Name Date _ _ Class Solubility of a Salt Lab 30 ‘Text reference: Chapter 16, pp. 440-444 Pre-Lab Discussion ‘The solubility of a pure substance in a particular solvent is the quantity of that substance that will dissolve in a given amount of the solvent. Solubility varies with the temperature of the solvent. Thus, solubility must he expressed as quantity of solute per quantity of solvent at a specific temperature. For most ionic solids, especially salts, in water, solubility varies directly with temperature. That is, the higher the temperature of the solvent (water), the more solute (salt) that will dissolve in it. In this experiment, you will study the solubility of potassium nitrate (KNO,) in water. You will dissolve different quantities of this salt in a given amount of water at a temperature close to the water's boiling point. Each solution will be observed as it cools, and the temperature at which crystallization of the salt occurs will be noted and recorded, The start of crystallization indicates that the solution has become saturated, At this temperature, the solution contains the maximum quantity of solute that can be dissolved in that amount of solvent. ‘After solubility data for several different quantities of solute have been collected, the data will be plotted on a graph. A solubility curve for KNO, will be constructed by connecting the plotted points Purpose Collect the experimental data necessary to construct a solubility curve for potassium nitrate (KNO,) in water, Equipment balance stirring rod burner ring stand microspatula iron ring test tubes, 18% 150-mm (4) utility clamp test tube holder wire gauze test tube rack marking pencil beaker, 400-mL. safety goggles thermometer lab apron or coat graduated cylinder, 10-mL, Materials potassium nitrate (KNO,) distilled water safety BA Tie back long hair and secure loose clothing when working with an open flame, Be sure you use a test tube holder when removing tubes from the ee ee eee ee eee hare and with certain steps:water bath KNO,— water mixture Figure 30-1 in the “Procedure.” Refer to page xi for the specific precautions associated with each symbol. Always wear safety goggles and a lab apron or coat when working in the lab. Procedure While one lab partner carries out the instructions in steps 1 through 4, the other partner should go on to step 6. 1. Using a marking peneil, number four test tubes 1 through 4. Place the tubes in a test tube rack. 2. On the balance, measure out exactly 20 g of potassium nitrate (KNO;). Pour the salt into test tube #1. 3. Repeat step 2 for the following masses of KNOs. Add each quantity to the test tube indicated: 4.0 g to test tube #2 6.0 g to test tube #3, 8.0 g to test tube #4 4, Add exactly 5.0 mL distilled water to each test tube. 5. Fill a 400-mL beaker about three-fourths full of tap water. tube #1, prepare the setup shown in Figure 30-1. Heat the water to 90°C and adjust the temperature. 6. Stir the KNO,-water mixture with a glass stirring rod until the KNO, is completely dissolved. Remove the stirrer and rinse it off. Loosen the clamp and, using a test tube holder, remove the tube, 7, While lab partner number one repeats step 6 for test tube #2, lab partner number two should place a warn thermometer (dipped into the hot-water bath) into the solution in test tube #1. Hold the test tube up to the light and watch for the first sign of crystallization in the solution. At the instant crystallization starts, observe and record the temperature. Should crystalliza- tion start too quickly (because of a cold thermometer), redis: solve the solid in the hotwater bath and repeat this step. 8. Steps 6 and 7 should be followed for all four test tubes. One lab partner should stir the KNO, until it dissolves, and the othor partner should record the temperatures of crystallization. Re: cord all temperatures in “Observations and Data.” 9. If any doubtful results are obtained, the procedure can be repeated by redissolving the salt in the hot-water bath and allow- ing it to reerystaltize. A ‘This will be used as a water bath. Using the water bath and test, ame to maintain the water at about this Observations and Data grams of crystallization test tube # KNO,/5.0 ml. H,0 rature °C) 1 2.0950 mL. ~ 2 4.0950 mL. 3 6.0 45.0 mLName 30 solubility of a Salt. (continueey Calculations 1. Using proportions, convert the experimental massivolume ratios to equivalent mass/100-mL ratios, 4/100 mL —— #/100 