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Chapter 1: Rate of Reactions
Chapter 1: Rate of Reactions
Rate of Reaction
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to :
state what rate of reaction is
identify observable changes to reactants or products for determining rate of reaction
determine the average rate of reaction
determine the rate of reaction at any given time from a graph
solve numerical problems involving average rate of reaction.
solve numerical problems involving rate of reaction at any given time.
Activity 1 :
Activity 2 : Fast (F) or Slow (S) reactions? Write F for the fast reaction and S for the slow reaction.
1.
6.
Striking a match
2.
7.
3.
Frying an egg
8.
Ripening of tomatoes
4.
9.
Digesting food
5.
Activity 3 :
.. in mass of product
.. of precipitate
1
For each of the reactions below, write a chemical equation and state the observable change/changes
can be used as selected quantities to measure the rate of reaction :
Example 1 : The reaction between marble chip with hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide
gas and chloride salt.
Chemical Equation : .
Changes :
(i) ...... (reactants)
(ii) .(product)
Example 2 : Reaction between sodium thiosulphate solution with sulphuric acid to produce
yellow precipitate of sulphur, water , sulphur dioxide and sodium sulphate solution.
Chemical equation : ..
Change :
(i)
(product)
(product)
V4
V3
V2
V1
60 120
180
240
Time (s)
cm3s-1
cm3s-1
= ____________ cm3
m3s-1
V2
V1
cm3s-1
30
120
160
1. In the experiment to determine the rate of reaction between marble chips and hydrochloric acid, the
volume of oxygen gas collected at intervals of 0.5 minutes is recorded in the table below :
Time (min)
Volume of
oxygen gas(cm3)
0
0.5
0.00 27.00
1.0
46.00
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
59.00 70.00 79.00 86.00 92.00 95.00 95.00
5.0
95.00
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
4
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Time (min)
Activity 5
1. The following figure shows the graph of carbon dioxide, CO2 gas produced when an excess
of calcium carbonate, CaCO3 reacts with 40 cm3 of 0.1 moldm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl.
Average rate of
reaction in the
first 10 sec
(ii)
Average rate of
reaction in the
first 30 sec
(iii)
(b) Based on the results in (a), how does the rate of reaction change with time.
..
(c) Explain your answer in part (b) with respect to the concentration of hydrochloric acid.
..
2. The following table shows the volume of a gas collected from an experiment.
Time (s)
Volume of gas (cm3)
0
0.00
30
17.00
60
29.00
120
36.00
150
36.00
0
2.90
1
1.90
2
1.25
3
0.75
4
0.40
5
0.10
Activity 6 :
The following changes may speed up the rate of a chemical reaction between an acid and magnesium.
Put a tick in the box next to each one that will speed up the reaction (assume that there is initially an
excess of acid) and state the specific factors that affect the reaction.
(i) Effect of size of reactants
Statement of factors that affect the rate of reaction
Specific factor
Aim
investigate
the effect of size of reactant in an experiment between marbles and
1. : ToHeating
the acid.
hydrochloric acid on the rate of reaction.
2.
Shaking the flask.
3.
Using more-concentrated acid .
Equation : ..
4.
Using powdered metal, not metal ribbon .
5.
Using twice the volume of acid
6.
Using a suitable catalyst .
7.
Increasing the pressure ..
8.
Using larger flask
8
The smaller the size of reactants, the . the total surface area,
the . the rate of reaction.
Diagram of an experiment
(Refer the apparatus set-up for the experiment in page 7 Practical Book)
Volume of gas (cm3)
Expt 2
Expt 1
Time (s)
The higher the concentration of the sodium thiosulphate solution, the the
time taken.
1/ t is
The . the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution, the
..the time taken.
Time (s)
Concentration (moldm-3) of
sodium thiosulphate solution
1/ time (s-1)
10
The rate of reaction of experiment 2 is .than
experiment 1
Diagram of an experiment
Expt 1
Expt 2
Time (s)
1/ time is ..
11
Temperature (oC)
Activity 9
1.
