Bb On oe Se led en on are nis: 2 18 SEY Ol Gas aS “And certainly We have made the Qur’an easy to (understand and) remember, but is there anyone who would take heed ?”” (54.22 ; 32) THE QUR’AN READER AN ELEMENTARY COURSE IN READING THE ARABIC SCRIPT OF THE QUR’AN (With Arabic text, exercises and transliteration including the Muslim prayers) By S. MUHAMMAD TUFAIL, M.A. www.aaiil.org First edition April, 1974CONTENTS Foreword Introduction PART I Lesson 1. The Alphabet 2. The Various Forms of the Letters (A) 3. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14, 15. The Various Forms of the Letters (B) Ta Marbtia or the Round Ta 3 The Various Forms of the Letters (C) The Alphabet and its Various Forms The Short Vowels — _ 2% Fatha, Kasra and Damma The Absence of a Vowel Sign Sukiin or Jazm The Long Vowels | = sce The Diphthongs - au ai Ge ee) The Union of Two Vowels pronounced in One Syllable Hamza with Jazm or Sukin — 7 The Nunation - Tanwin 2. an SZ The Long Vowels _ + The Madda = The Vowelless Letters The Hook with no Signs Tashdid or Shadda = The Doubled Letters The Letters not Pronounc d Tanwin with Tashdid 2. > £ Page 25 29 30 33 36 37 41 43 47Lesson 18. Tashdid and Long Fatha and Kasra i. = 19. The Assimilation of Letters (A) 20. The Assimilation of Letters (B) 21. The Assimilation of Letters (C) 22. The Joining of Madda with other Letters 23. Nin Quint — b 24. The Small Mim — ¢ 25. The Wagf or Pause at the End of a Verse — © 26. Other Punctuation Marks — Y tj bs 27. How to Stop or not to Stop at the Sign d 28. Some Orthographical Peculiarities 29. Abbreviations 30. The Elided Alif (the Alif which is not Pronounced) 31. The Punctuation Marks 32. “The Marginal Notes’ Appendix 1 Hamza © Appendix 2 The Pronunciation of Lam — J Appendix 3 The Pronunciation of Re — J Appendix 4 The Pronunciation of Nan — & Appendix 5 Modification of Vowel Signs and Letters PART II Chapters. (Stiras) of the Qur’an—Arabic Text with Transliteration and Translation (Ch. 1, 91—114). The Call to Prayer (al- Azan) The Second Call to Prayer (al-Igamah) The Muslim Prayer (as-Salah) Zikr during Tarawih Prayers The Six Kalimas Expressions of Daily Use Page 106 108 109 M7 118 121FOREWORD Pror. S. A. Kuutust, Ph.D. (Lond.) University of Baghdad, Iraq’ It gives me great pleasure to introduce a useful pioneer work in English on the Qur’an, written by an able scholar like Mr S. Muhammad Tufail. For many years I aspired to write such a book because of the great need shown for it by the Muslim world, in general, and the scholarly circles, in particular; but now I feel relieved, because Mr Tufail has spared me the heavy task. I am sure I could not have done a better work, Tt will prove useful to all non-Arab Muslims and even to many Arabs who wish to be familiarized with the orthography of the Qur'an, in order to read and understand it properly, since modern orthography is to a certain extent, different. It will also help the Qur’an reciters, as it gives all the signs of lengthening, shortening and softening the voice in tajwid, or religious singing. There is no book in the world that is so meticulously punctuated as the Qur’an. Such signs of punctuation have been carefully explained by the author in such a way as to make the understanding of the Holy Book at once a real possibility and a pleasure. I may point out in passing that the orthography of the Qur’an is peculiar to it, and it should be strictly observed, as the special way of writing, the same word in two or three different spellings, according to the sentence it is used in, has its own significance. At times a vowel letter such as a waw is ommitted as in sanad‘ul-2- zabaniyah isy5)\ ¢4z. ‘We shall call the Hell keepers’. The omission, according to ak Marrakeusht and as-Sirafi, is for expressing the speed and ease with which the action is taking place and influencing the actor.