Mouton Grammar Library Donaldson A Grammar of AfskaansMouton Grammar Library 8 Bruce C. Donaldson Editors A Grammar of Afrikaans Georg Bossong Wallace Chafe 1993 Mouton de Gruyter Mouton de Gruyter Berlin - New York Berlin » New YorkEee songs — Chama — 1880— {omy mae co, ea Wh eh ar nin ‘Spo omc ten or al aie 9 Prete 1 Promancation LaToeahert vowel: 12 The lng vowels 1 The diphiongs 14 The consonant 115 The phonology of international lonwords 16 Peasants of Afskanne nates ‘161 Surmamee 162 Christian names 1.2 Pronunciation of South Aan and frig placenames 18 Inertion af earaak vowels to breakup consonant eustors 19 Acimilaion 108s TV Stee in indigenoae words {oa Stren in oan 110.3 Inet tee a writing 2 Speling 2a the Afthonnee Woordene en Spelt 2352 Romans of te etme opting of Dutch 225 Arcus Deh opelng plat and personal nace 224 The pring of omarion (ie bgt son ‘pabdvormiahesd 238ylbiteaton 24 Spling changes in derived forms "22 La vowels in pen and dace lables BizBen indie 7 2.44 Syacpe efntereaied ser lng vowels in open lables 248 Stooge of tntervcaiog after lng wel open lables ‘25 The ue of dace mar in Akasne orthography "28' Une ofthe dare 252 Une oto creamer 383 Ue the sete and rave acents 25 Uist phen 2 Copal ewer 29 Spelling of fonwoeds 20 Punctuation SRORARRODORRARRSSES BHNGES RESHNEELER Ee2 Articles 2a The define are {211 Incloion of dente ate 3.12 Ominson of definite escle 42°The indefinite article 3.21 Induron of the indefinite ate 333 Omission a the ndeiite ele La Mirasation of une M44 Parle ine 412 Parte ince 415 Plain de and {US Plural in re and ee LG Noune wis ban ean an plural 4017 ore lural formations in Haglish but singular i A {10 Noune when are gel in agloh but plural In Af SLI1 Porat ofzoane of matnaliy ‘TL12 Sngulrs sd plurals with aenable and inalienable 42 Diminutetion o une £5 Feminising endings 44 Ponenon °454 Penna names 152 Lice acount, inhabitants and rlevantadetves 45.3 Osher georaphical names 446 Nominalonin ef adjectives {Uy Nomalntion of inves ‘Ub Ponmaton of oans & Prono Fe Seg 312 Fate me sziverencnrs pass Senet SERIE ST un mtr wach ate Sa ial peta Eritrea psne 6 Adjectives x Auoeres tha take 182 Adlets hat dn ake eee GaReeeuvaneee aaaeees 3 Nominalsad actives 6. Adjectives deed from past participles 15 Adjecsvalifecton in -t 1.8'Te cmparative a the aire 67 The supeaive ofthe adective 1 Adjective nensiire 9 Formation of adjectives {10 Colours {6:11 Antes flowed bya ed preposition 16.12 Prenominal sajecval pha 115 Some adjectival aosynra 1. Adve Taladrel ws of adicive ALL The comparative tho adverb 12 The superlative ofthe are 113 Irvogulr adverbial eompartives and wapettives ‘LA The comparative end roperltve of propentinal adverts 115 Other superiatves 1.8 Archaic sdverbil superlatives in standard epresions 112.hdverbs of degree tht qua adjectives 1A Adverbs ot tne ‘TB Adrere of lace "7S adverb ndenting motion tomarde ‘16 Adverel use of preps Ts Canjenctional adverbs 19 tnterrogatve adverbs 30 Formation o adverb 8 Verte £1 Beraiem of poset and pas tans of tpl verb 182 Alumstive fro the stoma ero 185 Progeeive o emtinuous constructions 184 Vectiae ofthoimpertct The peta tence Sethe tar rem ‘RE The fiona ene oho Rue snd ature pefc teses Bit Weert be Rides hae’ S18 Noal ing rhe 1.161 Dicenion between adctival nd verbal pat partes inthe passive ‘142 Une der with agents the passive BRS EESSEEPERESSS EEEREES: genes 8 G2 YESERESSERRE{8.145 Alteration ofwees/ord in the pasive {3.44 Pasies une in combination with dal verbo {814.8 Use of sbject instead f obj pronouns inthe passive ‘8147 Uns daar with pasives {8.15 Soperable apd inseparable verte ‘8D Separbl ere {£152 Ineeparabevrte 18 Thine 1.101 Use fame lor nothing before infiniives| 2:62 Neaoal wae of inves S17 The preveat partie 1.18 Irepulae pat partes £19 Vert that take pepostinal object 20 Raexieverb 1.201 Refeive pronouns 1.202 The infin frm of elev verbs 1203 Comparison of te AF refleave wit tho Bnglich reflexive 1204 Use of te pronominal sual 15203 The wo catopanisoralexive vrts 21 Onder otverbe 2D Tanstve vere intransitive verbs ‘Conjuntions 81 Comrdinating conjunctions 832 Adverial conjunctions 53 Cormlatvecnjunetions 5.4 Suberdinating conjunctions 35 Invrrgatves 86 Canjunctans which intoduc infinitive dauses 2. 10: Interrogatives| 1 Word order in intereogatve clause 2 Intrrogatvs in infntive eases {pst ofprepsitone 2 Prepentonal stranding 13ers mew tt > toe andr > voor Compound peptone in kant 1 Adverbial Renn of prepositions 1 Assimilation ofthe ete ae tow preceding preposition {Adjectives und vert lowed bya Sed repo ‘Omission a repositons ‘181 Omission of prepostions with adverbial expressions of tine 1182 Omision ofan et SEEEEREEESE EERE BEREEES YOPLEEEERPBESSRRRREEE 19 Ineertion of prepositions where none i equred in English 110 Petponsoacd preentions, 11 Double prepositions 11:12 Cireumpostaned preposition in prepsitonl phrases TIE Navan, op st affoe anderfoe 11122 Van af 11328 Fain nd itt 11324 Viriam noun seVpersonl pronoun ¢onthalze 1.13 Propositional phrases L.14 Advert qualifier of prepositions 1115 Popestanal phrasee conning of with + noun + / am 12 Wondonder TD Oner tere ITT Posto f the Bnite verb ine singe claus statement HELE Postion othe ite verb in astatmentonsieing = rain causa and eordnatecnuee 12.19 Panton of wiinal verb ina man abe 1214 Porton of verb insert and eave daubes 215 Pion of tne fits ver na tatn ate when reeded ty subordinate use, sterogatioe danse, infinitive snare er arspal ase 1216 Poston of the ite er afer reported speech 1217 Peston othe ite verb ne quaton TLS vee nest poston 12.19 Potion of wrt in pansive TELO Poitianof separable verbal prices 121.11 Potian of eben sopra Yerba rte beflre or fer prpeitina dunes 121.12 Suspension a verbs and verbal preiaes when @ Subordinate, indret interrogate, lative or nitive ‘Shute embedded n acter ase 122 Nominal end adjectivalaverbiledjunes thet can behave Uke feparable prizes 1221 Nominal dies objets 1222 Adjetal adanets 122.3 Advrbinl adjuncts 1224 Bepanded mma snd edjecivaedvrbial adjuncts 1225 Pontin of te nominal, ejecta oder pre ofa eal separable ver 12.26 Incnsatene of he constructions deserted in 121.1 123 Order of abject, adjectives and adver quli¥ing vee in the ‘ontinuouscostrctions formed em I oop, stand stan 124 Porton of nominal nd pram! de 125 Poston of reflexive pronoune a inet cts BEE REA SE889SeeeeS § S88938 4 a8 Hah 8 2 Bee126 Portion af adverbs “261 Postion of edverbia expessions of ime 12.62 Paitin fie and inde ejets when usd with 127 Placing of aria art ef speech athe eso of sntnce "2A Strnding ofthe preposition n prepstional objet 1282;Prepetional stranding with interogatives and elatives 128.3 Stranfing wth quantiers 129 Poston in an ante lace of prepsion dependent on 8 rtieatveahotiveor ver 1210 Position faeces that ake ed preposition 12.1 Indopendent preperitns rendering proposition + Sten” 12.12 Lda epreanesonsating ef fe cement wilh the rovers order fo Hn Tite 132 le ore we and postin ofthe spe marker 12.8 Use of the sop nr with te nga eon ‘ny ot anys terns Sowher’nemand roe ike ihe not one 185 Gnenan'no no, nt ay Teter oe mt eae never eve! 187 Glad eegennand nanan at it 1BRSonief ttf don ror oo, neo se int to mk? 1 eon an {R10 me mply ot ie net nt ona {RM Moone moet sa porate {tz Nelo oun) B14 Usecfnt nic wou i ad i nie {2:18 Neato in taal gests 17 asinine opening cosets 14 Numerate 141 Cardinal numerals 111 Derivatives and other uss of earn numerals 142 Ordinal name 1421 Deivatves and other wes of erin numeral 143 Pracions 144 Arihmetie 1451 Haprestna relating to tine ee SER 88 Ge & 8 S8egceRee 14.6 Telephone numbers 147 Date teeage 169 Carrey and measurement doit Money 14.83 Liged measurement M4 Distance ad eat 138 Beant 1438 Speed 1497 Peta conremtion 1498 Square and calc measurement 1490 Waist 14.10 School rks 1411 Sooo! lau orl 15 Word formation 18.1 Vstige of historic structures i word formation 1.11 Smopeafitervealied and 812 Apwcope en d and 15.13 Apecope ial Inthe combination 15.14 Hemant aca In word famation 152 Formation of tune 1521 Compound nouns 1522 Derived aon 15.23 Nomination of adjcives 15.24 Derivatives af the names af owns eos and countries 15:28 Diminuteaten af oars 163 Formation of adjectives {1 Ajecivs rv rom histarially wea and strane et parses 15.3.2 Aijevs drive Som present parties 18.33 Compound adjectives 154 Formation of werd. 188 Formation of ers. 1351 Compound verte 1582 Derived tbe 156 Derivatives momerale 187 Redopeatin 57.1 Adverbs farmed fom rupted firms 1.1.2 Ver formed from redupeated verb 18.8 Nous formed fom redeplcted nouns Appendix 1: Testa Append 2: Lato writing Aven 3 Greetings, apologies, swearing ete 8 GESSAESERERR RRSEESEASESRE SPasRAAsssesaesibiography Index £8 Prete Afvkaans has been one of the two afl languages ofthe Republic of ‘South Afric since 1025 when a at of parlizment replaced Date with [Atshaans tf the mother tngue fa est fe millon South Afeans 2a f some tan of thousands of Namibiane. This amber ides ‘Sprosimately two and olf milion whiter, called Alrkancr, who Mere formerly commen called Baers he resto the white population, ‘out one and shal miller peak English a thelr mother tongue. Tho fovaled Cape Calaured, who ae descondod from the fret Dutch ster, Moportd Indian and Maly saver, ar well a frm black sloves chely ‘aot majsty uf thm sis speak Ahaans ae their mother tongue. ‘ambi, which woe taken fom Germany by South Alcan 1014 and ‘rich only esined ts inependenee ia Marc 1900, the majority ofthe Shite popsaton of 10,00 ae aio Afrikaners, flowed by Gertas and Ral by pounle of English-speaking dosnt The sous groupe of xed lca have Afrikaans ae thsr mother tongue nd nu franca of tho total population af one and ‘javtr lon Akane although # wes deprived ft fia satus dence. In South Afi too Akane serves in many rural ‘the predominant ling franca between white and Macks Tes ‘hereore dai to estimate how many prople overall se Afskaans om ‘aly esis but ts crtainlysveal millions more Sha tare whose mater "Gncartsinty surround many ofthe provsses thet led othe development of Afrikaans frm seventeenth century Dutch Th controversy about the ‘igi of the language has ounood back and frch betwen those ho Have advocated that tho language developed Tirmer, tere seems to bee feneralconsonsus now within South Ain ‘tht the truth probably es somewhere Between these wo poles. “South Aten consists of fur proviner, all the reslt of nineteenth century white expansion ita the intenor Bf southern Aten Irom Cape ‘Town, the couneysmather ety which was funded in 1652 by tho Dateh ast india Company, "he Cape Provnc isthe larger and, part am te fareastern ring, has neve ben suet ack mgr Groce orth, unlike the ther three provinces. The indigenous peoples of the (Cape ravines rere the Holts and Bushmen The frm, ns fr thay were not wiped out by ney intedueed dscases, were absorbed into the Cape Coloured community wile the rrvvor af the ater group havervtrete nto the Kalbar desert which strales South Afien, Botswana ‘snd Namibia Aa Dutch stloment proceeded slong the other const Sh easterly direction throughout the