mL 60 g/5.0 mL 9/100 mL. 8.09/50 mL = 9/100 mL 2. Plot your experimental data on the grid provided. Plot mass of solute per 100 mL of water on the y-axis and temperature on the z-axis, 160 140 120 100 80 60 Solubility(gKNOy/mL H,0) 40 20 0 0 2 30 4 50 60 70 80 Temperature(") Figure 30-2 8. Construct a solubility curve by connecting the plotted points on your graph. Conclusions and Questions 1. How many grams of KNO, can be dissolved in 100 mL of H,O at the following temperatures? a. 30°C b. 60°C. 702. Define the terms saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated. oe 3. Classify the following KNOs solutions as saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated. Explain your answer. a. 75 g KNO,/100 mL H,O at 40°C b. 60 g KNO¥/100 mL H,O at 50°C SS EEE ee 4. Do the solubilities of all ionic solids increase as the temperature in- creases? Explain, 5. How does the solubility of a gas change with increasing temperature? Draw a rough sketch showing the general shape of a solubility curve of a gas. 6. The graph in Appendix E in the back of this lab manual shows solubility curves for several compounds. Which of the compounds represented on this graph become (ess soluble as temperature increases?Name Date Class _ Solubility of a Salt Lab 30 Text reference: Chapter 16, pp. 440-444 Pre-Lab Discussion Pre-Lab ‘The solubility of a pure substance in a particular solvent is the quantity This experiment correlates with of that substance that will dissolve in a given amount of the solvent. course material on solutions: Solubility varies with the temperature of the solvent. Thus, solubility must andsolubilty. be expressed as quantity of solute per quantity of solvent at a specific Draw a typical solubility temperature. For most ionic solids, especially salts, in water, solubility S4™° ee ee oe varies directly with temperature. That is, the higher the temperature of So! donsne chalkboard. Dis the solvent (water), the more solute (salt) that will dissolve in it Sree In this experiment, you will study the solubility of potassium nitrate Soryrpted unsaturated, and (KNO,) in water. You will dissolve different quantities of this salt in a supersaturated. Give examples given amount of water at @ temperature close to the water's boiling point. of each kind of solution, relat Each solution will be observed as it cools, and the temperature at which ing each to the curve for the crystallization of the salt occurs will be noted and recorded. The start of hypothetical solid crystallization indicates that the solution has become saturated. At this Discuss the effect of chang temperature, the solution contains the maximum quantity of solute that __ ing temperature on the solubil ity of solids and gases. Remind students not to place chemicals directly on a balance pan. can be dissolved in that amount of solvent. After solubility data for several different quantities of solute have been collected, the data will be plotted on a graph. A solubility curve for KNO, will be constructed by connecting the plotted points. Purpose LAB TIME: 80-100 minutes Collect the experimental data necessary to construct a solubility curve for potassium nitrate (KNO,) in water, A Shorter Lab Period Time: 40 minutes Equipment If your lab period is shorter balance stirring rod han 80-100 minutes, conduct burner ring stand the experiment asa demon- microspatula iron ring fer one ° fa four water test tubes, 18x 150-mm (4) utility clamp pale eee test tube holder wire gauze are eee oi test tube rack marking pencil tion temperature readings at beaker, 400-mL safety goggles the same time. Place data ob. thermometer lab apron or eoat | tained on the chalkboard if graduated cylinder, 10-mL | necessary, assign "Caleula- | tions” and “Conclusions and | Questions” as homework. Materials potassium nitrate (KNO,), distilled water on Review safety precautions for safety OHA sworking around open flames Advise students to use test Tie back long hair and secure loose clothing when working with an open _tube holders when removing PE panda Pay ap aera ar ubes from the hot water bath. aein the “Procedure.” Refer to page xi for the specific precautions associated with each symbol. Always wear safety goggles and a lab apron or coat Advance Preparation Set out reagent bottles of potassium nitrate when working in the lab. Quantities (per student lab team) Procedure KNO;,20 While one lab partner carries out the instructions in steps 1 through 4, the other partner should go on to step 5. 