* (1) This is damma not a waw. (2) Suyati, al-Iigan fi ‘Ulam il-Qur’an, Calcutta, 1857, p. 862.6 As for wa yad‘ud-da‘t ell ews “and the Inviter invites them” (54.6) the expression is again indicative of speed in calling and response. Just as the omission of certain long vowels helps to express speed, the addition of extra ones helps to express force, effect and grandeur, €.g. mi-~ah io, hundred, written as ma-’ah ail gives it an impressive outline. The same is true of mulagu rabbihim pry yi “they shall face their lord” and ulu’l-albab WY! 145! “possesssors of brains’, ite. the wise and the sage. Concerning the hamza, Prof. Tritton says, “the dialect of Mecca did not use the glottal stop, replacing it near # and i by the consonants wand y. Other dialects kept the glottal stop and were considered more elegant. So a special sign for the glottal stop was invented, written like the new vowel signs outside the consonantal framework. It was introduced into the Koran and now appears in all Arabic, some- times alone and sometimes in conjunction with alif and w or y, but representing only one sound.”’* Probably it was this conception that made Mr D. Cowan regard the glottal stop as the twenty-ninth letter,® adding one more letter to the usual 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet, on the understanding that it was borrowed from dialects other than that of Mecca. The glottal stop is apparently an obstacle to smooth reading, especially in tajwid, or Qur’anic recital, hence the idea of hamzat ul-wasl or liaison alif. It is normally marked with an initial sad wasla* on top. It is strictly observed in the Qur’an; so much s0 that the opening strah, (the equi- valent of the Lord’s prayer) begins with it, for the simple reason that it is preceded by the formula, bismillahi’r-Rakmani’r-Rahimi “in the (3) CF. Suyati op. cit., p. 231 ¢ ated Ys « sae Yo e Sigil Vo (2) ail dguy jemle” “comand (ye Wal yo.cl Rey japll Ul y “the Messenger of God, Aba Bakr, ‘Umar and the Caliphs did not use the hamza. It was an innovation that appeared after them.” (4) AS. Tritton,. Teach Yourself Arabic, London, 1956, the introduction, pp. viii-ix (8) David Cowan, Modern Literary Arabic, Cambridge University Press, 1958, p. 2. (6) For an account of hamzat ul-wasl, see G.W. Thatcher, Arabic Grammar of the Written Language, New York, (undated), pp. 9-13.7 name of God, the Merciful the Compassionate”. This goes to prove that the said formula is an essential part of the sirah, otherwise the chapter would have started with hamzat ul-gat‘ the cutting glottal stop, instead of the hamzat ul-wasl, the liaison alif, as is the case. This hamzat ul-wasl helps one to run two or three words together and avoid the hesitant pauses caused by hamzat ul-qat. But supposing a hamzat ul-gat‘ is needed at the beginning of a sentence, in the imperative, what the vowel sign should be? the answer is the same as that of the middle radical, if it be damma ; and a kasva, if it be either a fatha or a kasra, but how is the vowel of the middle radical decided ? By simply refering to dictionaries, but I have dis- covered a thump index for that, viz, if the verb indicates power | the middle radical is + e.g. hakama 2 yahk (U) mu AES, ukkum axl, to govern, gatala ~ Ace yagt(U)lu 2 ace ugiul “fal, to kill. If the verb, however, designates relaxation, opening or rejoice, the middle ‘Tadical i is kasra > e.g. fariha ¢ fo » yafr(A) \oue ya), ifrah ie fataha > a. ya ft(A) hu *, cll , iftah * cals but if it sean the idea of breaking, either materially or figuratively, it should be kesrated e.g. kasara 35°, yaks (I) ru 4 Xf, iksir 351, to break ; raja‘a 4 es 7 yari(T)e esi » inji® ceil» to return. That the glottal stop was not used by the Meccans, or used spar- ingly, is testified by the following incident : A man came to the Prophet addressing him: Ya sabi-’Allah, ais y O Prophet of God! He replied, “Say: ya nabiyya'l-lah’, ie. ail%3 , without hamza. Just as there are cases of addition of alifs, there are others of omission e.g. alif of the vocative (or interjection) particle, ya (\) or ha’ at-tanbih (4.:2)| el), which is used to excite the attention,’ or na (ti) in conjunction with a pronominal suffix, e.g. anjainakum Seal “We saved you”; and any proper name that exceeds three letters eg. Ibrahim php Ismail jw.