STP Lecture See ke tel and Kroemer Chapt 1.pi Stidkistics of a binay mede/ System Consider molecules, each pessessing & permanent magneod clipule mement M. a) when placed in a magnehe fret B, 4 6 ay — +46 ay — -ue At a fared T. the prepeihin dr Mo6IECUES With a re inong rn the sume direction as B is a balance beeen the Cheimal energy anc the MagneOc ene yy. Fer a system Conshag of N_ molectes . 3 if NM molecaes have Th adigned rth B Me enegy a> En) = NC UB)+(N-n) CAB) = (N-20) “8pz The eneny ECn) of the systenr olepac orn fn, Gueton, Ab emperature T ywhet 3 the pribabs ki ty finding Nn molecsles a.m T alignal wid pO? —— The nek secin_dfees wit 4h stat stcs ce such A S4tM. Each molecule Car he eppra as 4 &ry bar magnet a” Zi aos let te magnetic G'dd B20 Each per magne can tee eckher an uP wv down Matkaho, Q dfterent ways. Fo N motecute, the total yiumber ef possthie awangemeds: Zt Oo Bs cre BS QnP3 E2cmple N=3 tT —— 3-4P, 38 tl th Utt <— 2” od th ty Wh a arye - Ws < o-up /3-deun Che same as tossing three coins ) Each one && Gu eegGhk anangemadts iS caked == & Lycrastate Atl stades can be gengzatel DY sym bobic prade : (14D 4G) For N molecues th statei ave given by (Mier) g+y) It generetes 2N tems. One of the 2" states ¢s ttt fff N= up naPe Fov the N-up state the toca magnetic miumet O Nit Parong the 2N stadte$, ONLY ONE State gives NT, Pro the N- up state, ift one i the magnee is tuined upside town. the tocal Moment Changes bo W-Du =u = Waza | Tae are pl) wags & fam a State With Jusé one.meg. down: (itt. 7 tint t He | You Can choose th (et, Ww the Quel, wy te Wet mag own. For this paraculay Macnstedte f~2)U, there are N Wrerostetes,Ss lf We tuin one moe meg clown a Ha otal moment pe Comes (N-2ul- 2 = WBA — How mang Micrstedes, ov oliffe. arvargenatys ae there for ta (NYU Maamstete ? N ways to choose te frist Meg, once the is€ iS Cheosen theres @ fucther WV-{) Wags 0 Chose (ke df, fhe Cte umber of Wags for 2- meas, oloda rs NC W-1) eee due @& over wun ting, pod WOAH) Erample Ae ower murking Using N=3 Sey iLL tl Among Che x 3xz= 6 weds a) | < v1 | \ Ones 3 diskinct tht TEEN sce tub A Vth fly th Wl Ww, ius Ni rr States having > NtstwtS ny yeturs All these states, having moment 2su bang C2 @ siege pyacrstate We use Ny! 20.2= = (gut5)! Cues)! fol the number of stedes Cowes pencting bh Nf- NY =2s OON-S>. mult pheaty func je % the numberof microstols having thu Same Ss. PT(te s the tet We If we let dats + ay = Vs) F ‘i of stectes: FS aM.s) S tet, bet Then We have (en So 2 GUN, 5 2. = LS) N PB(9 Sharpness of (ON. $) For a lage N. LLCS) can be & Ve very jalge number lt is convenient LA werk with Ip SLCN-S) Ann. sd Ln i= brn 139! - tnQu-48)/ Fa fnN! where N is & lage number. Wwe Use the Serhingss appreaum ann (See Kiel & Kroemer, Agperdia A for details of steps ) Here | give gov te rewll my —zss LNs) = aoe © y, in 0= (2, *aN © E€ S shows a ga Baussien distobubonpre Standad Gaussien func » ee _ chew” faye ce aoe @ See f zee = @ SADE § at fo Air-ar eet @) SO= Oo “Fuse ficaban” of te Seibing ) appre! mad on > On NCN-)(N-2)- OE IN GD OnNi= > Lt a ( toa dA ae! Ls v = (f44)), = NV lonN- tw)pH By duect Camponrs ~ 25 R)= Une - Gea)* aud LO = Cf eaia we find, (at gou can elalucte aived’)) ee ee <(s- 7) > = ye Sine =0 = N Me yood mean Spare dL mag, umeadun C4 (OSS > [kes%> = dN iwhen 287 =N, DONS) = UN Oe" We have yp vce) uve) ©