1. Using a marking pencil, number four test tubes 1 through 4. Place the tubes in a test tube rack. 2. On the balance, measure out exactly 2.0 g of potassium nitrate (KNO,). Pour the salt into test tube #1 3. Repeat step 2 for the following masses of KNO3, Add each quantity to the test tube indicated: 4.0 g to test tube #2 stirring rod water bath 60 gto test tube #3 KNOs 80 g to test tube #4 water 4. Add exacily 5.0 mL distilled water to each test tube mixture 5. Fill a 400-mL beaker about three-fourths full of tap water. tube #1, prepare the setup shown in Figure 30-1, Heat the water to 90°C and adjust the flame to maintain the water at about this temperature. 6. Stir the KNO,-water mixture with a glass stirring rod until the KNO, is completely dissolved. Remove the stirrer and rinse it off. Loosen the clamp and, using a test tube holder, remove the tube. 7. While lab partner number one repeats step 6 for test tube #2, lab partner number two should place a warm thermometer (dipped into the hot-water bath) into the solution in test tube #1. Hold the test tube up to the light and watch for the first sign of crystallization in the solution. At the izstant crystallization starts, observe and record the temperature. Should crystalliza- tion start too quickly (because of a cold thermometer), redis: solve the solid in the hot-water bath and repeat this step. 8. Steps 6 and 7 should be followed for all four test tubes. One lab partner should stir the KNO, until it dissolves, and the other partner should record the temperatures of crystallization. Re- cord all temperatures in “Observations and Data.” 9. If any doubtful results are obtained, the procedure can be repeated by redissolving the salt in the hot-water bath and allow: ing it to recrystallize A ‘This will be used as a water bath. Using the water bath and test Figure 30-1 Thesample observationsand Observations and Data data given here are intended tobe used asa bass for grams of crystallization eC aeenten test tube # KNO4/5.0 mL HO temperature CC) responsessin most cases, student responses will vary I 2.05.0 mL eee) Somevihat fram these sample soc 4,0 750 ml. responses. 2 6095.0 mL eaeName 30 Solubility of a Salt (continued) Calculations ‘The data used in these calcula 1. Using proportions, convert the experimental mass/volume ratios to ee ener oicee equivalent mass/100-mL ratios. intha “Observations and 40.0 20g50mL=_ °° __ goo me 80.0 100m 1200 _ g100mL 160.0 _ g100mb 2, Plot your experimental data on the grid provided. Plot mass of solute per 100 mL of water on the y-axis and temperature on the x-axis. 160 140 0 wo f - 80 yy(gKNO,/mL HO) 60 0 1 2 30 40 50 60 70 80 Temperature’) Figure 30-2 3. Construct a solubility curve by connecting the plotted points on your graph. Conclusions and Questions 1. How many grams of KNO, can be dissolved in 100 mL of HO at the following temperatures? a. 30°C b, GC e. 70°C a. 45g/100 ml HO ’b. 109/100 ml. H.0 ©. 135g/100 mLDefine the terms saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated, Saturated means a5 much solute as posible is disolved ma given amount of “ehent at 2 ven temperature, Unsaturated means that en om the maximum STeunt of Folie is dosolved in agian amount ofsovent ats gies Tempera ature is present 3. Classify the following KNO, solutions as saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated. Explain your answer. a. 75 g KNOY/100 mL H,0 at 40°C . 60 g KNOy/100 mL H,0 at 50°C Solution (2) is supersaturated. Ths plotted point falls ahove the solubility curve Solution (6) is unsaturated, This plotted point falls bolow the solubility curve 4. Do the solubilities of all ionic solids increase as the temperature in- creases? Explain, Most do, but not all. Some ionic sais secome fess solubie as the temperature Of the solvent increases, 5. How does the solubility of a gas change with inereasing temperature? Draw a rough sketch showing the general shape of a solubility curve of a Ras. The solubiity of a gas in water decreases as the temperature of the water increases, The solubility curve of a typical gas looks like this Re es Re tS Solubility Temperature 6. The graph in Appendix F in the back of this lab manual shows solubility curves for several compounds. Which of the compounds represented on this graph become less soluble as temperature increases? Hydrogen chloride, HCl; ammonia, NH: and sulfur dioxide, 30,