| and Salih ae 7 (7) W. Wright, A Grammar of the Arabic Language translated from the German of Caspari, London, 1875, Vol. U1. p. 91 ff.8 Instead of the alif the waw is used in such words as salat 3 gle prayer, zakat 345} alms-giving, al-hayat iy. life, av-ribaiy J! usury, to stress the word, as it were, and attach particular importance to it. It will be noticed from the above points that the special ortho- graphy of the Qur’an was adopted in order to impart extra shades of meaning to words and phrases, that were unfamiliar in ordinary Arabic prose; moreover, there is a kind of heavenly music and divine articula- tion that cannot be expressed but in this way. It may be objected that at times the author has used many trans- cription symbols, especially with regard to vowels, e.g. 4, 4, 4, i, 1,1 etc., but this was unavoidable, in quest of very accurate pronunciation of the Qur’anic words. One may say in defence of it that after a period of practice it becomes a second nature to the student, and the whole book can then be used for reference on doubtful points only. In conclusion, I would reiterate that it is a highly commendable book for which we have been waiting for so long. S. A. KuurusiINTRODUCTION The Qur'an Reader is an elementary course in reading the Arabic script of the Qur'an. Ifhalf an hour is spent daily, an average student could go through the Reader in about three months’ time which will enable him to read the Qur’an without any further difficulty. All the rules pertaining to the Arabic script and calligraphy, which a beginner should know, have been dealt with in this Reader. Moreover, all the exceptions, difficult words and their combinations have been explained. Ample exercises have been given for each lesson. Patience is, however, essential and the student should persevere upto the 15th lesson after which he‘will be able to read many parts of the Qur'an, Alittle more effort will make even difficult portions of the Qur’an easy for him. Though The Qur'an Reader has been written ona self-taught basis the occasional help of a qualified teacher would be of great value. Those who are already somewhat familiar with the Arabic script, or started learning to read the Qur'an in the early years of their lives but gave it up for some reason, will also find this Reader a means of reawakening their interest in the Qur’an. Separate gramophone records of the recitation of the Qur’an are alsoavailble from different sources. One firm in Cairo has recorded the whole of the Qur’an by a famous Arab reciter (Qari). Listening to these records will help the student understand and appreciate the beauty that lies hidden in the Word of God. In the second part 25 swras (chapters) of the Qur'an have been added. Muslim students should memorise as many of them as possible for use in worship (as-Salah). At least two suras.ie. Ch. 1 and 112 should be learned by heart. The Call to Prayer (al-Azan and Igamah) the Prayer, Principles of Faith etc. are also included in the second part. References of important words and verses have been given. The detailed meanings of the Arabic words and their references have10 been given by me in THE QUR'ANIC DICTIONARY AND CONCOR- DANCE on which I have worked for several years. When printed, I hope, this book will fulfil a great need of the Muslim world for a better understanding of the Qur'an. I must express my gratitude here to Miss Zarina Yasuf and Mr Masood Akhtar for giving me financial help for the publication of this work and Messrs M. A‘zam ‘Alavi, Nasir Ahmad and Shafiq Anwar Mirza for their assistance in see ing this book through the press. 