mA ory 1) $rsen Substituting in (2) gives |. # 2) 210-74 L125m9A Now, when a resistance of 15 KO is connec 10625+.1.1250 between 4 and ground, 1.1675 mA oz: faye OT Vek, Gise ts 118752=2.3750¥ Oma To summariz 1.16 (a) Node equation at the common node yields tesa 1 aa heheh haiema— ¥ Using the fct that the sum of the voltage drops across (®) A node equation atthe common nod can be writen ya Ky equals 1S V. se write terms of Vas iY SEAR + Al ae 10h #044) hus, 124, 92h W-v oy sv sre5 Mov 2 V=2375V and fy can be easily Found as 2 Fun V2 82.375 «1.0625 ma= 1.05 mA oat 10 yo WW a 922978 1125 A= 1.3 mA y 7 ya f= 228-1 t8sMA= 119 mA hn Metod () 8 much prefered; fe, moe igi Iesiy We eas posible nub ot arable nd write inte the cce7ndingeinimn mbt of gui (1) AT See diagram ‘Similarly, tne voltage drops seross Rand Ry add up to 1DV, thus 1O= hh + 158s which yielas Equations (1) and @) can te solved together by mul lying 2) by 6, hah =6) a Vpo 188 HA x3KR= 561 mVLAB From the symmetry of the o n Now, if Ry is raised to 1.2 KO the symmety be broken, To ind 4, we use Thévenin’s theorem as fellows: Z U119 (a) T= 104 ms = 107 5 p-town r = Inf=6.28 «107 (b) f= 1 GHte= 10% He =f = 6.28 10° ads (e) © 6.28% 10? nas fe ain (e) f= 60 He Hf 477 107 rable () ee) rads = 10? rae’s J= B= 1s9x10iHe r=b=628 «10 1900 MHtz= 1.95 10° He 1 r= =0526%10" s 1.20 (a) © Z= joc =— a A z ALJ= 100k, 2~ ALf=1Gk2, (@) Z=jal-=/2nf = prrf 10% 10 z-;a70 DO KHZ, Z=/6284Q 1GH:, | Z=/623 Mice Zz PRX 1D 10x 10% 10 59) 4 10 10" «00110 0.628) 8 1000. (172 — js = —1_— p27 10% 10" 100 x 10° = 107 + p62) 18 zen ¥/0828 - J8S.00) kD (a 2- ab. = 100 +)25% 10% 10x 10 x 16 = 100+ 7628 100 00+ j O Oe Pail Bauivalent‘The Noxton current ean be found 2 386 mV é = 135 nA Ro mona Ths, 1.24 The observed output vokage is 1 mV/FC which is RS ably under open-circuit conditions that is withou, © ms : resistance must be equal to Ry, Le, 10 KGL R= tit TOY 01M = 100 ko oa + note = OLY 2001 MQ = 1012 a oat bat Gatlin ak, o Se f R, em Op ouireat D iat ct Dividing (1) by @) aives 2 roprsonte he iop rs 14 (R,/10) an THe, = R= 28.010 =F, =9R, 09= Foci,=09i, Sotstinating in (2) gilar case 0 (adi) 1 ) a 628% 10° Lo! » goo! © 62810" 1x10" 1x10" a anit © erie © 68 «10! Pew? Veld G2 xiot tei! dt" 1.28 (0) Wyou = 7x B= 165 () Vu #33.9/.2 = 28 V ©) Yam = 220% fe SV 8) Yrog ® 220% 3 = 311 kY 1.29 (a) w= 10sin (20% 1089, V 0) 0 120.3 sin ax 0), 6) = 01 sin (10001), V () #01 sin Qn 10%), V 1.30 Comparing te given waveform to that described by Bg, 1.2 we observe tht the given waveform has an tumplitde of 0.5 V (1 V peak-to-peak) and is level i shitted up by 0. V (the first term in the equation), wavelorn look as follows Le Average value =0.5 V Peak-to-peak value= 1) Lowest value =0¥ Highes: value = 1 V =F = 197s oO 131 Thotwoharmonies have the ratio 126/98 ~ 9/7. Ts, these are the 7th and 9h barmoniss £4, 12 wo note that the amplitudes of these two hy ‘monies wil have the ratio 7 t0 9, which is confirmed by the measurement reported. Tivs the fundamental Will have a frequency of 98/7 oF 14 KHz and peak amplitude of 63 %.7 = 441 mY. The rms value of the fundameneal will be 441/2 = 312 mV. To find the Petiod 7 Peak-io-peak amplitude of the square wave we n that 4¥ 1 mV. Thos Poake-to-peak amplitule = 2¥ = 441 x Period T= 4 Ta as I 132 To be barely audible by a relatively young listener, the Sth harmonic: must be lite to 20 KH