Introduction To Routing Protocols PDF

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2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Introduction to Routing
Protocols
Session 2204
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Copyright 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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Agenda
IP, IPX Addressing Concepts

Generic Routing Concepts
Specific Routing Protocols
Static and Defaults Routes
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MAC Address
48 Bit Hexadecimal (Base16) Unique Layer two address
1234.5678.9ABC
First 24 bits = Manufacture Code
assigned by IEEE
Second 24 bits = Specific interface,

assigned by Manufacture
0000.0c XX.XXXX XXXX.XX00.0001

All Fs= Broadcast
FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
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IP Addressing
32 Bits
Network
8 Bits
172
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Host
8 Bits
8 Bits
16
8 Bits
. 122 . 204
5
IP Subnetting, Mask
Network
IP
Address
172
Host
16
Network
Default
Subnet
Mask
255
255
Network
8-bit
Subnet
Mask
255
255
0
Host
Subnet
Host
255
Use Host Bits, Starting at the High Order Bit Position

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IP Address Classes
Start
Class A:
End
Mask
Class B:
Start
End
Mask
Start
Class C:
End
Mask
Class D: for multicast

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1
126
255
0
255
0
0
255
0
0
254
0
128
192
255
0
255
255
0
255
0
0
254
0
192
223
255
0
255
255
0
255
255
0
254
0
IP Address Mask Formats

The Router will display different Mask
formats at different times.
bitcount ---172.16.31.6/24
decimal ---- 172.16.31.6 255.255.255.0
hexadecimal 172.16.31.6 0xFFFFFF00
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Finding the IP Address

on the LAN
ARP = Address Resolution
Protocol
Host and routers have pre
assigned MAC addresses
UNIX Host A
1111.1111.1111
1111.1111.1111
5555.5555.5555
5555.5555.5555
Host A sends a ARP request for

router R1
The ARP request is a broadcast
packet
2222.2222.2222
2222.2222.2222
R1
3333.3333.3333
3333.3333.3333
R1 replies with ARP response

unicast address
Now both Host A and Router R1
have the IP and MAC address for
each other in their ARP Table
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4444.4444.4444
4444.4444.4444
R2
How Do I Get there From Here?

UNIX Host
UNIX Host
Street A
Street H
Path choice is based on location

Location is represented by an address
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Host Addresses
172. 16. 200.11
255.255. 0. 0
E0
10.1.1.1/8
E1
172. 16.3.10
255.255.0.0
10.250.8.11
255. 0. 0. 0
172.16.12.12/16
10.180.30.118/8
IP: 172.16.2.1/16
172 .16
Forwarding Table
Network
Interface
172.16.0.0
E0
12 . 12
255.255
0.0
Network
Host
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IP: 10.6.24.2/8
10.0.0.0
E1
11
Subnet Addressing
172.16.2.11/24
E0
E1
172. 16. 2 . 2
255.255.255.0
172.16.3.100/24
172.16.2.160/24
172.16.3.150/24
IP: 172.16.3.1/24
IP: 172.16.2.1/24
172 .16
255.255
.255
Network
Subnet
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172.16. 3 . 5
255.255.255.0
160
.0
Host
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Forwarding Table
Network
Interface
172.16.2.0
E0
172.16.3.0
E1
12
Discontiguous IP Subnet
A
Where Is
172.16.0.0?
.5
192.168.1.4
255.255.255.252
B
172.16
172.16.40.1
255.255.255.0
172
172.16.50.1
255.255.255.0
.13
.6
192.168.1.12
255.255.255.252
.9
192.168.1.8
255.255.255.252
.14
.10
Routing Protocols will by Default

Summarize Major Networks
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172.16.60.1
255.255.255.0
13
Variable Length Subnet Mask