3, Orchard Close S. Muhammad Tufail Off College Road Woking, Surrey Englandpepe SEN al gy PART | Bismil-la-hir-Rahma-nir-Rahim. In the name of God the Beneficent, the Merciful. Lesson 1 THE ALPHABET y oul Arabic writing, like Hebrew and Syriac, runs from right to left. The script consists of strokes and dots. (Some letters have dots and others are without dots). There are 29 letters (huruf) in the Arabic alphabet [28, if the hamza (.) is not considered a separate letter]. Vowels are not counted as letters. Before going to Lesson 2 the alphabet should be thoroughly mastered. Reading from right to left, left to right, top to bottom or reading the alternative lines and repeating the text aloud will be of great help. Special attention should be paid to the letters with diacri- tical dots or points. Certain letters appear similar in form in Arabic. Note carefully the following examples : saul . wo sd Bore 25 a3 ba, ta, sa, jim, ha, kha, dal zal, 1a, 24, & . . . 4 mt wo we bb @ & 2 o sin, shin, sad, dad, ta, 3a, ‘ain, ghain, faand gaf. These groups of letters, generally, differ in the number of dots and their location. Note also these two letters : > 3 dal waw The one which has a rounded head is waw (w) and the other one is dal (4). In Arabic d and ¢ should always be pronounced soft as d and ¢ in French or Italian.12 D ARABIC ALPHABET The pronunciation within brackets is popular among the Urdu speaking people. oa \ rede $515 5 Za (zay) &e a gat UC, Ba (bay) fone ae oe os Kat 4u oe * (tay) tna oe Shia BY J Lam Wy # (say) Au oe SH = Mim Jim Als Dad gy Non ; = E} wa cee au Ha (bay) 4u Ta(to’ay) 4te Ha (hay) 2 oh Th gt r , 4 el) Kha (khay) 5 Za (z0’ay) “a Waws Cc kb ta $ z 2 Sw & tag a dls 3 Dal a & ‘Ain ope 7 Hamza Ge 7 dis Zal > & Ghain 4u Ya (yay) °; te © en Gy i Ra (ray) ‘g Fa (fa 7 Jr 4G 3 f - <2 The combination Y called lam-alif is reckoned by some a letter of the alphabet and is inserted before ya (&)- When the letter 2s (ta) is used as a feminine ending it is written as 3 or & (UR with two dots over it). This is called the “round ta” or ta marbata, When (¢ (ya) is joined with other letlors it generally takes two dots, e.g CxS \y (ya *aina). The eo duls telow the final ya (ws) are optional, e.g. d or d : 7 1. The letter t and d (s+ 3) should always be pronounced soft in Arabic, Persian and Urdi as t and d in French, Dutch or Italian. 2. Some Orientalisis spell it as th. 3. Orientalists spell this letter as dj because in some European languages the sound of j is like that of ya. In English, however, the sound of Z Wii) is exactly like j, 4. The letter 9 (waw) is sometimes written before the letler 0 (ha).13 © pbs pho G IN ais nity ITT eSeY | TESoe!l Abu srds0t Kw so50T i see ELOY EE SLY scat 3du 26d owe Te Gera eo Gre BUY So = THE ALPHABET 8 » d > TTEwBeEyl a» 9 FEE BSP O SHS 8 ” WwW era vurSDS SH + Important. Please read the Arabic script from right to left. Line 1. One dot. Twodots. Three dots. 2. One dot over the line. Two dots over the line. Three dots over the line. One dot below the line. Two dots below the line. One dot over the line . . . and so on.14 Lesson 2. VARIOUS FORMS OF THE LETTERS (A) yl All the Arabic letters have a simple basic form which is retained when these letters are joined to each other. Most of the letters have four forms, viz, (1) isolated or unconnected, (2) initial, (3) medial and (4) final. Six letters, i.e. \ > 3 d 3 and 3 alif, dal, zal, ra, 2@ and waw have only two forms, i.e. isolated and final. In the last lesson we saw all these letters in their isolated forms, This lesson deals