thus the fundamental will be 4 X12, AC the love end rs down to about 20 He. For the fifth ar higher 10 be audible the Fifth mut be no lower than 20 Hz. Correspontingly, the fusdamertal will be at 1.33 If the ampli tude of the square wave i Vg then the he square wave a resistance & will be ¥2 asine wave of peak amplitude V then RE his power is 19 equal that delivered 1 Ly ROR Thus, Vag = 67-8. This result i independent of fe que 134 Decimal Binary 5 mi100t 135 5, 6 by Value Represented oo1 4 00 “4 01 + oni 2Note that there ae ho possible representation of er oh Teall (NCO and 1000.For 205-V step see, anatiog signs in 7 the range:43.5V can be represent. leek Input steps Code Coresponding to the LSB changing from 0 t0 | te 25 +s oo waput changes by 10/5% 1/2" = 003125 mA. aie 1.38 There wil be 4,100 samples per secon ith ‘ a1 Sch satnple represent by 16 bits. Thos the tech mo put or speed wll bo, 100 16 = 1.036 x 10° bits pe f 1.36 (a) For N bits dete wil be ibe ter fiom Oto Vj Thus there willbe O — Tdiseretesteps 1.39 @) 4,=2¢= 10¥_ 6 100 viv from 010 Vjs with de stp size given b 10 mV . ‘ «20 og 100 = 40 4B 2 (alee m/Re_Wv7i0a_ OLA This isthe malog change coresponding ta change in i ODA ~ 10 UA Ae LSB, isthe ylue of the resolution ofthe ADC sii ©) Me nvcinan eer | ee when the analog signal late Yoloe iat the midlle of 8 a a bse, Thas the maxi iolwaw 0 og 10" =30uB 1 5 xsepsize = 3 ou 2V Y= 2x10 VV ot Tow This is known as Whe quanta v6, 20 0g 2 10"= 106 4B, ne WV. ar - Ri, Ka ST toma = D2 mk - 022107 999 xa | TOA 100% 107 Reston = 12 049 nV oo 1.37 Whon 6; = |, the ith switeh posit > 10° WW current (Vua/2R) flows to the output. Thus ‘ie sub ofall he currents corresponding to "T wos 2 (6) deisthe LSB 4, Tims by isthe MSE67,20 log 1000 = 60.48 10 1000 = 108 WW 10 1og49A, = 4O.UB OAfer Yom Shon ww 07 200g 11 = 208 as rate 100. cma _2mA _ 5 Tima ve oF, Dog A, = 26.8 40 er i =282 WA of, 10 tog 4, = 23.8 a ‘Supply power=2¥ 2.V x 20mA = 120 mW Output power = = 42 mW x, 100 Input power mW (negligible) Ample dissipation ~ Supply power Out pove = 120-242-956 nW Supply power *! ~442 x 109 = 120 Amplifier efficieney LAL For VYno=SV The lagest untred sive-wave Ouptt Is of 3.8-V peak amplitude or 38/./2=27Vg, Input necded ia For Vo) = 10 V, the largest undistorted sine-wave out Put is of 8 8°V peak amplitude o 6.2 Vig, put needed $124 mV For Vog = 15 V, the largest undistorted sine-wave output is of 13.8-V peak amplitude of 98 Vig. The 500 = 19,6 11V gy. 1.42 (3) For an outpus wh 15 are just atthe c-of clipping, ie, an output of OV aust have 9 V/1000 = 9 mVjea v) For an ouput that is clipping 90% of the time, = 0.1 90° =9° and V, sin S°=9V ne V, = 575V whic of course does not occur asthe output saturates x29 VTi his result, 3573/1000 = 375 mV{¢) For an output that is clipping 99% of 9 =0.01 908 = 09% V,sin 09°29 and the input must be 573 V/ 1000 or 0.573 Va, 143 When the amplifier is biased at 4 V (Le, at poiet Q), the maximam possible amplitude of a sine-wav ‘ntpun witout clipping is = 1 an To obtnin the lrgest undistorted sine wave output pos sible with this amplifier, it must be binsed halfway henween the saturation levels, ie, at Vg = (B+ 1.5)/2= 75.V (point Q2) and the resulting ouspat will have a 15-1. A75= peak value of 8 144 = 10 2S %S t+ (@) For 9 S2¥, v= 10 The upper limit on 17 is oand by su ten : solution i$ ¥6 = 1.317 V and the corespond 317 V. To obtain versie 1, We evaluate vp ¥io3317 V. The result sth a sketch of in thera skate wot) () Toobtsin ¥ = 5V webins at ¥)=3 V. 5 2 ) ialsgnal gin ain pot = 7) =-5«2Vj-2)=-10 VV (8) y=3 + Vie08 08 10-5034 Yj co ox = 2)? 