eighteenth century. so the language ‘ha Borpean ster wa ntadaco nt the rest ft proving, With {he Beith takeover of the Capen 170, whith todd heh wo Cape ‘Town, andthe deton ofthe Retah Government to bring 800 Bish Immigrants ou tothe Easter Cape Province in 1820, wo bea! areas fsroe: Cape Town and the tovas and turounding countryside af Port Ehzabeth and Hast Landon, Otherete the url areas ef ha province are fl overvelmingly Abasne peaking, the majonty of the poplin Tring coloured, not white “The Orange Pre Seats and ch Transvaal are the resul ofthe Great ‘Trek which took place daring the 18)0eThes arene eyed the ats of Independent eepullir unt their dfet bythe Ditch inthe Boor War of 1890-1901 At etme these aeae wer lon werwelaingly Aiksane peaking at least as for as thlt whit populations wore concerned ‘Aeikaner expansion nl extended cot of the Drakensberg mountains ‘down ins che prvine of Natal witht inland capa of Patermantbare ‘With the Great Trek went the Akonns language, ing the language of ‘ommnityof farmers asking Labenrauntbajend the rac of He ‘Suthority and the Hnglsh language. The dstovery of diamonds, sod Steaquanly of gold in 1876 inthe Beart ofthe Sot Ai ‘the Tranevaal was then known, rough within vey few hon-Akans pecking tsumigranta, most of them English peaking ‘Thus was bor the cy of Johannesburg. In the 1810s the Bei already anexed Netal an founded the port ety f Durban, Fring many i the worries, at thona who made the Great Trek ae kon, het ‘egion wo retreat back tothe Tranvaal and the Pron State Thess historical ‘developments explain why i that vstually the whele of the Poe State (Gecause ie overshalmingly farming country, the rural aren af the ‘Transvaal andthe northwest of Nata along the Drakensberg ore [Aksunsspesking while the towns andes ofthe wuthern Transvaal fn Natal are bastions of Blah language and cltare However Dutch ‘ames lke Johannesburg and Petrmartsburg may sound, one does nak bear much Arikan tere these day. Since he Boor War many Alikaners ave bucme urbanized, ad the cpt fhe Pru State and tho Trae Bigenfontin and Pret, sre predominantly Aitkaans speaking. i the Tatton cate because Petri saa the nalional capital, end the public ‘rv as wal atthe artoed free, both based in retry ae mene {hint Atkanrs whose pole party has rled South Alia since 19 the year bic ene of the Heer War wa, desley open, rerun Tale ofthe fact that teaver eehty years since Attias began to Aiaplace etch pb and over sty seas since an ae parament offically recognised i, many sepecte ofthe language have sil Deon Inadoqusaly deserted tis f cours mammoth task ta deserve nny language inal he most tne varety Ie not tat Soath Aiea staemis have not attempted to moat the challenge, fr they hve been very prolific indeed in describing Afkaans, bat such ne might say even te tlaty, that thar have to date been very few fomprehensive descriptions ofthe language or many years there was only ever oe grammar of Afrikaans for English peng peopl ving otade Soath Afri which wan, nt day, featily valle throushout the English speaking wal. Tho book Ieee (oisMPO Burgers Tech Youre AMthoans Enpsh Universite’ Press, london, 1967 Te ir an excdlet litle book that wnderent scverl fempression, but thas been out of pein for yours maw. White the presnt ta was bing wsten sm Teach Fousef Afthaans by van Scale (Soho Bosks Jobannesbarg& Edward Arnold, Lenden, 1989) appeared, bt it ie very limited ine sume. Apart from these book, there bas of ours beon a wealth of matral tie hat appeared in South Alea for ‘heal cariala and the ike, but al hat material appranchae Aone ‘ery much rm the pnt of vw of 9 semnd language, snd net = feign Tnguage, mort of tus being writen In Afrikaans, This book fan temp to puts useful doerptiveprammar atthe disporal of wer ‘able It enlereur to prcsest tm comple dentin of the gama {TAfsnons than any bak that has appeared date thet hes ben nnd forthe non-aativeépeakor: This bok als ilfers fom all Afrikaans [rommars, whether they were writen fr ative oe no-nativ-spekers, ‘that dbs not tam lobe armatv, bul dente Tone excep to this among existing Afskaans grammars Io Poodle Afribagnee ‘Sint which esis desrptiv, but wbich in very much pichod at ‘Akans-speaking linguists Tes wey Sovatve ints approach bat fs ata all suited to learning the language fom, quite apart fom the fact That iti writen in Afataun ease devises dry onthe radon "Pais descrip Erammar difrs from both Ponelis! Afrikaanse ‘Sintais an. vam Sehoors ie Grammatita tan Standaard-Arkaars, for exampl, in that i i lo fo great extent cotrative nth Baas, ‘sd thus mere attention oven to where Alkane dies rom English, i ipossbe to sce ll the grammatin, snd parealariy the phonologieal, warns of Ainkaan, although voaivariasieatedies ae the [ine thing in Afhaans inguite ces atthe moment. encentrate om the most commen. and in particular on thse found in the Alrkaans rbot would generally be ccidered to epeakers header language, ‘Thos for example, the variety found inthe Ahaans of many, but ot by ‘hy inane al sealed culated naivespeakers ofthe Inngeage (also have aimed a¢doxcribing Atkaans very much asi ie spoken now, warts and al hich meant dled with urns tho Ialingualem that hasbeen attained by most ne can almost sy "all" [Afsenuns speakers today "The norms af Dud pram, Tormeny to & reat extent also automatically considered to be norms of Atrikaensframmer, or losing thir validity at an ever increasing rate, Tie Bhenomenon i ot almays evden, however, ifone refers to the standard Froeriptive works uted inthe Sut Aion eduatona sate = many Er'Engls tuenced sirctore which ne wil hea daly i te Abana ‘even educated speaker is nol recoglsed by Ue various dcenares end trammars. In refsing wo flow the tadionl attade to such stroctures Sdn deserbing them ns apart othe ving language, thir bak devitot Sraetically fom al ether grammars of Alkane I do however, endeavoar {e polnt out wher the forma T describe dir frm wba naiveapeakers ‘radionally rpardas cree ‘Where erenve are made in thie wrk tothe asides of prescriptive srammars to erain irutoren, have the llng tore of pork ‘ind Both and Van Aart (1078), Combrink and Spies (1986), Hiemstra (1980, Tetlanche (972, Van der Merwe (1982, Very few specie references {Gather works rw given in this bok virtually none f tem are availabe ‘uid South Afienfor tho reader to conaat anya. Nevereelss {hate where deren ne dale cr wheres slatmeat ets he Binge tr eplnion of ano partiulr sta, have chosen not to acknowledge the sources of tho many sample sentences one inthis prmmartillsstrate the sonepts Unda discon, To have done so wuld have afte the readaby of te ext All he (tampls wee cllacted nthe Held 0 ape, and have een checked by ‘ative-speaters for their grammatical. Should the aecasional od ‘funding example have escaped te ey of my nativ-peaer poo eeders {he respons fr sialon sof use entirely wth me ‘Where ute the term historically’ arn “De, Batol meaning ‘his Tam rlersng tothe situation ait wap Date, ao st ceasionallyneesery to ow what tho situation was tn Duh to fll [A times inthe higher registers in pra lett daw a ine item te lexicon of he two languages, but vem nthe morphology of ‘Akaans, Dutch structures continually peresate rough to the surface ‘cg. adectival infection, protalet idea smongt the Datel, maybe dapliod by tia bok. Socaed Eimpliiation of certain aepects of the grammar hao been compensated ‘Gebp now dean no presen in Daten ther anpet ef the Erma, 5, adjectival aflecton sad plaraliaton, ia the minds of o mang people bot inside and cuside South lic, Atvhaans ts lnetecblyTnked with ADrkanery, Ue ruling pert and {the idoatgy they have promulgatd inc coming to power in 1848. This ‘hts brought the language fe nt dafvoar and lmbered se with ‘epulaton it doce net dserve it as bee am innocent ta nthe hans [ote idesapuce, so mucho that the tw are now seen a inseparable, fan yet th shold pot be te cae André Brink 198436) has the lowing {ayant tpi" inindeed sada seat eis, Dcae he lane ss such ie much larger end mare vital than the delogy in which thas “Spparentiybecme imprisoned" It remains te be esen what the oe fhe ‘ngage il be inthe post apartheid South Afi eurently taking shape find in newly independent Namibia Although tay lose same ground to [Engh at an offal level and even aoa agua franca between the ree, ‘oleae a widely spoen community language ill undoubtedly scare {or it's permanent pace southern Aean roy, whatever frm hat ‘city may take i atre “Abvut the author: [oie Anstalian bor and Ost studied German at the University af Western Austelis in the ‘numerous lengthy sjurns inthe epic of South Aca ands costuming Pasion and fascntion or that country, my Interest In Aksu i tl ‘rimeriy doe to its mmilarty to, but alan ilfrences fom, Dutch In ‘oath Alin I was able to combine to af my greatest academic tterosts ‘nthe Duh language andthe history of European erpansion, Tn the event I staed in South Ace fw than ear, ein Decebor 1973 Iwas appointed to lotring poston im Dutch in the Department of Germanic Studies atthe Univesity nf Melbourne, post which Ts, ‘eeepy. Daring theyre tat elapued between 1078 and 1083 Teas never ‘blew forget my 11 mons as am migrant in South Alcano, sone Al the interest thet had been aroused tn ma at that tine for Atrikaen. Fora decade I harboured s baring desire to return to South Aca to {lop that ntret onan academe pls, In 185 ton leave of absence from my niveraty embark ons doctoral Use which Iwas to wet for the Uniertyof te Orange Free State ented The inuence of Brash fn Aft! ease study of linguist change tn 0 Tanguage contact Mature, 1902Acknowledgements {would like to than the flowing people forthe hour of thie valuble tne that they devoted to ansrering the terrent af qos ptt ther luring my seta! eave wo the Uaiverity af Cape Towa in 1080: Dr De W"Cartenn, he Bde Viliers, Prot fe Per tnd Dr H. Wael of the Univeriy of Cape Town and Dr. 1 Feinauer of the University of ‘Sttlnbsch. But um partially edad to the lerance and howptaity ‘sceorded ey Prot Pnelis ofthe Univers of Stllentehy ioc ‘is coninaal encouragement and and tla in wht Iwas trying te aches, ‘otto enon the many urs he pt hire at my aos, this bok, would never have seen the light of day, am alo greatly indebted to ogor ‘ass, peace linguists at UCT, far his encouragement to bel with sting tadltios for the phonetic transcription ef certain Afsksans ‘und, Dr. W- Carsten and Dr H. Waber af the University af Cape Town, Dr Fenauer and BL de Stade te University of Sellen Me 'W. Bezuidenbout, Dr. A. Caratea, hed: Geldenuyy Mr He Grebe nd Prof V- Web a he Univerity of Petra nd Me. Spe of Cape Town foals tobe thanked far the te they spe reading the mans with fn eye to wooding out ees. Tanks are also due to Ma. H. Caio a Inourestadeat in my dapartment, fr the wey cmpetent way Sn which the compiled the index ‘would lo like to thank the University of Cape Town fr puting ite facies at my disposal during my stody leave and partelat my ‘mplayer, the Univer of Melbourn, fr granting the leave and ene {ovat Sou Abies nT and again in 1688,Antweviatons Mfr. = Afrikaans AWS > Aftaane woordly