31

11

, ,

.

.
, ,
TRUE FALSE.
AND OR
.
:

rains(Monday,Athens)
rainsAthens(Monday)

rainsMonday(Athens)

rains(Monday,Athens)rains(Tuesday,Sallonica)

( : , , , ).

... ... .

.

.
.

.
.

,
.

.
.

(scope) .

(bound). (free)

({}, [], ()) .

.

x *(x) z ((z) (x, z))]

x ,
z ((z) (x, z))

x (x, y)

x
y

x [Friend(x, y) Loves(x,y)]

x y [Friend(x, y) Loves(x,y)]

 wff

(, , ) .

(, , ) .

1. wff.
2. wff. (A), [A], {A} wff.

3. wff. , , x A x A, wff.

4. wff. ,, v, , A <=> B
wff.

 wff
() (5/15) (wff);
(1) x ( Student (x) y (Student (y) Loves (x,y) ) )
(2) x ( Student (x) y (Student (y) (Loves (x,y) ) ) ) )
(3) x ( Student (x) y (Student (y) Loves (x,y) ) )
(4) x (Dodecahedron (d) Dodecahedron (c) (Small (b) Cube (a) ) ) )
(5) (Dodecahedron (d) Dodecahedron (c) (Small (b) Cube (a) ) ) )

 wff

wff ,
. .

 wff

 wff

 wff

 wff

(tautology):
. ..
(contradiction):
. ..