10 = 5(1 4 2¥,608 oF V7 cos? ox) $= 10¥,c05 or-Sv4(4 + Jeor 200) Lov, cesar ~ 2.5¥fcor 204 1 1% second-harmonic istrton: 2,5¥/10¥) = 0.0 x09 y 49 wv =05%10x0 20 lag 2.5= 8B RAO R/O, AXE O)+ Re ons3viw7 146-20 66 4,,= 40.48 =2 A, = 100-viV 100 — Mao 3 rn « ° 00 100.0 i 100 10x 0 00+ 1 sao vv 201990. 39.1408 Ay = BNO 8 a3 10% 8.3510" WW A Ni 06 10 log (83. 10") = 79.4 dB. For 1 peak output sine-wave cament of 100 Q, the Peak output voltage will be 100 mA x 100.82 = 10 V Correspondingly », will be a sine wave with » peak value of 10 WA, = 10/909 or ans value of 10/490.9 x 3) = O48 V, Corresponding output power = (10/4 =05W 100. Lar moa it Sin ft Sf The signal loses about 99% ofits strength when con nected tothe amplifier input (because &,=R,/10) Also, the outpur signal of the amplifier loses approximately 9% of its stength when the load is connected pow s@) wal stakes into sect. the power wo! Neworthe liteetly 10 the load, ain Ton 109k = 0001 viv is cleasly a much worse situation, Indeed inser: IMO 1, 10a Tae GORD 100 +108 9091 AIA oF 79.248 100 a a7 MO sas issipaiod in the internal resistance of the source.)sin=2 V0 nV. able of proving a marimum voltage Required overall voliage Hach stage is ca gain of 10 (the open-circuit gain value). Por m stages it eascade the maximum (unsttinable) volage gain in 10". We thus sce that we need at east 3 stapes. Fo 3 sages, the overall voltage goin obtained is YW yigy 10 y gy 10 te x = 10 a+ Ts 10) 10 2066 V/V Ths, thee stages suffice und provite 2 gain slight Luger dan required. ‘Me ouput vollage acualy bean #810 mV x 205.6 = 2.07 V 183 ayo ae (2) Reguited voltage sy 300 V/V (8) The enaliot R,llowed is obeained from OMY 5 k,+K,= 100 ke Las hus R,=90 ko, For Ry=90 RO, j= 0.1 8 pes, and mA orga (Overall current gain = x IOTAIA 910° WW ) ICA, wists pea ali ited $V hy Sneek eestor sli os: 1 Bruienn sees nl toler an 39) (0 For B= 9040 and A = 670. he end wal 300 W/V 50. * pA Trae 5 A= 588700 6 R140 (x1 8, = 1009410) on 100g, 10 waa i0" 0 Tee es rae eae [ [ Te Ohw re Diem wot x 1000 x —_100 ima 306 ss vivConnect a resistance Ri parallel with the input and G.=40 mV ir f= Ry ~ Lyd Zl ’ 2 R 1@ 3.9) (R, UR R, i = 2 20x1 at 20+1 toes * Overall voltage gain = 19.05 WV ie 157 A voltage amplifiee i required, 7 e Le 10 kO R 10912 -_ + H To limit the change in v, to 10% as R, vories from 1 to =%9 4 39.2 dB Ok we select K sufficiently large: RE UR yo (by Voltage gain Thus 2, = 100 kA. iit the ct nge in v, corespontiag 10 R, vary to 10 0,10 109%, we select R, sufi ing inthe ronge ently su o rs k,= 100 ) Poser ga A eR Rina =09%009 a 1=001 = 818 W/W = 19.148 i= 00 = 4, =11 Ww ion AM 2 Out(Current amps To limit the change in (resulting from R, vaeying over the range 1 to 10 KO, 10 105 we select sulficinily ow so thay RS Rian / 10 Ts, &)= 1008 as Ry changes from 1 t srfiienly Inge TY limit the change inj 1OK2 10 10% we select, WOR Ths, 8, = 100K Now ford = 10 n= 10° Thus, to" = 10004, _ 100 Too = 1007504 10 9 Ay= 121 AIA 1.59 ‘Transeenductance amplifier. nebo Omv seminal For R, varying inthe range 110 10 KO. and A, imited to 10% we have to select ulicienly large 22 1ORanae y= 100K For, varying