INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR AEROSPACE SURVEY AND EARTH SCIENCES. O Te Division of Engineering Geology Master of Science 1999/2000 CORRELATION OF STATIC CONE PENETRATION TEST RESULTS AND DYNAMIC PROBING TEST RESULTS Research Study for the data of South Limburg- The Netherlands (Volume -1) By Aroosa Hashmat (Pakistan) A thesis submitted in partial fatfilment of the requirements for the degree of ‘Master of Science in Engineering Geology June, 2000 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR AEROSPACE SURVEY AND EARTH SCIENCES atc) Kanaalweg 3, 2628 EB Delft, The NetherlandsAbstract i Abstract A number of different Static & Dynamic penetration tests are used today in site investigation. In Netherlands, SCPT is very common for site investigation whereas in Germany Dynamic Probing is popular. In this research study, correlation of SCPT and Dynamic Probing test results has been done, Beside correlation, soil variability has been found statistically. On the basis of coefficient of variability, tentative soil classification has been done. It has also been tried to find the variability of soil with depth, The energy of SCPT and Dynamic Probing tests has been compared on the basis of test results. Also the energy calculated on the basis of test results has been compared with the theoretically required energy to move the cone to certain specified depth using pile formulae. So far very few correlations have been made between SCPT and Dynamic Probing test results as compared to the correlations between SCPT and SPT(Standard penetration test). The reason may be the popularity of one type of equipment in one specific country compared to other parts of the world, Probably the correlations made in this research for South Limburg soils can also be used in Germany and Belgium since South Limburg is the part of the Netherlands that is located between Germany and Belgium, The same type of Soil extends in a large part of Germany. Specially in those cases where only Dynamic Probing results are available, the reliable correlations made between the two tests for South Limburg soils will be very useful for the engineers of different countries like Belgium, Germany and Netherlands to get the SCPT values.Acknowledgements ii Acknowledgements In this rescarch study, a lot of people have been encouraging and supporting me. I would like to express my thanks to the following people. Tam very much indebted 10 my supervisors Ir. Wolter Zigterman from ITC and P. “Michiel Maurenbrecher M. Sc. from TU, Delft for their contimous and encouraging guidance throughout the research. I am specially thankful to Mr. Wolter Zigterman for his enthusiastic guidance throughout the research and Mr. Maurenbrecher for helping in collection of data and all support to get the information needed and his valuable suggestions. L very much appreciate the co-operation of Fugro, specially Ing. Ben Telkamp head of the office in Maastricht, for providing the data for this research study. I appreciate and pay special thanks that he arranged site visit for us and we could see the equipment in operation. I would like to express my thanks to all ITC staff members, who have been supportive to me directly or indirectly during my study in ITC. 1 express my special thanks to Dr. H.R.G.X. Hack, Director of studies ENG:2 for his kind advises and supportive guidance for research and throughout my study in TTC. I would also take the opportunity to pay thanks to my mother, family and friends for their moral support throughout my stay in the Netherlands. Aroosa Hashmat Delfi, The Netherlands Tune, 2000‘Table of contents Table of contents Abstract Acknowledgements Table of contents List of Symbols and Abbreviations 1. Introduction and scope of the research 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Objective of the research 1,3 Location map of the area 1.4 Brief description of the study area and available data 2. Literature review 2.1 General 2.2 Historical background of SCPT 2.3 Recent developments of SCPT 2.3.1 Mechanical cone penetrometers 23.2 Electric cone penetrometers 2.3.3 Piezo-cone Penetrometer 2.4 Role of SCPT in site investigation 2.5 Principle of SCPT 2.5.1 Standardisation 2.6 Advantages of SCPT 2.7 Limitations of SCPT 2.8 Historical background of Dynamic probing 2.9 Types of dynamic probing 2.10 Role of Dynamic probing in site investigation 2.14 Principle of Dynamic probing 2.11.1 Standardisation 2.12 Advantages of Dynamic probing 2.13 Limitations of Dynamic probing 2.14 The Standard Penetration Test(SPT) 2.15 Weight Sounding Test(WST) 2.16 Correlations of Dynamic probing Tests with SCPT made by various authors 2.17 Interpretation of the penetration test results 2.18 Soil classification 2.19 Discussions 3. Brief description of the geology of the area 3.1 Brief description of geology 3.2 Geology of South Limburg in the context of the geological map of the Netherlands 3.3 Engineering geology of Loess in South Limburg 3.4 The Maas river terraces 3.5 Information of deposits tested with SCPT/DPT ii iii Buen we 10 12 13 13 4 15 15 16 7 7 20 20 21 21 23 28 28 29 3 31 32 33 34 35‘Table of contents 4, Probing and penctration testing(Procedure and equipment) 4.1 Static cone penetration test 4.1.1 Mechanical cone penetrometer 4.1.2 Electrical cone penetrometer 4.2 Dynamic Probing test procedure 4.3 Comparison of static and dynamic testing Flow chart of procedure 5. Da Interpretation 5.1 Source of data 5.2 Selection of the data for correlation 5.2.1 Distance criterion 5.3 Interpretation of data 5.3.1 Depth eriterion 5.4 Soil classification 5.4.1 Interpretation in Sand & Gravel 5.5 Selected number of SCPT and Dynamic Probing tests 5.6 Types of correlations 4.7 Statistical method used 5.7.1 Inverse distance weighted averaging 5.8 Statistical analysis of the data 5.9 Comparison of correlation results for Heavy and Light Dynamic Probing 6, Data analysis and discussion of the results 6.1 Comparison of the correlation results with literature values 6.2 Variability in soil 6.2.1 Tentative soil classification 6.2.2 Local correlations(Irendicity) 6.2.3 General trend 6.3 Variability with depth 7, Comparison of Input Energy and theoretically predicted Energy 7.1 Approach for static loading 7.2 Approach for dynamic loading 7.3 Discussion of results 8. Conclusions and recommendations 8.1 Conclusions 8.2 Recommendations References Appendices (Volume-tl) iv 36 36 36 36 37 39 40 a2 a2 2 2 az B 44 45 45 45 46 46 51 56 56 37 58 59 60 61 64 66 67 70 70 nR 13List of symbols and Abbreviations v List of Symbols and Abbreviations scp Static Cone Penetration Test DPT Dynamic Probing Test DPL Light Dynamic probing DPM. Medium Dynamic probing DPH Heavy Dynamic probing DPSH Super Heavy Dynamic probing DCPT Dynamic Cone Penetration Test cpru Piezocone Test wsT ‘Weight Sounding Test spr Standard Penetration Test ISSMFE —_Intermational Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering IRTP International Reference Test Procedure SL Notation used for Light Dynamic test by Fugro SZ Notation used for Heavy Dynamic test by Fugro D&DKM Notation used for SCPT COV Coefficient of variation LEGCPT) Input Energy of SCPT T-R@PL) Input Energy of DPL LE(DPH) Input Energy of DPH E-Static Energy based on pile formula E-Dynamic Energy based on Dynamic pile formula oy Vertical Stress oy Effective vertical stress « Cone resistance( The total force acting on the cone, Qe, divided by the projected area of the cone, Ac. =QUAc) a Corrected cone resistance(The cone resistance qe corrected for pore ‘water pressure effects) 46 Dynamic point resistance Ne Number of blows for 0.2m penetration Nie Number of blows for 0.1m penetrationChapter 1 fotroduction and scope of the research 1 1. Introduction and scope of the research 4.1 Introduction ‘The penetrometer evolved from the need of acquiring data on sub-surface soils that ‘were not obtainable by any other means. Penetration testing is among the vast number of in situ tests available for soil exploration. In situ tests can often be preferable to laboratory tests because of important advantages such as, ‘+ cost - time effectiveness * the ability to assess the soil in its natural environment A penetrometer consists of a slender metal rod which is pushed or driven into the ground by jacks or with hammer blows. Either method is such that the resistance to penetration of the metal rods is measured at any depth. The data are plotted on a diagram representing resistance to penetration on the abscissa and depth of penetration on the ordinate (G. Sanglerat , 1972 ). There are two methods of advancing the rods , namely the static method and the dynamic method , and two basic types of penetrometers: ‘© The static penetrometer ‘+ The dynamic penetrometer Penetrometers are generally used in Europe during the exploratory phase of a soil investigation to determine the soil conditions in general, such as the thickness and Jateral extent of various strata, so that an evaluation of different possible foundation ‘methods can be made .Chapter J Introduction and seope of the resear 2 1.2. Objective of the research In this research study, comparison of Dynamic Probing test results has been made with Static Cone Penetration test results, The data from South Limburg area has been used for this purpose. In the South Limburg area Loess soils are present which are also found over 2 large area in the western part of Germany. In Netherlands, Static Cone Penetration test is very popular due to its advantages over the traditional combination of borings, sampling and other testing whereas in Germany, Dynamic Probing test is widely used as an investigative tool for site investigation. In this research study, the correlation between the two tests results for soils at the international border has been made. Besides correlation, attempt has also been made to use the data for tentative soil classification in the South Limburg area, The available data has also been utilised to check the vari ity of soil with depth. The results of Heavy Dynamic Probing and Light Dynamic Probing have been compared in terms of energy imparted by both equipments to the ground. Also energy of both equipments has been compared with the theoretical energy based on pile formulae. It would be very usefill if the Static Cone Penetration results of one country are available and for the same type of soil Dynamic Probing results can be achieved in an other country by using the correlative work of this study, ‘The reason for comparison is the comparable size of the cone used in both tests. Also the similarity of the results achieved from both tests along the vertical line makes it interesting to compare the two tests.Chapter 1 Introduction and scope of the research 3 Both tests provide continuous record of readings which can be considered more advantageous as compared to Static Cone Penetration Test(SCPT) and Standard Penetration Test (SPT) comparison, where for one reading of SPT, many readings of SCPT are averaged for comparison. 1.3 Location map of the area Location map of the study area has been attached in Appendix-F. The map indicates various cities of South Limburg area of the Netherlands, in which tests have been carried out. 1.4 Brief description of the study area and available data The data provided by Fugro B.V the Netherlands, belongs to various projects carried. out in different cities of South Limburg area of Netherlands. The data of the following cities has been used in this research study: Maastricht, Gulpen, Beek, Nuth, Sittard, Heerlen, Landgraaf, Geleen, Kerkrade, Hoensbrock, Sittard, Geleen, Bunde. The details of the projects used in this research study have been given in Appendix-F (table F1). The overview of the data has been given in table 1.1. Besides SCPT tests, Dynamic Probing tests have been carried out according to both Heavy and Light versions of the equipment. The use of Light Dynamic Probing equipment might be due to the poor accessibility of Heavy Dynamic Probing equipment to the test site.Table 1.1: Overview of the data used in this research study No of tests/Data sets pet | ppH | scprT - il 18, Hoensbrock DPL Light Dynamic Probing DPH Heavy Dynamic Probing SCPT Static Cone Penetration TestChapter 2 Literature review: 5 2. Literature review 2.1 General Penetration testing is one of the insitu testing methods. Main applications of the penetration test in site investigation process are as follows: = to determine sub-surface stratigraphy and identify materials present '* to estimate geotechnical parameters ‘+ to provide results for ditect geotechnical design A number of different static and dynamic penetration tests are used today. The most ‘common are: Static cone penetration test(SCPT) * Dynamic Probing Test(DPT) * Standard Penetration Test(SPT) * Weight Sounding Test(WST) 2.2 Historical background of Static Cone Penetration Testing (SCPT) A hand-operated cone penetrometer was built by Goudsche Machinefabrick of Gouda Holland, in co-operation with the Delft Laboratory of Soil Mechanics in 1936. The 10cm? cone with 60 degree apex angle was pushed down by hand by one to two men. ‘The cone was pushed down by an inner rod through tubes with an outer diameter of 36mm. The penetration resistance was read every 0.10 or 0.20m on 2 manometer. The maximum depth was two to three meters. This penetrometer was used c.g. in China in the 1930's by the Whangpoo conservatory Board (WCR) to determine the bearing capacity of piles as mentioned by the Engineering Society of China (1937).Chapter 2_ Literature review, 6 ‘The original Dutch cone penetrometer was not provided with a conical sleeve just above the cone. This was a later improvement by the Delft Soil Mechanics Laboratory. The capacity of early cone penetrometers was very limited since they were operated by hand and the mass acting as a dead weight was formed by soil on a reaction floor. The maximum capacity in 1948 was 10 tonnes (J.De Ruiter, 1988). In 1953, Begemann had proven from extensive tests that the total friction on the tubes ‘was not a reliable parameter. At a certain depth, the first tube passing had a higher friction than the second, third, ete, meter of tubing (personal communications, ‘W Zigterman 2000). He proposed that the local skin friction resistance should be measured every 0.2m with a separate friction sleeve located just above the cone (Begemann, 1953). it tumed out to be a significant improvement of the Dutch static cone penetration test by adding an “adhesion jacket" behind the cone, Using this new device the local skin friction could be measured in addition to the cone resistance. ‘Begemann was the first to propose that the ratio of the measured friction resistance along the sieeve and the cone resistance, the so-called friction ratio could be used to classify the different soil layers.Chapter 2 Literature review 7 Figure 2.1: Begemann type cone with friction sleeve(Form Sanglerat, 1972) 1: Starting position 2: Cone point pushed down 3: Cone point and friction sleeve pushed down 2.3 Recent developments of Static Cone Penetration Test(SCPT) Today machines upto 20 tonnes capacity (200KN) are common. Sufficient reaction is provided during a test by a ballasted truck. Nearly all tests are carried out with equipment that applies hydraulic oil pressure to push tubes and rods downwards. Recent development is the truck provided with tracks to move easily on soff soils as indicated in the figure 2.2. Existing SCPT systems can be divided into three main groups: mechanical cone penetrometer, electric cone penetrometers and piezocone penetrometers.Chapter 2 Literature review 8 Figure 2.2: Truck provided with tracks( alongwith the wheels) to move easily on soft soils, 2.3.1 Mechanical cone penetrometers ‘The standardised mechanical cone is fitted with a conical sleeve immediately above the cone. This sleeve prevents penetration of soil between the tubes and the inner rods. As outlined by Broms and Flodin (1988) and Sanglerat (1972), several other mechanical cone penetrometers with different features were developed in other countries such as Belgium, Sweden, Germany, France and so on. Most mechanical cone penetrometers measure the force needed to press down the inner rod via a pressure cell, which can be a conventional hydraulic gauge or an electric load cell. ‘Usually the readings of the hydraulic pressure cells are written down every 0.20m, discontinuous testing. To get a reading the pressure of the machine is intermittent acting on the tubes and the inner rods. The electric load cells are applied on the top of inner rods for a continuous graph of the cone resistance. For this type of measurement the tubes and inner rods are simultaneously pushed downwards.Chapter 2 Literature review 9 Figure 2.3: Mechanical cone penetrometer(From NEN 3680, 1982) The Begemann friction cone can only be used for the discontinuous testing method. Every 0.20m of depth, shortiy after each other two readings are tak 1. force acting on the cone 2, force acting on the cone plus friction sleeve. Mechanical cone penetrometers are still widely used because of their low cost, simplicity and robustness. in rather homogeneous competent soils, without sharp variations in cone resistance, mechanical cone data can be adequate, provided the equipment is property maintained and the operator has the required experience. Nevertheless, the quality of the data remains somewhat operator dependent. In soft soils, the accuracy of the results can sometimes be inadequate for a quantitative analysis of the soil properties. In highly stratified materials even a satisfactory qualitative interpretation may be impossible, in particular if the discontinuous method is used (Lunne ot al, 1997)Caapter 2 Literature review 10 2.3.2 Electric cone penetrometers Several clectrical cone penetrometers where the cone resistance is measured separately using strain gauges or vibratory wire gauges, have been developed since 1950. Delft Soil Mechanics Laboratory has worked with electric cone penetrometers since 1949 and in 1957 produced the first electrical cone penetrometer where the local side friction could be measured separately (Viasbiom, 1985). Electrical cone penetrometers were introduced on a large scale in the Netherlands by Fugro. This company used it as the standard type for SCPT's. 2S drlgens igus 2 — cenuspunt Figure 2,4: Cylindsieal electrical frietion sleeve cone penetrometer(From NEN 3680, 1982) ‘The main advantage with an electrical cone penetrometer compared to the traditional discontinuous mechanical test is that a continuous recording of the penetration resistance is obtained as a function of the depth. An electrical cone is more sensitive than a mechanical penetrometer so that it can be used also in loose sand and in sof clay and silt (1.De Ruiter, 1988).Chapter 2 Literature review uw The most commonly used electrical penetrometer is that developed by Fugro in 1965 in the Netherlands. The point and the sleeve resistance of this penetrometer are determined separately with the load celis placed just above the tip. The Fugro cone penetrometer can also be used in very soft clay due to the high sensitivity of the measuring system. In practice the high price of an electrical cone can be the reason not to apply it in areas with many cobbles or boulders, or where weathered rock occurs at shallow depth. In these circumstances the risk of a damaged (lost) cone is too high. ‘Using the available wires in the cable running from the cone te the surface, several additions were introduced, ¢.g. the inclination measurement. This is based on the experience that often SCPT tests deviated from the vertical line. The measuring of water pressures with the piezo cone is the most important addition to the original electrical cone. 2.3.3 Piezo- cone Penetrometer With the piezo-cone, the pore-water pressure present in the soil adjacent to the cone is ‘measured continuously during penetration, The measured pore pressure consists of the aigebraic sum of the pore pressure before penetration and the positive or negative pore pressure, which is caused by tendency for soil compression or dilation due to the penetrating cone. The position of the filter for measurement of pore pressure is not standardised but ISSMFE International Reference Test Procedure suggests behind the cone (u2) as the preferred location. Other locations are on the cone (u;) or behind the friction sleeve (a3), see figure 2.5Chapter 2, Literature review . 