with the two forms (the initial and the final) of the joined letters, In the initial connected form only the top or the first part of the letter is used. becomes >, w becomes w , becomes & and so on. In the final connected form a small flourish or hook is added to the beginning of the letter, €.8. tet becomes qy , ct becomes & or é and 3 becomes S- Notice a small joining line added to the hook of the succeeding letter : Ae ww! a In ya (6 the hook is hardly noticeable. Note the following : Read from right to left: POtme AE RS nw YG 2oe be Ge cece zc y 4s Os Foe er eh, 1. ba, ba with a hook. t@, ¢@ with a hook jim, jim. jim ba, jim (a.PRs o> OF Er de wr I 2 ob 5b bydporb Sb yb by 3 SAB wb ee ee ge Ee es Gs a + 463 6553 SFY 5 Bw SAG EEF Eur cote EP 6 GE Se he eS HH Td od nd Bt bs Feb acer pm ee Smt SI OI eS SS OF ck 9m Re RR RR KY) oS oot SHEE SSI 6. ‘ain gaf. fa qaf. ha qaf. ha haf. mim kaf. fa kaf. ghain qaf. 7. ha mim. ha mim. ‘ain mim ‘ain mim, qaf mim. qaf mim. sin ¢@. shin ga. dad ba. fa mim fa mim.16 Lesson 3. VARIOUS FORMS OF THE LETTERS (B) y wal There are certain letters, viz, & & éJ J 6 and ¢¢ ‘ain, ghain, kaf, lam, ha and ya which take (or may take) a different shape in their final and (or) initial forms. The medial form is also affected (see next lesson). Note the following changes in the final form : & becomes ial & , & decomnes & or &: @ becomes 4. As to the initial form : 3 becomes Sor S or Sx (as in oo mt a>): J becomes Sor 6 (as in y , Ny ). @ becomes & (remember the two eyed shape). Ta Marbita or the Round Ta When the letter ¢a (.¢:) is used as a feminine ending, it is written as a ha (4 or 4) with, however the two points of the fa over it thus: 3 ord. This is called 4a marbuta or the round ta. It should also be borne in mind that when the dots are over the hook it is a different letter from the one where the dots are below the hook. Note carefully that in the initial form : = becomes g and ¢) becomes j ; «23 becomes 3 and (S becomes 9. (See lines 7-10 p. 17). 7 -* +) = oe Ab Ad ee Ee ! 7, eye . - 2 © = . ba 38 YWloed Vv + “Mark the flattened head of ‘ain and ghain. 3. kaflams, kaf atif. toms alif.lam lam. lam dal. dad alif. lan: 2al. lam «iif. mim ya. wwRead from right to left. 1 2 3 4 s3J J Ja Sf ASS SoS uf 6 7 She Re wah WK a 10 ul 2. 7. 8. 10. 11. S Abpee ests As an s 8§ Ab at pb be or Lo Ababa GS Go Ye > o~ wi Lub! ya) hes LS OSes a WD mH he FW een om oA2e2S8dS Sz ha ha, kha t@. ha. ta. ta. ta. ta. ha. ha ha. ha. ba zal. ba waw. nan mim. ba mim. nun dal. nan zal. ba dal. nan wiw. ya ha. yo dal, ta dal. ta zal. ta hd. ta 2a. ya 2a. y@ zal. ba ghain. ba ghain. ya ta nin sa. 12 st. ta lam. ya lam. hamza nun. hamza jim. hamza ya. ta ya. sya. niin ya. b2 ya. ya ya. hamza ghain. ba ya.18 Lesson 4 VARIOUS FORMS OF THE LETTERS (C) & yl This lesson deals with the initial, medial and final forms of letters when joined. The middle form takes a small hook on both sides, in the middle form becomes 7% (ee or er) ; ¢ in the middle form becomes or oQ« (las or Le.) The letter hamza (¢) is placed in the medial position, over or below the joining line, with or without a hook thus: os ad el 1) Lam-hamza-nnn, —_‘fa-hamza-dal, va-hamza-kaf. Three long lines (Nos 6, 7 and 8) below show the initial, medial and final forms of certain letters. These should be noted carefully. For the sake of practice read them from right to left and left to right. Read from right to left : PA ke pit GB US 2 Shs, —~ wt dR. For Boe Wak YS WW We PM we ZF We de ale § Wepot Rome Gore rts wot LI » nn nN . ~ ‘ * = % ~ be . a s t t . e % {, + . . : = 7 x 5 ae ee ces 8 twee ty i 7 “a a . . 