em tpl Be” Demutratine Party Eng, > Bhai FW BWedetlere (the State President) NG __Nederdute Gereformeard (2 Dutch Reformed) NP = Nesinale Par os onenlt prep. prepotionta) prot prose tense) Prod praductive Bw BWW ota he former State President RSA Ropullickvan und aRepubic of South Attica tT Something Si > Seth attcan SOv = fubjcoint verb fob ubordintaing) Sv, abject verb ost Va) = Tite vet seen ‘am stern before an Arka word or phrase means ungrammatical’ Where i is deemed necessary to show which ellable in given word bars the stress, the vowel o that ellen tad type, eg. akaemits, ‘evant. In phonete tranceriptons (1 han been iacred porto he2. Pronunciation Introduction South Aficans d not normaly recognise the existence of dacs as sch in ‘Aska tater Sight regina er en varanein spec, portale ‘in neat, although there variations can ano extend ta voabulary and ‘rama rms The days thre are dee hens sme qatar {orth term “eloared Afsknans alto called Raape with eerence tothe ‘en highly diincve speech of many, but nt norarl ll, s-aled ‘eloueds As such ie vratons ore mt regarded a tlonpng to eandard [Arkaans, they are not eased here. Regional varations in pronancation fre nat unaommon, Tho panuncaton ef the Asana of the former Boer [Replies of te Transvaal and te Orange Fre States generally regarded asthe standard frm ofthe language but thre Is no Frog sell Suna ‘sedated with Ue pronunciation fee “Tee Taitonmsr hasnt bed ines romanton Comments on the phonetic transcription en thn he rumma of aan thes ny pion lo 2 ncrepney between how Aan ponlopst ave tainly presi {hei fi lnguage sed way tay ene ronan. The ‘hoot laring example be sommaliestvened ber ee transciaon of {heel worse fe nd om, bt slain sean ee 2.1120 The ‘hone tramp lowed bere dries rom train South Alea Brocce niy where tn coniderednecseary to convey to the fori reader ure vepeesentation ofa sud than the citing dion permis AU the sme time | have atempted to avoid recring fo lesser known ponte nals and pic us of aero a a Ug inmate hae readers ‘ranacrpion of eso of Akane ee portantnawer tet oo [used by people wh arent contact with te bring language than nse tho ive in Sth Asa who ar ‘aditignl phopetie {rnseipin to the language they hea being spon around them. Mane ‘hea hs bck will prenamably never ave Saar war of Aan and lbs entire oa the tansrp fred nt hap rel in perenton of fe way We snande To have adhered tthe convene f ‘oath Asan wank on Arson phonology would have vena fee a ‘any ofthe round othe langage ie e relateInventory ofthe phonemes of Afikaans ‘The short vowels ae gains took ' ‘ind oe fet hae ‘The long vowels es mip mur ber com terete : ort ‘The diphthongs h “a Tae head rod ‘The double vowels a ‘The consonants ey pot tah hat Boa im dak choo. Froneiie ‘er goad . 8 tour se 1 ag Jn the lloningdesrgtians ofthe sound of Afkaans (1. 11-152.10, sh eine en et iii load yap onc hoot traninne of one words and their meaning, Inthe phonetic ‘Eebpdms rnin ard sare the ein tes oo ‘tart bythe sro oT ce he ree pate ote {Tacos ee nbn pang te sae vi a ‘necessary cmutstent rele al posable lopones 1.1. The short vow 1.1.1. The short vowel xamles: dat (Ut, Aa fit, ap (i ler pr ier. Th the combination ant. a in dan an and kon, is lengthened and ratlise, (4) IS): The nnaiation hore preneunced in ‘ome appordle clss) speakers than other tere are also Une who not naalic at al. There ig pall nasltionof'e anda th sare ‘vironment soe 11 2and 1.8 feapectvely 1.12. The short vowel ete) ‘ample bd he Be a et tre teeing a ‘Although thee the example given ders ite from tho corresponding sendin Bish, when tee fled by r lor a dental consonant 1 the sound is owored oe ad lengthened eg pore ppl’ dere (esta thee, ord eho’ No eee required in tach ewes (e022) Theres a parallel bere wih eo 12.) Pariulaey in the Transvanl sp the Pen Seat, when ei awed by kg {and itis pronounced ower eg [ate sach ro ee right Te bigher wand esuch wade tpl of Cape Aficeans ee fstote 10), Only in eran wards and itis imperil tog any rl toned tthe lowed by kr i fr example ha vere trek ono ad eck ‘ospar es pronounced batt the eoesponding nuns de Groat Pek “the Grea Tre ond trl departre rom! penance (where tert or nett wou andthe eb i islengtened Ine a aso Tong and yt ther word ine writen with cen oe 12.3, nthe eambinaion ens asm men pso’ nd rentr window, «ie ges. Wes. Ths nabLL. he short vowel 01 amples: itor iter, ing) ing ‘Se 123 for an exampleat lengthened 1.14. The short vowel) ‘Examples: donkic ai) Tamiy, energie fen ‘energy lesang (pl ‘aman fil Yose bi [ shost. Many larrrds with vy bxm adapted n paling, rit, matrik, piel rans punk ante tal by any moans have been adapted, Roweveraee 15.13), ‘When strescd and allowed by r thi sounds lengthened, eg. hir ‘here Aleve glands” Theres pall hore with oe and when {wed by rte 1 and 18. Spal fl ir lent ang 1.15. The short vowel 2} aml pa pt ott np ni te ‘Whereas the maja Dutchmen pronounce the set on ok ally gat tik hain ho ‘pense, or example amare open sod a Aska nly the more dosed variety as pronounced by seme Dutch people in Cok ‘une Tir sound edict diferent fom tho shart on ogi ot dog Steyte. tol yen ae ‘cern fr eed a "sin phone aru ed | "hone sounds in Abiaarsorbograpsy tether than ett Shpuoem martian cates ieee eae gear lengthened and nesaliced, eo Ph Dronounced i sme upper mile class speakers than odbers There Berle! nasaligeton of'a and in the sme environment ace LT Sod Ei repeal LAA The short vowel eo} sample: bck (lo, et alot, moder (mate s0en oe cna nd flowed y he nde nga; rs rer, tors older bat oer issu Dtause the it Unstrescedt hit caund fe pronounced comevet shorter than in Dutch — tren when flowed by rand los uoutded or thi eas i {e'sometimes trancrived et) Kec! hu) bullet also contains long (elec tne -LL.The short vowel uf] ples: hursus (har) ‘cours’ punt [pen ‘point’ slut (ak) “to ‘Unrounding ofthis sand inte direction of) by many apeakors asses wo fll together with fae 1.13), lading to Words tke fg ale” and ig sounding identical” Natvapeokers believe they still makes prononted sos sop: opaee oia sucee apd ‘ete of comtguene bu geek gs). Ble es} “lean e ‘ho pronounced nfs! by same, bot arboom "ilowieneitalmays ‘rondancel wis) fr eampi,Intervociclly after long vows and diphthongs, teh (x has bee syncopted in Akannaexzopt info elated words that preserve the ‘eat at Dutch, eg Bespaglingspeclationcmpare spa ie? (tah spin betgr ping Somonstraertdamonsteation ce Teta (c suburben are of Cape Town}, nd mamerou preset particles freed {fom verb ending a giroch ae send ring (esto ri) and end ‘pumping Chota gars) compare sand len Yo be ent) In ‘ithse ease gir pronounced e But ingen’ at derivatives oe hoi betwen ora na acpo wi he mer bing ore enon.” Inarchal ala amare! iencl speech intrwealie g appears in 8 {ow ator elated words to sod i pronoun’ [ee egy) = Or, ‘ge el» at go foe] = 08 ye rage a = re ack 1.5 The consonant] amples: oe (i Aon he og, (8 ‘Aaans io unurul among Burapean languages in snuranred (lo eld wz)” bat when the previous onconen ts common fora aon betweon fe and he word or sylable ‘ging ah kobe applied resulting inthe dropping ah stogether: ths crus a st and between Worse. erftonhe [tsa elton Aare reso Whe sewer ot rn “Wend png with hime bg rae very omen pronounced eh and Gol eopectivel tn natural speech, oa ip we ale (esi ek, Hen sas (a sure) 14.8. The consent fi amples: jor j'yar uh ok oe Ua ot Tinks words ropresents semi rowel doe Brgsh 1.7. The consonant xaos hal, ie iene fk ene’, plaer fae ‘sicker, ire, whe kn Elst kite’ te. The more ‘alata llophane[ecursbefiro the high owas and ws as in Ae Yo ‘hens and tur (ys) cure or example sr well en imines ending in “dicand tie eg conde [ape ove, our ie oe 133.0, 144 The consonant ‘Beamer: oats ta mal ol pi omar oma aero ‘Genoraly peng Aone Is "darer" then n glo, prolly at tho ond fase 1.4.9: The consonant mm) “Example: bom amb lamer amb al oslo rind. “There so ference nthe way me proananed in Arians nd Elis, 1.410. the consonant] ‘Beampler: dunner dace) thinner ne ln oe “Tate ieee tn the way mt Ane od Bagh ‘Ni wh errs nl ally ad edly sin Hog salva rosa (o1inboth postions, ang ene anger (ape on 14.11. The commons p( 14.12. The consonant rs ‘Beamer at rar que? verde en athe. ‘Win telod in Aaans In vrtoos area ofthe Cape rar oth an fa occars and inthe mors regarded ts ahibolth of Capit (ace {tote is elle gery ey by ont by hom van Malmesbury se aldo ie has ular because ho eomes tom te Malmbury ate1.18. The consonant (6 ‘Bamples msi qparow ros soe se en sent 14.14. The consonant i) eampler: he [tel ter pot pl ot ten a ten. “Ts sound spied nike a agin The danativ ending te, ies pronoun ace 1381 14.16. The consonant of ‘Gxamples:Aalor (flr to halve, Aocet aan envelope, prove {oven November (teste vader ater et "Pando eprnent the te und in Aaa the dtnetin being the ‘stl of her sparse etymological orga a Dutch. In nl postion 6 ‘och more common in Aaa pling than 14.16. The consonant w ample: mater [yt nome, re rel, aarueing (vag Ser [stat “Afr coaonants (eater df ¢ and 0 w ie pronouncd bilabial in standard Abate val Yoru, aad hv nae, ‘ee ves tok (wa weak Tt spel f tho reas mentoned in Fennate 1 to ea th (pronoun in his poison, 1.5. The phonology of international loanword Inthe many anwords usd in ASkaane, ot of which ar fom English bat many of which Akasns has inherited via Dutch trem Srench, certain homemes cor each do et over in indigenous words uch und ae tale rndfanone peripheral phoneme Because ef Ue Asan speaker’s {suite knowledge of Engl, many such oewords preserve el Els phonemes rather than beng sosmlated tothe sound syrem of Akane Tether cos despite the epeling af loanwords having been adapted > ‘Akane the poly of Use word dary bteaye Baglsh nace, 15.1. Vowels and diphthongs 1.5.1. The vowel eh} Baamples:Indoneié (ons), Jou (Gas) media (nia, Rhdesié (nin enor (se Vena) Ver "Th irnsed ein thse words pronounced). despite appearances, 1512. The vowel fee) samples dips ste Ut, nae en) feral et tee [esto bt pret pestanl regional esi ‘Wher ¢ curs nan istorelly unstressed poston in focln words and tho rl of Akane argaphy (so imply tat it shld be pronnonced Tang, in many wordt rin fat prononeol shart, asin Eghsh.