2 Figure 2.5: Terminology for cone penetrometers indicating pore pressure filter, focation (From Lunne et al, 1997) 2.4 Role of Static Cone Penetration Test (SCPT) in site investigation The objective of any subsurface exploration programme is to determine the following: ‘* nature and sequence of the subsurface strata (geological regime). * groundwater conditions (hydrogeological regime). + physical and mechanical properties of the subsurface strata, The above requirements are a function of the proposed project and the associated risks. There are many techniques available to meet the objectives of a site investigation and these include both field and iaboratory testing, Field tests include Grilling, sampling, in situ testing, full scale testing and geophysical tests (Lunne, et al 1997).Chapter 2 Literature review B Static cone penetration testing is one of the in situ testing methods and has following main applications in the site investigation process: ‘© to determine sub-surface stratigraphy and identify materials present. © toestimate geotechnical parameters , and ‘to provide results for direct geotechnical design. ‘to establish the depth to finn layers. ‘driveability and bearing capacity of piles. 2.5 Principle of the Static Cone Penetration Test (SCPT) Jn cone penetration tests, a cylindrical cone with a cross section of 10 cm? and an apex angle of 60° (accepted as the reference and has been specified in the International Reference Test Procedure ISSMFE 1989) is pushed vertically into the ground at a constant rate of penetration of 20 mm/sec. During penetration, measurements are made of the cone resistance, the side friction against the cylindrical shaft just above the tip and, in piezocone tests, the pore water pressure generated at penetration by the cone (Lunne et al . 1997). 2.5.1 Standardisation ‘The ISSMFE has established the reference test procedure for Static Cone Penetration Test. The reference test equipment consists of a 60° cone, with 10 cm? base area and a 150 cn? friction sleeve located above the cone. ‘The position of the filter for measurement of pore pressure (in piezocone) is not standardised, but the International Reference Test Procedure suggests behind the cone (1) as the preferred location. Other locations are on the cone (u;) or behind the friction sleeve (us) as already indicated in figure 2.5.Chapter 2 Literature review ia ‘The cone resistance (q.) is obtained by dividing the ultimate axial force acting on the cone, by the area of the base of the cone. The local unit side friction resistance (f,) is obtained by dividing the ultimate frictional force acting on the sleeve, by its surface area. The rate of penetration has been accepted as 20 mm/sec with a tolerance of =5mm/sec. A continuous reading is recommended. In no case shall the interval between the readings be more than 0.2 m. 2.6 Advantages of Static Gone Penetration Test (SCPT) The SCPT has three main advantages over the traditional combination of borings, sampling and other testing, It provides: © continuous or near continuous data. repeatable and reliable penetration data. = cost savings. ‘This test is very fast, several tests per day can be carried out, eg. on one site approximately 12 tests to 12-15 m depth. This high production is possible as for the SCPT tests ballasted trucks are used, weighing 150 to 200 kN, The SCPT provides important data in cohesioniess soils, and empirical correlations are widely used to obtain estimates of effective angle of shearing resistance (@). The cone penetrometer has also been used to estimate for clays the undrained shear strength (Thomes, 1968 ; Jamioikowski et al ; 1982 Aas et at 1986). in soft soils, cone penetration with electrical cones from ground level to depths in excess of 100 meters may be achieved provided verticality is maintained (Lunne et al, 1997). There is a possibility to reduce the friction on the outside of the tubes by injection of water- bentonite or 4 similar lubrication fiuid.Chapter 2 Literature review. is 2.7 Limitations of Static Cone Penetration Test (SCPT) The SCPT has the following limitations : Gravel layers and boulders, heavily cemented zones and dense sand layers can restrict the penetration severely and deflect and damage cones and rods especially if the overlying soils are very soft and allow rod buckling. One main limitation of the cone penetration test is that no samples are recovered during the testing. Therefore, SCPT must normally be supplemented by borings, so that the different strata can be classified and for detailed laboratory investigations of the recovered samples (Broms and Flodin 1988), In these cases the results of the SCPT are used to select the borehole locations that may give the best information Top soils with coarse material like stones or debris should always be pre-bored. In some cases if may be necessary to use a casing, The pre-drilling may, in certain cases, be replaced by first pre-forming a hole through the upper problem material with a solid steet dummy probe with a diameter slightly larger than the cone penetrometer. As the SCPT is static, a rather large reaction mass is required. Nowadays, mostly a ballasted truck of 150 KN to 200 KN is used. If the reaction mass needs to be mobilised by ground anchors, the test becomes very labour intensive and will take much more time. 2.8 Historical background of Dynamic Probing Between the two world wars, Dynamic Probing became known besides the traditional doring methods as a means of subsoil exploration in the field of foundation engineering, especialiy in Europe. After 1945, the known use of Dynamic Probing equipment became widespread within and beyond EuropeChapter 2 Literature review 16 Considering the historic development of Dynamic Probing, it is not surprising that the present equipment parameters vary considerably, at least in part. The equipment parameters are rather consistent for DPL(Light Dynamic Probing) and DPH(Heavy Dynamic Probing), one of the possible reasons being that most of this equipment is being designed closely to the requirements of the German standard DIN 4094, at least for the DPL. It has been proven that Dynamic Probing using properly designed equipment and an adequate procedure, allows measurements to be made that are as reliable as those performed with static equipment (J.De. Ruiter,1988). 2.9 Types of Dynamic Probing Dynamic Probing has been divided into the following main types: * DPL (Light Dynamic Probing) representing the tower end of mass range of dynamic penetrometers used worldwide, is used in quality control during construction supervision besides the regular site investigations. ¢ DPM (Medium Dynamic Probing) representing the medium mass range, is widely used and fills the gap of dimensions between DPL and DPSH. * DPH (Heavy Dynamic Probing) representing the medium to very heavy mass range is widely used and also filis the gap of dimensions between the two extremes DPL and DPSH. DPSH (Super Heavy Dynamic Probing) representing the upper end of the mass range of dynamic penetrometers, also shows wide spread use.Chapter 2. Literature review 18 Tr Figure 2.6: Dynamic probe as specified in IRTP(ISSMFE) (From J de Ruiter, penetration testing, 1988) ‘The graphical presentation of the results of dynamic presentation testing usually plots the number of blows Nig of No on the abscissa and the probe depth on the ordinate. Normally probing is conducted vertically, the probing equipment being firmly supported. In some instances, pre-boring is used. Avoiding skin friction is one of the major eoncems in Dynamic Probing, because the cone resistance is the only result that allows interpretation of the test results. Four measures are being taken that are to help reduce or avoid skin friction: the cone diameter is larger than the rod diameter the rods are being tured at certain depths of penetration dzilling mud is injected push rods similar 1o the SCP, separate skin friction from cone resistanceChapter 2 Literature review 7 2.10 Role of Dynamic Probing in site investigation Dynamic penetrometers were originally designed in order to obtain qualitative data on the resistance to penetration of the soil and in particular to determine the compactness of cohesionless soils which are usually difficult to sample. Dynamic penetration tests are oflen used to check the uniformity of the soil conditions at a particular site to estimate the location and the thickness of the different strata and to determine the depth to bedrock. The selection of the Dynamic Probing equipment to be used for a given job normally depends on the focal conditions and the purpose of the particular test. Key borings are being made next to some Dynamic Probing locations in order to enable the analysis of soil types, layer stratification with depth, Dynamic penetrometers are mainly used in Europe during the preliminary exploration phase, to determine the thickness and the location of the different strata and during the detailed investigation phase, to estimate the shear strength and the compressibility of the various strata, Dynamic penetrometers are also used to check the compaction of fills or the loosening of the soil at the bottom of deep excavations (J.De. Ruiter, 1988), 2.41 Principle of Dynamic Probing A hammer of specified mass (M) and a height of fall H is used to drive 2 pointed probe (cone). The hammer strikes an anvil which is rigidly attached to extension rods. The penetration resistance is defined as the number of blows required to drive the penetrometer a defined distance. According to ISSMFE Intemational Reference Test Procedure, the number of blows should be recorded every 0.1m for DPL, DPM and DPH (Nic) and every 0.2m for DPSH (Nix)Chapter 2 Literature review 19 Using cones larger in diameter than the rods, may be considered as being mandatory practically worldwide. Test equipment with cone/rod diameter ratios exceeding about 1.3 leads to results in cohesiontess and in many cohesive soils that are little or not at all seriously influenced by skin friction, ‘Tuming of the sods is one of the measures that is supposed to reduce skin friction. Skin friction is avoided practically completely if drilling mud is used during the performance of the test. This method is most effective if the drilling mud is injected through holes in the hollow rods near the cone that are directed horizontally or slightly upwards. The use of push rods (casings) similar to the method used in the SCPT is as effective as, but less used than the drilling mud method. It is being recognised that the driving rate influences the test results. Driving rates of 15 to 30 blows per minute are commonly used. In pervious soils such as sands and gravels, the influence of the driving rate is lower; thus higher rates, e.g. 60 blows per minute, are used. ‘The application of driving energy is being realised as a very critical factor influencing, the test results, Besides ensuring that the driving rods are being kept straight and the rod couplings are tight, the following two facts are being considered as most important: © guarantee of free fall of the hammer © guarantee of constant height of fall of the hammer ‘These facts become even more important if one considers that dynamic penetrometers are either hand or machine operated (I.De. Ruiter, 1988)Chapter 2 Literature review 20 2.14.1 Standardisation ‘The Dynamic Probing test has been standardised in more than twenty countries and ISSMEFE has established the International Reference Test Procedure. Because of the great variety of penetrometers in use, the following classification according to the ‘hammer masses has been chosen. ‘Table 2.1: ISSMFE classification according to hammer masses, Type | Abbreviation |“Mass (kg) | Drop Height | "Investigation | | (m) depth(m) Light DPL 10201 | 032001 8 Medium DPM. 30403 0,540.01 20-28 Heavy DPH 5040.5 | 0540.01 25 Super hea DPSH | 63.3205 | 0.7520.02 325 | Cone Apex angle is 90 degrees. The number of blows required to drive the point, each successive 0.1m (N:o) is recorded for DPL, DPM and DPH so creating a record of blows/10cm with depth of penetration of the point. For DPSH number of blows requized for 0.2m penetration (Nze) are recorded. 2.12 Advantages of Dynamic Probing The Dynamic Probing has the advantage compared with the Static Cone Penetration ‘Test that hard layers can be penetrated. ‘Van Wambeke (1982) has pointed out that the simplicity of the equipment and of the method has made the dynamic penetration test the most economical in-situ testing method and the easiest to use. In contrast to the SCPT, no large reaction mass is required.Chapter 2 Literature review. 21 The Dynamic Probing Test provides a continuous record of readings in contrast to the Standard Penetration Test (SPT), but less detailed than with a continuous SCPT. ‘Dynamic Probing can be used to detect soft layers and to locate strong layers, 2.13 Limitations of Dynamic Probing Dynamic Probing is mainly used in cohesionless soils In many soils, especially in soft cohesive and in organic soils, the skin friction can have substantial effect on the penetration resistance; at the same consistency, the penetration resistance increases with depth in these cases. In these soils below the phreatic level very high excess water pressures occur. ‘The penetration resistance, close to the borderlines of a given soil layer will be influenced by the soil types above and below that layer being penetrated. Compressibility and inclination of the layer below the penetration location will be of influence. 