2 - 8 sz sew a 7 = 3. lam ba alif. lam ta alif. lam nan alif. lam kaf alif. lam kaf lam. lam lam ha. lam lam alif. mim lam waw. 3G nin ba ta nun ba : asd nan ya ta sal $a ba nan sa ya hamea 14 ya » ta hamza 2a.19 COMBINED EXERCISE Read from right to left. 2 a Hy 2S ie) HS jae B dim isis bos sll ale ne 9 mete ot neh ni Wye Ss Gey Gas Lin LH Fphne NS \pe3| Arle Ay dey ba sad ra, ba lam ghain. ‘ain ba sa. sin lam bha. tha lam fa. ya ha ba. hamza kaf ta. ha hamza nan. ba ha haf. lam ba dad. lam lam waw. nan ta ya. mim ya niin. niin yo mim. nian ya mim. shin f2 ‘ain. t2 ha ra, nan sin ya. ya 3a ha ra. 11. 2 niin ‘ain mim ta ha. b8 ‘ain ya nan ha. mim lam hamea haf ta ha. alif gay y8 mim wiw alif alif lam sad lam waw ta. eas a «&20 THE ARABIC ALPHABET AND ITS VARIOUS FORMS Isolated Initial Medial Final Alif a | a \ Ba b ~ : * — Ta t e i a a Sa s & 5 & & fm je = am £ @ € Ha h c > nn £ ec é Kha kh é + x F e é Dal a 5 A Zal z 3 A Ss. & 3 : oo wee & & Bog b % OGG SS pad d ’. bh21 Tsolated Initial, Medial ‘Final Ta rt b b & Za 2 b iF) 4 ‘Ain & & a & é & Ghain gh & & ab é & Fa t 4 a a mf aq 5 a é Kit k 5S £a re lam 1 OJ J A d Beer Non n 3 j 4 oO Ha h 6 a r ¢ a Waw worv ) Hamza ‘ i ) i fos i 3G wooy £ t : we Lam (,J) followed by alif (\) is written Y when isolated ; in this form lam takes the shape of J. At the end of aword lam-alif is written thus: xy.Lesson 5 THE SHORT VOWELS <,—, 2 eal FATHA KASRA DAMMA There are six vowels in Arabic, three short and three long. Apart from these there are two diphthongs. Diphthong is the union of two vowels pronounced in one syllable (e.g. ai, au). Diphthongs and long vowels will be discussed in Lesson 8 and 1] Tespectively. Here we are concerned with the short vowels which are called : 1. Fatha (Persian zabar) —. [t isa small diagonal stroke over a letter and is pronounced like the w in nun or under. On no account should it be prolonged and pronounced as a in father, man or war. 2. Kasra (zayr) =. It isa small diagonal stroke below a letter. It should be pronounced as i in pin, sin, did or lit and NOT as ee in deed or ai in bait, or as ay in day. 3. Damma (baysh)2.. It is a miniature waw (3) above a letter and is pronounced like the « in full, bull or push and NOT as 00 in food or as o in dole or pole. As this vowel is indicated by # in English, care should be taken that it igs NOT pronounced as % in cut. MOVENT LETTERS. A letter which has any of the above three Signs is called a movent letter 3J Per 3 > (harf-m mutaharrik-un). There are other sounds in Arabic also besides the three short vowel sounds mentioned above. They can be recognized and learned only by carefully listening to the Arabic speaking people. Here a few guiding points should be noted. When fatha(<) appears on sad, dad, ta and 38 (Ge > band 4). called emphatic letters, it is pronounced in a different manner. toa ant : For instance 428 » 52> Gb, and (sabara, daraba, tabaga and zalama) should be pronounced as if they sound like sobara, dovaba. tobaga and zolama.* (The letter o is Prounounced as o in odd). If there is fatha (&) or gamma (4) on ra ( ,) it will be uttered in full, eg. 315! arada almost like arauda. When there is kasra (+) under ra the pronunciation is not so full, eg. Sle +4 Pijal and € rika. Similarly when there is fatha or gamma ona letter before lam (J) it is pronounced full, eg. “Wl Alahu like Ol-lawhu. If there. is kasra under the letter before lam the Pronunciation is not full, e.g. AM ib-lahi. *For further discussion see Appendixes 2, 3, 4 and 5.23 fue 4 o és . . ‘ ba zabar ba, etc. Remember also that a, i and « should be pronounced short. + Important. Letters with vowel signs should be pronounced as a, ba and not as alif zabar a, hi. khu, da. zi. ra. 24. sa. shi. su. ‘ila. ’u ba. li bu. ba bi. i al a. bu. ti, sa. 5. 