A
.5
172.16.1.4
255.255.255.252
B
172.16.40.1
255.255.255.0
172.16.50.1
255.255.255.0
.13
.6
172.16.1.12
255.255.255.252
.9
172.16.1.X With a
255.255.255.252 mask
Or /30 the 1 subnet
my be broken into 64
Subnets
172.16.1.8
255.255.255.252
.14
.10
172.16.60.1
255.255.255.0
Conserve IP Addresses
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IPX Addressing
80 Bits
Network
Node
32 Bits
48 Bits
000C 15C0
IPX Network #
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0077.0650.2328
IPX STATION #
Usulay same a MAC address
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Address Configuration
Router (config-if) #
ip address ip-address subnet-mask
Assigns an address and subnet mask

Starts IP processing on an interface
ipx network network
Assigns a network number

Starts IPX processing on an interface
Must have ipx routing configured
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Agenda

Generic Routing Concepts
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Convergence
Time required for router to identify and
use an alternate path
Dependent on timer values and algorithm
Difficult to predict precisely
A,B,C
D,E,F
A,B,C
D,E,F
2
C
1
A,B,C
D,E,F
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E
3 A,B,C
D,E,F
B,C
D,E,F
Routers 5 and 6
Have no knowledge of
the new Network A Yet
B,C
D,E,F
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Load Balancing
T1
R2
T1
N1
N2
R4
R1
T1
R3
T1
Equal cost paths

Rapid failover
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Load Balancing
256K
R2
768K
N1
N2
R1
512K
R3
R4
T1
Unequal cost load balancing: Eigrp

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Holddown
I Will Ignore
Routes to X
While in
Holddown
Sets minimum convergence time

Prevents forwarding loops
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Forwarding Loop:
A Routing Disagreement
Packets for Network X
Packets do not get to the destination

Temporary traffic surge until convergence
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11
Split Horizon
Do not send routing data

back in the direction from
which it came
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Split Horizon
Frame Relay Multipoint Network
Router 2,3,4
All advertise their Respective
Ethernets to Router D, Router D
knows all networks
PVC
A
PVC
S0
PVC C
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Split Horizon
Frame Relay Network
Router 1
Advertises network D
to routers 2,3,4
2
PVC
PVC
S0
PVC
Router 1
Knows all networks but
Will only advertise D out of S0
Because it learned A,B,C from S0
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Metrics (Cost)
Numeric value used to choose
among paths
RIP/RIPv2 is hop count and ticks (IPX)
OSPF/ISIS is interface cost (bandwidth)
(E)IGRP is compound
BGP can be complicated
Path determination depends on metric
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Agenda

Generic Routing Categories
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Forwarding Table
One Forwarding Table per Router
One Forwarding Table per Network Protocol
Network #
Interface
Next Hop
Metric
Age
Source
198.113.181.0 Ethernet0 192.150.42.177 [170/304793] 02:03:50
198.113.178.0 Ethernet0 192.150.42.177

192.168.96.0
Ethernet0 192.150.42.177
192.168.97.0
Ethernet0
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[110/9936]
02:03:50
[120/3]
00:00:20
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Building the Forwarding Table
Directly connected
Routes that the router is attached to
Static
Routes are manually defined
Dynamic
Routes protocol are learned from a Protocol
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Routing Protocols
I Know About:
Network A
Network B
Network C
Routing Update
I Know About:
Network X
Network Y
Network Z
B
C
X
Y
Exchanges Network Knowledge
Routing protocol updates are exchanged by routers

to learn about paths to other logical networks
Each routing protocol offers features that can make
it desirable as part of an internetwork design
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Routing Protocol Goals

Optimal path selection
Easy to configure
Loop-free routing
Adapts to changes
easily and quickly
Fast convergence
Does not create a lot

of traffic
Limited design
administration
Scales to a large size
Minimize update traffic

Handle address limitations
Support hierarchical
topology
Supports variable length

subnet masks and
discontiguous subnets
Incorporate rapid
convergence
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Compatible with existing

hosts and routers
Supports policy routing

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IP RIP
Routing Information
Protocol
Widely available
Hop count metric
Periodic update
Easy to implement
One of the first
available
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RFC 1058
Simple = limited
Slow convergence
No VLSM
No discontiguous
subnets
Max 15 Hops
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RIPDistance Vector
Net A
Net D
R1
E0
R2
Net B
S0
S0
Network Interface
A
E0
B
S0
C
S0
D
S0
R3
Net C
S1
Network Interface
B
S0
C
S1
A
S0
D
S1
S0
E0
Network Interface
C
S0
D
E0
B
S0
A
S0
Send RIP Routing Table to Neighbors