® There ie 8 asl br tho ne 151 tn bth eases the ees och worden 8 Eerie 1.5.3. The vowel) ‘ample: ottl fame ei. In fn i les [edi ie ts tut ye Tome word offen origin tested {is pronounce i) nt wich e the ane in ingens words oe 113, tina ian secur tm ae word swish have thereby boon ansaid, Tad a. Hale [as i pon ave ales oe where both vassals are pss 15.14. The vowel [oo] or Bramplee: oposite pos produ pa) ‘Whee o nurs in ah Rist unsened portion nei word, and torus of Anan rcnerapty ee 2.) imply that sole promenced long itinin fet pronounced art ein Bags nce fntnate 1, Theres 8 ‘rill hore with ne 13.12 bath eases the strech words fn Inter ear sll thas producing shoring ofthe vowel nuntessed ‘oston: Mang speakers prenounee sch peetanle os (o.ew pave (us, a ces cee SSVLIPANMLA Pastedcanietoanaresedpouaear aa{otal refit ti tend ated toto pnamanon esrb Snder 1515 thas pomelo rape canbe pronounced either [pines or Ipuiel the ater being more cone 15.5. The vowel} ‘amples: cago fx, pbhao (ih, adi trisito s), Theo Us. th a er ea ‘nly reg words ed in untresed sch are raised to (as re fe ther unstressed yale that lo the stressed yal, eased polo ese alio comato, 1518) Ie al very cmmen to hear th Salo boing relied ar (under the infcene sf English, eg. Chto [Keto Ao il do vie This octet the cas with ect lea ran gli ke ud a mang. Ste 1.3.5 fren exampl ofthis ound ‘etree postin, 1.81.8. The vowel is} range detumev aio (eyes eat el venyeal monument aaa men mane sm dea {Sst oe "ord cnn ih ote fain gl where the i proce (Ge re mest ually pronounced ln Alans ton, whether Engch really ‘a source of ime weds Albans or ot 1.1. The vowel al* Brame: bie hi Yd Mab [Mb ruber abo. ‘Deapite the fat that these two gla oanworde have bee aimed in spelling, they have ot en policy asad at ll lug the ‘romance blab also sears forthe later: note ao the fal (Im Au ‘here Afsanns phonology wuld demand. ‘rena here throat sh eg ary ih alan it gio iis ouers Sach rrr wry oot rene en = hry pty nr ith ‘aaah camp ele ab 1.5.18. The aiphthong au x) amples: Avcamp (estan) (an Afrikaans surname) Austral aati) ‘Many aasnilatd Inara wih in the language rg ae opel ou, shih prenoansedhe ou in indigenous words Gee £35) aku ak ‘utomatis (eats) Bat rome words ars apelt ou which ‘roomed fel 15:18. The aiphthongo (a) Brample: boi it] ot eel (tin English loenwords is pronounced [sound which there aly scours poral in Afsksans oe 138 and 139. 1.5.21, Tho consonant e(6 Examples: adem [sass cringe akademitus sondern, 1 dost ocr digaran AEskaans word a ocrrde anys spelt og tafe cafe and (he spats og sme eeia, Akademie and dan ar woof ony very fw trample a xing usd intoad of «Thee Ingarmamese pronounced (or dependingon whether is followed by & Front or back voway ex. Clr (ale), Coase a3. 1.522: The consonant eh) Examples: choo fc) chemidlit eit) chemical, erin ae] ‘Ceuta "The cate pen digs word and ch nln eran loanword 1.523, The consonant ch) ample: chawinste ews) China Una (leo spelt hina, chiwre Une ror "There er fut afew ennwords which ar spelt ck and pronounced Sprgiresin pth tnt ramen Se Enhenge ori wich tain ht speling and pronunciation in Akaans nama cver such word ar spt see 15.210) 15.24, The consonant ch ump: ceed en de ee andi elt phn Mss gd eocemedpeesel 1.525, The consonant gs} Baanples:Genve [pet gore) ‘Some lenwords rr Frenhin whichis sound in Alkan, but there are hers wich have been aailoted Into ‘Nilknans wher he ge pronounced (ete re, le I een ‘dee loans rms Prench whch rl coated ths nonnd a Dutch the f‘pocame and is weten 8 0 bagaae Ce Dutch bogus pascsler Ce ‘Butch pser Al nthe ura lr Grange [ass need fg presorve that 12.6. The consonant fs] Beample: bogs [op ager gol lured pe rae ‘here an hely mouse ool partly stated, Engh leaner cmon atm ke Aisa ich rey hs oh pith Foret Urey sol Ogonc sod i derives rexel with. fallen 1.27. The consonant ge] eames regal noes hear, gee Ene ond bey fal ecgition is writen ah to lsh on 1.82.8, The consonant ji6s] Exar bd ile br pia i™ rl kg etm ra ed ‘oper CG Erbe nshaente Wosacmss Decks Someta mind basta Im few lnworde fam English ji promouncd bet there inno sentaengy har og ote 1.29. The consonant ps ios) "eample: aes cca fis pach, bat enly palm ao ‘Words a Ged origin Belang nthe ere usuallyproouneed (fs) bat me speskers simpy the canter to [which i cnadered standard ‘Nitaans th stro mpl npc, tis broken ap by ova hak vowel 1.52.10, The consonant (0 ‘Beamer: sampaneUunpan)siarmant an) kk in 523 afew words are ven thot retain a ch pling fr tho (of tho saute language bt ii far ove camman fr thie freign phoneme to Be ‘writen 1LB2.11. The consonant 1d) amples: tank (Uhl t how Gap (pl ‘Stamp ck] hes, elo Tue elo eon ‘Asmat Inno which contain [iin the ours language re wet ‘gin Althanne orthography, the oly encopon being Chl. Note Blatjane Fig hte wih) 7) fds ndrg pronouns (se 1.8.1 amples: vahuum (vgn), erisi ous variation, Veet sii) ‘Wen, Veneta voxels, Venda (ve (vinta [i cued retain the pronaunced ), lhugh rts, {see and sany ster ouch words are hear with] tn, The terocliee {nthe Alike surnames Grn and irs romnaoocd (ei ‘in the sccm name, whers atin Le Vile prota eee 8.)1.5218. The consonant ve 9] Examples: individ indi (dos, revolsirewoluie ests tinier verse ‘Aiken pling as not bee completely consistent inte asiation of loxnords with an itarocae the atte cxamples ists where ther tuling is Forno, bat even when apie with 2, pronnuneed (9 Many oer lomwords nly have we ftir Chto) Resenobant, Soe lace 29) 1.52.14. The consonant [2 ample: Zombit sani} Zoe lh “Pe realy pone A in nade. Most imo with] me language fein ar pa sn akan, {em sone Novel he ound silos many internationales Sd even f writen ail fen pronounced [eg aul [aril musem, Soro sem ‘Where sears in names that have retained their Dutch spalling, itis ronanoed seg Van tera. Muzebog [ent 1.6, Pronunciation of Afrikaans namer ‘Only thee names whore pronunciation is ‘polingare pen bre oot necessarily obvious from the 1.81. Sumames 0) Many Atanas ro Fresh Huns rig, Generally speaking acca say at tese name rel ponnunced asa French wah etal Sencetsins to assinlatin having bac made ‘Berard oma ‘Blgnaue Trownee ) Cilorefexk Coane ae bt Cot” has] Dears etal Th) very Ren ont, Du Pls p15) DiProe ssh) ‘eel punting evry cmon, tly he mah Epi ot ns vev nn Ci pera feo mia FE tar iesoesin eer FE tte tnt sss Loe nes hohe ecm reat Sere ray te 1b) Many names of Datch origin are stil pelt asin Dutch but they have loog sins bun panlogialyaoimatd into Abshaans, De dager uso (5-08) Schoeman (ma) Schate (rsa) ‘Van der Mare anions] with an animated dee 194) Von Torder see Van Zl ‘The surname Smuts is normaly pronounced (sna ‘etcariouly enogh Jan Smuts sates, bt na nemaliy Ua eport In Jonannesbore med ner bis ery fen pronounced tne angiceed faa Canes ee Ata spear need Sms the wate dtlonalist Prey, ‘Sappe (South Amen Party, whe oppor. ©) Some Aftisans surnames are of German een: euptcsc tots or flor wi ATR he angled Fabcagns pans he amet = Mth pence ch a poms eg gre (pba.Atha os nt Hout) ora oo rye). but Krige tkxixa] and see De Jager abave. Tice aubrte ‘Sehr ‘Se 45: fr ther deal cooaringpervnal names. 1a. Christan names Aare (e ‘Benne ein French ut withthe stro on salable, Francine ae writen eitot a ceil ‘han Par “Tokai crea 0 the ast ble. Deon Tao ‘Sohal a) ‘Theale 117, Pronunciation of South African and foreign place names (04.53) {U8 Insertion ofsvarabhakt! vowels to break up consonant casters Clusters formed from a pla m rm, gid pat asl) btm de fe by forthe mest common = are broken ap if spoken Afskaans by the Insorton ot che, eer emt ‘im a sed [a] “ope Wiheln esitlnorm aro att po orm (san) war palm [pots eal tain two sera rowel real serum [Patent ode or onl ange. ena heard etree I eg mel) fd og ter) sit isn Dutch SSE iS see oe sr ne, 1.9, Assimitaton Assimilation oscars in many instances in matarl spoken Aika 1.94, Assimilation fin the combination nde When short vali allowed by eis vary common fr the do be tssimilaid oth neces ema ofthe same Kn alo epel eno) Fane areas onde rl ‘gn ron al ooo al rou all ‘onder (wonder Ts deen oe italy ata ppd elowing ‘ed ord and rors hoe ander alee fdr ‘Chicken, hondord handed, deren onde under sina ssn “inde thot, landward onl ad wondor we "Tho esinlation Is at applied when the word's prensuneed slowly and {kberatly when an emphasise applied eg Di was wander tk] "was wonder, harder dit nde besonder oso) "appreciate hatin partie "Thee are ertuin words in wich dhe susimation esd appli ot ‘nat osally applied in nde tyre ldbaugh i en applied nt Rane “had bat nt ever n Ran! tade to del td ite drivaives beara! seal wil ondrhant to ngs’ ho. [aansah ta a monde most fd wonde won, tan ben sone in un ua alta, {Ssualy in bone! bundl This silt ser be nally bounds ‘ir threfreimpeaibeto gie a ue —one mat sony lw native ees “Assimilation can go hand in hand wih slight lengdening ft wae, ‘Bd ea) dondr (ne Wb 1.92. Rhotacism of In the paral of ped pe hrs he die usually esimiated to the ra ‘agua sects prde pcan vary cllogil speech nerves tera short vowel rtacaod ag: mid rire) sermon id! oil ‘mde pd (pra Alot va bat ae 1.93, Auinilation of consonants oa preceding! ‘When a short vrei fled by lus another consnant, that ensesan is coxmmenly assimilated to tein callogil spend dle slr "he Senge rome erly in ele! Bh ery < Holy saanam, ales loeres male reader, sri ‘tend > tendon el faa ‘en toning ings toning’ gases we 3) 2) Derived non angi 7 ad ry cn ake ae of oa {8 they take the srs on th final ale when ty rer to seca atte bakery diamantsiypery “mond eating factry,lekkeray i ‘antsbany ‘inipanystdery pining lowerny slavery toyed {an teierypuchng ho. Ina wor ie dismantlyper,whete the simplex diamante srssed on the ‘cin ylal,daman! can be said her sendy tes, Bynouns derived from vert sdicating the ation of those verbs ake the stra on the verbal tem, og baer bing sary pining "Th firmer groups fate bt the later i produc with potently verb ng able to provide such a derivative eg beliey ching. rors “smoking pelo playing rend retry moving hse hey alos ose 7 een nig oa kn).compounds og rogngeety ‘a ling, mado ung wo ner iaSERt ie pears Gepretey ting eee 15420- 1.103.1.2 Unstrssed prefixes siege or ie et neste enh. eh aa roadginata eiranepteree he ee ne rr rns ea a fore te eat Wd rae Svea [Einseyr io ernten onstage’ 8132.1) ee ary tay tee ter ve oe 8163 Weeaeessare nea oro imately ocd wih wheter Tey toncon seperate or imparalepreies “ - ase et land er ser ox srs verb pie a Sore ds deed than vrb ese oid SEU Soot cman eto yond a 83532 Se ee cat esse spare pees oe 8.1852, 4p Susg2 frcaamplon of send iaeprble eral pre. 1.40.1. Stren adjectives ending fn -ig ‘Tag ar many cmp ect rma yh itn of ai ‘ite whi endo in sun of whch ar sl productive ee graup 1 Blow) Trametes al vc adjectives ak the strat onthe fot ofthe alse the palate splble. Those adjectives coping of « sees noun + ae te stress op the aun nthe mile, the ‘enultimnte la ae group 2 tlw. 1 cardi, hia, leur, und, mati, cali, tli, oar call 2 ct 2 ater a eth her seri RR Sete middle oderat Angetaligs‘Enginepeling, Se eer. wtslvalig anprodease. ulpeara elt ‘Saran vert "Cafes In “vormig dont oaaly area the ending, Ropeoormig ‘Teta mangean be eed om ah aires nd hy ton promo Te 8 nosis gh ene een. ‘conn shape’,oaarmi rl sape, bt derivate fon standing ‘tener anor dns cmpre Saino in gro aie. irons wie no donna renin 90 sich abl cares thee hme nenire oa Renae “iol? rosters oe ore rntiea oy premiers ‘er 0 Inst css sng the em pace earl meaning hve examples 2)The lowing ndings ezrin nly ons word, on ty fw ate ot it ‘ot complet storia ‘suspcnar, Bredvoerta “eta, denkboelis Simacnaty, senparig “anon, cecinnag ‘eds gelyhiyde ‘smultaneous, geuelddadig ‘olent, Pardiyuig‘comatipated, horde ‘abtor’ Kesteuig‘chooty, Mince touchy kecbledig olde natn avin, ones in, ieantrags ie medepligis ‘scene, monde ela, nota nonendig ‘teesoary, nuustier area, onarhewi ‘het, obo pera, rampspoedi ‘catastrophic, slfagts’ alts, seshochig ‘henasial, “ining pena, arial ney, rr al, Hert our foto, tregtyiprematre,YeEenero