2.14 The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) ‘The Standard Penetration Test, commonly known as the " SPT", which originated in the fate twenties, is one of the most widespread methods of in situ soil investigation It is carried out in a borehole by driving a standard ‘split-spoon ' sampler, using repeated blows of a 63.5 kg (140 Ib.) hammer falling through 762 mm (30 in). The hammer is operated at the top of the borehole, and is connected to the split spoon by rods. The split spoon is lowered to the bottom of the hole, and is ther driven @ distance of 450 mm (18 in), and the blows are counted, normally for each 75 mm Bin) of operation. At the end of driving the split spoon is pulled from the base of the hole, and the sample is preserved in an airtight container.Chapter 2 Literature review 2 ror Figure 2.7: Equipment for Standard Penetration Test with an automatic trip hammer (From Clayton et af, 1995) ‘The penetration resistance (N) is the number of blows required to drive the spilt spoon for the last 300 mm (1 ft) of penetration. ‘The penetration resistance during the first 150 mm (6 in) of penetration is ignored, because the soil is considered to have been disturbed by the action of boring the hole (Clayton et al. 1995). ‘The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is, still one of the most commonly used in situ tests for site investigation. Empirical relations have been developed to estimate relative density, shear strength parameters. SPT is actually not properly standardised as explained in the thesis of Necla AKCA (1999). Sample facility is included (Bell, 1987),Chapter 2 Literature review 2B 2.15 Weight Sounding Test (WST) ‘The Weight- Sounding method is also known as Swedish weight sounding method, because it is used widely in Sweden, This is a simple, inexpensive and fast method. The sounding equipment consists of a screw point, sounding rods, a handle and 2 number of weights, When investigating the penetration resistance of a soil, the sounding rod is gradually loaded with the weights (5,15 , 25, 50 , 75 and 100 kg) ‘The rods and helicoidal points are pushed down until the maximum load of 100 kg is placed. The point is then rotated and the depth of penetration under the action of the jad is measured. After this has been accomplished, the penetration for each 25 half- tums or the number of half-mens for a penetration of 20 em is recorded. The penetrometer can either be operated manually or mechanically which makes its suitable for different applications(Sanglerat, 1972 ). Figure 2.8: Weight sounding penetrometer(From Sangleral, 1972)Chapter? Literature review 24 ‘The main application of the method is in soft to medium stiff clay and silt and in loose to dense sand, The main limitation of the method is that layers of very dense sand or gravel or layers of glacial till are very difficult to penetrate. Weight soundings are primarily used during the exploratory phase of a soil investigation to determine the depth and the thickness of the different strata. Weight sounding can also be used to check the compaction of fills and the diggability of soil (Broms and Flodin , 1988 2.16 Correlations of Dynamic Probing Tests with Static Cone Penetration Tests made by various authors Butcher et al. (1996) from UK presented the correlation between Dynamic Probing data and Static Cone Penetrometer tests. Dynamic Probing was carried out at 10 clay soil test bed sites, 6 in the UK and 4 in Norway, to cover a reasonably wide range of plasticities. Data from ten test bed sites have been used to correlate Dynamie Probing point resistance qq with Static Cone resistance gy. The stiff clay data are shown in the figure 2.9 which includes a line, [nanos /) are resistance values in (Pa) is the mass of the hammer in (kg) is acceleration due to gravity in (m/sec”) is height of fail of hammer in (m) 4 M 8 bh A is the area at the base of the cone in (m*)Chapter 2 Literature review 25 © isthe average penetration in (m) per blow M is the total mass of the extension rods, the anvil and the guiding rods in kg. ‘The line fits the data reasonably well : a Lh adel / Be KE | Oh po Ue | hale me = Canons Park i "| oe ET ° — ‘Slatic cone point resistance q MPa 7? Figure 2.9: Dynamic point resistance Vs static cone potut resistance for stiff clays after The soft clay data are shown in figure 2.10, which includes the correlation line = 0.2ge+ 0.14 Dynamic point rasistance ay MPa o 00 02 04 08 08 10 12 1.4 ‘Static cone point resistance qMPa Figure 2.10: Dynamic point resistance Vs static cone point resistance for soft clays {7 OY ?Chapter 2 Literature review 26 Anatolie Marcu and Cezar Culita from Romania have presented the correlation between SCPT and DPI, in sands { Proceedings CPT’ 95) and the following relation has been given q702Nio It has been mentioned that most of the correlations were drawn between the values qc and the number of blows necessary to penetrate 20 cm (Nie) recorded by the DPH in sands(Marcu, 1995). ‘The correlations established by one of the authors are represented in figure 2.11. oth , & 20; 5 Figure 2.11: Correlations between SCPT and DPH results in sands (Proceedings CPT' 95) in casgof oakesive soils, the comelations between the SCPT and the DPT proved to regen) tobaa According to an intemal report of Fugro, the TU(Technical University) in Aachen(Germany) found the folfowing relation for sands using DPH in relation to q: in kgffom’ log qe= 1.854 logNzo*}.06540.110Chapter 2 Literature review a ‘The following relations between the number of blows of Heavy Dynamic Probing and the cone resistance qc (MNim”) are suggested by Kralik (1984b) in Hungary. For cohesionless soils: q:= 1.095 +0.476 Noo (on the basis of 470 data pairs) For silty sands: 0.790+0.515 Noy (onthe basis of 110 data pairs) For clayey soils: qc = 0.850 + 0.296 Nap (on the basis of 50 data pairs) The DCPT (dynamic cone penetration ) test very similar to DPH reference test, is very widely used in India since 1966. Desai, (1974) made the correlation of SCPT with DCPT Nao, (equivalent to DPH) and reported the relation qe = K XN, kg/em? This ratio varies with effective overburden pressure and is sensitive to water content. ‘Table 2.2: Correlation of SCPT & DCPT (Nye) by Desai M.D. (1974) Soiltype | Siityolay Silty fine sand ] Fine sand | Coarse sand | Gravely sand [Ktkgiem) | 2 2.27 4 8 1G [KOMNim’) P02 0.227 08 08 10 7 | t | |Chapter 2 Literature review 28 2.47 Interpretation of the penetration test results Besides the factors related to test equipment and procedures, at least the following soil related parameters can additionally influence the penetration resistance: density/consistency soil cementation grain size distribution , grain shape and roughness mineral type geological history of the soil anisotropy structure stress- strain history in situ stress state sensitivity 2.18 Soil classification Some of the most comprehensive work on soil classification using SCPT data was presented by Douglas and Olsen, 1981 (in Lunne, 1997). The charts confirm early observations from Holland that sandy soils tend to produce high cone resistance and low friction ratio, whereas soft clay soils tend to produce low cone resistance and high friction ratio. In recent years, soit classification charts have been adapted and improved based on an expanded database. Factors such as changes in stress history, insitu stresses, sensitivity, stiffhess, macrofebric, minerology and void ratio will also influence the classification,Chapter 2 Literature review 29 2.19 Discussions From literature review, it has been found that only few correlations exist between SCPT and Dynamic Probing test results whereas correlation between SPT and SCPT data is very common. The available correlations have been made between the test results of SCPT and different versions of Dynamic Probing due to large variations in the type of equipment. It has been found that Dynamic Probing tests in Germany are carried out in non- cohesive soils. Only few correlations have been made between the results of two tests. No details have been given about statistical approaches which have been used to correlate the test results but it has been mentioned that tests results which are normally subject to considerable scattering , should be analysed using statistical approaches. ‘The following relations between the number of biows Nz in Heavy Dynamic Probing and the cone resistance qc (MN/m*) are suggested by Kralik (1984b) in Hungary. For cohesionless soils: Ge = 0.476 Noo + 1.095 (on the basis of 470 data pairs) Desai (1974) made the correlation of SCPT with DCPT Nzo, (equivalent to DPH) and reported the relation c= Kx N. (MPa) For gravely sand, K=1 (MPa) This ratio varies with effective overburden pressure and is sensitive to water content,Chapter 2 Literature review 30 Because of the purely empirical uature of these correlations it is important to be aware of their many limitations. The correlations ofien partly account for complexities in natural soils. For the application of driving energy in Dynamic Probing, two facts are important: © guarantee of free fall of the hammer + guarantee of constant height of fall of the hammer ‘The automatic latch arrangement avoids operator influence on the test which is inevitable with hand operated or manual latch type equipment. Test equipment with cone/rod diameter ratios exceeding about 1.3 leads to results in cohesionless and in many cohesive soils that are little or not at all seriously influenced by skin friction Skin friction is avoided practically completely if drilling mud is used during the performance of the test. It can be concluded that Dynamic Probing tests can be carried out with a more reliable procedure than Standard Penetration Tests.Chapter 3 Brief description of the geology of the area 3h 3. Brief description of the geology of the area 3.1 Brief description of geology The area of South Limburg is situated to the north of the Hercynian Ardennes- Rhenish Massif and at the eastem margin of the Caledonian Brabant Massif. The direct vicinity of these two massifs greatly influenced sedimentation. From the upper Carboniferous onwards sedimentation was also significantly affected by the NW-SE trending faults of the Roer valley Graben (Bekendam, 1998). During the worldwide transgression period of the Upper Cretaceous the Brabant Massif was flooded (Ziegler, 1982). Also the Ardennes-Rhenish Massif was reached by this transgression It was already recognized in the 19th century that the Upper Cretaceous sediment succession is a transgressive - regressive sequence (Zijistra, 1994). The regression is considered by various authors to be brought about by epi-orogenetic movements (Zijlstra, 1994). During the Tertiary the Upper Cretaceous sediments were uplifted above sea-level and the limestone became affected by dissolution and Karstification. ‘The period from Upper Miocene to present time is characterised by the deposition of alluvial sediments of the river Mass and its tributaries. The Maas deposits are found ever much of Souther Limburg. The spread of these deposits is caused by Alpine tilting of the foreland of the Ardennes during the Pliocene. The tilting preceded the Maas river terrace deposition; material was deposited as an alluvial fan over the Limburg area. The Pliocene and Pleistocene sediments contain for thet reason clay, sand and gravel partly derived from this fan. Continuation of tectonic uplift and sea level fluctuations caused new incisions of the river Maas in the underlying limestone. Now a more defined river, called the "East Maas" found its way in the Limburg area flowing from Maastricht in easterly direction,Chapter 3 Brief deseription of the geotogy of the area 32 between the Ardennes and the "Isle of Ubachsberg” to merge near Duren with the River Rhine. In its valley several matched river terraces mark several incisions in the same riverbed. Research confirmed that nearly ali Maas river terraces conld be differentiated, based on height above sea level, lithological content and quartz content. The direction of flow of the present Maas river was caused by late alpine tilting in an increasingly northemn-eastemnly direction. The break through its northern embankment near Maastricht was dated 1.7 million years ago. The older sets of gravel terraces were subjected to erosion by a new drainage system consisting of the Geul and Gulp streams, which connect fo the Maas (Maurenbrecher et al, 1990) Commonly Upper Pleistocene loess deposits are to be found at the topographic surface. The major exposure of Loess in the Netherlands is restricted to South Limburg. The Loess forms part of the Loess belt, which can be traced ftom northem France through Belgium and the Netherlands into Germany. 3.2 Geology of South Limburg in the context of the geological map of the Netherlands ‘The oldest geological units on the map of the Netherlands are all only found in very small areas in South Limburg. These are: Upper Carboniferous: Upper carboniferous is covered with younger deposits. Only one small outcrop could be seen on the map (a geological monument, the Heymans groeve). Cretaceous: These are also covered with younger deposits. The upper Cretaceous Limestones are exploited in several quarries.Chapter 3_Brief description of the geotogy of the area 33 ‘Tertiary: Lower part of tertiary consists of Limestone and the upper part contains clays, sands and some gravels. Quaternary: It consists of deposits of Bast Maas; Sandy gravels, followed by deposits ‘of West Maas i.e, several terraces of sandy gravels and Loess. 3.3. Engineering geology of Loess in South Limburg In general, the mechanical properties of loess are a direct consequence of the particle size, The material has great mechanical siability until it is disturbed and the interparticle bonds are ruptured. Probably, the failure mechanism is a combination of the fracture of cement bonds by loading and saturation (Price, 1991). The Loess in South Limburg shows geotechnical behaviour, which differs, from the collapsing Loess found elsewhere. High densities qualify the Loess as being almost non-collapsible. The maximum thickness of the Loess deposit is about 20 meters. In the Loess deposits of South Limburg, the main problem is erosion. During heavy rainfall, the Loess erosion can be very high and cause many problems. The most widespread erosion is sheet erosion. On slopes steeper than 10%, gullies can casily develop if the Loess is not ploughed every year. ‘When a comparison is made between South Limburg Loess and Loess from China, Britain and Canada, the Loess in South Limburg seems better sorted than the other Loesses. In the Loess of South Limburg clay content and carbonate content varies. In the carbonate rich Loess (carbonate content upto 24%), carbonate can be found as a coating or encrustation on the grains. Cryoturbation process has densified the Loess. SCPT results show higher values sometimes. Generally the cohesion of SouthChapter 3 Brief description of the geology of the area 34 Limburg Loess ranges between 6-10 kPa indicating good relationship to cementation ang clay content and the angie of intemal friction has vaiues between 29-32 Degree(.R.Kronieger, 1990). Generally unconfined compressive strength of Loess in South Limburg varies fom 125-435 kPa. In the reports of Fugro received with the data, the term Loam has been used for the Loess of South Limburg which is sandy in many cases.This is done because "Loam" is mentioned as a name for a soil type in the Netherland standard NEN 5104, However, the soil has been classified as Loess by the Geological Survey of the Netherlands, In this thesis, the term Locss will be used . Loam also exists at the bottom of glaciers called Moraine. So to distinguish between wind blown particles and Moraine, the term Loess is more suitable. ‘The general soil profiles of South Limburg area have been presented in Appendix-F 3.4 The Maas river terraces There are three main sets of gravel terraces related to the change in bedding from the Maas river from the Pleistocene onwards. ‘Two major sets are recognised, a “high” terrace set at 110-160m above sea level and "middle" terrace set at 30-65m above sea level. The "low" terrace group reflects the Holocene bedding of the Maas. Besides the well rounded, bleached flint pebbles the gravel contains also pebbles, which originate in the Paris basin. Main mineral components are quartz varieties, sandstone and several metamorphic rocks. The Maas deposits mainly consist of gravels as well as sand and some clay layers are also incised in between sand and gravel, The angle of intemal friction varies from 35-40 for gravely sand, The Loess unit forms the cover of Pleistocene gravel terraces of Maas river.Chapter 3 Brief description of the geology of the area 35 3.5 Information of deposits tested with SCPT/DPT SCPT and Dynamic Pobing tests have been carried out mostly in Loess and Sand & Gravel. Only in Gulpen, Limestone is also tested with SCPT. In Maastricht SCPT tests have been carried out in Loess and Sand and Gravel but stopped in Limestone formation. in this study it has been found thet testing by Light Dynamic Probing in South Limburg is not appropriate. The maximum depth reached is nearly 6m. Light Dynamic tests have been carried out in dense Sand/Grave! mixture, whereas according io DIN 4094, the equipment has limitations of application in such soils. ‘The maximum depth reached by SCPT is nearly 24.8m in Nuth. In Gulpen SCPT tests have been carried out in weathered Limestone. Verticality of equipment is very much disturbed and therefore readings are not reliable. Also tests have been carried out using ciectrical cone, The use of electrical cone bears in it the high risk of loosing the (expensive) cone. In these places mechanical SCPT and Heavy Dynamic Probing testing is more appropriate. The Heavy Dynamic Probing tests inave been carried out to a maximum depth of 20m.Chapter 4 Probing and penetration testing (procedure and equipment) 36 4, Probing and penetration testing(procedure and equipment) 4.1 Static Cone Penetration Test ‘The basic principle of cone penetration test is that a rod is pushed into the ground and the resistance on the tip of the rod is measured by a mechanical, electrical or hydraulic system. As already mentioned, in this research study data provided by the Fugro B.V, the Netherlands has been used. For SCPT tests standard equipment according to NEN 3680 has been used. * Mechanical cone penetrometer(63 tests approximately) ‘© Electrical cone penetrometer © With friction sieeve and inclinometer(S tests) © With inclinometer only(9 tests) 4.1.4. Mechanical cone penetrometer ‘The cone(apex angle 60°) is pushed to the required depth by extending pressure on the outer sounding tube. The load cell at the top of inner rods is applied for a continuous graph of the cone resistance. The tubes and inner rods are simultaneously pushed downwards at a rate of 20mm/sec. 4.1.2 Electrical cone penetrometer In electrical cone penetrometer, cone is advanced at a uniform rate of penetration by pressure on the top of the sounding tube and signals from the strain gauges are carried by cable to the recording equipment in the cabin of the truck. The modem recording devices produce # graphical output for interpretation at the spot. Moreover the data are stored on magnetic tape or diskette for compilation and final graphical output with, the aid of a computer and plotter (Dekker, 1991}.Chapter 4 Probing and penetration testing (procedure and equipment) 37 4.2 Dynamic Probing test procedure The Dynamic Probing test consists of driving a point(apex angle 90°) into the ground, via an anvil and extension rods, with successive blows of a free fall hammer. The number of blows required to drive the point each successive 0.1m (Nia) or 0.2m (Nao) is recorded, so creating a record of blows/0.1m or blows/0.2m with depth of penetration of point. The graphs received from Fugro-Maastricht indicate that tests of Dynamic Probing have been carried out according to light and heavy