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Broadcast Routing Updates

All Stations Have to Listen to Rip Broadcasts
S 10.1.1.1 D 255.255.255.255
RIP V1
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RIP Metric
1 Hop
Path A
Hops
R2
T1
T1
56k
R1
R3
Path B
0 Hops
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RIP V2
RFC 1723
Cisco IOS 11.1 support
Advertises masks
Variable length subnet masks
Route summarization
Routing updates use multicast
Authenticated updates using MD5
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Multicast Routing Updates
RIP V2
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When to Use RIPv2
Subnet mask support

Reduce broadcast load
Validated updates
Multivendor environment
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IPX RIP
Widely available
Hop count metric
Ticks (1/18 sec)
Periodic update
Easy to implement
Free on servers
Tied to SAP
protocol
Simple = limited
Slow convergence
No default route
Routing loops
Max 15 hops
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IPX RIPTicks
Ticks are used
to determine
server timeout
IPXWAN
calculates for
its interfaces
Default for LAN

interfaces is 1
can be set via

the ipx delay
number interface
sub command
Default for WAN

interfaces is 4
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IGRP
Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol
Cisco developed
Distance vector
Compound
metric
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Cisco IOS 9.21

Periodic update
No VLSM
Default timers
produce slow
convergence
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IGRP Compound Metric

Administrative
weight
T1
R2
Delay
Bandwidth
T1
Reliability
Load
56k
R1
R3
(K2 * BW)
K
= ((K1 * BW + (256-load)
+ K3* delay)) * (reliability5 + K ))
4
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How the IGRP Metrics Work

Delay MetricBased on
D1 + D2 + D3
D1
D2
D3
Bandwidth
Metric-Based
on 64 kbps
1.5 Mbps
64 kbps
1.5 Mbps
Bandwidth dominates short paths

Delay dominates long paths
Configure bandwidth on all interfaces
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Enhanced IGRP
Extremely fast
convergence
VLSM support
Discontiguous
subnets
Arbitrary route
summarization
Supports prefix and
host routing
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Best of DV and LS
Low overhead
Guaranteed
loop-free
Reliable, incremental
update-based
Multiprotocol:
IP, IPX, AppleTalk
Easy to configure
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Advanced Distance Vector
A
B
C
1
13
20
A
B
C
27
12
35
A
B
C
On Startup Routing Tables

Are Exchanged; Routing
Table Built Based on Best
Paths from Topology Table
Q
Z
X
2
13
13
Ys Table
A
B
C
5
3
3
Xs Table
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B
..
27
1
5
12
..
Z
Q
X
Z
..
Topology Table
Construct neighbor tables

Construct topology tables
Compute routes
45
EIGRP Tables
Topology table
Neighbor table
Acted upon by DUAL Keeps adjacent

neighbors address
All routes advertised
by neighbors
Keeps the hold time
List of neighbors for
each route
Information for
reliable transport
Routes passive
or active
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Diffusing Update
Algorithm (DUAL)
DUAL is a loop-free routing algorithm
that performs a diffused computation
of a routing table
Uses a new routing algorithm
Achieves fast convergence
Network changes propagate only to affected
nodes (bounded updates)
No need for route holddown

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IPX EIGRP
Automatic redistribution of routes
into RIP/SAP
Maximum network size is 224 hops
vs 15 for RIP
Incremental SAPs sent, reducing
bandwidth usage
All other benefits of EIGRP
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When to Use EIGRP
Very large, complex networks

VLSM
For fast convergence
Little network design
Multiprotocol support
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Link State Routing

Zs Link State
Qs Link State
Topology Information Is
Kept in a Database Separate
from the Forwarding Table
A
B
C
Q
Z
X
2
13
13
OSPF
Xs Link State
IS-IS
NLSP
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Link State Routing