12, iu. la i.Lb bs > cow, - as Br ae ¥ By 3 “| G5 33 o ec 7 BMI- ree eee S$ 25) S35 Gos G3 as |b o oe 2 -a% a - 4 » 6 2S Se EEG 554 Gis = vO a 4% 4 2 B7--" 6 eb wo ge er ew ee * 3 10 sewu rH Gu} ks aod Kat uh % 6 Ww es 4. wa's. i ga. amu, gia. lat.lilw. lau. ki li. 7. fa-tala. fi'ili. fu-'ulu. fa-‘alu. fi-uli. fu-tila. 11. galami. mala-i. lila-w. liku-a. nubi-i. Rila-w. kilili,25 Lesson 6 ABSENCE OF A VOWEL SIGN + + oy SUKUN OR J4ZM The absence of a vowel sign is indicated by a small semi-circle (or sometimes by a circle) over the letter thus : * or (or®). This sign is called sukan or jazm (0, or car) Mark the difference in the following pronunciation : “ CH tata BH thad. Sata Si at. . Gear Go A letter which has a sukan is called a gutescent letter (oS Le Cs harf-un sakin-un). aw ~ 7 4 < ml a ane CT -¥ 7 - 4 44 Z wn 3 ae 2 sh 25 Ss Ss ep “ a 2 a a 2A Z a % 4 wo 3 KE L*® 42 ad A> jut £ -& ont { , 5S wees OI SS! OS 8 —“ < 7 < < 4, 3 Sera eae A A 6 Ce) Sl Sl) Sl) Se ey Se 4 so 7 = bd a + A Fetal ae 2 nw 7 26 £5 Gs BCS GS Y i 7° - ee w . @ab. la lab. sa sab ha, khab. ab. lab, sab. khab. ab, ib. wb. tab. ti tub. sab. awnkG by oe aba ese 3 oeb iS G2 oo 52 G5 45 AE sit RT Ab € STR Ab Ge: 2 COMBINED EXERCISE 2 > “Fs s - ’ 4 Geeele tetra teeter reece eee EEC 27 4 4 a Ff ~ me FB A Sy v TOP BAYES YY BY “ - 2 Lr oe , ” fo. 4, nw 8 J » we) YD we GS 45, - a “ a 1% Ane NT 9 nee 2S aNS 333 355, W ORS Sas Bes ee ROE * These words should be read straight as lagu, fagid and not as lam zahar la, gf zabar qa, dal maugiif, lagad and so on. The same process should be followed throughout The Qur'an Rexder. 7 wuh. yihi. yih. jil. jili. lat, lata. 9. lagad. fagad. qalam. karam. ‘ajab. 10. asad, hasda. hasud. hasada. badan.Pune pte 2 ne gp nk neh OTN eS O55 - RT - ed - 55) - S| a am nO nee Ze 7 4D Oj - a8 - 6335-0 -En4 akhaza. abad. na‘bu. ba'du. waznu. hamdu. tafta. ‘abdi. qultu. faqul. shiyata. futiha. anfusa. anzar. afdal. tunzir, akhraja. . ja‘alta, fa‘alna, akvam. kharajna. minhum.28 PAMT AQ. 3 485. aif A qs ake 2 ne te. 2See . GIy - I - mb - aig A 2 2 me Kw Uw a 7 as - % 3-me- Sai sks . aL 2s 4 - wt - tm eos Ae ac (PP RS he LS “ - - a6 8 Zane ze Ame - 5. -Sed - 7 _& psn 5 st » > Py awd - Gad 7 we 4 6 Ks. 2337 1nd] 35d EH Be HH HY a, ne ye 2 pt ante o> 22 at ¢ 4 5d 5 Bo gt % 4 a> A A aR OAM on 563 GF &FFEYESB?s . . . a& a Zn - 6d%7 £2EReRME wee 4 ® %. oe eee ae Er a2 1% 735 $8 UC BPYEBHES * There are, however, a few exceptions for which see Lesson 30. 1, ba, ba. ta. s@. ja. ha. a. ea 3: 7. ba. bit. bi. ti. ta. ta> ee L.'S. F'9 non Wm eee SHit - a Go eae wkwY 2 eo RS gt Lesson 8 THE DIPHTHONGS 3 S= (an, ai) A yt THE UNION OF TWO VOWELS PRONOUNCED IN ONE SYLLABLE Apart from the short and long vowels, there are two diphthongs (au, ai) in the Arabic language which are formed by placing the fatha on a letter before waw (9) and ya (6). The diphthong az is pronounced nearly like ou in shout and sound - a or like o in how and now. E.g. je Gy shan, jet g &) bau. Omit the sound of # in shout and bout, The diphthong ai is nearly Pronounced like ai in said or i insite or fire. Bog. Oy (é et) sai. Omit the sound of d while saying said and of te while saying site.% % ° aa “onto ne 24 Am BS @f eu ss lye ae oA Pe enero 1e gon S | - Fs 4 - 7 * ! ae 2 we ne oc. 287 v 2-GE wT - picid - Eps) - ba, F one a? PF pant new PRA Ge 3-9 eid pe) —- eH » . ADL a 7a oe aS pre ne E 4 aw a 6) ae om - Opto ws 4 410-4 A hen -2¢ SSA 5 EE Petcare Ere eames : a(.2 4 Ton ~ 4 6 od Cre SS 35 - Borgo 4 1 43% 7% - 632333) i aes ae i - %, - rage AZ pnw a 42-¢ 8 Ae Od Ae Ohh od * Lesson 9 HAMZA WITH JAZM OR SUKUN ¢ 4 yl Note the following combinations of letters : 4 Vba, G fa, 16 ba’, ( not ba), g a (not ji). 7 You will notice that when a jazm or sukum is placed on alif it does not remain a letter of prolongation but is pronounced with a jerk in the voice. The hamza (¢) is written in several ways* but is always pronounced with a jerk (or a catch) in the voice. * 93 tL Gd epse lh KEL COMBINED EXERCISE wow BVuUbEeEeKEK EEE + * See Appendix 1. 