versions of Dynamic Probing. Figures 4.1 & 4.2 indicate Heavy and Light Dynamic Probing equipments respectively. Types and application possibilities of Dynamic Probing equipment according to DIN 4094(German standard) have been given in table 4.1. Figure 4.1: Heavy Dynamic Probing test in MaastrichtChapter 4 Probing and penetration testing (procedure and equipment) 38 Figure 4.2: Light Dynamic probing Test in Heerlen ‘Table 4.1 Types and application possibilities of Dynamic Probing equipment according to DIN(4094) Name | Short | Cone Cone | Mass of | Drop | Testing depth | Restrictions for the cole | area diameter | hammer | height | below | application (soils Adem) | (mm) m_ | hm) | starting point | according to DIN (os) (a) | 4022 part 1) Tight PL 10 357 10 050 10 medium dense & Dynamic 03 201 | 2001 dense gravels, hard Probin clays Medium DPM 0 37 30 | 030 20 dense gravels Dynamic 403 403 | 001 Probing Heavy DPA 5 BT 30) 050 3 ‘No resritions Dynamic +03 205 | 4001 Probing -Chapter 4 Probing and penetration testing (procedure and equipment) 39 4.3 Comparison of static and dynamic testing Both tests provide continuous record of readings but Dynamic Probing is based on counting number of blows for 0.1m (Nip) or 0.2m (Nas) penetration of rods. However in SCPT, metal rods are pushed into the ground at constant rate. It has been observed that SCPT provides much more details (indicating sharp peaks where soil boundaries are encountered) as compared to Dynamic Probing test. In very soft soils Dynamic Probing can not result in appropriate blow count values.Chapter § Data Interpretation 40 5. Data Interpretation 5.1 Source of data Data for this research study was received from Fugro B.V, regional office Maastricht Netherlands. All of the projects have been carried out in the South Limburg area of the Netherlands. Most recent available data has been used in this research study. Overview of the data has been given in Appendix-F(table F1). All projects have been carried out in the year 1998-1999. Almost every project has been provided with the location map and the soil description report of the test site. 5.2 Selection of the data for correlation 5.2.1 Distance criterion Data for the correlation work has been selected on the basis if both SCPT and Dynamic Probing tests have been carried out at the same test site i.e, both tests have been plotted on the same location map. This selection criteria is based on the accuracy of the distance measurement between two types of tests. All selected SCPT and Dynamic Probing data sets lie in the range of maximum 30 m distance from each other. This distance range has been selected to make best possible use of available data. 5.3 Interpretation of data In the initial stage of research, several trials were made to interpret the data. For correlation of the two test results, it is necessary that equal number of readings be obtained from both tests. Dynamic Probing test produces constant reading at 0.2mChapter 5 Data interpretation 41 interval while SCPT shows variation within 0.2m interval. So several methods of data interpretation were tried. Depending upon the availability of data at the initial stage, depth criterion was established for interpretation. 5.3.4 Depth criterion ‘The data of P-2522(Maastricht city) was interpreted in three different ways, The objective was to see the effect of averaging on the results * 0.2m selected data * 0.4m average data © 1.0m average data In the first trial, SCPT readings were taken at cach 0.2m to have equal number of data from both tests since Dynamic Probing test readings are given at 0.2m, Although both tests provide continuous record of readings but it has been found from the interpretation of the graphs that SCPT gives more details than Dynamic Probing test and also the number of readings of SCPT are more than Dynamic Probing test readings in a certain range of depth. For this reason it was considered to average the readings of both tests at 0.4m and 1.0m interval for each soil type(Loess, Sand & Gravel) for comparison purposes so that all readings of SCPT can be taken into account, In this stage of the research, the data was also analysed for all the three trials to check, the effect of averaging on the results. Few trials of 0.2m average data correlations and 1.0m average data correlations have been given in Appendix-F.Flow chart of procedure 42 Flow Chart Of ProcedureFlow chart of procedure 43Chapter $ Data Interpretation a4 1 was realised that while considering 0.2m readings several peaks in the SCPT data were not taken into account so the data was not truly represented. When considering the 1.0m averaging, it was found that different soil types were mixed at the boundary where one soil type was changing into another type. Finally it was found that 0.4m averaging was most suitable since at the boundary of soil types where readings were averaged, the chances of mixing the two soil types were minimised and the maximum use of available data could be made So the 0.4m averaging was considered to be the best among ail the applied methods and it was decided to adopt this method for the rest of the data. 5.4 Soil classification According to the borehole information, Loess was subdivided. This subdivision could be recognised mainly on the basis of colour difference. Approximate boundaries ‘based on qe values were established in the SCPT tests near boreholes. Then these were extended by contouring to SCPT and dynamic tests far from boreholes. But it was realised that vague results were obtained and the method did not work. Therefore, the description of the subsoil given by Fugro with the data set was used. So Loess has been considered as one single type of soil and the boundaries between Loess and Sand & Gravel have been established on the basis of SCPT results together with the help of available parts of the Fugro reports. 5.4.1 Interpretation in Sand & Gravel Some very high and low values were noted for Sand & Gravel data from both Dynamic Probing and SCPT tests. It can be said that varishility in Sand & Gravel shows low and high averages. Another possible explanation of high and low readings is the angle at which the cone of the equipment hits a gravel particle,Chapter § Dat mpretati 4s Since the size of the cone is comparable to the size of the gravel and if it hits the gravel at its centre then it may break the gravel and high reading will be noted. While on the other hand if it hits the gravel at a comer or at such an angle that it is pushed aside then low reading will be recorded. Also when cone penetrates the soil it pushes the soil aside and densification takes place due to which high readings can be achieved af levels where the existing density is high. 5.5 Selected number Of SCPT and Dynamic Probing tests For this correlation research work, the selected number of SCPT and Dynamic Probing tests are as follows: Total number of SCPT tests: 60 Total number of Heavy Dynamic Probing tests: 2 Total number of Light Dynamic probing tests: 8 ‘The number of data pairs(qe, Nzo) available for correlation: 446 5.6 Types of correlations Dynamic Probing tests have been carried out according to two versions i.e; Heavy Dynamic Probing denoted by (SZ) and Light Dynamic Probing denoted by (SL). Two types of correlations have been made. + SCPI Vs Heavy Dynamic Probing + SCPT Vs Light Dynamic Probing 5.7 Statistical method used: As the Dynamic Probing tests and SCPT tests are scattered (except very few tests) therefore, for analysis of the data, statistical method needs to be applied to take the effect of distance into account before any correlation can be made. So, inverse distance weighted averaging method has been applied to establish the weighted value, which considers the distance effect.Chapter § Data Interpretation 46 5.7.1 Inverse distance weighted averaging: A point estimate calculated as a simple average of all chosen values will clearly be unsatisfactory. A simple solution to this is to weight the control point values according to the inverse of the distance to the grid point being estimated. For example, if three control points are to be used and these have values 21, 72 and z3 and are at distances di, dp and d; from the estimated point, the estimated value 2’ is calculated by: (A/a) + (22/42) + (23/43), (di) +(@id2)+(7d3) wt ‘ KO o7% This is simply a weighted avera f, 22 and zs, in which the z. values are multiplied 7 by the weights, su ‘then divided by the sum of the weights, Weights are standardisee-$6 that they sum to one. The use of inverse distance is fairly arbitrary and relative weight applied to near and far points can be varied by using other distance transformations, e.g. 1/d°, I/d°. A value of 1 tends to smooth the prediction results, a value of three tends to emphasise loca! high and low values, 2 is the usual compromise (Swan and Sandilands, 1995). In application of inverse distance weighted average method; power 2 has been used. All calculations of the inverse distance weighted average data sets have been given in Appendix- A 5.8 Statistical analysis of the data Data distribution in the form of histogram has been given in figures 5.1 to 5.3 (See pages 51 & 52), It does not fit into perfectly normal distribution but still on the basis of cumulative percentage curves itis possible to apply statistical methods. Log normal distribution was tried but it did not lead to better results,Chapter 5 Data Interpretation 47 The data was analysed with two types of statistical analysis. * For cach soil type all available data was analysed(for Heavy and Light Dynamic Probing separately). * Data was filtered i.e, data far from general trend of q. versus No was disregarded . Data was filtered according to the statistical criterion (Meant2 St Dev). The purpose of filtering the data was to disregard the data situated far away from the general trend Even after filtering the data, 95% data was still considered in the analysis. The filtered data has been indicated by the light shade in Appendix-B. Filtering is based on SCPT values since it provides more details as compared to Dynamic Probing test. For choosing the correlation coefficient, several trend lines were established for each type of soil. ‘Then finally it was recognised that soils of South Limburg mostly show the best results with: * the finear correlation, trend line with intercept obtained by method of least squares, qe = aN+b * Also power correlation, q=cN’, trend line obtained by method of least squares has been tried. ‘The most suited correlation function (equation) and correlation coefficient has been determined for all data as well as for filtered data. Each type of soil has been treated separately. Data has been analysed for Heavy Dynamic Probing versus SCPT and Light Dynamic Probing versus SCPT separately since both types of dynamic tests give different results for the same type of soil, The trend line equation and coefficient of correlation for all data and filtered data for (DPH Vs SCPT) and (DPL Vs SCPT) has been given in tables 5,1-5.4 & tables 5.6-5.9 respectively.Chapter 5 Data Interpretation 48 Heavy Dynamie Probing Versus SCPT ‘Table 5.1; All data analysis (Heavy Dynamic Probing versus SCP) for linear correlation with intercept. Soil Type Linear Regression Correlation Coefficient | Correlation Coefficient yraxtb, Re) ®) Loess, ge=0.1803N+1.4031 0.3966 0.63 Sand/Gravel | q=0.5318N+14.639. 0.3786 0.61 Table §.2: Filtered data analysis (Heavy Dynamic Probing versus SCPT) for inear correlation with intercept, Soil Type | Linear Regression | Correlation Coefficient | Correlation Coelficient yeaxtb ) ® Loess 4.=0.1564N+1.5359° 0.3029 0.55 Sand/Gravel | _q.=0.4924N+16.712, 0.3588 0.6 ‘Table 5.3: All data analysis (Heavy Dynamic Probing versus SCPT) for Power correlation - Soli Type | Power Correlation | Correlation Coefficient | Correlation Coefficient =ox" «R’) (R) ‘Loess ge0.8823 NST 033 057 Sand/Gravel | q=2.3414N°?” 0.3534 0.59 Table 5.4: Filtered data analysis (Heavy Dynamic Probing versus SCPT) for Power correlation . Soil Type | PowerComsiation {Correlation Coefficient | Correlation Coefficient y=ox' (R’) ® Loess 4=0.945 8 0.2775, 0.53 ‘Sand/Gravel q.=3.9563N 0.3338 0.57 It can be seen from the above results that best correlation coefficients have been achieved from linear correlation with intercept and positive correlation has been found between the two tests i.e. if number of blows of dynamic test (N29) increase, also the qe values of SCPT will increase and vice versa. Tables 5.1 & 5.2 show that filtering does not improve the correlation coefficient. Sand and Gravel has very high intercept, (see table 6.1).Chapter § terpretation 49 It can be seen that correlation coefficient decreases after removing outliers which means that some high and low values were included in the data of each soil type which were different from the general values of the particular ‘This can be due to thin sand layers incised in Loess, giving some very high values and incision of some clayey or silty layers in Sand/Gravel, giving very low values compared to Sand/Gravel general trend of values. whereas range for filtered data is from 0.55 to 0.6. Howe Significant VEY difference between the values of all data and filtered data. 1 us —_—— ‘The linear equations with intercept are valid for certain range of values. The lowest and highest values that were included in the correlations are listed in the table below. Table 5.5: Lowest and Highest values included in the correlations, Soil Type Lowest Highest Ge (MPa) Nw 4. (MPa) Noo ‘Loess 0.423 1 6.929 28 Sand & Gravel 3.881 1 61.756 95Chapter 5 Data aterpretation 50 Light Dynamic Probing versus SCPT ‘Table $.6: AN data analysis (Light Dynamic Probing versus SCP1) for linear correlation with intercept. Soil Type Linear Regression. Correlation Coefficient | Correlation Coefficient yraxt ®) ® Loess Qc=-0.023N42.2341 0.0593 0.24 : Filtered data analysis (Light Dynamic Probing versus SCPT) for linear correlation with intercept. Soil Type ] Linear Regression | Correlation Coefficient | Correlation Coefficient yeaxth R’) ®) Loess | q.=0.0263N+2.1143 0.0826 0.29 ‘Table 5.8: All data analysis (Light Dynamic Probing versus SCPT) for Power correlation Soil Type | Power Correlation | Correlation Coefficient | Correlation Coefficient yrex! «R’) ® Loess ge71.0427N™ 0.0823 0.29 Table 5.9: Filtered data analysis (Light Dynamic Probing versus SCPT) for Power correlation . Soil Type | Power Correlation | Correlation Coefficient | Correlation Coefficient yeext Ry ®) ‘Loess =0.9339N" 0.1036 032 The correlation of data of Light Dynamic Probing tests with SCPT tests indicates positive correlation for Loess but the correlation coefficient is poor. The correlation coefficient increases slightly for the Loess with the removal of outliers. In case of Light Dynamic Probing data, power correlation shows slightly improved correlation coefficient (in Filtered data) than linear correlation coefficients but the difference is not significant. ‘Table 5.10: Lowest and Highest values included in the correlations Soil Type Lowest Highest qc (MPa) Noo qe(MPa) Nao Loess 0417 3 5.668 74Chapter 5 Data Interpretation 5t + SORT Ve DPA Linear (SCPT Vs —Poner (SOFT Vs PH) y= 0.1803x + 1.4031 R? = 0.3968 y = 0,8823x"" R?=0.33 Hist gc values (Loess-All) Frequency ESA 120% | cumulative 3} 100% 5 20% £ 10 40% e 20% ° o% 042 4.24 205 286 3.68 449 53 6.12 693 Range of Hist N values (Loess-All) Sa requency 18 _ 420% |—s—Cummictve % 100% pet Ba had 60% f° re Eas oo 0 tel t + 0% 1 438 775 114 145 179 213 248 28 Range of Nu Figure &.1: Statistical analysis of all data of Heavy Dynamic Probe & SCPT for LoessSand & Gravel (All) + SCPT Vs DPH Linear (SPT vs DPH) ——Power (SCPT Vs DPH) | | y= 0.5318x + 14.630 R? = 0.3786 atay27 R= 0.3534 Hist q, values (Sand/Gravel-All) aaaoner 5 pean 8) ] 100%] —2— comm % B20 20% | om to | aan = 20% ° % ast 18482703 3Bs1 S48 O78 Range of a. Hist N values (Sand/Gravel-All) ‘mE Series i ot 20% | Sere 100% | Comm % 3» 0% i ox | Ew 40% 20% ° % m7 A OTB Range of Nin Figure 5.2: Statistical analysis of all data of Heavy dynamic probe & SCPT for Sand/Gravel‘Chapter 5 Data Interpretation 53 Loess(All) ‘© SCPT Vs DPL S| tinea es cP vs PL) Power (SCPT Vs DPL) 4 z aay @ 4 R= 0.0503 y= 1.042702 . R?= 0.0823, ° 2 4 Nox Hist q, values (Loam-All) mmioonl | cum Hist N values Loess (All) aserest oe ay 120% | —s-cummuatve % | 100% pe = :° 60% | 40% Eo poi ° 0% 3 2075 385 562574 Range of Nay Figure 5.3: Statistical analysis of all data of Light dynamic probe & SCPT for LoessChapter 5 Data Interpretation 00 © SCPTVsDPH Linear (SCPT Vs OPH) Power (SCPT Vs DPH) y = 0.1564x + 1.5359 R= 0.3029 y= 0.9458x"0% 0.2775 © SCPT Vs DPH |——Linear (SPT Vs DPH Power (SCPT Vs OPH] y= 0.4924x + 16.712 R? = 0.3588 y= 3.956ax"5% R? = 0,338, = SCPTVeDPL Linear (SPT Vs DPL) Power (SOPT Vs DPL) y = 0.0263x + 2.1143 ‘gc(MPa) ‘Figure 5.4: Correlations for filtered dataChapter $ Data Interpretation 55 So considering the results of correlations achieved, it can be said that soils of South Limburg ares indicate the general trend of linear correlation with intercept for both types of tests. In the figures 5.3 and 5.4, it can be clearly seen that the reliabilities of the correlations near the ultimate values are lower than in the “central” part of the graphs. 