Temperature (oC)
Activity 9
Time (s)
1 / time (s-1)
1.
Activity 9
1
Food store in a refrigerator lasts longer than food stored in a kitchen cabinet. Explain why.
[4 marks]
[ Temperature in refrigerator is . The lower temperature caused the bacteria to
be less . A little is released by the bacteria. The rate of the food
turns bad is . ] //
[ Temperature in kitchen cabinet is . The higher temperature caused the bacteria to
be reactive. A
toxic is released by the bacteria. The rate of the
12
food turns bad is .]
2.
One kilogramme of meat, cut into big pieces, takes a longer time to cook compared to one
kilogramme of meat cut into small piece.
Explain the above statement based on the size of the particles.
[2 marks]
Meat cut into small pieces, have .. size compare to the meat cut into big
pieces. The the size, the bigger the .
of the meat, hence the the rate of reaction.
3.
State and briefly discuss two industrial processes that make use catalyst.
[8 marks ]
COLLISION THEORY
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to :
relate reaction with energy produced by movement and effective collision of particles.
describe activation energy.
sketch and describe energy profile diagram
relate the frequency of effective collisions with the rate of reaction
relate the frequency of effective collisions with factors influencing the rate of reaction
describe how a certain factor affects the collision of particles in a reaction
Activity 10
In the energy profile diagram, the activation energy is the difference in the energy between the energy of
the . and the energy shown by the peak of the curve.
Activity 11
On the diagram shown below, identify
14
Activity 12
15
Use the words below to fill in the blank boxes in the diagram
Bigger surface area
more particles
slow
less particles
fast
bigger size
16
cold
hot
slow
smaller size
Activity 13
1. A group of pupils carried out three experiments to investigate the factors affecting the rate of a
reaction. Table below shows information about the reactants and the temperature used in each
experiment.
Experiment
A
B
C
Reactants
Excess magnesium ribbons and 25 cm3 of
0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
Excess magnesium ribbon and 25 cm3 of
0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
Excess magnesium powder and 25 cm3 of
0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
Temperature / oC
25
35
35
[4 m]
2.. A student carried out three experiments to investigate the effects of the factors influencing
the rate of reaction. Table below shows the results of the experiments.
Experiment
Set-up of apparatus
II
III
Excess
hydrochloric acid
+ copper(II)
sulphate
Excess
hydrochloric
acid
0.2 g magnesium
ribbon
Temperature / oC
30
40
40
Time taken for all
the magnesium to
50
20
15
dissolve / s
Sketch the graphs for the volume of hydrogen gas against time for Experiments I, II and III
using the same axes.
17
Activity 14
1 The table below shows the volume of hydrogen gas released when 50.00 cm3 of sulphuric acid
solution reacts with 5.0 g of granulated zinc.
Time/s
Volume of
hydrogen gas
released/cm3
(a)
0
0.00
30
80.00
60
125.00
90
165.00
120
190.00
150
210.00
180
210.00
210
210.00
Write the chemical equation for the reaction between zinc and sulphuric acid.
...
[2 marks]
(b)
(c)
(i) Draw the graph of the volume of hydrogen gas released against time.
[1 mark]
[4 marks]
(ii) From the graph , calculate the rate of reaction at the 80th seconds.
[2 marks]
(d)
18
19
Based on the table and graph above, compare the rate of reaction between :
(i)
Experiment I and Experiment II
(ii)
Experiment II and Experiment III
Experiment I and Experiment II
The rate of reaction of experiment II is compared to experiment I. The
temperature of experiment II is . The higher the temperature, the
the kinetic energy of the particles. The between
hydrogen ions, H+ and calsium carbonate happened. The frequency of collision . The
frequency of collision also increases. Hence, the rate of reaction
is.
Experiment II and Experiment III
The rate of reaction of experiment III is compared to experiment II. The total
surface area of the reactants in experiment III is ..
The between hydrogen ions, H+ and calsium carbonate happened. The
frequency of collision . The frequency of collision
also increases. Hence, the rate of reaction
20