ono ‘trea plan ee omens ') Tho ending canbe added to nouns a drive adjectives rom them In. s0 Shing it nttracts the erse towards eulng i the iar ofthe ting em ferent sabe tan >enperathigsupereal opstand "Tin sees pater certaty epic to long standing derivatives bu not sae age thas of ore ren cage eg nt nny; nseventinarg'sseventen-Yearal eet group ‘alow where te une ape) me 4) Stree in adictives ding in ati itera, an extrseey common “ding varies hoe oong tana rp a stress toting, ut eo {ore cont creation eu by cmmanly ses the t= ‘Deena nervous, ousptapspctacia ermal eet i bothjaanata blink, boonage is kage eat ™ FRgemnpieiortanceee acai (arta itt erase a ao ach secede gr rape erin tw rs bas eden hese sg hots as mre one ee[Asmall numberof estalibed adjectives xcur with oth res pater erat begat hinderance. "aso very mac raducive ening op sed productively the rst should bor the ensue ending Hy hte eta houing He ava Bothalihe stad 1.40.14. Streainadjctives ending in baar or ik Derived adicies ending in-baar Uk normally strat the rot of he word, itor are mstandng davies wher the ending has draw the tress {omarion hee ate 110113), aantoonar deta? {2"ccntosn to prove, lnsnavataar able’ fonfiendtaar inevitable’ thoend 10 avert, onudrotboar“ndstuctab’ eit to eradicate ceesertoar "pracibe(e mlsor ta carry ou), ontortlbear Tmaginbl (at vos! Yomagie,fogpashaa pl nwunced (3) hich nba ered en a psa her‘ ronan (The iscalction ofl] bad spparenly nt ye taken place Inthe dialect omhih standard Akane ved dinate but the Gstaad ‘ute apeling wat retained in Asksan ith bars wo eatin tthe Sond fr wh I sands Ahsan orthography. The (prnunation ‘Eethowever cur in Kaspe 2222 Archaie Dutch speling in place and personal names Many names preserve dsb vel in open lables wherein non pope ‘oun to epelng res VS pT) now rege that te vowel be mien ‘nay tae eg Grete Scho, Yan den Hater, Van Vaurn, Vani ieee "Tn spelings 0; Uo, andar archaic for, ol and eapetvely, x Sto Sram, Boowen Tague Ali) sae uae archaic ro, Blaauuderg, Nesp ‘Avcamp, Neade Ca, Ltt a 2.23), ‘Drfetain and Oude nai te Dutch sequence of phonemes corm hich tana rartai vowel, feuabooal ‘i arcat for or i Jepending onthe flowing vowel, Cilio, cat eget oe 18 “Some nnses td in -dwhich simply pronounced (@ 0, Hod, Van Wonenanl adi th compound nos Oc. iedicenaran none a ee Stig 38 many names ut: pronounoed ata Soin Ainkaane were tha are now ape were Buch they verre ph eg Sha Shute Wor aly medal Duco sila mre prensa Boca ‘Panacbhac Rosstweh, Stalinach _ Final a which hare heen apocoeied i Aaa ut aro preserved in ‘Butch speing, ae reguonly Gropped in speech i amie amen ‘Avon, Ornish cengrace “hin archaic fir eg Newing, otha, Then, Th See names ean completly Dat pling he dninaive ending, te instead ofthe Aliaane “i but this ote pronounced {co Meintestp snap Pleat nasi, Zerdop orriop Base Norge eres ‘Same personal and place anes retain Dutch venue (in Date) inate rte where tat und row writen Aan Where sll crs fm placenames, «open provanaton i applied and te ronan cg Yan dan Hower Bakr lang Laon Ory ‘Many names tl conaina where an «thers sarin Afsige ‘Depending on how comnonpics the name the elior sl prntanced fee, Zep, ape, nts cnn na Tanai Zama (same Theater she nae os Cape wie erate, many of whi have peered Dutch patie 1224. The principle of congrueney (die begins van gelshoormigheld) "This rle, whichis antral to tho spling of Dutch, refers al word Aerved fom the sme bse rotpresering the same spelng ven i the ‘ue of Afskasna Dutch poor Sate ts certain fsa pontunced Aierenly nother phonetic environment cro eal writen wilh 8b lthugh it pronounce [pace 1 and not ae Srp bron of rubhe ‘Sealand i wetton witha daltough iis prnaance eee 42) ‘tas "han because of hand hand Aandi han’ te. But here are ew elated excepitons to thie priciple in Afiaane, onthe n Dutch eae ‘re and avenge qake, bat oartoppl ‘ptt 28. Syllabiication ‘The rls for hyphenating wards in AGkaans are quite dierent from hace prevalng i fgish In Bish thay are partly determined by round, but so by meaning and can relat tothe murpholgl structure mor Darton ng If hs were an Alana ward tool oly be hyphens Fells ‘pant:tening the ae state hat each new fonconant roparles ofthe gens af the cnaien "though tis word ome fm Ue rot dl pasa pref er and ac “ing Tis meane that open rable og de inthe example ven, sad i a‘owsl which of leanos othe epling rl of the language: in dart {he ang wel in writen wth éwo eters) beeaune stands na esd SS eee apna when a prt eg ‘wel stands n an open lhl de and in open bls lng vowels re writin with ey pe leur (se 2.1) "The vowel no ral short and ‘Wlndti'clad eelrin theparal rae, tho fact hat he vowel hort [Eteeted nthe dong of the lowing consonant ving isto ae when tho word ie nlabiied (e242) Prther examples of elation: ote ‘ety, pete hrs wnarde valu’ wording "oprecito. ‘See nal comment under 251.3 24 Spelling changes in derived form Certain vowel and eonsonant eters are ether doubled or written singly Aigending en viernes nso are open or close, oust the rationale beind this spelingrystom, ne needs to derstand this tisincion beeen open sd lned ible, and dat distin i based on {le a allan tht ae iret in Alvaans fm English se 2.8) 12431. Long vowels in open and closed syllables In aloe alll ao, 0 and ua re written but an open sla the ‘ovelsam writen singly eg aop/apemoakes?monkeye eon /hne ees [Rim /dume trestreer’ maur/mure wala: Thee changes occur when ‘ralsing nuns athe sav explant, or wen necting deter (eg weedheoygoedhope ‘cheap or im derivatives of nouns, adjectives and terbswnere the ys cone fds tue an open sable, ela Tow eraging lowering hop to ope, Dis hope Testo be hoped The ‘fulig rule explain th long vowels sara ‘efter bab (baby, ‘Suction ae) en and hy shy are writen wth one eter {atone vowel nme ln and oo Ye cle aque wo Teter to ‘ining hem rm (el (pee partic, [We "The spelng i other hse ong vowels ad aipongs is ot acta in inflected and derived words, gue ease ‘nsefnower’ bik rieke {Weerakes reeves epeps trt/vocte fete, mais/mase ‘mousfmid, tie ete, ae es otis ac shar Peter eweing elon! tthe ely exepin tn thie ral ar the Soa Niet ciel ou aan 2:42 Short vowels in closed lables ‘Shart vowels are always wrttn singly, eat ea, ba ro a put ‘wall Whenever ounesntining a ser owe! are plaid dune, ‘radjcties are inflected, or driatives of roan, adectives and verbs are Fraod and the ot vel ids el Tlowed by snarl, te allowing {Sruonant must bu doubled to keep Ue vowel n'a clsed lst og athe ‘eaent tut otic "pecefite ple, gob /gethe mad” earalng ‘earenrling Compare srap/ strapping ‘a serapiserapping” snd shraap) ‘raping to sraplrapng. Thre ae oo eniated enone in the pro ‘ation o Akaans the dubling of consonant aly rerves ta ods the Tength othe precoding vowel 248. f>w and f>w after long and short vowels respectively ‘When a word containing along vowel rdiphhang and ending in fwquiee nother abl, the fis vied (> [oad ie Weten eto elle th ‘hange in pronencation” eg sisal slurs ‘avelslavesiavery, ‘oa dice ea ewe “Sea. Note that sae and da il ‘ombinatio of thru and that given under 241 The combinations Sf and “fe lsat lee ware, oa ple a roan. Compare Bch ref rte, waa "in acerdance wih the rle ton une 242, when a word containing & sort vowel ending inf has aplable added, the consonant fe woiced and “ouble, i dr drauer to opoger, sof siowve ateralnatcal, Tepe oral, def dove dari. 2444. Syncope of intervocalicd after log vowels in open syllables Adjectives that contin ng vowel or diphongendngin of roy the d when fection sascha edded, Oecd Oa wide hud Rowe el dye wie Inthe cna of ow ony common actives the interac d not completely syncopated bt voclsed to! (renouned i) da dose ‘dao goe pot on 220, "his ncpe or versa of dal apis when acura etervoctialy before sche? not before other Vowel, eg. terireding widening ding ‘laying, Syncope of in thi postion i linetely the explanation br couplet ke lo oe (Date ad sd la od Ce Bath Banden ‘Beare ari et etna ats Sl gai ne ot et he ee it wise secede ioe ‘io Gere uae th Wr ety singinSome common noun that ens lng wows or dipbthong ending in rp ted when a plural eos. schwa sede, ra rae hers! ‘lie imeltane Unlike adjectives there are many nouns where dis [reserved c. brad rode ealonved, Bod hede hava woud woude Edo "Gesu note he inied umber af common nouns wading in d witha short vowel ine sngulr bat lng vowel nthe lara, whose dunderpes {cone or voaliaton nthe purl pa pate rodeo" (te plurals aaa 2.45. Syncope of intervocae gate long vowels in pen syllables Adietves and nouns that contains lang vowel or iphthong ening in rue theg when inflectional «(a sca) ede” og ha /hew/ haar ‘Tihher,loglae lace ow owe mong/mont mor relore re, ‘sg ae ‘onsacstocbche, Aono pbb "There aren eaxeplions othe syncope of nls Un of see 24.0, 2.4.8. Return of spocopated sounds in compounds 2481, Return of historically final n after xchwa in compounds ‘Because inal m afer shan Dutch.) was apscopatd in Afrikaans ‘ntafenretums im smpoene where thee lo fongr word nal. apparent ‘Shuma ik th wang na Sue's’ (c Dut Put apd and ‘heed but buen erreriry, own Ce Duh eon bat lenshop “goal. tte "TA phenomenon also ocurs when adjectives derived frm the past partcples of histencally rong verb are infected or seu compous ‘Bhar he apocrpnted fil rf the anginal Dat form rwtams eg erate ‘Srjura dcservorucne th sg ny an oreorsr gta Great and 1613) 24/2, Return of hatorially final d and in derived forms Where d and cured historically i word fal position aera vices {rosin they wore apcopted fa Atkasn, bu etura in many derived {Srme where te consannt in Tanger in al poston. hs curs inthe {ioring eae ‘SUONTy, test Sako tate’ e ak een ee Een ee Selig 48 ‘inthe plural aroun nding fg and oof of hed ng nate ‘righ; shave ‘cupboard (ee 419) vs 2Vin the flection of odectives, eg ag ote egter ‘ater, vas/taste! fester ‘rece 61) 5) when adjectives deriv from the past partipe fhitrcally weak verbe Inflected or nominaliaed, eng. colo /orlnfe addicted add ‘evkramp verkrunpls narrow ndnarrow minded perso minal dere of such words trode, ‘Sarvowsmindodnss (ne 64 and 6 1 Sealed eAtnnne rat Dutch rao ne 16.18) 12.47. Medial sn compound words ‘When to words ar compounded to frm anew word and where the later ‘eas in the medial eammoniy inser ae 18.211 ouch compounds ‘timid a only oe ean be heard sted + oa!» wads! town al, ‘mga tad «rad tard town coc Where he st wed cea ‘iad he wc opine wth oro we, vg Pesto tl 25. Tho uso of diacriie marks in Afikaans orthography 2051, Uso ofthe dares (deetchen, dts, holletjiee, umlaut)* 2.511. Use ofthe dares to separate rllablon When two vowels that balong to separate mlables sand aide by side and {pul te read a a graph nave place onthe second vowel shoe ‘hate trap of now ssl Thi nar in indigenous words wire ro ‘owels that wore histarialy separate by a are naw contiguous dus to ‘cope ofthe ee 248) eg aes Ce Dutch og agen tae {non an Dutch gen contrast wth lan lend (e Dut ee altho reno of te breaking a the ong einer the vowed in hase we words ‘ence and the cation the ise ‘ves ida the diene in pronunciation bawewn ad a bat asd fis the yen heepaghomapraphe