5.9 Comparison of correlation results for Heavy and Light Dynamic Probing ie dynamic and SCPT tests results. ‘Table 5.11: Comparison of the Heavy and Light Dynamic Probing test Correlations Soil Type All data Filtered data Correlation Coefficient Correlation Coefficient ®) ®) Heavy Dynamic | Light Dynamic | Heavy Dynamic | Light Dynamic Loess 0.83 0.24 0.55 0.29 From this comparison we find that the data obtained by Heavy Dynamic Probing produces better correlation results as compared to the data of Light Dynamic Probing. So it can be said in view of the results achieved that for the soils of South Limburg area, Heavy equipment of Dynamic Probing is more suitable than the Light equipment. It is not known if the Light Dynamic Probing is more often carried out in poorly accessible places, e.g. behind existing buildings. These places may have a higher celyhood of disturbed soil layers due to human activities,Chapter 6 Data analysis and discussion of the results 56 6. Data analysis and discussion of the results 6.1 Comparison of the correlation results with literature values The literature review showed, only very few correlations have been made in the past between SCPT and Dynamic Probing test results. It can be seen that data of South Limburg indicates linear trend and the linear correlation with intercept gives better coefficient of correlation than power correlation. No correlations have been found ftom literature for Loess, for comparison with the results of this study and only one example presented by Bela Kralik (1984) in Hungary for cohesionless soils can be considered for comparison with Sand and Gravel correlation results of South Limburg (table 6.1). ‘The following relation between the number of blows Noo in Heavy Dynamic Probing and the cone resistance ge (MN/m?) is suggested by Bela Kralik (1984b). For cohesionless soils: qe = 0.476 Nap +1.095 ‘Table 6.1 Comparison of the results of Sand and Gravel with Kralik results from literature. Bela Kralik(1984) Hungary G0 ATEN 611.095 ‘South Limburg research study(All Sand/Gravel) G0 S31BNag1 14.639 South Limburg research study(Filtered Sand/Gravel) 4-0-4924 Noot16.712 ‘The relation found by Kralik between number of blows (Nao) in Heavy Dynamic Probing and the SCPT cone resistance (q.) is compared in figure 6.1 with the relation found in this research study for Sand & Gravel. It can be seen that higher values will be obtained for (q,) for the same values of (Naa) if we consider the results obtained by South Limburg data as compared to the relation proposed by Kralik.Data analysis and discussion of the results a Sand & Gravel (All) | » vot (Al) + Sesh inept . fe Eton z |—tnear trate Eaton 2. = tn Sn tg il 8 * oH 10. a7EK + 1.095 Figure 6.t: Comparison of the results of Sand and Gravel(AN) with Kralik results from literature. One of the main reasons can be that soils of South Limburg are densely packed, giving higher values of resistance. Another reason may be that we have compared the results of the mixture of Sand & Gravel with the results of cohesionless soils, which might be pure sand. As described earlier, very high qe values may occur in Gravels, due to the large sizes of particles compared to the size of the cone. There is also the possibility that the results of Kralik have been obtained ftom another version of Heavy Dynamic Probing (not according to German standard equipment). 6.2 Variability in soil In this part of research, soil of each city has been analysed separately by obtaining mean and standard deviation of the data of all SCPT tests (Appendix-C). SCPT test results show a large difference between the soils as compared to Dynamic Probing test results. The main objective of this analysis was to see variability of the soil of South Limburg statistically, although it belongs to same geological unit. Besides it is considered to be useful if the q. results of a certain type of soil can be reduced to two characteristic values: Mean and Standard deviation. These might be applied as criteria for automatic processing in a GIS. Comparison of the results for each soil type has been given in the tables 6.2 & 6.3.Chapter 6 _Data analysis and discussion of the results 58 ‘Tabie 6.2 Comparison of Mean and Standard Deviation of SCPT for Loess in South Limburg. CityName | Maastricht | Geleen | Nuth | Beck | Landgraaf’ | Heerlen (Kerkrade | Guipen ‘Mean[MPa} 22 zee [217 [aaa | 204 348 3.16 3.29 STDEVIMPa] | 1.64 116 [092 | 160 | 133 2.62 138 a2 CON 074 040 [odd 047 | 062 075 048 055 ‘Table 6.3 Comparison of Mean and Standard Deviation of SCPT for Sand & Gravel in South Limburg CityName [Maastricht ‘Nuth Landgraat Heerlen Kerkrade ‘Mean[MPa] 37.01 14.07 34.24 26.10 24.13 STDEV[MPa] 15.03 Pr) 1353 590 16.55 COV 0.40 0.62 039 034 0.68 Coefficient of variation(C.0.V)= STDEV/Mean Considering the coefficient of variation for Loess & Sand and Gravel, the following analyses have been done: + Tentative soil classification Local correlations(irend/city) © General trend 6.2.1 Tentative soil classification Itcan be seen from table 6.2 that Loess of Maastricht, Heerlen, Gulpen and Landgraaf show high value of C.0.V. Geleen, Nuth, Beek and Kerkrade results indicate low value of C.0.V. So we can say that although Loess analysed in this research lies in the same geological unit we have to expect variability. Loess is aeolian deposit; therefore grain size should be nearly homogeneous. Variability in density caused by human activities and erosion is possible. Therefore, it can be that reworked Loess shows high C.0.V as compared to parent Loess. C.0.V has also been caleulated for Maastricht &Chapter 6 Data analysis and discussion of the results 59 Beek data on the basis of Nao(DPH) but low values have been obtained (Appendix-C) as compared to results obtained by SCPT data. Considering the values of coefficient of variation from table 6.2, we can tentatively classify Loess as follows: ‘Table 6.4 Tentative Soil Classification for Loess on the basis of Mean and Standard Deviation City Name Range of C.0.V | Soil Classification Maastricht, Landgraaf, 0.55-0.75 | Reworked sandy Loess, densely Heerien,Gulpen packed Geleen, Beek, Kerkrade, 0.4-0.48 Parent Loess, Very densely packed Nuth Similarly it can be seen from the results of table 6.3 for Sand & Gravel that Maastricht, Heerlen and Landgraaf show low C.O.V while the results of Nuth and Kerkrade indicate high values of C. 0.V. So we can say that variability in density and grain size of sand and gravel is possible. Considering the coefficient of variation in Sand and Gravel from table 6.3, we can also tentatively classify Sand and Gravel as follows: Table 6.5: Tentative Soil Classification for Sand and Gravel on the basis of Mean and Standard Deviation City Name Range of C.0.V_| Soil Classification Maastricht, Heerlen, 0.34-0.40 Sand less Gravely or Gravel less Landgraaf sandy, very densely packed Nuth, Kerkrade 062-068 ‘Sand more Gravely or Gravel more sandy, Medium dense 6.2.2 Local correlations (trendicity) After finding the variability of soil from one place to another, the South Limburg soils were also analysed to see if they show local trend (trend/city) for correlations. Results have been presented in (Appendix-D) and have also been summarised in the table 6.6 and 6.7. As already mentioned in chapter 5 that linear correlations with intercept gave the best results, so linear correlation with intercept has been chosen here. It can beChapter 6 nalysis and discussion of the results 60 seen from table 6.7 that there is no correlation between q. and Nay in the data from Landgraaf. Table 6.6 Correlation results of SCPT and DPH (Trend/city) CityName [Soil Type | Linear correlation equation — | Correlation Coefficient(R) Maastricht | Loess 4.=0.1262Noo+ 1.6228 036 Maastricht | Sand/Gravel | q.=0.4965Nio+16.467 06 Gulpen | Looss 4 0.1585Njo+ T2906 066 Beek Loess 4--0.3102N20+ 0.7066 0.84 ‘Table 6.7 Correlations results of SCPT and DPL (Trendicity) City Name | Soil Type | Linear correlation equation Correlation Coefficient(R) Landgraaf | Loess (qe=0.028N2o+2.0079 0.09 Heerlen | Loess (e=0.0766Nao# 1.6472 05 Kerkrade | Loess qe=0.0655Nao+1.1417 0.76 Nuth Loess e=0.0249Na9+0.9652 0.68 6.2.3 General trend ‘From Maastricht to NNE (Beek) and then to SE (Gulpen) a trend has been found. The trend from Sittard to the NE at (Kerkrade) has also been examined but did not give good results. These correlation trends have been found in certain specified direction in view of the availability of the data for specific cities. Results have been presented in (Appendix-D) and have also been summarised in the table 6.8 and 6.9 Table 6.8 Correlation results of SCPT and DPH (General trend) CityName | Soil Type [Linear correlation equation | Correlation Coefficient(R) Maastricht- | Loess qe-0.2383Nog+ 1.104 0.66 Beek(NNE) Maastricht- | Loess q:=0.1437Nag 1.4986, 057 Gulpen(SE)Chapter 6 Data analysis and discussion of the results 61 ‘Table 6.9 Correlations results of SCPT and DPL (General trend) City Name Soil Type | Linear correlation equation | Correlation Coefficient(R) Siitard- Loess 4=0.023Ni9#2.2341 024 Kerkrade(SE) 6.3 Variability with depth Loess is classified as one soil type usually on the basis of grain size. After finding variability from one location to another, the variability in Loess and Sand & Gravel layer is examined with depth, The data at each 0.8m depth interval (starting upwards from the boundary of Loess and Sand & Gravel) has been plotted with different colour (Appendix-D, figure 12). The whole data is clustered in two groups shown in figure 6.2 below. So we can recognise Groupl Loess with low values of qe and No in the depth range of 0-5.6m. Low values may be due to less carbonate content or probably Loess is more organic in this range. Group II Loess shows increasing trend of values of qe and Noo in the depth range of 5.6m-9.6m. There may be possibility of increasing carbonate content in this zone or probably high values are due to the fact that it is more sandy. Possibly this Loess may be older. Variability In Loess(With depth) Figure 6.2 : Variability in Loess with depth(SCPT Vs DPH) © Group l Loess, R= 0.3903, y=0.2018x + 1.1359 R°=02077 1681x-+ 1.8821Chapter 6 Data analysis and discussion of the results 62 ‘ability in Sand & Gravel(With depth) ae y=0.4185x + 23.203 R= 0.3381 Figure 6.3 : Variability in Sand & Gravel with depth (SCPT Vs DPH) Similarly Sand and gravel data at 0.8m interval has been plotted with different colours (Appendix-D, figure 13). Two groups can be recognised figure 6.3 above. Within ‘Sand and gravel at depth of 1.6m-3.2m Groupl shows high values of q- and Nao. The high values may probably indicate more gravely sand. At first 0.8m and from 3.2m- 5.6m, Group I data indicates low values. There may be possibility that within this depth range the soil is more sandy with a smaller amount of gravel.Chapter 7__Comparison of Input energy and theoretically predicted energy 63 7. Comparison of Input Energy and theoretically Predicted Energy ‘The empirical correlations based on simple statistics suggest there must be a physical relationship between the two tests. The input energies of SCPT and Dynamic Probing calculated on the basis of test results have been compared with the theoretically predicted energy based on pile Bearing capacity formulae (ultimately both tests are used for pile foundation design). The e009, faux, For Dynami¢ Probing, driving work is defined as (Ruiter, 1988): Mgh N N 4 * Dix 1000 (kPa) 7A) i the mass of the hammer (kg) isthe height of fall of hammer (m) is the acceleration of gravity (10 m/sec”) defined depth interval of penetration (m) is the\pumber of blows per defined depth interval of penetration Gant dud ? M h A is\he base area of the cone (m”) g D N Input energy to calculated as folloy ve the Dynamic Probe cone to the depth interval of 0.4m can be (personal communications, W Zigterman 2000): Input energy(i-B)=Ryx AXO4 — (KN-m)... (7.2) For SCPT, input energy to move the cone to the depth interval of 0.4m can be caleulated as follows: Input energy = I-E(SCPT) = qe x Ac. (Cra os why acwoe! a A). (2.3)Chapter 7_ Comparison of Input energy and theoretically predicted energy 64 A; _ is the base area of the cone (m’) q: is cone resistance (MPa) Two approaches have been made for comparison of input energy and theoretical energy based on pile formulze. ‘* Approach for static toading © Approach for dynamic loading Caleulations and results of input and theoretical energy have been given in Appendix- E. Calculations have been done for Loess and Sand & Gravel separately. For energy calculations, tests from projects No P-2522, P-2413 and P-2411 have been used. ‘Summary of calculations has been presented in table E(A), Appendix-E. 7.1 Approach for static loading In this part of the research, the input energy of SCPT has been compared with the theoretical energy based on pile formula using cohesion and friction angle of soil. Point resistance of the cone can be found as @ variation of the formula for base plate foundation = Q, = Ac[ CNe+YB/2x Ny +ydNg] (KN). 7.4) ‘The term (/B/2 x N,) is very small as compared to (yAN,) for deep foundations(so also for a cone), so above equation can be simplified as follows: Qp= Ad] Ne + ¥dNg] (KN)... (7.5) Ac is the base area of the cone (m’) © is cohesion of the soil (kPa) yd is vertical stress (kPa) NoNy are the bearing capacity factors (for piles their values differ from those for a base plate foundation), Ne =9 (for cohesive soils)Chapter 7__Comparison of Input energy and theoretically predicted energy 65 ‘Thus we can find theoretically, the energy required to move the point to a certain depth interval, 0.4m in this case (personal communications, W. Zigterman 2000). Energy according to pile formula will be E statf 4 (78) The location of failure surface for deep foundations is less well known and depending on the failure surface assumed, various authors have proposed different values of Ng asa function of friction angle. Considering the wide range of values for No, two of the Ng curves have been used. The low values have been proposed by Berezantsev and high values by Meyerhof (Lambe & Whitman, 1979 figure 33.4). Both curves give Ng values that are very sensitive fo variation of the friction angle. The calculations of theoretical energy based on pile formula (equation 7.6) for SCPT test from Project (P-241 1) in Loess using Berezantsev and Meyerhof Nq values have been given in tables El & E2 respectively (Appendix-E). Calculations of input energy for the same SCPT test based on (equation 7.3) is also given in tables El & E2. Results have been represented in figure E1. Similarly calculations of input energy & theoretical energy for SCPT test from project (P-2413) in Loess have been given in tables E3 & E4 respectively. Results have been represented in figure E2. For Sand and Gravel, calculations based on two different friction angles i.c., @=35° and @=40® have been done. Calculations of theoretical energy based on (equation 7.6) for SCPT test from project (P-2522) in Sand and Gravel using Berezantsev andChapter 7_ Comparison of Input energy and theoretically predicted energy 66 Meyerhof N, values for =35° have been given in tables ES & EG respectively. Calculations of input energy for the same SCPT test based on (equation 7.3) is also given in tables ES & F6. Results have been represented in figure E3. Similarly calculations for O=40° using Berezantsev and Meyethof Ng values have been given in tables E7 & E8 respectively. Results have been represented in figure- BA, 7.2 Approach for dynamic loading In the second approach, comparison of input energy of Dynamic Probing (based on test results) has been made with the theoretical energy based on dynamic pile formula. Most commonly used dynamic pile formula, known as the Engineering News formula has been used. Dynamic pile formulae are widely used to determine the static capacity of apile, although they produce a large variation in the results, Engineering News formula (Lambe & Whitman 1979): mgh x 1/1000 .. is the energy per blow in (kN-mn) mass of hammer (kg) acceleration due to gravity (m/s") height of fall of hammer (m) is the allowable pile load (KN) [High values of factor of safety (upto 5) have been considered in equation (7.7a)) pre gm m Sis the average penetration in (mum) per blowChapter 7_Comparison of Input energy and theoretically predicted energy 67 So energy required for penetration (failure state) according to dynamic pile formula will be E-Dynamic=R*0.4*F — (kNem).... (78) F = Safety factor between allowable load and failure state, valuc unknowa( F=l has ‘been used in the calculations). The calculations of input energy based on (equation 7.2) and theoretical energy according to dynamic pile formula (equation 7.8) for Heavy and Light Dynamic Probing in Loess have been given in tables E9 and E10 respectively. ‘The tests fiom projects (P-2411 & P-2413) for Heavy and Light Dynamic Probing respectively, have been used in calculation. The results have been presented in figures ES and E6 respectively. Similarly, calculations of input & theoretical energy for Heavy Dynamic Probing in Sand and Gravel based on test from project (P-2522) have been given in table E11. The results have been presented in figure E7. Comparison of input energy of (SCPT Vs DPH) and (SCPT Vs DPL) in Loess, based on equations 7.2 and 7.3 has been given in figures E8 and E9 respectively. Summary of caloulations has been given in the table E(A) (Appendix-B). 