Models that stem from methods were developed by department of

commerce scientists at Boulder, Colorado, include ITSA-1, ITS-78,

HFMUFES-4, IONCAP, RADARC, and more recently, ICEPAC,
VOACAP, and Rec533. The CCIR (currently the ITU-R) has developed
methods for estimating field strength and transmission loss based upon
empirical data. The following are synopsis of some computer models with
other empirical models to convey the historical arrangement.
ITSA-1, this model was developed by the U.S. Commerce
Department's ITS. At that time, it was published as one of the first
computer methods for exploiting augmentations in the underlying
ionospheric and geophysical database. Probably the first computerized
method was a program called MUFLUF, which was developed by the
CRPL. The ITSA-1 model superseded MUFLUF soon after publication
[27]. In 1970 CCIR 252-2 was issued, which termed (CCIR Interim
method for Estimating sky wave field strength and transmission loss
between approximate limits of 2 and 30 MHz) [28]. ITS-78(HFMUFES),
ITS-78 actually represents a series of codes developed at ITS beginning
with ITS-78 and culminating with HFMUFES4. Most of features of ITSA-1
were included, but with revised F-layer ionospheric data [29,30].
FTZ, this model was developed by the Deutsche Bundespost. It
includes an empirical representation of field strength. For long-distance
communication where elevation angles are minimized, the model is quite
useful [31].
RADARC, This program was promoted by the Naval Research
Laboratory (NRL) for use in analyzing the performance of over the horizon
radar facilities. It is a closer relative of IONOCAP and HFMUFES
[32,33,34].In 1980, AMBCOM program was developed by SRI
International in connection with work supported by the Defense Nuclear
Agency.And it is a companion program to NUMCOM, another propagation