part eh [oo high Ce Dah hag), foe lw te Date a) ei not cesta des nie oe (Dutch lager ar net nai Dutch nage exams beste ae dst ‘erwin elt sr dgraph ora sun lee nt neato noonerSeats nape einige. ea een errr eee ates Gg Sole eaceeaners Soa eerie reece Seiseteuuinwarsen ats Sie pera ee phan cece ta Eicher Se haanaumarecmein ocaie eee Cuoesenenenreens = a tg pment rn rt Sener Tanase trae nibrebes Sees 25:12. Uae ofthe dimronn after the verbal prefites Be and ge ‘When the unstressed veal prefias be andg- are afize o verb begining trilhester ura dimes 8ddedt the at vowel of te or, ena ‘Taprcnion’ “etn to mpreat'iso demand ~ ge mane, wer gigantea ute do harap The incre dropped lin andthe pre stays bandon he previous ine, bend ei 2.51.8, Omission of the dares in compounds formed from unbound ‘morphemex "The arse it sd when wo wound mares Le. Independent words) ‘ome together n'a compounds in sch nena hyphen fused fovien Yo ‘Sopropiate ete enero (ae 278, applied oan a roan to inde’ (Dutch niger), sara eobra ike’ bat the atest Fypien wih th jal ening at, els soba 25:14, Us of the dimresi in international loanwords the adjacent vow Telang toss sylbles, eg. aap, dit te ‘Guliete Loire ‘lesen inane! inane nana’ el intutine, veel /irresle “unrest anifectediflected), afer hafte “alsin hotrainardertornatr Mathes Matthew (Gospel, pranots ‘Jars pon, Sutir Sina words ree runic fom menosflie peat cli org, lteratve span rues ro vecognned bythe AWS: sptag 46 125.15. Une ofthe dlaress to indicate rymeope of intrvocaled In far fer cates, as indatd in 2:44, 9 dares i pat on an ¢ whan an ‘marvoele dha droped ace; rod bes i (c Ph red oe 25:16, Cognate variants with and without a dinreie Ina couple oiolte cases cognate frm which have undergone syncope of Intervetlieg exist side sid th oe orn tng writen wih ten nd the ther witht manana (noun and verb) eee og, tae/ten gaint (ane 1811 The dancin in epeling Boonen Peon CC Dutch gen and ee Duh ae) reflects oe he ow nonsense i, Aka orp, a ths eres ning re et eed in 2.58, Use ofthe circumflex (happie) ‘Th circumflex mart commonly wed onthe eter but cn acu on an 0 and w in cata very limited cases All vowels bearings crewafen ate ‘ronouncd lng forthe ett phate aka anda 12.2128), 2.521, Use ofthe circumflex on the letter ¢ "The ewe is applied oan the lowing case tote three monosyllabic verbs hao haves tay’ and os, a8 ell a the derivative ir dee Be fever comm word caning flowed yr. Br ola eo store, tenemos ‘amet rel ‘hag pal pe or itr irl “ordi not ample) these words fe stands int pene ~or potently in an ope slab ar nthe palo sk ‘hoo and Usa an cent rege Note No dreamers req on vf +t although itis pronounced [ein that poston, benasen sah ane the vowel ands cna sae deri" ombers Bank, per hoa pers ppl, str tall ered ‘Sera alo Yar compare labore se 12 3) The French ending = English ri loanword is writen, 0 ‘mir tay, shor scons afr alle £2 Some very gua ng loanword cotung the wund [eth one Sind short are writen €un Aeanns f'n fact hey are writen a al Ble ey amphi rm of eri rnd rad ap Us te acti in such eases isnt alwaya consistent (eg. Aran pln such ‘ord have no fica sanction, but when is used ison a ection the writers swarenos thatthe round slightly longer than in indigenoue seit wo tr and el el ree 5) 80025529 mete40 Sing 1252.2, Uwe ofthe circumfler on the letters io and "The cues pling ta 6 and in th lowing cases: ‘in te pul foatonf te lowing words wc wedergy ocompensry Tengthenng when the intervcali of the plas sycnpatd” eg > wie “ano ree‘ rag> re eg! a> ren Sena han (oe 41.210) Te ssi spot otherwise and on and {BPs crcuferocainaly acura an the eter on eases other thn the ‘Sfrementone plorais mine cng ese fuel alo writen mor sre ‘Shots carina wnoammon vant of mary bom tt bar (baboons) (Nege of momatopaa a br to Beat mentioned abv. 5)it is slan applied to trendr the Hag (1 ma few commonly vaed tellogil tanned, wih re ofc seldom weitten, Ora al ight ‘Raye bager all When Bagh words ntaing are ed or mers ‘Mec it may alsa be sede. Otel. Use the dct such case Is ot lye consistent howower, Bauer wher asl wos ali ‘Diatessaron dons (denn? te worl ifn lengthened ‘nen the words emphasised presumably a a ompenation forthe lea The thiscan te rendered in wating as dered bat es 0 word whichis Most seldom writen. 2.5.8, Use of the ncate and grave ace ‘sentstrepiestchens) ‘The cue and gre asa are od for mp er distinguishing Fomographa ena fw eanjentons and interes ad @) ina few words fn names ren eign, {By far the mort common us of hes ascent it ndlcat toss wherein ‘nest underlie a word or post in bald pe, such eases at "ale gan nag ba Re They are ing 0 ‘ive another tay, Ds ton ts really beaut (SA aglish foo bet, Dla moet pla wd Lite has tobe ive, Was hy ak Me net wasn hy ‘nag seh os he ek? Na only was he ees tl Gc 1.10. “An oete et plas onan! whem the sors part dgrep, bu itis shen oly an fosusin te word, ee hl nut 1D There are several word coupiets which Tok the tame but ar stress ‘itorenty Wembigty key the sboormaly stressed lleble takes ar {cen eg, cenpring to up eit wr vempring to do the ng jump Ne ‘inmate rafter nthe later meaning alway wetan ma ‘ppl ype toting fom appl ep Die ca mean ether tb or “Pili andi the ter meaning avaye tian ci, bu ith hie eg itis alr ered pest expos the mogered meaning, deck tis week. The conjunctions (van Bath and 9.2 lther.0 and mg... "Fiat he ro amg an ral cometary eating (ahuuttohen, gravistehen, Seating «2 ‘iter.no ae always writen with ccs Bt hay ae alsa tard with ‘ertain stress ape, Dt hom or oder eeu: lakes This ‘ecursamonget bch colores and white’ (ne 9.) The sgh dion of the ‘98 mow aon ing nian ch cons, bt he hve he “Themen ro 7, prenuned [a, taken a rave ase reflecting the toe vol inthe ord 4"There are several common surnames of Huguenot origin hat end in é (preneueed elle Naud Pouch compare Co, Mares, whos eninge fr algo pranunced [nen 85.1.2) Elevated French loamorde ike age ‘Gorey abd elage shop wind have dispensed withthe arte aset the {rst sylabl and ef, oe example, hs bee sna in bath pronunciation snd spelling to Rate. Others ke ereke and aac, or example, sre ‘nsiered frign enough oe writen a in Pron 26, Use of tho apostrophe (ahappingsteken, aposroaf) “The way the apostrophe i ued in Aftkans bear ite rsembance tits Uke in English To begin with stent ued to ahow portenion, hich is endared by ee Hug ae bck Hg ea oe {he lowing natance in Ans 1) Nouns endngino and = nosy all lands) take nto plural to Indicate thatthe preceding vowel x pronmanced a iin he single © ‘at's, fj bas oo plrls 4112) Note that noua ending in take no posi, a. bobas taser unless yen in sree mat “ttre and a tbe co 4111) ie mann a which ae 8 ne uh akan ten the dnistve ending edo atin adit abu, imate patie ee 12.0. ‘yin the amos fe et he alphabet an leo proceden the ‘lara and diminutive endings go Fe ee (te 416.11) ate fie me feeaztay |) There are certin common catractions of to words, similar to English Soule andar, wt are ten with an spate, ey al y's ‘ohn Aer (cr, daar daa) bt mal hh to hed thos contractions are considered alga nd wl onl be fund in nee ‘stesso those trying rnder natural speed advertisements eens ‘Dutch he Aba word that as not survived in Afekaan,ocurin it brated frm, several tard expense st wares wee, ‘ant le ending Go 832, om? ee al Oe sae Note that tho flowing eomnon cotroetions are wrttn without an sone dnt et, uot st 13 1h 5)'The prawn gn no not any’ ie commonly written ge, proaounced [en fad in evtatn sens oly gh an be sed ce 18.) despite appearances, ‘hn even te rremod, og Bt Atal gst ok het mld aoe sey and6 Spine havent got any mone’.Theposesive pronoun sy itera his) snow Steen el red fm) ora esos 42 a 13. The yoni arises tenn ths way ee 4 ‘The Infinite ol sano ways ween and pronounced either [3 onl Gee 118, £22. Useo the hyphen (hoppetcken) eset tng tu ete Prairie eras cette enum ements mee Screen Sas gmoubtcaaecci suk Hangee ere enters aE ee seed merece Epes ay pameeo rearing ERE Se omen cticre oats See cameos Seema ad ct ts eee re ee oacuenareemieepicenmetame ig ebraarrhi scorch net ee Shireen ohare SSeS eaaereeegne aicinnns manga eeu beg Sitcres taprsteettcmrartie ea ee sane ucangaercve cease smear eeom Sama 2741, Where use ofthe hyphen is compulsory ‘he question atonal aries aft when tno praciable to use a ‘ypbn, A hapun sd when the re art cmon ends and the ‘ond begin with the same rowel ef ee Wagan ele fndtouane ‘air nia, nef mde let To anater category ete 2.8.13. 1. {2Tlto uscd when he tou wel re fen bt by manding side by ide ‘ead ve the pression sanding fra erent sound, eg see uae ‘Tal Nevers it common ed between vowels hate necessary ‘pn the A 5 yh cman eninge nd wrk which ye ‘weed ma eng kay Sen bo confused, but simply bocnase without a hyphen te effect is optically ‘range, eg. Aameracog ‘camera's ey not “hameraog, dates ace fsym "prape harvostvinogar’ but there shold emo objection ta ‘Punts erutecag.Sometins the length of Use campo, cmined th {he proxy af the vel ex foethe oe to lnterpe elcenty Ce terdlearmannajieat ‘cameleon ee The combination ea dae att ‘worry pope thus nena toncrroy evenings mdreaand ldiugh one ‘gut tel to se tho liter In morncfisrnael fier snd rao? {Taio-actve’ the combinations e and om par tami herve auring Indigenous words, arent del rhe eet ntrpet and thas hyphen 'S soperfuous Nevertheless although there no frmal uation fr hyphens are commonly inserted in compounds where ane or both of the tlements i loanword. shane student poychaogy student, Sika ‘Noyent nana migrain-annele ‘migraine state tne 7 2272, Optional we of the hyphen after proper nouns in oficial names In accordance with recent revision tothe AWS, comprunds fn which the frat lement fs 2 proper noun ean now be writen in fie ways, he Tygerberghoypltal, Tygerbarg hesoal, Tygerberg Hospital, Tygerberg Topitaal and Tyerbr hostel previously the fe option had ben the ‘ommended oe Soh smpounds ae oxtrerly cmon and a cy ually ‘and bside the English eghealent on sens, nd the Engh tvarably ‘tes a te word the ean on in te minds of Aka paler ‘ocame so grea thet Ue Taallrsmusie ha to coet common praten, !mything gos Practeal pions ike the lowing con sow be solved imply, Blthough ftremains tobe sen if the Taalhopnincsrecammendationn are Ealome Aub Cer -sentran, Blom Src strat ay now be writen ‘Aub Contre sent an Blow Strat rane 1218, Uso ofthe hyphen in geographic names incorporating point of the compane| ‘Geographic rghn and derivates here inrperating pnt of the compass fare always hyphenated, eg Suil-Afte Su Arikoner Suid-Arakanns ‘Snide Roopland: Bafrt Wex, Somerset Oa 2.74. Use ofthe hyphen in compound nouns formed rom phensoe [Compound nouns formed fom phrases have all Uheie component pats Inyenated eg, nang bite om awa ete ate rn rn rbvea partnbie'atring yourown brkecs,huitipoorpie an tof the way town, teoalfmacndeeoarborg “a twelve month goarenen {Compoand adjcetval phrases are ually nyphonatod bat ther i peat Incnsistony, g-decdag-ud) ue fulken a three day aid cihen20 Spine ‘Sowetendeceus dean te, fd acetone oa) ‘seventeenth century fre hphensted 227.5, Uae ofthe hypten withthe names of offices and after certain preface ‘The AWS now recommends thot flees like adiunhminister and ‘Sstoulrtose be writen Without a hyphen firmer hyphenated), the Sly expen being thos nding in gem si dovtteungeneal, acd ‘Spengler rank ‘Srsantajo. Ie remaios to be ssea wether the new recommendation, ‘cause oft asoseny, wil adhered a Sirs words sarkng with fein nan ond ee pro lla ise le ete gant Sud Artboane ‘Saul South Alsen’, crs “non-real lrg "extudent ud rodent expres proEnel prongs nck were pret always feypenatad can naw be western witout» hypon ftheye port ts ‘raga oud! but an Ruse and ent-parthedd. Once again ‘remain to beseon wheter this peace wb lone Bouse of the lack eonastency compored with the reommendations othe th edition of the Awe. 2.16, Une ofthe hyphen with redupleated forms Reduplicst forme are always hyphenated, ona a ‘son, Kort-trt “Quek, plop here and here ae 87 21.7, Use of the hyphen with compounds in hulle Compounds in lle are hyphenated, «fg. Gawichalle Gai and co my ‘truley strand her fal Gn 8.11.3). 