4. sa-ta-jidu-ni. muhti-'ind mugni-‘t ru-'asi-him. 6. lam yalid wa lam yii lad. qad khalat min qabli-kum. 10. ba’, b@. ya, ya’. ja’. ja. fa, fa’. sa, sa’.ream 34 1 Ete. es G- O356 -asl-oh 5 2 wae 2, 2 as - -% wi f\ ae a6 a & 7 2.4|53 Se - e| - She- $4 A Pun eae re 3. oral Seige AS 553 F F panes ase u 2 Z\\er ns renee 4-554, naly- és 253 -Gs515 7 COMBINED EXERCISE ‘ois WA segs Apecrtn 6 AAT ols sO BY shee Jat 2 7 TGs es gad aces BL Yi 8 Gas Ssthi ys somes 36 1 Sika) BGS EES. 554585 10 25.2 | Gi op 1726 3 ab 333 W O53 585 ae gine a . ya'-zan. ya’-tihi. ta’-tiint, ta’-wilu. ji’-na. walhuwa ma-‘a-kum aina ma kuntum. la-kum dinu-kum wa liya dini. gala fiha tahyauna wa fiha tamatana wa minh@ tukhra-jitna, haikala haihata lima ta-‘adina.2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sak enn 5 - GES BG shee bels SRABSY DOE 5 ASE 255 GHGs BG gsesasdl ops pS & GEVS. e355 GE BEST OG. satis uedenss NN K & 2 > { ¢ . Bove er i0 or oh) CEST EEE ce ICES GI Ags = a - he ee wl U5! 3\ 7 — Ae on tee GRLGY BAS 55. G5 23 7 eS 3 7 Zao “rf 2, 723 136 SS p Brewis) os KS ae) a >| AEE - Zon AAT n% ae ntete # Ish - Chass . sls > ao xX \ as 45 Zn tye 2 (Gt 5 Vd oe Leg - N z wa a'-lamit ma tubdana wa ma kuntum tak-tumina. wa in tubtum falakum ru-'tsu amwali-kum la taglimana wala tuglamana. fa ahkumu baina-kum fimd kuntum fihi takhtalifiina. al-yauma tujzauna ma kuntum ta‘-lamina. 1a takhaf wa la tahzan, wa 1a taniya fi zikri. qala aji’tand li-tukhrijand- min ardind bi-sihrika. aA £ + "36 Lesson 10 NUNATION—TANWIN 2 _ & wl 2 Ye oy THE SOUND OF “an” “in” “un” AT THE END OF WORDS When the signs of the short vowels are doubled (ie. 4, > 2 become ~, =, £) they are pronounced with the addition of the soun of an, in and un respectively. This is called anwin or nunation which takes place only at the end of indefinite nouns and adjectives, Note that 2 (an) takes an alif after all the consonants except ta al-marbuta* (3) , e.g. o 4, Z af) Ls 4 b le but a qan = man tan pronounced as bun, fun, run and so on. Note also that alif in this case is not pronounced.t When 4, precedes a ya ((¢) no alif is written either, e g. oak hudan (2.2), Ae duhan (7.98). Ory 7, 1+ Ss +e Se eye \ ore 2 2 7 7 5 tL oa ee on ‘ o. sone 2-GS3 - GS + she r4 Oe GG ¥ ete oe 3 +S G6b+F6T+ CIAL FID. 1G py i’ @ oie 6 A 12 Z£ 44+ G65 + GUS. 8 5 8S 2 Ath 7 bias be 35 Sara bn _ Zh e irr ; : poe wna Sd 6 -Z ~-4545 - GOt_F A -B5\RE oe * See Lesson 3. + For details of letters written but not pronounced see Lessons 13, 16 and 30. 6. ‘A-din, ghishawa-tun. jahra-tan. ‘um-yur. ra-’ q-fun. kalam-hin.37 @ tf faye 2 oie 3 an toe 1 \Z af -SSLE SB ay Ue 2 gh - Stes QUES KE tae bey nes y 12 ¢ ~ % - Se Rae 3 GsG - Goold - 155, - 655-2 35 tsp 4 eRe A - My Ra 5 gle de - Males - ss 53 - Ri o Lesson 11 THE LonG vowers +. £ vy pal This lesson deals with fatha and kasra (+,--) in standing positions (=, 7) and gamma (£) in an inverted position (-£). These signs serve the purpose of prolonging the sounds of short vowels. ++. When fatha (+) is written in an upright position over a letter it resembles a small alif and helps to prolong the sound of the letter as if alif was preceded by a letter with fatha,* e.g. by Sf, ot ba ba, ta ta, fa fa andsoon. =. Similarly if kasra (>) is written perpendicularly under a letter it prolongs the sound of that letter as if ya was preceded by a letter with a A a kasra, e.g. ad “Oy \-csl,. s = GC, bi bt i yi, yi and so on.f (The standing fatha and kasra are sometimes called long futha and long kasra) +. The inverted gamma in the same way prolongs the sound of the letter as if waw was preceded by a letter with damma, e.g. & as 6 AS 6 A On gh 9-99 -9F ha ha, wa wa, ‘x ‘a andsoon. “See Lesson 7. { For one exception to this rule see Lesson 29, p. 70. 5. shai-’un ‘aji-bun. ghafa-run hali-mun. na-run hamiya-tun. min ‘ala-gin. Important. Please note that « in un should always be pronounced as u in pull and NOT as « in run.