7.3 Discussion of results It cam be seen from figures El to E4 that energy based on static pile formula, increases linearly with depth. Whereas the input energy to push the cone, based on test results shows non linear behaviour. There seems no relationship between the two types of energies.Chapter 7_ Comparison of Input energy and theoretically predicted em 68 Reason is that theory is based on elastic half space which is homogeneous while nature is never homogeneous. There is large variation in friction, depending upon whether soil is more dense or not. It can be seen from figures El and E2 that somewhere input energy is less than the theoretically required energy to push the cone to the required depth interval. Figure E3 indicates that input energy curve of SCPT based on (equation 7.3) shows larger amount of energy than the energy calculated on the basis of pile formula (equation 7.6). Similarly figure B4 shows the same SCPT input energy curve as in Figure E3 but the theoretical energy based on pile formula has been calculated for O=40° in Sand and Gravel. It can be seen that amount of energy based on pile formula increases considerably with change in friction angle. Reason is that bearing capacity factor N,=900, has been used according to Meyerhof. Due to very high values of Ne proposed by Meyerhof, input energy in figure E4 is less than energy required theoretically to push the cone. So we can say that difference in calculation resuits based on idealised logspiral curve and actual input energy (based on test results) is due to the fact that theory is based on assumed failure surfaces while in reality soil can fail through weakest layers and not according to elastic half space theory. hy ave flse Ay wees wry Me bare 7 It can be seen from fi t energy curve based on dynamic pile formula (equation 7.8) is very similar Ti’ shape to the input energy curve of Heavy Dynamic Probing based on (equation 7.2), in Loess. The difference is only in the amount of energy. The low values of energy according to Engineering News formula can be explained on the basis of high Factor of safety (2-) that should be considered in the (equation 7.8).Chapter 7_ Comparison of Input energy and theoretically predicted energy 69 From figure E6, it is clear that no specific relation can be established between the energy curve based on Engineering News formula (equation 7.8) and Light Dynamic Probing input energy curve. It seems that results of Light Dynamic Probing are rather erratic, Similarly it can be seen from figure E7 that theoretical energy curve based on (equation 7.8) shows somewhat similarity with the Heavy Dynamic Probing input energy curve based on (equation 7.2) in Sand and Gravel. This can be due to sensitivity of ” the formula, Itcan be seen ftom figure E8 that input energy curve of SCPT based on (equation 7.3) and Heavy Dynamic Probing energy curve based on (equation 7.2), in Loess shows nearly same shape but amount of dynamic energy is high. Perhaps last reading of Dynamic Probing is in next layer (Sand & Gravel) when SCPT is stopped to prevent damage Figure 89 shows totally different curves for input energy of SCPT and Light Dynamic Probing test in the Loess. Light Dynamic Probing results are more variable and less reliable than Heavy Dynamie Probing. So we can say that similarity of input energy curves of Heavy Dynamic Probing with input energy curves of SCPT and with energy curve based on Engineering News formula, also confirms the reliability of the results of Heavy Dynamic Probing & better correlation obtained between SCPT and DPH. Generally it has been found that Heavy Dynamic Probing results are more reliable than Light Dynamic Probing results in the soil of South Limburg. This can also be confirmed from the energy curves of both equipments. The input energy curve of DPL docs not show any clear relation with the input energy curve of SCPT (Figure E9) and also with the theoretical energy curve based on Engineering News formula (Figure E6). This may also confirm the poor correlations between SCPT and Light Dynamic ProbingChapter 8 Conclusions and recommendations 70 8. Conclusions and recommendations 8.1 Conclusions ‘The main conclusions that can be drawn from this research have been summarised as follows: © For South Limburg soils, which are mainly densely packed Loess and Sand & Gravel, the use of Light Dynamic Probing is not a good choice. Maximum depth explored by this equipment is nearly 6m. «The use of mechanical cone penetrometer for SCPT tests and Heavy Dynamic Probing is appropriate for most foundation investigations. * In this research study a procedural method has been developed for the comparison between SCPT & Dynamic Probing test results based on South Limburg soils. © Ithas been found that both tests indicate linear correlation and best coefficients of correlation have been achieved from linear correlation with intercept for South Limburg soils. Generally it has been found that results obtained by Light Dynamic Probing are rather erratic. Low coefficient of correlation has been obtained for the results of Light Dynamic Probing as compared to the Heavy Dynamic Probing. ‘The results can be summarised as follows: All data analysis (Heavy Dynamic Probing versus SCPT) for linear correlation with intercept. Soil Type | Linear Regression | Correlation Coefficient | Correlation Coefficient axtb ®) (R) Loess g-=0.1803N+1.4031 0.3966 0.63 Sand/Gravel | q.=0.5318N+14.639 0.3786 0.61 All data analysis (Light Dynamic Probing versus SCPT) for linear correlation with intercept Soil Type Linear Regression | Correlation Coefficient | Correlation Coefficient yeaxtb Ry @) Loess q=0.023N+2.2341 0.0593, 024Chapter 8 Conclusions and recommendations n ‘* In this research study, the statistical correlations have been verified, on the basis of energy relationships with limited results. + The input energy of SCPT & Dynamic Probing has been compared with the theoretical energy based on pile formulae. ‘+ The input energy of SCPT shows almost no relation with the theoretical energy. In some cases input energy is less than the theoretically required energy to push the cone to the required depth interval. The possible explanation of this deviation can be that the theory is based on the elastic half space which is homogeneous. In reality there is large variation in friction, depending upon whether soil is dense of not. * Also theory is based on assumed failure surfaces while in reality soil can fail casily through weakest layers and not according to elastic half space theory. + Tt has been found that bearing capacity factors are very sensitive to fiction angle. With little increase in friction angle, theoretical energy increases considerably. ‘* The input energy curve of Heavy Dynamic Probing shows almost same shape as the theoretical energy curve based on Engineering News formula, Whereas the input energy curve of Light Dynamic Probing does not indicate specific relation with theoretical energy. ‘+ For Loess, however, the input energy curve of DPH is very similar to the input energy curve of SCPT, while there is no similarity in the input energy curves of DPL & SCPT. * On the basis of comparison of the energy of the test equipment one can conclude that DPL energy curve shows deviation from theoretical energy as well as from SCPT energy curve. This suggests that the results obiained by Light Dynamic Probing are not as reliable as the results of Heavy Dynamic Probing. This mayChapter 8 Conclusions and recommendations R also be the reason of poor correlation between the results of SCPT and Light Dynamic Probing. © In this research study, the soil of South Limburg has been classified statistically, on the basis of coefficient of variation, by taking the Mean & Standard deviation of SCPT test results. ‘Tentative Soil Classification for Loess on the basis of Mean and Standard Deviation Range of CO.V Soil Classification 0.55-0.75. Reworked sandy Loess, densely packed 0.4-0.48 Parent Loess, Very densely packed ‘Tentative Soil Classification for Sand and Gravel on the basis of Mean and Standard Deviation Range of C.0.V Soil Classification 0.34-0.40 ‘Sand less Gravely or Gravel less sandy, very densely packed 0.62-0.68 ‘Sand more Gravely or Gravel more sandy, Medium dense © It has been found that soils of South Limburg also show local trend. Correlations’city have been made (see tables 6.6 & 6.7). ‘© Also general trend based on the available data has been found ( see tables 6.8 & 6.9). ‘© Variability with depth has also been examined. Loess has been classified into two groups. Similarly two groups can be recognised in Sand & Gravel with depth. Correlations for each group with depth have also been made. 8.2 Recommendations ‘The present study did not have within its scope an examination of the differences of foundation design based on SCPT and Dynamic Probing as ultimately these tests are used for the design of foundations including pile bearing design. A comparative study should be carried out to see if the methods developed for the SCPT (i.e. Koppejan method) and that for the Dynamic Probing produce similar results,References B References 1. Aas, G., Lunne, T. and Hoeg K. 1986. Use of In-Situ Tests for Foundation Design in Clay. Proc. of In-Situ * 86., Geotechnical Special Publication No 6, ASCE, Blacksburg, pp 1-30. 2. Akca, Necla, July 1999. Correlation of SPT-CPT Data From The United Arab Emirates. M.Sc Thesis, Engineering Geology ITC Delft. The Netherlands. 3. Begemann, H.K.S., 1953. Improved method of determining resistance to adhesion by sounding through a loose sleeve placed behind the cone. Proceedings of the third Intemational Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Zurich. 4, Bell, F.G, 1987. Ground Engineer's Reference Book. Butterworths, 59 chapter. 5. Bekendam, R.F.,1998. Pillar Stability and Large-Scale Collapse of Abandoned Room and Pillar Limestone Mines in South Limburg, The Netherlands. 6. BS 5930; 1981. Code of practice for Site Investigations. British Standards Institution. 7. Broms, B.B. and Flodin, N. (1988) " History of soil penetration testing". Proceedings of the International Symposium on Penetration Testing, ISOPT-1, Orlando, 1, 157-220, Balkema Pub., Rotterdam. 8, BUTCHER, AP., McELMEEL, K. and POWELL, J.J.M. (1996). Building Research Establishment, Watford, Herts, UK. Advances in site investigation practice. Thomas Telford, London. 9. Clayton, C.R.L, Matthews, M.C., and Simons, NLE. 1995, Site Investigation. (2nd edition), Blackwell Science, Cambridge, USA.References 4 10, il 12. 13. 14. 15 16. 17. 18, Douwes Dekker, ir. D.M. July 1991. Soil Mechanics I, MSc course in Engineering Geology ITC Delf. Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering. Desai, M.D., et al, (1974), Importance of adequate field inv. tests. proc. Symposium on earth and rockfill dams, INSSMFE, Kurukchhetra, 1974, vol. un, 427, Interpretation of Results of Dynamic Penetration Tests. Group discussions. Proceedings of the European Symposium On Penetration Testing In Stockholm , June 5-7, 1974. Volume 2. Jamiolkowski, M., Lanceliotta, R., Tordella, L. and Battaglio, M., 1982. Undrained Strength from CPT. Proc. 2nd European Symp. on Penetration ‘Testing. Amsterdam, Vol 2, p. 599-606, Kralik, B. (1984b). Neuere Erkenntnisse bei Sondierungen, Proc. 9th Budapest Conference on Soil Mech. and Found, Eng. 167-174. Kronieger, RR. (1990). " Geotechnical uniformity of the Weichselien Loess sequence in South Limburg, the Netherlands". 6th international [AEG Congress, 1990 Balkema, Rotterdam. Lambe, T-william, Robert V. Whitman,1979. Soil Mechanics, SI Version. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, With the assistance of University of Sydney. John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA. Lunne, T., P-K. Robertson and J.J.M. Powell, 1997, Cone Penetration Testing in Geotechnical Practice, Blackie Academic and professional, London. Maurenbrecher, P.Michiel, Rene Kronieger & Prof David Price, August 1990. Excursion Guide, Geology of the Netherlands. 6th Congress of theReferences 5 19. 20. 21. 22. 24. 25. 26. International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam-The Netherlands. Marcu, A. and Culita, C. (1995). State-OfPractice on CPT in Romania (National Report). Proceedings CPT’ 1995 Price, Prof D.G. September 1991, Properties of Some " Problem" Soils. Site Investigation. Faculty of Applied Earth Sciences. Section Engineering Geology. Delft University of Technology. The Netherlands. Plasman, S.J. and Kronieger, RR. (1990). "An engineering geological classification of the Loess deposits in the Netherlands". 6th intemational [AEG Congress, 1990 Balkema, Rotterdam, Ruiter, J.De 1988: Dynamic Probing (DP): Intemational reference test procedure. Proceedings of the First Intemational Symposium on Peneration Testing’ ISOPT-1/ ORLANDO/20-24 March 1988, A.A.Balkema/ Rotterdam/Brookfield/1988, ‘Swan, A.R.H. and Sandilands, m., 1995. Introduction to Geological Data analysis, Blackwell Science. Sanglerat, G. 1972. The Penetrometer and Soil Exploration; Interpretation of penetration diagrams - Theory and practice. Elsvier Publishing Company, Amsterdam. ‘Thomas, D. 1968. Deep-Sounding Test Results and the Settlement of Spread Footings on Normally Consolidated Sand. Geotechnique, Vol 8, No.4 p. 472- 488. ‘Van Wambeke, A. 1982. The Dynamic Penetration Test. Amici et Alumni, Em. Prof. Dr Ir E.E. De Beer.References 16 27. Viasblom, A. (1985) " The electrical penetrometer; a historical account of its development” LGM Mededelingen, Part XXII, 92 pp. 28. Ziegler, P.A. (1982) Geological atlas of Western and central Europe, Shell Intemationale Petroleum Maatschappij B.V., 130 pp. 29. Zijlstra, J.P. (1994) Sedimentology of the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary (Taffaceous) Chalk of Northwest Europe, Geologica Ultrajectina, 119, University of Utrecht (PhD-thesis), 192pp.INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR AEROSPACE SURVEY AND EARTH SCIENCES © Tc Division of Engineering Geology Master of Science 1999/2000 CORRELATION OF STATIC CONE PENETRATION TEST RESULTS AND DYNAMIC PROBING TEST RESULTS Research Study for the data of South Limburg- The Netherlands {Volume -lt) By Aroosa Hashmat (Pakistan) A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering Geology Tune, 2000 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR AEROSPACE SURVEY AND EARTH SCIENCES arc) Kanaalweg 3, 2628 EB Delft, The Netherlands‘Table of contents ‘Appendices Appendix-A Appendix-B Appendix-C Appendix-D Appendix-E Appendix-F Table of contents Application of Inverse distance weighted average method & Soil description All data: SCPT Vs DPH(for each soit type) SCPT Vs DPL(for each soit type) SCPT & DPH data for tentative soil classification Correlation results for Trend/City & General trend Figures of depth variability Calculation of Energy & relevant figures Overview of data Correlation of 0.2m & 1.0m data Soil profiles & examples pf extreme test results Typical location map of tests Location map of study area 130 31-40 41-54 95-59, 60-85 86-88Appendix-A Application of Inverse distance weighted average method & Soil descriptionProject No P-2522 (Maastricht city) q.festimated)= (zthd1*)+(z2/d2*)+(za7d3") (tat?) 4(1102"}4(1703") 71,22 & 23 are qe values. d1, d2 & d3 are the distances from SZ. Calculations for SCPT tosts(D8,09,012) and dynamic probe test(SZ19) Detailed calculation of first reading at 0.4mn(indicated as shaded) SCPTtestNo qe(Mpa) DistfromSzi9 1/0” atm} 08 12 19.697 0.00258 bs 08 8.544 0.017 p12 3 47.262 0.00336 gclestimated}= _(1,2°0.002677+0,9°0.013699+3"0,003356) (0.002577+0.013699+0.003366) gelestimated)= 1.298 Depth(m) De 09 012 Gastrtnsy S219(Nzo) 04 12 08 3 1298-45 Loess 08 22 25 4 2717 7 12 24 26 35 268885 16 18 2 322,199 5 2 12 18 321.96 4 24 15 17 32 1.93 35 28 14 22 1.484 35 32 15 2200 1.75 45 48 “1 67 19 $5381 385. Sand and Gravel 52 50 66 45 60.309 «65.5, 56 50 66 52 61.806 67.5 6 4B 66 556175653 Soil description Loess: Locally sandy. ‘Sand and Gravat: Dense to very dense, locally incised by foose silty, possibly clayey layers. Water table: at -2.5m bolow ground lovelCalculations for SCPT tests(D11,08) and dynamic probe test{(SZ20) Detatied catculation of frst reading at 0.4m(ingicated as shaded) SCPT testo qe(Mpa) Dist from $z20 tid" dim) pt 12 85 0.013841 Ds 12 17.95 0.003103 gcfestimated)= 1.2°0. 01384141 2°0 093103 0.013841+0.003103 aclostimated)= 1.2 Depth(m) D1 D8 etrtasy SZ2O(N sa) 04 12 1.2 4.2 45 08 3 22 2.853 65 12 25 24 2.426 6 16 1 45 to 4 2 4 12 348745 24 4 15 354245 28 4.2 1 1.163 4 32 3 25 2,908 55 38 18 10 33015 44 7 40, 13.043 15 48 37 4 37732325 52 46 50, 46.732 435 56 48 50 48.306 43.5 6 43 43 43915 335 64 41 46 41915 275 68 37 46 38.648 365 72 15, 16 15.183, 25.5 76 24 1 19.188 925 8 30 27 29.45 275 a4 20 J 22.93 26.5 a8 7 45 22.128 285 Loess Sand and Graveli SCPr Vai sc prohi Calculations for SCPT tests(D11,012) and dynamic probe test(SZ21) Detailed calculation of first reading at O,4nvingicated as shaded) SCPT testNo go(Mpa) Dist from $Z21_1/d? atm) ptt 12 10 0.01 p12 3 14317 0.004878 Qclestimated)= {1.2°0,01+3°0,004878) {0.01+0.004878) aclestimated)= 1.73 Depth(m) D1 12 eresumanesy SZ21(N zo} a4 42 3 4.79 4 Loess 08 3 4 3.327 4 12 25 35 2827 75 16 1 32 1724 6 2 4 32 37788 24 4 32 37 85 28 412 22 1927-25, 32 3 22 2737 25 44 7 23 12245 255 Sand and Gravel 48 a7 19 31.098 47 62 46 45 45672 48 56 48 52 49311 815 6 43 56 46.934 33 64 at 56 45.918 39 68 37 54 42573 375 72 16 52 2743128 76 at 48 29.852 29.5 8 30 49 36.229 29 84 20 82 30491 99.5 a8 7 51 28.147 455 92 23 52 32508 45.5 96 32 62 38.557 31.5Calculations for SCPT tests(D14,015) and dynamic probe test(SZ22) Detailed calculation of first reading at 0.4m(indicated as shaded) SCPT test No go(Mpa) Dist from $222 Di Dis ‘gc(estimated)= 1.1*0,008840+2,2°0.008 aa 22 aim), 12.083 11.18 (0.006849+0.008 qofestimated)= 1.692 ‘Depth(m) a4 08 12 16 2 24 28 32 36 4 44 48 82 56 6 64 68 72 76 8 p14 Ad 18 14 15 05 115 40 a at 51 ar 43 42 23 7 DIS 22 55 52 45 34 85 23 218 255 37 40 45 49 48 ot ue 0.008849 0.008 Gecesumaie) $Z22(Nz0) 1.692 4616 4.808 3.631 3.07 2.362 481 17.695 21.73 31.265 38.073 38.383 40.481 47.767 49,922 47.538 47.31 47.387 38.624 40.469 35 105 65 4 45 65 175 14 47 145 30.5 48.5 42 445, 43.5 42.5 29.5 36.5, 275 45 Loess ‘Sand and GravelCalculations for SGPT tests(041,D14) and dynamic probe test(SZ23) Detailed calculation of first reading at 0.4m(indicated as shaded) SCPT testNo go(Mpa) Dist from $223 1/d* aim) ott 12 20.099 0.002475 rr 1 5.385 (0,034483 go(estimated)= (1.2°0.002475+1.1°0.034483) (0.002475+0.034483) ge(estimated)= 1.106 Depthim} ott p14 ejestimateny SZ23(Nz0) o4 12 44 1106 35 Loess 08 3 3 3 14 12 25 4 3.899 6 16 1 18 174645 2 4 14 18744 24 4 15 16674 28 12 os 0.546 1 36 18 22 20.647 33.5 Sand and Gravel 4 06 38 35495 54.5 44 7 44 4tset 41 48 37 40 39.799 38 52 46 4“ 41.334 33.5 56 48 Bt 50.799 40 6 43 Bt 50464 42 64 4a av 46598 © 38.5 68 37 43 42598 30 72 15 42 40191 31.5 7. at 23 228606 28 8 30 ar 272 305Application of Inverse distance weighted averase methed to SCPT Vs Heavy dynamic. probing. Calculations for SCPT tests(01,D2,04,D5) and dynamic probe test(SZ24) Detailed calculation of frst reading at 0.4m(indicated as shaded) SCPT test No o1 D2 D4 DS gelestimated)= geMpa) Dist from $228 09 08 1.6 14 gclestimated)= 1.405 36 4a 48 52 56 64 68 12 ot 09 19 15 08 08 102 124 30 43 48 54 52 45 39 38 im) 25.283 25.947 40.606 41.102 1 0.001564 0.001485 0.008889 0.008174 (0.001664+0.001485+0.008889+0,0081 14) 2 08 18 13 15 24 14 09 16 st rt 51 53 52 5t 32 14 04 03 05 12 08 13, 24 57.5 34.5 33.5 47 455 42 ejontimaes) SZ24(Nzo) 1.405 4.931 2.091 1.280 1234 1.051 0.917 13.004 27.087 54.652 52.733 38.171 34.328 45.175 44.301 41.103 23.102 45 8 125 55 45 55 3 318 47 525 525 56.5, 675, 535 605 50 515 Loess Sand and GravelCalculations for SCPT tests(D3,6) and dynamic probe test(SZ25) Detailed calculation of first reading at 0.4m(indicated as shaded) SCPT test No qc(Mpa) Dist from S225 t/d” etm) ps 18 2402 0.001733 D6 19 18027007682 gofestimated)= (1.8°0.001733+1,9°0.307692) (0.001733+0 307692) ge(estimated)= 1.898 bs D5 aera SZ25(Nas) 18 19 1,899 6 Loess 15 25 249465 18 19 180945 19 45 1.502 4 13 16 1,598 3 08 4.2 1.197 15 09 05 0.502 4 3.6 7 16.5 16.614 20 ‘Sand and Gravel 4 38 22 22.089 23 44 55 29 29.145 48.5, 48 64 43 43,417 40.5, 52 64 85 55,050 46 56 60 87 87.016 50.5 6 56 55 55.005 15 64 54 54 54.000 94.5 68 53 50 5001888 72 52 44 44044 82Calculations for SCPT tests(D9,D12) and dynamic probe test(SZ26) Detailed calculation of first reading at 0.4m(indicated as shaded) SCPT test No qc(Mpa) Dist from $726 1d" dtm) 09 0g 2102 0.002262 p12 3 412 0.058824 o(estimated)= (0,9°0.002262+3°0. 