Neighbor discovery
Constructing an LSA (Link State
Advertisement)
Distribute LSA
Compute routes using SPF
(Shortest Path First)
On network failure
New LSAs flooded
All routers recompute link state databases
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OSPF
Open Shortest
Path First
Link state or SPF
technology
Developed by OSPF
working group of
IETF (RFC 1253)
Designed expressly
for TCP/IP Internet
environment
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Fast convergence
Variable-length
subnet masks
Discontiguous
subnets
No periodic updates
Route authentication
Delivered two years
after IGRP
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OSPF Areas and Rules

Area
Border
Router
Backbone area (0)

must be present
All other areas
must have
connection
to backbone
Area 2
Area 3
Area 0
Backbone
Router
Backbone must
be contiguous
Area 4
Area 1
Do not partition
area (0)
Internet
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Internal
Router
Autonomous
System (AS)
Border Router
53
When to Use OSPF

Large hierarchical networks
Complex networks, except
Topology restrictive
Additional network design
VLSM
Fast convergence
Multivendor
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IS-IS
IS = Intermediate
System
ISO 10589
Two types of areas:
Dual IS-IS
Level-1 other areas
Integrated IS-IS
Level-2 backbone
Metric is 10 bits
wide
Default for
each level
All interfaces
default to 10
Much like OSPF
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NetWare Link Services Protocol

Derived from ISIS
NLSP specs 3 levels of routers
Only two levels are defined
Spec is Novell NLSP version 1.1
http://www.novell.com
http://developer.novell.com/research
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BGP
RFC 1771
Many options for

policy enforcement
Border Gateway
Protocol
Classless Inter
Domain Routing
Version 4 is current
(CIDR)
Exterior routing
Widely used for
protocol (vs.
Internet backbone
interior)
AS=Autonomous
Uses TCP for
systems
transport
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BGP Basics
Peering
A
AS 100
AS 101
B
Runs over TCP
AS 102
Path vector
protocol
Incremental update
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Internal BGP (IBGP) Peering

AS 100
D
A
B
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BGP peer within the same AS

Not required to be directly connected
IBGP neighbors should be fully meshed
Few BGP speakers in corporate network
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External BGP (EBGP) Peering

A
AS 100
AS 101
C
B
Between BGP speakers in different AS

Should be directly connected
Dont run an IGP between EBGP peers
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Policy Drives
BGP Requirements
Static
Route
AS 200
BGP
AS 100
BGP
BGP
AS 400
AS 300
Policy for AS 100: Always use AS 300

path to reach AS 400
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When Not to Use BGP

Network
Number
Static
A
BB
C
ISP Runs BGP
Advertise Default
Network Via IGP Use a Static Route to
Provide Connectivity
Avoid BGP configuration by using

default networks and static routes
Appropriate when the local policy is the
same as the ISP policy
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Agenda

Generic Routing Categories
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Static Routes
Routes configured manually

Useful when few or just one
route exist
Can be administrative burden
Frequently used for default route
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Administrative Distance
The router treats different routing protocols with a different preference
Route Source
Default Distance
Connected Interface
Static Route
Enhanced IGRP Summary Route
External BGP
Internal Enhanced IGRP
IGRP
OSPF
IS-IS
RIP
EGP
External Enhanced IGRP
Internal BGP
Unknown, Discard Route
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0
1
5
20
90
100
110
115
120
140
170
200
255
65
Floating Static Routes

A static route with a high distance
Can be overridden by dynamic info
T1
172.16.3.2
3
ISDN
172.16.1.0
C15C0
172.16.3.1
3
ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.3.1 140
ipx route C15C0 3.0000.0c15.3628 floating-static
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Default Routes
Route used if no match is found in
forwarding table
Can be carried by routing protocols
Two models
Special network number:
0.0.0.0 (IP)
-2 (IPX)
Flagged in routing protocol
Protocols support multiple models

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Creating a Default Route
RIP, RIPv2: network 0.0.0.0

IGRP, EIGRP: ip default-network
OSPF:ISIS default originate
IPX: ipx route default
default gateway is for host mode
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Default IP Subnet
172.16.0.0
Internet
s0
s1
172.16.1.0
Two defaults
For unknown networks
For unknown subnets
Controlled by ip classless
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Comparison of Routing Protocols