1278, Use ofthe hyphen in compound prepositions ‘n campaund prepositins ike b-p ragn, Boor, Bnei bute am, mide In (eee 1.11) the AWS hat oped fore hyphen, ater than a areas (ee 2512 wo hep the yowels ofthe separate slabs apart. Prepositions ‘dig ina vel hat are pete over anng in rowel ala requ 8 ypu, na aap Yo mimi, foveen to appropiate Sreting 81 £279. Use ofthe hyphen in certain adverbial expressions formed from ‘shown + preposition or a preposition + noun "Thee re several adverbial expression in Aikas red frm noun + ‘reposton re pepsin + aun wich have beens an are wie ‘thahyphen, et asom outbreak wen he dump end “othe very end capt wih opniclosed ees one 154.) The eoed AWS now recommends wing these expressions ane word where the eye ‘ermite Where such exprestna slate ote ar cretion, no hype ‘edo Ber op Wl Joa in jo al ear in ear eat 27:20, Use ofthe hyphen to distinguish compound nouns Very oceasonlly «hyphen i wed wo indicate that ane i dealing with » compound netone word doperie weeny, rales ‘reing lt, certeend reaching, a opposed to vote ain 27:11, Uso ofthe hyphen with numerals cardinal roid numerals ar ever writen, they are usually hyphenated as lls, bt the hypona maybe omitd:nrinale "conan tant 2, owtrdntone "102d 10, seeds drchondord fen set "2885, ordinals — eovanedertgte “Ia, tcchondrd dicen tte 263 ‘ean ontonde $10 soe 14.0 27:12, Use ofthe hyphen when listing Word that share an clement of ‘compound When iting two or mare compound wards tht shar ihe the fis othe ‘ot elamtat oe cpeund, smerny option i eed by reing {he ecurvng element bya hyphen ef. shape Bese sheep and ete in open alan pekng up and doppng a ekacpele en sete shee kis ad tail op de hae van Blo en Blaumotraat ‘on th commer of Elf ‘hd Bloem Strat Sometimes a noun and an adjective share the eabnd ‘Hees adn teeing Lune onalemene teneur'nr snd general enaureship' chapare cenaaplke or ruerhedanevoring tot aed Iindastal xa s, the reverse phenomenon 28, Copia letters (hoofleters) Months, days and adjectives of nationality are al epitali ‘ear ‘Marl Meandag’ Monday, Aeriaans ‘Americ ‘Tiles scat mene, mero jaw, dtr eroands Reverend snd eno as wala he stevie ne od sr ged eel sin Bish,‘writen with slater when a name follow, xcept onan envelope, IRener nr Van Raper, dtr dr De Rl ne ofthe fallotap ae sh ‘Tireiotins optional bac cere bythe AWS ee 4.812 for rl ‘Snosrning eaptteaton of an de ee surnames) Ite surmame ent {sees are capitalised Gage Domine ‘Der Reverend in a ete) ‘Batdominel de Som Mo, a; Ou Oom, Tanne ear ested the same wry, a Wat doen Pa? "What are you ding. dnd, Bk goon vi uma Anna Ines in enn toi granny Anns When worse cm, mens, a, ama ‘tear aed a form fees oe 6.121, the are cmon captive, it ait ntneceaerycotrary to poplar belie ifs sentence bopne ith the Indie atl, nthe Gra lter af the falowing nun scala gn Verklarmannch rn lie die A ‘hamelen ns der ise eal Tn Alttaaoe one sonitetly writes Gul God die Shaper ‘the create? a fiy/ Ham hs and ll 2sh words ha fort oe wath capital eer, oe Di Her gen Hs noo "T Lord gies and be takes” The pang a tbe eons nth especie y/8y i Bel Be ‘de Word the Ward, Nagra! "al cone ‘he Bae Land te frm Ia ath the Banta paix Kina in hmsland names ad the rot ofthe word owt the pref adde, rcpt og. Rane Nets hreand, aNwane was homiand we 453.52 fot 7) 29. Spellingoloanwords "The fellowng illustrates how inernatins oswords have been adapted to the vuln of Atanne erthegrapy Mang such words eschod Akane in Dateh, having been previoaly burr by Duh rom French, thus thir Boog i Alans en eminent tha ae cpa a rene {2g miliir'litry” Ce DatehPrench ilu). Bven words af Latin and ‘ele driratin tht have ben hrrored ety nto Aan em Hglch, Sid not vin Dutch French, cen tear a certain resemblance to French, they ive accede wor, tobe Frenchie ob abo tobe sesmiatd Sato ‘Aikaunn ee supltcus‘wutpicou (ne ‘Woorde van treme herkam ‘he AWS p36) A smal umber of English loanwords that have been in {he language fr long ime and which esau or leanLanslations have fot maneged to dspace, lan arur in the flowing at, elon, Bots ii The lst below a> «fr example means that where i the language of eign na writen, Alaansaneisuso Boe sen ink rom Sine>ér fim mit rwasone kon, rir Suber tus putamen eure! (aso a) coe hate ated aipelt) eek trier Tig mens gamle, a aloha nes bred wo Mar dS. he aI caer tat ea eer Seine 853 coe abt cakes, rani fi, et sku Seeks hunt tee Choe" are argos asi bron epee, meganisme aoe, Samplen ShSa* magn ormant/slarme ick ‘eh ao om SES ape ft Konak (bute in the paral we 41.3) Se ef pte oe alee Deh oh ghar ght ghee S55 grt, gular, pascaser,saotsisersont soni manic sner yompane Tien ft, rer mati tes pent, ck, ani iS nonsense as ie Sutmatic, poi sti, shpie levied haat Ine>ten® agin, proton sample, itamien 3G” fli medal mien pore anilie econ nthrafon, ono, tlm pescop Bloke, mibrstoop GtSee—dxane gcwerear eras rine she elution honchwen, ual, ant, uta SiSe Ragone, gmpans jampan sore ro {rsnatennavonoal aston, port hse Hataliotdat, toma, erp lone tine oppo arate suas, sti {y >t eaknate obit, nicer Seer ldo, ase neat, poding este indi mane see role Sk cbae taht, uke, rodts, sok, cst 330 Chprua ers, gncholng.iin, oe 20 5 ll ning ll rd ih ped Ain end cee, Cran rail splch Thr re ‘ote taneous a wie tea He me (To, Filth2210, Punetuation® Generally peaking Afskaans punctaton dos nat dif realy or tha of aalch, with he possible exzepton af ertan applications of tbe comma. The oma ie more sparingly used in Arikaans than in Bnglish and whore @ omma is employed im Aikaann, te ues determined by grammar not by {ntonatin arisen the ase in gah 1) Beuse the Gite yeaa eubordinae cause stands at dhe end ofthat lause, and because the abject abd verb ne ma lave are nerd when ‘compound sentence begin ar Om ls tebe prt, met ole befonTo be able to speak Zalalike that you heve to practise @ Lt (an ‘campo of inversion fer an infinitive elaze. Tis rule may be abused in Plc, parley when the sentence shorthand there can bile hance of confanon but in the Flowing eave, where the Ste verb nb ‘lauses the ste, the eye deftly rues Vordat dean re het hey alee haar rej oangurt“Beloe ie bgan Lorin sh had lead ‘tn her inca ‘Where a parcipial phrase sands infra sbordinate clause bare a sain clase i cnt he allowed by an, By dic his aangehar at Fvham inns verkce Having gt home bee ucly changed ace 1213). 33 Tes possibly more common than n Baglich wise a eomana between ‘ain laure andnsordinate clase even when a sentence begins withthe ‘ain laure and the fit vert ofthe two clans dom nd up alacant 10 fh cher ain he previous paragraph, og. Stuur hom rot wanna ar zr son iv him ny regards when you sec im span Because the city of onfsin ie free i hs cae, the oe oa imma here ie tarded a optional Where the eonjuncton in question i adverbial (6092), omnes more oositnty spins Hy sl eter dif does tan hom tel ‘Hol ese wed even you py hat mach Sy hee ing, dat {Sey boot ho wes dng ast theres Was he. 5) Ra comma sed when an nie or pst partie nthe main clause inserted before arelatv clause but ihey ae suspended an netted after the relative dause (=: when th tative cause ibe tn the min lous) they sre separated frm the ver) lhe rltve lune by 3 ome, ‘SB he he hook al gees wot yor my geleen et» Eh het de Bock at {army glen hea gees ave lea read the bonk which Sou lent ma ‘he nod fr such a comma dots not aie in Enlish ae verb do not sand at (he end their aus a thy don Alena se 121.83) Spline Suggested reading Aikaane wears on spare (191 Cempe yt Tale of eS ‘tne adn Weapon ‘ender Merwe (im tye kt wih atta of ats,Articles 2.1, The definite article ‘As grammatil gender ha die out in Atay, just ait hain Eni the ‘kta ar forall ounce th” When emphaaed renders Uitte! ‘Sed thatthan’ ands wrt oe 82) LL Inclusion of the definite article "Thar. large numberof ams and expressions which inert the definite ce where mine required ia Helis, ‘SLL Inclusion ofthe definite article in certain adverbial expresions Many aderial expressions formed rom ‘enter ater the peposton fr 9) Bxpeesons of place D— bydiehaijuert reposition plas noun rue the ie ‘athometwo inde hema! oe @ indelek Sebo 6 ines op de dp © tndetonk ©) gpldie trae ‘the set ine ta amet Salter @) dich heme! gon Soballteare ‘Several oma todo with Bd agi the aril 6g ©) Syietndie be ‘Seiriabl (40) Symon te by. ‘Shes to stayin be? (ny eae ea ‘otal oat bed Ope eal eg anal a rat st nd yh a 1.12. (12) indie ham ‘toget toted (a3) inde bade ‘Solhinw te Noe: na bed goan ‘to gto a witout he artic 2 The tong xpress sar oe andr ut a dense once place (10) in (de Bander ‘inpariclar| (25) neg (46) inde oetitedd ‘into 07) Indnondors (48) irdleopenboor ‘inputie 19) infec made (20) inditoctame Satta ©) Standard expression and ions (2) aan (ie) Bin or (22) Gandiclg hom ‘comet ight (23) inde nit ern ‘fade aay (20) opie ant san massk Site wh eae 25) tonginicties “ngucin cee (26) Syne de gaat ans ‘Sho wos owpaliy tel” (2) Vena indiehsine ‘Vereen mine’ 28) Hywcorlonde deta ‘Hn isorerander 0°LLL2. Une ofthe definite article with abstract nouns "The deft arte is sed before many abstract nouns eg 29) Distowe x mone ie io (90) Behav vende neta love ate! (1) eoreanng bape dt ‘Bspenence proves tha. 92) Dawa td ge ‘Chane wld (83) Die Verse slvr on srs ‘Province il lake car ofun” (4) Diver eat van de Araerom. ‘heen wong of Atanern” (95) —_Detagcogs atm corr tueding nde meas produ. eee tear "Tedhelogy as eprom enormous development in ma prosuci (om) Butte de sinbon san dic surealime geod ‘Dal tecame the pnt of vrai (en debate ‘ay compare dele he pst’) (38) toma hangers danzonn ‘LLL, Use of the definite article with academic disciplines Certain aeademie dpe ae preceded by the ate, eg. (99) Hiya in de rete mdie (high le fr Hy suerte nadine) ‘Molsctudynglawnoana” (40) Hiydoe mastered nde mgtemadisye, Hedi an UA iawn (4) Hye nde in he nla aon de UWK. ‘Hl a lectarerin soning tthe Univer ofthe Western Cape: (42) Hy ware btehanrtaotin i tie Hews the bet hr sent in thelogy (43) Bath wan die sltunde seksi, ht Bak aroor soto 7 Bata, whois qualified in pyeolgy, rata bak bout "The define article ie abeay wed with