058824} (0.002262+0.058824) qclestimated)= 2.922 Depth(m) bs DIZ etetinatess SZ26(Naa} o4 og 3 2.922 15 Loess 08 25 4 394635 12 26 35 3.466 9 16 2 32 3.165 6 2 18 32 3.148 55 24 17 32 3.144 4 28 14 22 2.47 3 32 18 22 2.174 5 36 4 25 2925 45 4 48 2 3.703 55 48 67 19 20.777 21.5 Sand and Gravel 52 66 48 45.777 86 56 6 52 52518 555 6 86 55 $6407 71.5Calculations for SCPT tests(D7,D8,D10,D11) and dynamic probe test{SZ27) Detaifed calculation of first reading at 0.4m(indicated as shaded) SCPT test No go(Mpa) Dist from $227 1/d® d(m) o7 a2 23.478 0.001814 Ds 12 23,706 0.001779 10 18 11.236 0.007921 Dit 12 14.704 0.007299 cciestimated)= 21.24 = 1.2% {0.001814+0.001779+0.007921+0.007289 golestimated)= 1.645 Depth(m) oy Da DIO —-D11Geteetmatns) SZ27(Na0) 04 32 12 18 42 1.845 2 08 3 22 5 3 3766 115 12 85 24 8 25 5067 7.5 16 4 18 5 1 3.02 5 2 18 12 15 4 24d4 " 24 18 15 18 4 2625 45 28 4 1 a 12 4.024 3 32 04 25 15 3-207 8 36 10 10 18 18 3.366 4 44 56 40 2 7 16.95 16 48 48 4“ 255 37 «3.89785 32 43 50 2 46 38.089 34 5. 42 50 28 48 (30.19 38 6 a 48 35 43 3991133 64 43 46 35 44 39.139 26.5 68 33 48 25 7 31.36 265 72 18 16 9 15 12857 31 76 15 "1 16 21 1737308 8 37 27 7 30 -29,128 185 as 32 36 7 20 2140731 88 24 45 14 17 19.05 24.5 Loess ‘Sand and GravelApplisation of [averse distance weighted average method to. SCPT.Vs Heavy dynamis probing 10 Calculations for SGPT tests(D13,014,016,017) and dynamic probe test(SZ28) Detaited catculation of first reading at 0.4m(indicated as shaded) SCPT test No gc(Mpa) Dist from $228 tid? dim) p13 15 20 0.002505 p14 44 20.28 0.002439 p16 35 11.63 0.007304 Diz 65 "17 0.007299 ‘gc(estimated)= (1.5% 4 1 43.51 46.5" (0.002505+0.002439+0,007394+0.007299) qolestimated}= 4.061 Dopth(m) 013 Dia DIG DAT aeretinatan) SZ2B(Nae) os 15 14 35 65 4.061 5 Loess 08 45 3 45 4 4427 8 12 65 4 3 38 3.868 T 16 35 18 15 32 2424 5 2 1 14 1 2 4.421 5 24 5 15 45 75 4176 3.5 28 2 05 08 8 3.592 2 32 19 15 2 18 © 309245 4a 19 “4 23 24 4767514 Sandand 48 42 40 2 40 25947 26.5 Gravel 52 43.5 at 12 39 -20.856 27 56 46 5t 22 at 35474285 6 2 51 23 42 36.091 48.5 64 30 7 24 40 33.569 44.5 68 25 43 8 405 26.595 30.5, 72 278 a2 6 48 31.847 275 78 248 23 28 5033.98 "Apnlication of Jnverss distance weighied average method to SCPT.Vs Heavy dynamic probing " Calculations for SCPT tests(D 18,017,018) and dynamic probe test(SZ29) Detailed calculation of first reading at 0.4m(indicated as shaded) SCPT test No qo(Mpa) Dist from$z291/d* (m) DIS 22 v7 0.003464 p17 65 22.36 0.002 018 25 1 1 ac(estimated)= + 2.5" (0.003461+0.002+1) aclestimated)= 2.506 Depthim) 15 Di? D18 — Gtesunanay SZ29(Ng) 04 22 65 25 2.808 8 Loess og 6 4 28 «281365 12 55 38 25 281218 16 52 32 3 3007 4.5 2 45 2 18 1809 8.5 24 34 75 04 0.423 1 28 as 8 120 1.238 4 32 23 18 36 35.887 12.5 Sand end Gravel 36 216 16 38 878716 4 255 3 35 «3490342 44 33 24 36 © -35.985 52 48 a 40 385 38.497 59.5 52 40 38 40 3999854 56 45 4t 40 «4001957 6 49 42 4242024 4d 64 48 40 45, 45 525 68 5t 405 475 47498 30.5 72 52 46 46 4602 24.5 76 82 50 28 28.128 at12 Calculations for SCPT tests(DKM1,D8) and dynamic probe test(SZ2) Detailed calculation of frst reading at 0.4m(indicated as shaded) SCPT testNo qc(Mpa) Dist from S22 Nie? (mn) Kt 6 2 0.002086 D8 3 225 0.001975, clestimated)= (6% 34 (0.002066+0.001975) qolestimated)= 4.533 Depthim) KM D8 —aqcfestimated) SZ2(Nzx) 04 6 3 4.533 95 Loess 08 36 18 272 40.5 12 42 18 3.027 65 16 4 25 3.266 9 2 5 35 4.266 8 28 1 58 3.345 9 28 15 66 3.992 14 32 2 58 3.887 85 Soil description Loess: Moderately stif.Jocally sandy, Water table: No water table found upto 7.5m below ground level. Further measurements wore not possible due to collapse of holes.ication of eighted average method to SCPT Vs Heavy dynamis probing 13 Calculations for SCPT tests(D8,08) and dynamic probe test($Z3) Detailed calculation of first reading at 0.4rn(indicated as shaded) SCPT test No qe(Mpa) Dist from $73 1/6 aim) Da 3 24 0.001736 Dg o7 29 0.001 189 cfestimated)= (3°0,001736¢0,7°0,001189) (0.001736+0.001 189) gclestimated)= 2.055 Depthim) D8 D9 —_aqe(estimated) SZ3(Nz0) 04 3 07 2.065 3.5 Loos 08 18 08 4.393 35 12 18 1 4.474 8 1.6 25 16 2134 75 2 35 22 2971 85 24 58 12 3.93 8 28 66 18 4.648 12.6 a2 5B 22 4336 13 36 5 3 4.187 28 4 4 38 3918 a5 a8 55 4 4.89 55Application of Inverse distance weighted average method to SCPT Vs Heavy dynamic probing 4 Calculations for SCPT tests(D9,10) and dynamic probe test(SZ17) Detailed calculation of first reading at 0.4m(indicated as shaded) SCPT testo gc(Mpa) Dist from SZ17_ 1/4” atm) bg o7 14 0.005102 p10 12 115 0.007561 ac(estimated)= {0.7°0.005102+1.2'0,007561) (0.005102+0.007561) ge(estimated)= 0.998 Depth(m) be D10 —_qe{estimated) SZ17(Nz) 04 07 12 0.998 6 Loess 08 08 07 0.74 3 12 1 1 1 5 1.6 16 14 1.48 15 2 22 2 2.08 48 24 12 3 2.274 5 28 18 3 2.516 45 32 22 22 22 95 36 3 22 2.522 75 4 38 28 3.202 6 44 4 36 3.761 75 48 52 32 4.005 9 52 5 45 470% 128 56 32 62 4.991 14 6 3 4 3.597 4 64 17 38 2.953 12Avulication of Inverse distance weighted average method to SCP Vs Heaxs.dynamie probing 15 Calculations for SCPT tests(06,DKM7) and dynamic probe test(SZ20) Detailed calculation of first reading at 0.4m(indicated as shaded) SCPT testo ge(Mpa) Dist from $220 tid? sm) 08 08 135 0.005487 DKM7 2 25 0.0016 golestimated)= (0.6% 22% (0.005487+0.0016) gefestimated)= 1.07 Dopth(m) D6 DKM7 —_qc(estimated) $Z20{Nza) 04 08 2 4.07 85 Loess 08 12 6 2.283 7 12 25 08 2.416 a5 16 06 12 0.736 105 2 4 15 0.648 9 24 06 25 4.028 55 28 12 45 1,945 65 32 25 52 3.109 55 38 28 45 2.874 108 4 22 44 2.696 125 4a 32 42 3.425 195 48 35 5 3.838 7 52 45 58 4.793, 24 56 55 é 5612 225 6 48 75 5.409 a 64 6 72 6.27 25 68 72 6 6.929 28Application of Jnverse distance. weighted average method to SCPT Vs Heavy dynamic probing 16 Calculations for SCPT tests(06,0KM7,08) and dynamic probe test($Z21) Detailed calculation of first reading at 0.4m(indicated as shaded) SCPT testNo qo(Mpa) Dist from $z21 1d" (rn) Dé 08 265 0.001424 DKM7 2 265 0.001424 8 3 23 0.00189 clestimated)= (0.8% 2" 434 (0.001424+0,001424+0.00189) golestimated)= 2.038 Depth(m) DB DKM7 D8 —_qc{estimated) 5221(Ny) 4 0B 2 3 2.038 11.5 Loess 08 12 6 18 2.881 145 12 25 08 18 1.708 116 1.6 06 12 25 1.538 125 2 04 16 35 1.967 18 24 06 25 58 3.245 145 28 12 45 66 4.345 7 32 25 52 58 4.627 185 38 24 45 5 4.088 18 4 22 44 4 3.579 155 44 32 42 55 4.418 165-Abnlisation oC Inverse distance weighted averaue method to SCP Vs Heavy dvuamic probing 7 Calculations for SCPT tests(D2,D4,05,06) and dynamic probe test(SZ13) Detailed calculation of first reading at 1.2m|indicated as shaded) SCPT testNo ge(Mpa) Dist from SZ13 dim) 2 12 20 Ds 0.8 28 DS 1 4 Dé 1 23 gelestimated)= 40.8% 1d? 0.0025 0.001276 0.0625 0.00180 (0.0025+0.001276+0.0625+0,00189) gofestimated}= 1.003, Dapth(m) 2 Da 42 12 08 18 1B 12 2 1 12 24 2 18 28 38 18 32 32 3 38 32 128 4 57 38 Soil description Loess ‘Sand Water table: At 2m below ground level. Ds 16 18 12 27 16.5 425 515 3 20 40.5 7 qo(estimated) SZ13(Na) 1.003 5 Loess. 4.588 7 4.876 7 1.237 9 2.734 10 16.912 17 Sand 41.497 58 51.601 st18 Calculations for SCPT tests(02,03,04,05) and dynamic probe test(SZ1) Detailed calculation of frst reading at 0.4m{indicated as shaded) SCPT test No qo{Mpa) Dist from SZ1 1d” en) D2 55 8 0.01235 03 “1 18 0.00391 Ds 2 14 0.0081 05 4 20 0.0025 qelestimated)= sane #24 4" (0.01235+0.00391+0.0081+0.0025) qolestimated)= 3.873 Deptis(m) bz D3 Da DS —_qc(estimated) SZ4(Nzo) 04 55 44 2 4 3873 35 Loess 08 2 12 13 4 1.928 2 12 a7 18 1 5 1.948 2 1.6 12 22 12 45 1.709 35 22 22 5 2.85 45 24 19 2 18 45 2.187 75 28 15 2 18 35 1.855 7 32 13 18 25 29 1.806 5S 36 12 28 32 34 2.088 45 4 13 32 a7 38 2.355 8 44 18 3 4 38 2.676 85 48 28 36 48 45 3.52 " 52 a 48 58 48 4.082 128 56 34 45 5 5S 4.09 14 6 38 43 5 43 419 13 64 a7 35 34 45 3.686 125 68 4 23 4 3 3.616 4 72 3 48 7 4 4.255 19 78 4 as 10 52 6.145 90.5 Sand and 8 8 275 24 55 14.353 40 gravel a4 10 43 38 2 22.545 49.5 Soll description Loess: Sand and Gravel: Densely to very densely packed. ‘Water table: Not found upto investigated depth since holes collapsed.Application oC Iuverse distance. weighted averave method to SCP Vs Heavy dynamic nrohing 19 Proj P-2191(Beck ci Calculations for SCPT tests(02,03,D6,07) and dynamic probe test(SZ8) Detaiied calculation of first reading at 0.8m(indicated as shaded} SCPTtestNo go(Mpa) Dist fromsze —t/d" (rm) D2 25 6 0.027778 D3 18 8 0.015625 D6 25 55 0.033058 o7 07 65 0.023869 qotestimated)= (2.5% 1.84 2.54 " (0.027778+0.015625+0,033058+0.023669) golestimated)= 1.965 Depth(m) 02 D3 DT —_qelestimated) $Z8(No) 08 25 18 a7 1.985 10.8 Loess 12 25 1 14 1774 55 16 3 12 18 227 6 2 3 14 14 2.107 6 24 3 12 08 1.868 6 28 2 08 12 1.458 45 32 18 06 15 17 4 36 2 1 24 4.692 a5 4 3 2 25 2.593 8 44 24 28 2.914 7 48 3 32 3.267 85 52 32 32 3.52 95 58 32 34 3.568 g 6 25 9.369 10 64 25 3.095 9 68 45 4.644 78 72 55 . 6.024 145 76 58 62 5.989 16 55 52 5.541 135 8d 48 52 5.432 13.5 88 42 45 4.869 12 92 35 38 446 2 96 25 34 3791 108 10 2 25 2.534 75 10.4 18 18 4.708 75 108 2 35 3.404 7 Soll description Loess ‘Sand: Sand gravely, densely to very densely packed, Water table: Not found upto investigated depth.i 1 SCR Vath Calculations for SCPT tests(D1,05,D6) and dynamic probe test(SZ9) Detailed calcutation of first reading at 0.8m(indicatad as shaded) SCPT test No gc(Mpa) Dist from S79 ‘/d" am) bt 15 14 0.005102 Ds 3 12 0.006944 Dé 25 95 0.01108 aclestimated)= (1.54 43" 42.54 {0.005102+0.006944+0.01108) golestimated)= 2.429 Depth(m) pt Ds Dé —_qc(Estimated) SZ9(N:0) 18 3 25 2.429 7 Loess 12 32 18 2.088 4 14 as 25 2.557 585 18 25 22 2.201 5 2 24 2 2.03 45 2 18 15 17 4 18 24 12 4.692 35 15 28 18 2.034 25 12 28 26 2.381 45 3 35 a 3.15 65 34 38 35 3.588 8S 4 38 35 37 95 42 4 35 3.804 75 4 3 32 3316 85 35 45 35 38 75 32 64 5 5.023 2 5 65 6 5.928 128 62 58 55 5.744 14 65 52 8 5.39 135 72 52 5 5.545, 13 65 48 45 5.034 12 5S 45 42 4576 105 5 4 35 3.981 85 42 3 2 2.785 95 104 45 35 45 2.762 18 10.8 24 76 35 9.223 2 Sandication of i 2 Calculations for SCPT tests(01,04,D5) and dynamic probe test(SZ10) Detailed calculation of first reading at 0.8m(indicated as shaded) SCPTtest No gc(Mpa} Distfrom $210 i/d” dm) D1 15 15, 0.004444 D4 2 13 0.005917 DS 3 5 0.04 gclestimated)= (1.5°0.004444+1 2-0 qns917+3°0.04) (0.004444+0.005917+0.04) ge(estimated)= 2.656 Depth(m) Dt D4 D5 —_qc(estimated) SZ10(N2.) 08 15 12 3 2.655 6 Loess 12 12 15 32 2.823 65 18 14 2 35 3.138 85 2 18 22 25 2.402 5 24 2 25 21 2.138 5 28 2 24 18 1.852 4 3.2 18 2 24 23 5 36 15 18 28 2.567 6 4 12 25 28 2.623 85 44 3 3 35 3.397 10 48 34 32 38 3.694 9 52 4 4 38 3841 85 42 4 4.041 85 42 3 3.229 7S 32 45 4.259 14.5 22 64 5,624 16.5, 38 65 6.05 185 62 58 5.882 13.5 62 52 5.432 13, 65 52 5.629 14 62 48 B14 13.5 6 45 4764 10 55 4 4.264 7 45 3 3.282 9 6 35 3.881 13 Sand 275 75 11.308 20.5Calculations for SCPT tests(D1,D3) and dynamic probe test(SZ6) Detaiied calculation of first reading at 1.2m(indicated as shaded) SCPT test No ge(Mpa} D1 3 Golestimated)= (0.4°0.001686+1"0 001111) 04 1 Dist from $26 im) 25 30 (0.001686+0.001111) aciestimated)= 0.64 Depth(m) =D D3 12 o4 1 16 1 08 2 35 15 24 i 05 28 2 12 32 2 08 36 08 12 4 08 15 44 1 15 48 05 25 52 05 14 56 os 2 64 23 8 Soil description Loess 1 0.007668 0.001114 golestimated) SZ6(Nzx) 0.66 0.919 2.899 0.799 1.679 1.519 0.96 1.08 12 13 0.86 44 16.198 Sand and Gravel, densely to very densely packed. Water table: Not found upto investigated depth. 8 45 35 3 3 4 55 6 7 85 108 15 26 22 Send and GravelApplication of Inverse distance weightes! average method Jo SCPT Vs Light dvaamic probing 23 Calculations for SCPT tests(D3,04,06) and dynamic probe test(SL1) Detailed calculation of first reading at 0.4m(indicated as shaded) SCPT test No gc(Mpa) Dist from SL1 wid tm) Ds or 15 0.004444 4 03 5 0.040000 06 45 30 0.001111 gclestimated)= 40.34 (0.004444+0.040000+0,001111) aclestimated)= 0.44 Depthim) D3. ba Dé —_ae(estimated) SL1(Nzx) o4 o7 03 45 0.444 7 Loess 08 03 08 12 0819 6 12 15 12 4 1.204 55 18 25 22 2 2.224 13 2 28 28 28 28 165 24 28 34 25 3.32 225 28 477 235 215 22.89 25° Sand and 32 35 455 385 44.242 27 Gravel Soll description Loess: Locally organic Sand and Gravel: Densely to very densely packed. Woter table: Not found upto investigated depth.1 i SCPLYsLi i a Calculations for SCPT tests(D4,D5,06,07) and dynamic probe test(SL1) Detaited caiculation of first reading at 1.2m(indicated as shaded) SCPT test No qc(Mpa) DistfromSL1 1/4" ton) Ds 18 175 0.003265 D5 22 22 0.002066 D6 18 30 0.001111, o7 42 275 0.001322 gotestimated)= = i 44.2% (0.003265+0.002086+0.001111+0.001322) qctestimated)= 1.804 Depth(m) D4 Ds D6 D7 —_qoestimated) SL(Nz») 12 18 22 18 12 1.804 14 Loess 16 2 15 15 12 1,859 13 2 3 28 1 15 2.405 105 24 2.5 35 08 18 2.403 185 28 22 34 08 18 2.199 18 a2 42 25 os 25 2.928 195 36 6 25 18 6 4,424 305 4 5 38 2 7S 4.623 a 44 5 3 18 7 4307 52 48 3 22 14 65 3.154 468 Soll description Loess: Locally interrupted by sandy layers, top soil possibly disturbed andlor fil material. Water table: Not found upto investigated depth.Application of Inverse distance weighted average. methed ta SCP Vs Light dynamic probing 25 Calculations for SCPT tests(D4,06) and dynamic probe test(SL3) Detailed calculation of first reading at 1.2m(indicated as shaded) SCPT testNo qe(Mpa) Dist from SL3 tid? ten) Ds 18 25 0.0016 Ds 18 225 0.0019 acfestimated)= (1.8°0,0016+1,8°0,0019) (0.0018+0.0019) golestimated)= 1.8 Depth D4 D6 —qe(estimated) SL3{Nax) 12 18 18 18 18 Loess 16 2 15 4.728 23 2 3 1 1914 18 24 25 08 1.577 19.5 28 22 08 144 12 32 42 05 2.191 16 36 6 18 3.557 225 4 5 2 3.371 195 44 5 15 34 25526 's for SCPT tests(D1,02,03) and dynamic probe test(SL4) Detailed calculation of first reading at 1.6m(indicated as shaded) SCPT testo go(Mpa) Dist fromSl4t/c* (m) D1 1 16 0.003906 ba 1 23 0.00189 03 or 185 0.002822 ‘aclestimated= 1% zt (0.003908+0,00189+0,002922) aclestimated)= 0.699 Depth(m) D4 pe 3 16 ' 1 07 2 0s 13 1 24 4 412 28 12 1 44 32 42 2 22 36 2 35 35 4 4 3 2 4a 3 24 08 48 25 2 2 52 1 35 38 Soil deseription Loess: Weter table: At 1.5m below ground level. gclestimated) SLA(Nzx) o.8s9 25.5 Loess 0.841 7 1.043 35 1.223 3 1.708 18 2.827 ar 3.112 56.5 2.132 59 2.22 50 2.413 74a Calculations for SCPT tests(D1,02,D3) and dynamic probe test(SL6) Detailed calculation of first reading at 0.4m(indicated as shaded) SCPT test No go(Mpa) DistfromSL6 11d? (mm) Dt 2 15.5 0.0041623 bz 12 15 o.00444e4 Ds 1 10 0.01 gclestimated)= (2°0.0041623+1 2"0 004444+1°0.01) {0.0041623+0.004444+0.01) gclestimated)= 1.271 Depthim) D1 b2 D3 qclestimated) SLE(N) o4 2 12 1 427 145 Loess 08 3 2 4.686 16 12 2 3 08 4.583, 155 16 25 3 18 2.243, 125 2 28 28 2 2.37 15 24 24 48 35 3.564 14 28 4 58 48 4.859 195 32 5 48 48 4.844 33.5 36 48 25 35 3.581 19 4 35 38 45 4.109 345 4a 42 438 5 4773 375 48 48 48 48 48 285 Soil description Loess: Locally sandy ‘Weter table: Not found upto investigated depth,ication of sites. average method (o SCPT Vs Light dynamic probing 26 Gatculations for SCPT tests(D15,016) and dynamic probe test(SL18) Detailed calculation of first reading at 0.4m(indicated as shaded) SCPT testNo qo{Mpa) Dist from SL18 p15 p16 octestimated)= ectestimated)= 1.718 Depth(m) 04 2 24 28 32 38 4 52 56 Soil description Loess: Locelly sandy Sand and Grevel, densely to very densely packed. Water table: Not found upto investigeted depth. dim) 1 22 28 a (0.002066+0.001372) p15 Dis 1 2.8 15 38 2 1.8 23 16 38 14 55 3.5 5 4 45 35 8s 7 1? 