2-1 The Nature of Matter Atoms- Basic unit of matter Nucleus- Center of atom containing protons & neutrons Electron- Negatively charged particles Protons- Positively charged particles Neutrons- particles with no charge (neutral) Blements and Isotope: Element- Pure substance that consist entirely of one tvve of atom [sotopes- Atoms of the same element that iffer in number of neutrons 3 g chemical Compounds- Compounds- Chemical combination of two or more elements in definite PTOPOTtIONS common cri Compre a & eo nsthemical Bonds- Tonic Bonds- One or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another Covalent Borids- Formed when electrons are shared between atoms @ 2.3 Water and Solutions- [The Water Molecule-is polar because there is an uneven distribution of “lectrons between the oxygen and nydrogeniydrogen Bonds- Cohesion- Attraction between molecules of the same substance Adhesion- Attraction between molecules of different substances lutions and Suspensions Misture- Material composed of 2 or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed, but not chemically combined anny = is jolution- Mixture of 2 or more substances in which the molecules of the substance are evenly distributedjolute- Substance that is dissolved in a ‘olvent to make a solution Solute Solvent- Substance m which a solute 1s lissolved in to form a solution. Water is the universal solvent lAcids, Bases and pH- PH scale- Measurement system used 'o indicate the concentration of [Hydrogen tons (H*) in a solution. -Range Oto 14 |Acid- Any compound that forms H* ions in a solution, and has a pH value lower han 7 : Hd & [Base- Any compound that produces ydroxide tons (OH) and has a pH value| igher than 7 ~ GaBuffers- Weak acids of bases that react with strong acids or bases that prevent sharp sudden changes in pH Energy- CO; + HyO—» HyCOs (Reactants) (Products) Chemical Reactions- Process that changes or transforms one set of chemical into another |Reactants- Elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction |Products- Elements or compounds that are produced by a chemical reaction Energy in Reactions- -Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously -Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source| ofenergy Ow ® ea @.%,. & Se - Sak Propane Onygen Cerbon Water light os diodeActivation Energy- Energy need to get a reaction started _ = Enzymes- Catalyst- Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction Enzymes- Proteins that act as biological catalysts *Speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells Ex. Lactase- breaks down lactose (Milk) Lipase- breaks down fats ‘Amylase- breaks down _ carbohydrates o © « % SS aeEnzyme Aetion- Lock and Key Description (Very Specific) ‘she Substrates- The reactants of enzymes sername — atalysed reactions oO) ® egulation of Enzyme Activity- lemperature and pH affects reactions