nominalioed ini hres, 4) Diebrani van gemerinade hone fans ‘rk vin Sch cathe beng ot (45) Devoe a abajo, ‘Feeding the toon patti (th digo bao) (40) Ute ard van my amp aot manse my inde ergo. ‘By nto of my poston people etme in pain ce 8.16.2), 1.1.5, Uo ofthe definite article withthe name of South Aca icine ‘The definite ari is used in Anns when refering to South Af Ais (die Su-Afitaane Lagos). When the abbreviation is tend ve SAL ‘ronounced era at sal) the rile saponin pee (41) Wirdrder van de SA. ent dt. “Aspateaman fr SA si that 48) _DieSAgoan nae dr ia ‘SAAS ging to ined new sav "Te arte tt required wih othe ines. 8.1.16. Use ofthe definite article withthe names of seasons ‘The arti lways used with dhe names of seasons ware is often option inBralsh og (49) indenter Sith spring summer ee (60) Diewinterop de towel prog ‘Winer onthe Bighreld bul {21.17 Use of the definite tcl with zodiac sins ‘The ati is used with dic sgn, (DeBus, oar (62) DieMang ie ed th on i rom, "Meg ithe sath sgn fhe ee8.1.8. Uso ofthe definite article with ‘al halfoP and most of ‘The English quanti 'alf half f and ue of ural requir the ati ‘when rendre nt Afsaane: {Din cream contest ai rendered by dle ele, di hele dag/nag lL ‘Symgt rott in i te Ana tha biggles the whole ot heen ‘Where is et anonymous withthe whale’ andi rendered by af orale, the dntnetion made in Baga tween a dal the’ eo evant the) Germanic (62) Aldrin i Bde ht na de partie pgvan. ‘Raltincencldren went tho par "The dine ate laud in thi way witha oth (4) Bkhet lil tee (bok ees. ‘nave read bth inks Gee 5:8, ot Traditional gramamar demands the deft arte with Ale and mest but {Cis vey commonly ited doe to Engh nue: (55) Di eter de rar aan (58) (Dd meat von lei ‘Moro thm arse 3.8. 1.19, Uae ofthe definite article with dicen one? ‘When ane is td aan tribe ajective in Bagi tis ender by die one (67) Sion rd te baht Die wn i springen de andra sings nd the the an inal (68) Hyon sare none geo ‘Ho smoked ane cigarette afer another” (69) tamume nde eon fader form Tack ane oa fom (60) gpdiceen fender marys thane way oan (61) gmdiew ofanderrede Tor on wher reson ean or tha ee 1.1.18) ‘31.110. Une ofthe definite article with certain titles indirect address ‘Th artic is always used in the illowing form of iret sree: menter/ ee min ret tar ta sree S.LL11, Use ofthe definite article with the names of towns, countries ‘and regions whea they are qualified by an adjective Wea the name own str in i qed yan ate, the definite article is used, = a (62) ie prtge Stents “nagncent Sellonbnn (63) Disarm Holand ewer git dear orang. ‘oor Holand hs bee racy sop” (64) Bkwilna ce mnt truer “Tian ogo back to ati aly (65) dieVisorsanm Egon ‘Miran gland In eae lke Fo! Sina Red Chi’ snd Nasional Sina Nationalist Chin where the ajetivei sen ab prt tena, he arlene, ‘81.112, Use ofthe definite article with the names of certain towns "The towns Paar, Wilderness andthe Strand are always prosded by the de ssergclewenlbe he) who rr bhi. eeu fe es isp pre ‘alin. sel Bote bse ot’ nae nln, alr ale fel toes abe,“ tr ecto nol’ de dle en at mid! — midds remedies “em bese ~ bess "om Bodom -badems btn Moslem ~ Moslems ‘Sua se ltrs erin seta’, lakon lake ‘abe ven leven 2 ‘Bxepion: Christen Christen Christa. ser dat degre nage, lr cies, Roonder hordes ‘hick, Ie my erly fe er cir dite ty, perder opr, ander sanded se: emase- emis ‘emotion’ fami families al handie—handies Ade and, tre are oe. "xceptone ll nuns nding in trend ie (ne 4.1.2.8), serie — eli onl, assase— possi pasenget. ‘Houpion. fser“ofistereaeer, rer rire ver, skorier— sterner hin stm csi duns‘ le — ln‘ elm — els at: ine brand "None cing in tke those rm, taken dhe plral because although ‘they appear to be monospiabe, the presence oa warabhakt vowel bere im poems youge an! nd pr re eae ies alags the nasal means they infact oti with tw lable and al ogee in ‘und with oun nding in-m e 18) ut there are other contexts where it cn be he reuied fore. de Drie ‘cana ho Thro Wie Met "The plarlofmanharband’ is mans wheres that of ro wii usally ‘rer tessa hitraensowsever tharos publ. Tae ‘Siorance betwee sre ad roe hat ia do with aus theater bing higher and hue equielincomprund ie the fling de Huser the Hocrewiv’ Leagu,sakerwae boxnes women, berepsrowe professing ‘women stracerone ‘ret walker an eerste euphenem bt ose (nteaos and atone wacer women The foal fhe ition ‘Sin alse determin wich frm sed g Meson rose Mui women Sn Iectur or wating, Mase-rouns in natal speech "The plural f Marat “dy whon sen det spec i Moo Meroe THis not neceary to praliae monsters mama wher itmeans sol, oy (110) — Moor 16 nam het i Baha gest. ‘More than 18 people voted for Beta? (21) Digrosp was ten an eer “Thare ver fon in at ge 4167. Paral of ib i" ‘The noun rib has otha arlin ib and one ine ries, with the Teter being more cman Set mrt res et ete 4.168. Dual plurals of hen ‘acl, kernel ad ier ger, leopard? ‘The nouns hor ‘nals, Ken and er gr, leopard hae ah pra in “¢and one in: hemo, rem ern toe formal and scent ‘amos. 44189. Foreig nouns with dual plural forme ore nouns with bth an and an plus etl tt ete aa Hatentt = Het Htottln Hott ~ Het otentet il— ple pasa oly ase a speech oat ally writen) Svea sabre smbrss ‘bl ttm’ armel arm rm shape paper fer! =a nly) ‘detour dieters dinars sor, manage Tare ae several other Teh Teltreetore care? reer = prfar pfs pots BButmotor” motorcar eng, tr ‘Naan allows the spellings pone poten nd taane tame in the sngula. The plral nse sng ar ae reply, pts re {aene sd tomanes|tamiene Oder Prenhlick words inne’ reall {pel ion ad eonegcent take nthe parle kaon -emagione “pewter. Excepsom reltarion “notre nearing ‘The ste applies to chemseal compound in andl ore, 2g ose hid lara side oe. 4:16.10, Nouns with an alternative singular form and thus also an ‘iterative paral forse ‘Te lowing nouns have an altrmatie singular frm and therefor leo an Alterative plural form: haut! utrte~ buurte/buurtes “ncghtoaro ‘ngage “Mate Rages ‘compan, satond shone schonde! onde ond noe thatthe plural of the ane vast ena othe sigur | her 416.11. The plural of the eters ofthe alphabet ‘Mon ltrs ofthe alphabet ake an par ts ands take ang whe mmr ik moran Wh hb hh en eh Tis ff [ae 21 forthe pantnciaton of the nlphabet and 42-1 Uhetedininatve ome447. Foreiga plural formations terre ree iste Renmeeneeeoe Sa —— oo oe Se ee et a et PS Se pc rc ae 418 Irregular plurals ‘The lar felon nouns ie provided y » iferent derivative of thee 1 ti tet 10 eto, deat ‘oad rondecinge| 2 "vice, el, sugestin’ ‘ed Bde sale ka Bele ce 4.1.9) (tan aandiinge ‘ft ead cerns probit! 4.1.8, Nouns which ae plural in Bolish bt singular Afikaans ‘oa flowing mi when dean al ae ee en te ing UnlteEagy tan fre te paralied fore hana Ken eed, em bra pi a sae oe rie" pait of lanes sai archive cree ‘int eovrnmene pais cull singular but can be parsed 0 4.18) tennis an ‘teal gardens, bl une at eon.” tl anes, petals! rok roar ‘lone srs ‘gvente eee’ (eotcarter aeadarerd SE sanere ue ueepy ty nat we cca aha er tt Sinistmante ot cancer rel a eu dei Cae Ton gece Aly Komp btarare ‘treed eager doe oagland tghani (die Stise Herland ho Seth Highlands’) ie ape Vite Caps Pte Naderand Nba ai pr tang eng {taps dt the Anglican rappe equ oman) ‘ie Unite Urion lings Prec) ‘tana hide terkyr ino aruer rework ous edingin ia which rede Bagh plas in es rep separ theca Cerner na am fates "nun fof gd td terial eared a Singular aesoe ty peer workin the ling mein Se very eee edn paral ination of ogc pie: ae fds eer, ‘ele relat, sau trshgronde ta tho. chet finde) ‘pertinent ei care ae ser) sen ik Tirestegoy “Te Hepburn comely ocr om, with lara ang (12) het dara majo on ‘Bataan ‘Many srt af hop are rfred tin English nthe pra or) bt the singula i rogired in Abas, (118) Neem di asad ne de rongsboonmaer ‘Plane take tis the dy denne (10) dykam ay di apc by "Yuan get itt the shee? Nevertheless the aici name of many shpe se writen on hee windows ee ‘scammonty Inthe plural eg Vander Moras Ultrason "Van dor ort utters Mor Suns Alsemene Honda Maras & Sos Genel "The ana geroeskay oan sped Yo ae calves in Ahsan. ‘The Pgh cingular tn andy oe exposed by nal seredaty end "Where in English two or ore pre-nominal eunct eply tothe one subsequent noun, Bnglich requires the noun tobe plaid, wheres the "vers isthe cave Athaane, eg inde eens om sent ite Seis andceententh centri, Grace, Beeman! Cro, In SA Engh the many mountain anges wth Aiksans names ending in ‘beng regard the ending as acllective whoreas im Afrikaans seesingular and thus the rang i ferro as bore eg die Drakensberg the Drakensberg die Magateaerge ihe Magaliesberg die Winterberge the ‘intrberg Deve tele, de Drokesersscxmonly eter to nthe Shula: Name ike di elder (ner Samer eet and die Simons ‘Gone Panyu well e afi "TableMourtai (with no ari), refer 0 ‘Mnee mundane andar thus uted nthe singular sxe Oerbo, which {eters tom region nt a nuntain or hain of mountain, the aren ear stents Holand ete Breede er. 10, Nouns which are singular fa English bat plural in Asikaans ‘One always refers to o's inthe pla in Ahaane, eK moet my ‘are bre mat ach my ha? "Phe noun slagrle abut t aly wed in the plural as indo abattoir commonly sto, abou nly abe etalshmnant beng refered, (015) Door slagpte ney on plans ‘tre ssn sb ea ea” unftrebens boing iracking hed-ace lege orenenetortane,experene® ‘Sie akc wae used in he lara nde meaning andr. tis common practice in Pgh faethe singular of onal pies as mats pun, bt in uch eee Aaa wee the pra, 6 (116) oars ai bate hraede/ font in hed reserva ‘are are otf budrotlalepant sm ths reserve ‘Vinge renders bath the nhs lative rit and tho purl rit Only he ft oven plant rere by the singular 4111 Plaral ofnouns of nationality ‘The plural nouns of analy igen unde 452. 4.112. Singulars and plurals with linable and inalienable nouns Inallensble nouns (eg parts of the body) fa plurl sujet can aezur inthe "ngular oth pra wheress enable nana, ems of appara) cern ‘So plural in apo ie paral oe uel noth ese, 4 nlenble: (117) How ute eke je ek ‘Shut you mothe (118) Hale he on een ewe gered ‘hey abd ures (010) Alma hth jase gery em et bite toe segnon ‘Beersone grabed Ur coat and went ouside” 42. Diminutisation of mune ‘The diminutive i extensively weed in Afikaans, I is perhaps somewhat ‘nore comma intprch than in wring, butts detnitely more cmon ‘riten Afrikaans than in writen ute, for example"The way Afskaan ‘eae use thelr diminutive ending letde Alrkaans a haem hat Beare ‘ompaison wit tho way is goed tn Yah or example “A nouns canbe diinutisd and Int few netable ees some ober nts of speach ean ay taka «diminutive ending The frm athe ending ‘dependont ‘on the phonology af the noun concerned there see tht ice the iain of th min. in seria aes ie ot Wale are ave tne vcs sean cnmtatos thet eck en ‘ea an dil ean tlie aed ‘merely to making things smal: Many noun, fr example ly onc in Amat ra othe sutine pads trent lnome fom the 421 Formation ofthe diminative “The ending can be ie ie ei sie, vie depending onthe inal ‘ound inthe noun 1 Ge nouns ending in 7 aftar an historically lng vowel

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