0.002086116 0.001371742 qclestimated) S118(N0) 1718 2417 1.92 2.02 2.842 4701 46 4a 11.892 10 15 25 23 12 95 7 Loess ‘Sand and gravelCalculations for SCPT tests(DKM1,DKM2) and dynamic probe test(SL1) Detailed calculation of first reading at 0.4m SCPT test No qc(Mpa) Dist from SL1 Ate? am) DKMt 08 7 0.020408 DKM2 04 18 oaaaaas co{estimated)= (0.8°0.020408+0 4°0.444444) (0.020408+0.244444) qolestimated}= 0.417 Depth{m) — DKMt DKM2 —_qolestimated) SL1(Nzo) o4 og 0.417 17.5 Loess 08 15 0.543 175 12 15 3.89 178 1.6 28 5.668 9 2 1 4.824 10 Soil description Loess Water table: Not found upto investigated depth.Calculations for SCPT tests{D2,03) and dynamic probe test(SL1) Detaited calculation of first reading at 0.4m(indicated as shaded) SOPT testNo qo(Mpa) Dist from SL1 M0? ‘a(m) bz 25 23 0.00189 D3 22 15 0.007561 gelestimated)= (2.5% 2.24 (0.00189+0.007561) qolestimated)= 2.259 Depth(m) b2 D3_——_qefestimated) SL1(Nzo) 04 25 22 2.259 3 Loess 08 25 28 2.74 5 12 2 42 3.76 95 16 3 32 3.18 105 2 58 42 4.459 15 24 45 42 4.259 225 28 35 45 43 36 36 5 55 54 36 Sand and gravel 4 33 55 10.999 38 Soil description Loess Sand and Gravel, densely to very densely packed Water table: Not found upto investigated depth.Appendix-B All data SCPT Vs Heavy Dynamic Probing (For each soil type) & SCPT Vs Light Dynamic Probing (For each soil type)All data (SCPT VS Heavy Dynamic Probing) ‘ac(estimated) N20 1.298 anr 2.688 2.139 1.960 1.930 1.484 1.750 1.200 2.853 2.426 1,091 3.487 3.542 1.163 2.908 3.301 4.790 3.327 2.827 4.721 3.737 3.737 1.827 2.737 1.892 4616 4.808 3.831 3.070 2.362 4.108 3.000 3,899 1.746 1.874 1.667 0.546 4.405 1.931 2.091 1.280 1.234 1.051 0.917 1.899, 2.494 1.899, 1.502 POVHOOMAEMAARATHEANTENVIROU ZOOMAEGARAUHRONVITA ERAS Project No P.2522{Maasiricht city) 3t50 st 62 83 55 56 87 60 61 62 63 65 68 67 69 70 cA 73 74 18 7 79 81 83 85 87 89 a 92 93 95 96 a7 98 9 100 101 102 103 104 105 1,598 1497 0.502 2.922 3.984 3.486 3.155 3.148 3148 2.470 217s 2.925 3.703 1.645 3.768 5.087 3.020 2441 2.825 4.024 2.070 3.366 4.061 4a 3.868 2.424 4.421 4.178 3.592 3.092 2.508 2.813 2.512 3.007 1.809 0.423 4.238 4.533 2.720 3.027 3.266 4.266 3.345 3.992 3.857 2.085 1.393 4474 2.138 2971 3.930 4.848 4.336 4187 3.918 4.800 s a6 OOO HRAOAOOON REE EONIOTNADTVATDROONEDOENAAUORODOANERY P-2308(Gulpen city} 32106 107 108 109 110 114 412 413, 114 115 116 7 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 146 145 148 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158, 159 160 161 0.998 0.740 1.000 1.480 2.080 2.274 2.516 2.200 2.822 3.202 3.761 4.005 4701 4.991 3.597 2.953 1.070 2.283 2.116 0.735 0.648 1.028 1.945 3.109 2874 2.698 3.425 3.838 4.793 5612 5.409 6.270 6.929 2.038 2.881 1.709 1.938 1.967 3.265 4,345 4.827 4.068 3579 4418 1.003 1.588 1.876 1.237 27381 3.873 1.928 1.345 1.709 2.450 2.167 1.855 P-2071(Maastricht city) P2414 (Maastricht city) 33162 163, 184 165 166 167 168 169 170 m1 172 173 174 175 176 Ww 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 204 202 203 207 208 209 210 an 242, 243 214 25 216 217 1.808 2.088 2.355 2.676 3.520 4.082 4.090 4.190 3.886 3.616 4.255 1,985 4774 2.270 2.107 1.868 1.458 1.700 1.692 2.593 2.914 3.267 3.820 3.588 3,369 3.095 4.646 6.024 5.989 5.541 5.432 4.869 4.440 3.791 1.709 3.404 2.423 2.088 2.557 2.201 2.030 4.700 1.692 2.034 2.385 3.150 3.568 3.700 3.804 3.316 3.800 5.023 6.928 574d 5.390 P.2191 (Besk city) 34Alida SCPL Vs Hegre Gyn AMniS DEODIOE ann menennnermnennenec re newiarrnmnonmn Average(ac est) Std. Devige est) Mean-2Stdev Mean+2Sidev Min Max 218 219 220 224 222 223 224 228 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 2a 242 203 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 282 253 254 255 258 257 258 259 5.545 5.031 4878 3.981 2.785 2.762 2.858 2.823 3.138 2.402 2.138 1.852 2.300 2.587 2.623 3.397 3.694 3.841 4.041 3.229 4.259 5.624 6.050 5.882 5.432 5.529 5.114 4.764 4.264 3.282 0.640 0.919 2.699 0.799 1.679 1.919 0.960 1.080 1.200 1.300 0.860 4.100 2.893 1.35 0.192 5.593 0.423 6.920 P-2614(Maasiricht city) 35,AlLdataSCPLYsHeawdvnamicoxahingh Sand and Gravel No ofdata —qc(estimated) N20 Project No 1 85.381 38 P-2522(Meastricht city) 2 60.308 86 3 67.506 68 4 61.756 53 5 13.043 5 6 37.732 33 7 46.732 “4 8 48.366 4 8 43.915 4 10 41.915 28 ‘4 38.648 a7 12 15.183 6 13 19.168 3 14 20.450 28 15 22.930 ar 16 22.128 29 7 12.245 26 18 31.098 41 19 45.872 44 200 «49311 52 at 46.934 33 22 45.918 39 2300-42873 38 24 27.431 25 25 29.852 30 26 36.228 29 2 30.491 40 28 (28.147 46 29 32.508 46 30 38.557 2 at 4810 18 32 17.695 14 33 21.730 7 34 31.286 15 35° 38.073 at 36 38.383 av 37 40.481 42 38 «47.767 45 39 49.922 44 40 47538 43, at 47.310 30 4247387 a 43° 38.624 2B 44 40.468 45 45 20.647 uM 46 35.495 55 aT 41.524 at 48 39.799 38 49 41.334 u 50 50.798 40 8 50.464 42 82 46.598 39103 405 108 107 108 42,598 40.191 22.866 27.200 13,004 27.087 84.652 52.733 38.471 34.328 45.175 44.301 41.103, 23.102 16.614 22.089 29.145 43.117 55.050 57.016 55.005 54.000 50.016 44,044 20.777 45.777 62.518 85.407 16.950 33.597 38.089 39.190 39.914 39.139 31.360 12.857 17.370 29.128 24.407 19.080 17.675 25.947 29.656 35.470 36.091 33.569 26.598 31.847 33.980 35.887 37.871 34,903 35.965 38.497 39.998 40.018 BERKS 37SCPE Vs prabi 10942024 10 45.000 144 47.498 112 46,020 113 -28.126 114 6.1480 115 14.353 118 (22.545 137 9.2230 118 (3.8810 199 11.308 120 16.198 Average(qc est) 35.204 Std.Devigc est) 13.358 Mean-28td 8.486 Meant2Sid 61.924 Max 61.766 Min 3.881 44 53 34 2 4 31 40 80. 27 B 24 26 P-2411(Maastricht city) P.2191(Beek city) P-2614(Maastricht city) 38All data (SCPT Vs Light Dynamic Probing) qc(estimated) Nz» 0.44t 0.819 1.224 2.228 2.800 3.320 1.804 1.659 2.405 2.403 2.199 2.928 4.424 4.623 4.307 3.154 1.800 1.728 1.914 1.877 1.440 2.191 3.597 3.371 3.100 0.899 0.841 1.043 1.223 1.708 2.827 3.112 2.132 2.220 2413 1.271 1.686 1.593 2.243 2.370 3.564 4.859 4844 3.55t 4.409 4773 4.800 1.718 2.417 7 6 6 13 7 23 4 8 1% 16 8 20 34 44 52 46 18 23 18 20 2 16 2 20 26 26 7 14 13 16 a 87 59 50 74 15 16 16 13 12 14 20 34 19 35 38 29 10 5 Project No P-2390(Landgraaf city) P.2413{Kerkrade city) P-2549(Nuth city) P-2523(Heerlen city) P-1491(Heerlon city) 39Alldata(SCPTVsLightdynamicprobing) 1.920 2.020 2.842 4701 4.600 0.417 0.543 3.890 5.668 4.824 2.259 2.740 3.760 3.180 4.459 4.259 4.300 BREBVLSSRGaRL ages Average(qc est) 2.7271 Std. Devige est) 1.3212 Mean-2Stdev 0.0847 Meant2Stdev 5.3695 Min 0.417 Max 5.668 25 23 12 10 7 18 18 18 9 10 3 5 10 "1 16 23 36 P-2336(Landgraaf city) P.2467 Sittard 40Appendix-C SCPT & DPH Data For Tentative soil classification{edyiP> WEP JOON i se ost er a ay ork pL bh ehh ape beh a eet EL 2h get get vel eel ze le oeL ezh ezh zh ezi ge gzb ve veh or ezh zs zh ss va 09 ozt zz tL so abt st ab vb ob aL sit ov he oe elt A ae ar bee oz ont or sol, oz 801 os ob on 901 ge sob $9 v0 sy sol st zol 0z bor (edw)’b Bep0oN or (edb yep yo ON 8 RRRBSISSSSESSSSRGSSESBS 9 or (edi)? wiep 10 ON SSRBREBSBESLISEEBBR 1g os os of or ze ey z0 aw so or ze oy oF w st ey er w sz wy 6r ov v0 6e zy ae so ue eo oe vo se oF ve ve ee so ee re Me 60 og at 4 vz 82 ge we oe 9% eo {edja)"b mepjoon —fedyi)"b eve 0 ON 60 ve go 8 eb zz. er Wz eb oz, st 6b at ab oot ab z0 on 60 sb ve vb Ve eh st a eh Le gt on #0 6 go a so ZL 20 9 oF s sy ’ et eg oF z 1 (Ayo quOLASwEW)ZZSz-d ON yelo1d $8007 uonesyisse[d [10s OANEIUO} 40} eFEP 1d9Sze Ble gh ose os 80g er oe) 80 Lk ae ere or ‘L07 Bb BLL gh Ole ca Bre oF 90e ot aL ol Sle 80 ‘hve or s0Z oz ade gz ye 20 ove ve 02 zz ou zh £le eb sre os £07 ae Skt go ue ge bee os t0t oh pdb or Lie ge ere gs 10% zh edb cb 0l% vb eye By 007 ve zh ve 697 oL bee oF 661 oe bab oz aa 7h ove ze 86h ov ou gh 19% gt tz ze 264 Le 691 oc 99% we eez ge 96) ee 991 eb soz gt Let or 22 st ‘Sr re 29 et V9% ee ez ot 22z st ver of 991 et £97 o@ Sez sv ez Ot 6L ae sol oF e9 OF ‘vez ey cd ze 6b er vol or oz et eez os Biz on 6 et eel OL 092 zt zez ey ale eh ost zs zal 1% 697 BO tee sv abe o@ 68h eb oh ze 8st eb 0bz se Oe x4 98l ob 9b oF ist oe 627 se Ghz se 28h 6L 6SL oF ose st zz re ple er aL zz ast on sez zh ize ez ele spy gah zs ist so Se ah 922 se Ue ar val £0 ost ay est ee ese et G2 se Le se eel oz Sst ro 2sh oe ese er vee os Ole oc zeal ss pst aL VSL fed’ eVeDsOON (ed)? FIePJOON —edw_)"> BED JOON —(edW’D EIEPIOON —(edw)"D EIEPIOON (ed EPIOON (Aula jusuaseeW)LLOz-d (Ano suounseen)iLyz-d ewzz 95 0 ez vol agzais 60 208 id ss OL ae ove abereny #0 got ze +5 zy 9 oO 2ee 08 soe ge es et sz oz gee oF POE oz zs oF v rE see oz e208 0 ‘s OL & sz vee er 208 oz 08 se az st gee 80 Loe se 6 9 ir st zee go 008 ze sr oe 0% zh vee ze 662 ih a oz 6. 80 oee st 86% on oF a2 a zw eee or 262 OL sy 0% ub <0 eee so 962 Lo v oz 91 sy we so S62 oF ey sz s 30 see on vez oz wy se vh ot see 80 4 on uw ze eb zt vee 80 Be zz oP zy zt so eee zo v62 oz ee oF M so zee 0 062 oz 88 ve or 0 vee so 692 sz ue oe 6 on oze oF 992 260 aaais oz 9 ov 8 80 ele ze 18% ve Bevery 9% se oz Z 80 ale ve 98e oe 2 se ve ze 8 oz ae or s8z ze 19 se ee zw s oz sre or 82 ze og oz ze. oF % oF sie o be oF £82 ez 6s ve e so € se vie so ove oF 28% on 85 oe oe oF z or eve 90 soe oz 192 sz is se 62 b vO ze go BoE zh o8z et fedywPb mepjoon = {edy)"b Bepjoon (edw)b eepjooN —(edyy)"b IEP JOON (edyw)’b RepJooN = {edw)"b_ BED JOON (Ayo UINNDePSz-d (AND WOURSeRI)Y 197d ey ON 390[01g(edwyb ep JOON oy ee sz ve ze ze az 8@ ve ot zt #0 vE eb ve £0 se st 0% ge zy sy os os gg 09 og oe ze aol 23 99 sol vob eat z8 198 091 ési asi aa 9c) ssi yah €sh zai Is ost er er deh grt ay bet evh ebb sy se se ee oc 9z aL zw st oz ez sz et oz se oe ov sv ee zs zs es so v9 sr oe oF ee ee {edyPb ep jo oN Ov et set zeh ge et vel eet zeh beb oet ek ca ze 92h set vel ez za bab oz 6h Bb 2 ou ght vb eb se 8% az vt ab Le 9z se ze of o9 oy es 08 z9 sg ze z9 ge zw ze zy zy ov ze oe sz aL (ed) erep 30 ON zh 1h our 601 801 201 901 sol vor £01 zor tor oor 66 86 6 96 96 6 86 6 16 06 8 38 we 98 se oz Le ge ze oz st zt oz st oz 9z se ty ay ss as ss oy ge sz ze ze oe v% oz oF 90 30 fedy)’b etep Joon, 8 8 ze Ie 08 6L BL ab on SL ve eh aL vi on 69 89 2 99 $9 9 £9 2) 19 09 6 co 4s ze ve ze oF eh ov oz se zs as 09 so oo s¢ zs oF ve ay ov or ze ze oe oz et oz oe oe (edy)’b e2ep 30. on 9s ss +s es zs 1s os er ay aw ov oy wy ey zw be or ee 8e us oe oe +e ee ze. te of 6z oe 8% sz R se % sy 9% ey % os & ss zz go We we oz so 6 zo a os 4 ze a se st ov cas ey et or z ve be oe oO zw 8 st 8 a L oz 9 oz 8 ot ¢ vs € a @ st ‘ (edwPb eve JOON (G19 4908) 6LZ-d on reloadoe 82 et 8% oz & on xz a e oz 9% se sz oe sz ez sz sz wm sh ve Be ve az ez sz & ze £2 oz ze, 2 ze sz z% oz wz oz tz we be sz 0 ot oz, oz oz sz 6 zt 6 of 6 ze al sy aL se at oF a 2 a oe a oe o 8% ar os 1 zr st oz SL os st ge + ASCLS ve ve zs v zy et obereny ve eb sy oa 09's ASGLS By a us 8 z se zs ze eBesony ey be 8e ze i re Mb ge 6LL se oO se ze ot ve oF er BLL er 6 ve 80 6 sz 6 st db os 8 ee co 8 zh 8 re out oF Z ze 8 Z 0 L ee Sub rz 9 Le ez 9 $0 9 sy az s oe st s vz 8 zs sz a 62, a + ze + zs oz e 8 60 & ore naais ae £ zo oe z ot 20 z 9e% aBeseny oe z zo out 0% + 9% (edyjab 4 4 62 of 4 os 691 {edyiPb ewepsoon — (ed) BIEP JOON = (edb eIEDJOON —(edy_)"b_ PIED JOON {edwy’b ep soon = (edw)’b = ep IO ON (4319 uepooHezsz-d (Ao yeesBpuerjgccz-d (Ay! eesBpuRT}OGEe~d (Ayo uaajo9) 1s9z-d oy ON 399014 ON 390/01, ‘ON yo0fold(edu? eEPJO.ON ov se ze ww zz zz ve st 0% sh 50 80 80 OL st er se ze so oz of ww 9% az ve ze st or vy 9 $s vs €5 zs 1s 0s er eb a ov sy wy eh ey Wy or ee ae. ae 9c se ve ee ze. le of 6z wz of ge 9% sz ve se az oF ze ze zz oz oe oe oe 22 oz oe os os os ze zz Sz oe 0z aL fedyy’> eEp Jo. 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90} sot ¥Ob 0b zor ton ob AED JO ON, 46 06 6a 8s 28 = eiep 0 ON (Ayo yauaseen)E teed (Alo yoMISeeW)LLOz-d L 1s + +3 woe 3s o8 z es ¢ 9% $ aL +, © se zak z 16 ef v ak & og OL £% s OL v 6r 9 a s ge s or 9 le L PL Z ay a Oz B eh 9 or v 6b s aL e sr y eh ? be 9 oy ¢ ab 2 ol s ey oo e689 9 ow yt $9 ao sow +h 29 s or s eh s 8 s ee + es 99 1 se 9 ub af rok L ot z £9 v 9e s 6 9 ca} s ge s 8 sg 19 9 Ee v aL s 09 tk ee v 9 v 98 & 65 + a v s L se a) Z ie $ + > 8 9 4 s of Z € s 8 a 9s ye Z z z ze 6 ss Z a $ t FN FIEPIOON = "NIERJOON = *N.SIEPIOON = EN IERJOON (duo quonaseewi)zzsz-d ‘ON yeloud ‘Sse07 UONeoyIsse|o los ANE} 10} HEP HGs 96 ’ 82, s 9s Z & 9 ¥8 Z 92, Z ss 8 sz. 9 zs 8 ve 8 Is we ez toro, NOD. oF oe z zz et = ASCLS 6 or z ve e906 ebeleny He ay vb oz, 6 SL zw ay vb 6 L b & ov a a oO eZ vb oF st a vt zw yb vy 8 9 tL be eh ca 6 st siso AOD eb ou a ey O th sore ASGIS v 69 8 We 6 eh eco’ aBexany 9b 89 6 ov oO z st vee a pr 8 ee 6 Mb 4 oz st 99 o ee Z oO 6 6 4 59 6 “ s 6 Z SLL 6 v9 Z 9€ ¥ 8 9 au 6 £9 9 9 ¥ Z 9 oun 6 zg € ve s 8 ’ She or 19 y ee 9 s € hb 6 09 ¢ ze 9 ¥ € eu 9 6s s ve 9 € ¥ zu s 8s g 0€ 8 z s bbe ’ as 9 62 a b 8 ob “N ePJOON = "NEIEDJOON © -NBIEDIOON = NED JOON (Ayo 499a)16}2-d (A119 1USLISEEW) pI 9Z-d ON yeloigAppendix-D Correlation results For (Trend/City) & (General trend) & Figures of depth variabilityi Correlation results of SCPT and DPH(TrendICity) All Loess (Maastricht) © Seriest « , |~Linear (Series) 5 (Power (Series) ge £3 y=0.1262x+4 g2 = 0.1294 f y= 1118602 R=0.1403 All Sand & Gravel(Maastricht) eae inear (Series) [= Power (Series) ae(Mpa) y= 0.4965x + 16.467 R?=0.355 5198 RP=0.3123 © Seriest (Linear (Series) [Power (Series) y= 0.1885x + 1.2008 R= 0.4305 y=0.8t2aemet R= 0.3497 All Loess (Beek) © Seriest \—Linear (Seriest) Power (Series) y= 0.3102 + 0.7068 RP =0.7081 613497Correlation results of SCPT & DPL(TrendiCity) aciMpa) All Leoss (Landgraaf) ‘© Seriest |—Linear (Series) \—Power (Seriest) y= 0.028x + 2.0096 R= 0.0079 879x094 = 0.0312, ao(Mpa) onnesae All Loess(Heerlen) a) 2 N20 © Seriest —Linear (Seriest) —Power (Seriest) 0.0786x + 1.6472 All Leoss(Kerkrade) \—Linear (Series) —Power (Series) y= 0.0655x+ 1.1417 R= 0.5829 y= 03722088 R= 0.5583 c(t © Serest |—inear (Series) | [Power (Seriest) y= 0,0249x + 0.9652 R?=0.4702 2987" R?=0.5001Correlation results of SCPT and DPH(General trend) All Leoss(Maastricht & Beek) ® Seriest Linear (Seriest) Power (Series) 2383x + 1.104 R?= 0.4338 y=0.8543x'" 3459 1437x + 1.4986 R= 0.329 y=0.98304"" R’ = 0.2439 Correlation results of SCPT and DPL(General trend) ‘Seriest inear (Series) All Loess(Sittard-Kerkrade) : Power (Seriest) y= 0.023x+ 2.2341 RP = 0.0593 y= 1.04278 = R?= 0.0823 ge(Mtpa) oanenae 87ep wes eepuee ewpuoe emp we. — ‘mepuiy9 ep wes + ep wR ® BED WOP empurex, pep ure Rp a eepwsoe ‘suojoo quoJ6HIP UAHA eALWU] WIE'9 8 PeHOId 85007 Jo BEC :z} eunBsew ure BP WoL a emp we0e jeepues+| | eepueve| | empuorx| | jeepuzex| |Appendix-D Correlation results For (Trend/City) & (General trend) & Figures of depth variabilityAppendix-E Calculation of Energy & Relevant figuresTwaeaen oa 53801 eqoig o1weEUAG pure UOEOLAY suOg 211Eg 10} suOHENo}eD ABseUR Jo ALeuMUNg,0 FEOIEL $8907 104 (UENY) 0O0b+#'0,9¥490 =(L.d0S)AB10ugINdUI=(.40S)341 i},.01.0b=,u991=0U09 34 Jo Bay=oy (urna) pe.dd=[Ldosiores-3 (xp) IbNpL+oNa}py=eu02 aig yo aouersisa: sos ensayoo {pasn useq sey" N 40;98 Ayoedes Buyeag aszjuezelg) $5907 104CR TT CA [aosiones-a]iidosito | pins] “opt [(P inde | ON SHIN OI 09 G59 za eldeL $8807 304 (Wrnx) 0001.F'0.2V.9b =(.dos)4610u3-4ndul=(1d0S)3+t {},.01.01=,U099} =8U00 BY JO BOYD (urn) 7'0.dd=(1dos)one1s-3 (xp) [bNp4+onD}oy=2uso un Jo aoueisises juiod=dD 10S @nISay09 40} 6 = IN {pasn ua_g sey"N s0yDe} Ayedeo Buyeeg jousefeW) $8007 10-4e (wero Abou 88007 U ONBIS-3 UIA Ld98 Jo ABOU Indu Jo UosEduIOD :1.3 eunB)9 [ szoz | [oso | [zovz | oe 89 Ca OIGEL $8007] 104 (uN) 000144'0.9¥,00 =(Ldos)AB10U3-InduI=(LdOS)3+1 4, 01,01=,4W001=0U00 04) Jo eouy=0y (uN) yo.do=Udos)one8-3 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[vcore [ uvee [cerry T vers | }__zuise | ese | acre | siercy | eossy | }__sezve | cores | cove | zcasoe | zroro | ee ee ee | sesgz_T ezzgo [yore | zeasoz [ zesvp | [|_osrez_ | oor ooo T ovssve | osoiy | [| torzz | zszs's “T ooo's T ozesg. | ozeree | [izezz | sors Tory | orecoc | oes ve | [|__ozzz tuoi | ise T essevz | ersor | [|__ssevz I worse | se | eeasvz | aroor | | zzev's | erase Tico [occ (wen) (Hadoqweuka- 3(Hed @ouweusp-3 —w- (Had)a1—e— 88 ov ow se oe x a cy oF (wen) ABs0u3 Jeneig g pueg Ut O]WeUAP-2 UNA Had J0 A619 jnduj jo Uosuedwio :23 eunBI4(Ha@3'1 (dos)at 3] on e t ° s , . z (urn) ABseuR $8007 U! (Hdd) ABi0ug ynduy WIAA (1.d9S)AB1eUg ynduj Jo uosyedwo> :g3 einB)4‘8807 ul (1dq)AB1eug ynduy WM (Ld9S)ABs8Ug ynduy Jo UosyEduiog :¢3 esnBi4Appendix-F Overview of data & Correlation of 0.2m & 1.0m data Soil profiles & examples of extreme test results Typical location map of tests Location map of study area98 TS DTPA TT TT or aes RED PHS | SOT reece pune | Core a a Ee PRS POT] et Fag |r pues | £5907, z za 7 z yeempaeyT | Oecd REDO |r eh wae | oP Ta eTPRS [ST e wr wee TaeS Tapa pRS | SOT z NL ose BREDA PS [SOT ¢ aT TaAkin 7% pues | 89007 ¢ yeerspury a Seay BOT 7 ol 5 TTT | eT a ; BRD PHS | SOT TRH 7 TH, : z wading | goeed T T T T SIOSSOT TABI pus | SOOT e = z T TS sojous0s, THRE ps Ta | a | = poafoad pois) s1aeT Hos 390 30 0N dnt |_ on THOREL B}EP OY} JO MATAIZAQCorrelations of 0.2m selected data For Project-2522 0.2m Loess je A y= $ ; 0.0345x + 2.5522 R?= 0.004 y= 1.606x21072 RP = 0.0304 Ne 0.2m Sand/Gravel © Serest Linear (Series) Power (Series) 150 = 0.2528x + 23.987 R=0.111 y= 10.142028 R? = 0.0475 7Correlations of 1.0m average data For Project-2522 Loess All (1.0m) eae 10. |—Linoar (Soi) |—Power (Sarat) 8 a (oe qo(MPa) u x y= 0.1816x + 2.2831 “a eo R?= 0.0727 ay 4066x" #7" See a ee 0.1143 © Saiest —Power (Seriest) —Linear (Series!) =| y=0.2044x+24.49 R? = 0.0599 y= 11303028 R= 0.0294| MONSTER | DIEPTE| S00EM NR tox. NAP) PROFIEL BESCHRIJVING BODEM PROFIEL (m) (111,77 Zane (mati tn), wit a0 0111187 Lem (matia vas), zwak puinhoudend, kook, bruin 411127 Leem (matig vas) zwak zanlg,Hentorin +100 10 1] 109,47 Leem (mati vas), matig zandig, ruin ST]=109,07 Leem (matia vast), zwak zancig, bringris 108,77 Einde boring | | | | von Bornate: 02 wv Nap e114 77m, ere Wy-m. Paling PB: Booreeser WIKHEN Gemeten Gwe: MV =m. ssw om BORING VOLGENS NEN 5119 pdr. : P-2523 \VERBOUWING "DE NOR" TE HEERLEN Boring :MONSTER | DIEPTE) BODEM | NR tex. VP | PROFIEL BESCHRUVING BODEM PROFIEL im) I] [oo 0.38 Lem (matig vast), zeer sterk puinhoudend, bruin, gris 0.42 Leem (matig vast), zwak puinhoudend, bruin 0.82 Leem (mati vast), zwak zandig,bruin || “1.62 Leem (slap), zwak zancig, bruin | | | | I ST} —-8.32 Leem (matig vast), matigzancig, lichtruin 3.62 Einde boring | | | | | | | | 1 oy Woo i | | | | Utvoedng Boing: 00 ww: ve +038m ctw =m, Peling PE Bootmostior: Gat Gemeten ws: MV =m sic MY =m BORING VOLGENS NEN 5119 Nieuwbouw aan de Prins Mauritsiaan te BeekRnundewateun © 0 Te te a I Ora? ORK 4a 7 Bee 907 Ge: BRA sa 788 ‘SONDERING ZORGCENTRUM AAN DE OUDE MAASTRICHTERWEG TE GULPEN ms 26 ers Opdr. Sond. = @ P-2308 Dio i hoAantal slagen per 0.20 m —= a4 6 8 10 2 20 138 [wy = NAP + 136.64 m 137 135 135 134 133 132 13 124 123 122 sat 120 baz fas Sondering voTgens norm DIN a09t conustype slag, opp. 1000nn2 valgewicht/-hoogte: 0.10kN/0.50— SONDERING MULTI-FUNCTIONEEL CENTRUM “AN DE PUT" Opdr. P-2390 A/D PASTOOR SCHEEPERSSTRAAT TE LANOGRAAF Sond. SL 2punt : Puthoogto= VP= aly one: S75 10 sm —————— School 1:250 SITUATIE MET SONDEERPUNTEN Oper. P-2191 NIEUWBOUW AAN DE PRINS MAURITSLAAN 74 TE BEEK Bip. 1