Professional Documents
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Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
3.1 Impacts/Issues
Food For Thought
Bacteria in our intestines make vitamins and
keep us healthy but other bacteria make toxins
that can contaminate foods and even kill us
Examples of Cells
Some single-celled organisms (protists)
Cell Structure
A plasma membrane surrounds the cell and
controls which substances move in and out
Plasma membrane
A cells outermost membrane
Lipid bilayer
Structural foundation of cell membranes; mainly
phospholipids arranged tail-to-tail in a bilayer
A Lipid Bilayer
one layer
of lipids
one layer
of lipids
a lipid bilayer
p. 43
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Organelle
Structure that carries out a specialized metabolic
function inside a cell
Nucleoid
Region of cytoplasm where DNA is concentrated
in a prokaryotic cell
Surface-to-Volume Ratio
Cells must be small to efficiently exchange
materials with their environment
Surface-to-volume ratio limits cell size and
influences cell shape
Surface-to-volume ratio
A relationship in which the volume of an object
increases with the cube of the diameter, but the
surface areas increases with the square
Surface-to-Volume Ratio
Cell theory
Fig. 3-3a, p. 45
Fig. 3-3b, p. 45
Fig. 3-3c, p. 45
sample holder
focusing knob
lens
Leeuwenhoeks microscope
p. 45
Modern Microscopes
10m
A Light micrograph.
A phase-contrast
microscope yields
high-contrast images
of transparent
specimens, such
as cells.
B Light micrograph.
A re ected light
microscope captures
light reected from
opaque specimens.
C Fluorescence
micrograph. The
chlorophyll
molecules in these
cells emitted red
light (they
uoresced)
naturally.
D A transmission
electron
micrograph
reveals
fantastically
detailed images of
internal
structures.
E A scanning
electron
micrograph shows
surface details of
cells and
structures. SEMs
may be artificially
colored to
highlight certain
details.
Fig. 3-4, p. 46
Relative Sizes
Fig. 3-5a, p. 46
electron microscopes
viruses
molecules of life
small
molecules
0.1 nm
lipids DNA
(width)
1 nm
mitochondria,
chloroplasts
light microscopes
most
eukaryotic
most
cells
bacteria
complex carbohydrates
proteins
10 nm
100 nm
1 m
10 m
Fig. 3-5a, p. 46
Fig. 3-5b, p. 47
largest organisms
small animals
humans
frog eggs
100 m
1 mm
1 cm
10 cm
1m
10 m
100 m
Fig. 3-5b, p. 47
uid
p. 48
Membrane Proteins
Proteins associated with a membrane carry out
most membrane functions
Transport proteins passively or actively assist
specific ions or molecules across a membrane
Enzymes speed chemical processes
Adhesion proteins help cells stick together
Recognition proteins tag cells as self
Receptor proteins bind to a particular substance
outside the cell
Fig. 3-6a, p. 48
hydrophilic
head
two
hydrophobic
tails
Fig. 3-6a, p. 48
Fig. 3-6b, p. 48
one layer
of lipids
one layer
of lipids
Fig. 3-6b, p. 48
Fig. 3-6c, p. 48
Cell wall
Semirigid but permeable structure that surrounds
the plasma membrane of some cells
Consists of peptides and polysaccharides (in
bacteria) or proteins (in archaeans)
In some bacteria, a sticky capsule of
polysaccharides surrounds the cell wall
Flagellum
Long, slender cellular structure used for mobility
Pilus
A protein filament used to help cells cling to or
move across surfaces, or for plasmid transfer
agellum
capsule
cell wall
plasma membrane
cytoplasm,
with ribosomes
DNA in nucleoid
pilus
Fig. 3-8, p. 50
Prokaryote Diversity
Biofilms
The Nucleus
Pores, receptors, and transport proteins in the
nuclear envelope control the movement of
molecules into and out of the nucleus
Nuclear envelope
A double membrane that constitutes the outer
boundary of the nucleus
Peroxisome
Enzyme-filled vesicle that breaks down amino
acids, fatty acids, and toxic substances
Lysosome
Vesicle with enzymes for intracellular digestion
Vacuole
A fluid-filled organelle that isolates or disposes of
wastes, debris, or toxic materials
Chloroplast
Organelle of photosynthesis
Fig. 3-11a, p. 54
outer membrane
outer
compartment
inner compartment
inner membrane
Fig. 3-11a, p. 54
Fig. 3-11b, p. 54
two outer
membranes
stroma
inner
membrane
Fig. 3-11b, p. 54
Animation: Structure of a
mitochondrion
The Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
Dynamic network of protein filaments that
support, organize, and move eukaryotic cells and
their internal structures
Cytoskeletal Elements
Microtubules
Cytoskeletal elements involved in movement
Hollow filaments of tubulin subunits
Microfilaments
Reinforcing cytoskeletal elements
Fibers of actin subunits
Intermediate filaments
Elements that lock cells and tissues together
Cytoskeletal Elements
Fig. 3-12a, p. 55
tubulin subunit
Fig. 3-12a, p. 55
Fig. 3-12b, p. 55
10 m
Fig. 3-12b, p. 55
Motor Proteins
Motor proteins are the basis of movement they
interact with microfilaments in pseudopods or (in
cilia and eukaryotic flagella) microtubules
Motor proteins
Energy-using proteins that interact with
cytoskeletal elements to move cells parts or the
whole cell
Motor Proteins
A motor protein moves a vesicle along a
microtubule
Cilia
Short, hairlike structures that project from the
plasma membrane of some eukaryotic cells
Coordinated beating stirs fluid, propels motile cells
Moved by organized arrays of microtubules
Example: clears particles from airways
Flagella
Eukaryotic flagella are whiplike structures that
propel cells such as sperm through fluid
Different internal structure and motion than
prokaryotic flagella
False Feet
8
9
2
1
3
6
7
4
Fig. 3-9, p. 52
An Animal Cell
nuclear
pore
rough ER with
attached ribosomes
Fig. 3-10, p. 53
Animation: Structure of a
mitochondrion
Adhering junction
Anchors cells to each other or to extracellular matrix
Gap junction
Forms a channel across plasma membranes of
adjoining animal cells
1 Tight junctions
Rows of proteins
that run parallel
with the free
surface of a
tissue; stop leaks
between adjoining
cells.
2 Adhering junction
A mass of
interconnected
proteins that welds
one cell to another
or to ECM; anchored
under the plasma
membrane by
intermediate
filaments.
3 Gap junction
Cylindrical clusters
of proteins that span
the plasma
membrane of
adjoining cells;
clusters are often
paired as channels
that open and close.
Fig. 3-14, p. 56
p. 57
p. 57
Fig. 3-16a, p. 59
ATP
ATP
CF deletion
Fig. 3-16a, p. 59
Fig. 3-16b, p. 59