in:he range 1 v0 1048 he change ia can be Leptto 1D% if Ri selected suficently large: Re? Rene Tu R= 100K = 121 mA m1: dfn 1.60 Transresistance amplifier ‘4, 10 105% corresponding o &, varying in the to 1OKA, we select R, sufficiently lows Thus, & = 100.0 To limit Ae, to 10% while Ry varies over the range 1 t2 10 KO, we select, suffcienty tow RS Rens /10 1000 1000 1000+ 100" 1000 + 105 = 121x108[T° } and ge 4 av 10 5(100 10) x 10" B8EVY or 58.98 4 Ry (4x10) A, Bet 1 10x 197 100+ 70 1 20 NA or 65.848 =1936x 10° WW ‘Overal carveat gain THA 0 2000 A. or 65 4B Using the voltage divider rule , [ 7 ag c j 1esc ! 1eie( 2B R+E Ad RrETrse(RTR) ansfer function is of the STC lovepass type with a de gain K=RAR,+R,) and a SAB fre quency @ = 1/C(R\IR,). K,= 20K f= BOKER nd C= 5 pF — = 1.25% 10" rads 1.66 Using the voltage divider me, —w—o-} CR +R) which from Table 1.2is ofthe high-pass type with reekAsa further veriicaion that this isa high-pass network and 7(6) isa high-pass uransfer(unction we observe as 0, Ts) =0; ond that as 4+ we, Ts) = RVR, + Ry) Ao, frcan the circit observe as at 99 =, (USC) 0 and V,/V,= RAR, +R). Now, for Ry = 10 KO, R= jefe sim mumol=5 = ipapyp «OST wa —|}-2 nena vic sft hih-rass STC type Gee Table 2) wi =k 1 atk ORF) Forfi ote 1 sate s0 TCR A, 1 i ¢ a Imx 1020+ 5x10? Thus, the salle val O66 ur 1.68 The given measured data indicate tat this ampli- fier has a low-pass STC frequency responce with a low fequency gain of 40 0B, and a 3-48 trequency of 10" Hz From our knowledge of the Bode plots for Jowspnss STC renworks (Figure ‘of C that wil do the job is C= ) we can complete the Table enties and sketch the amplifier frequen response nZBnneennsA fF . 1 10 “18 Wate ie) as Tidegrees) wot 0 43" " 84.3 1.69 From, wedge of the Bode plots of STC w-pass and high-pass networks we see that this Amplifier has a mid-band gain of 40 dB, + lowfrequency response ofthe high-pass STC type with fgg = 10? He, a high-frequency response of the low-pass STC type with fgg = 10° Hl, We thus can sketch the ampli fer frequency te pense and complete the table entries 2s fll mB ~20anNGeende 1 a) fa) 10 10° 10° 10 10° 10% 107 10° miss) 0 20 37 40 40 20 0in al 3-4D frequency (6 MIT) is atteibutable identical STC LP circuits in eascade the overall transfer function is that of tice If the with no load- 0 Cth ing effects since the buffer amplifiers have input and eto output resistances) the overall gain will drop by 3 UB below the value at de at the frequency for which the gain of each STC circuit's 1 dB down, This fre quency i found as follows: The irnsfer function of each STC circuits Lt m1) Thus, yan = 7 1 Y 20 low Since when C iv connected the 34IB frequency is reduced by lage facter, the value of € must be much larger than whatever parasitic eapaeitance oniginally existed at node A (ie, between A az! ground) Further deserrinant ‘tmust be tha Cis wow the dora ° lifer 3-4B frequency (i, eis domi L73 R, = 100KQ, since the 3.8 frequency is reduced over whatever may be happening at node B or any: by a very hig im 6 Miz to 120 KElz) Cy where else in the amplifier) Thus, we ean write rust be much larger than C. Thus, neglecting C; we find C, from 150 Kitz = 1 aec(R, IR) a 2x 15010 KIX 10 120 Kt 2 (Ra VR a 6 i cote Now R:= 100 k0 riven Thus Rj = 107 ka ‘ada Salary for node B f modes ak ae a age i ACR oy PR) [ Bmx 1x 10x 1x10 oO x eee \ =106 KO sun a Ra= M9 kQ