Link
State
Traditional
Distance
Vector
Advanced
Distance
Vector
Scalability
Good
Low
Excellent
Outstanding
Bandwidth
Low
High
Low
Low
Memory
High
Low
Moderate
High
CPU
High
Low
Low
Moderate
Convergence
Fast
Slow
Fast
Moderate
Configuration
Moderate
Easy
Easy
Hard
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Path
Vector
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Internet Routing Protocols

IP routing protocols are characterized as
Name
Type
Proprietary Function Updates Metric
VLSM
Summ
RIP
DV
No
Interior
30 Sec
Hops
No
Auto
RIPv2
DV
No
Interior
30 Sec
Hops
Yes
Auto
IGRP
DV
Yes
Interior
90 Sec
Comp
No
Auto
EIGRP
Adv DV
Yes
Interior
Trig
Comp
Yes
Both
OSPF
LS
No
Interior
Trig
Cost
Yes
Man
IS-IS
LS
No
Interior
Trig
Cost
Yes
Auto
BGP
Path Vec
No
Exterior
Incr
N/A
Yes
Auto
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Topology/Technology
Considerations
Routing and services overhead is usually
not a big deal when you have a lot of
bandwidth (i.e. LANs)
Protect WAN bandwidth using update-based
protocolsmore bandwidth and buffers for
application traffic
High densities of sub (interfaces) can cause
hot spots and router CPU overload
NBMA (Non-Broadcast Multi-Access)
technologies always require good
design practices
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For Further Reference

EIGRP Network Design Solutions
by Ivan Pepelnjak,(ISBN: 1578701651)
Interconnections : Bridges and Routers
by Radia Perlman (ISBN: 0-20156-332-0)
Internetworking with TCP / IP, Volume 1:
Principles, Protocols, and Architecture
by Douglas Comer (ISBN: 0-13216-987-8)
IP Routing Fundamentals
by Mark Sportack (ISBN: 1-57870-071-x)
IP Routing Primer
by Robert Wright (ISBN: 1-57870-108-2)
OSPF Network Design Solutions
by Thomas, Thomas M. (ISBN: 1-57870-046-9)
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For Further Reference

Routing in the Internet
by Christian Huitema (ISBN: 0-13132-192-7)
OSPF Network Design Solutions
by Thomas, Thomas M. (ISBN: 1-57870-046-9)
ISP Survival Guide : Strategies for Running a
Competitive ISP
by Geoff Huston (ISBN:0-47131-499-4)
Internet Routing Architectures
by Bassam Halabi (ISBN: 1-56205-652-2)
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Thank You!
Related sessions:
2208 Deploying IGRP/EIGRP
2205 Deploying OSPF
2209 Deploying BGP
2200 Advanced IP Routing
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Introduction to Routing
Protocols
Session 2204
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Introduction To Routing Protocols PDF

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Introduction To Routing Protocols PDF

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2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

IP, IPX Addressing Concepts

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Second 24 bits = Specific interface,

0000.0c XX.XXXX XXXX.XX00.0001

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Use Host Bits, Starting at the High Order Bit Position

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Class D: for multicast

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

IP Address Mask Formats

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Finding the IP Address

Host A sends a ARP request for

R1 replies with ARP response

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

How Do I Get there From Here?

Path choice is based on location

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Routing Protocols will by Default

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Variable Length Subnet Mask

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Assigns an address and subnet mask

Assigns a network number

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

IP, IPX Addressing Concepts

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Equal cost paths

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Unequal cost load balancing: Eigrp

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Sets minimum convergence time

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Packets for Network X

Packets do not get to the destination

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Do not send routing data

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

IP, IPX Addressing Concepts

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

198.113.181.0 Ethernet0 192.150.42.177 [170/304793] 02:03:50

198.113.178.0 Ethernet0 192.150.42.177

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Building the Forwarding Table

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Exchanges Network Knowledge

Routing protocol updates are exchanged by routers

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Routing Protocol Goals

Does not create a lot

Scales to a large size

Minimize update traffic