- TRIGONOMETRY Basic Trigonometric Ratios ” Opposite om | oe [oe sine Hypotenuse a nee [wala cose = _Adiscent En aes Hypotenuse = Oppesite fanz ~ ‘Adjacent Exercise 1. Express in terms of trigonometrial ratios of acute angles (a) sinat0° () eoo(—20°) (i covecasor (b) tani30° (f) 8in325° G) sin(—230°) (@) eon200? (@) tan(-140?) () see(-172) (d) sin (—50°) (h) cos164° ()) cot156" 2, Write down the values of the following, leaving surds in your answers (calculators should not be used) (2) eosar0® (©) tant20" () sin(-270°) (0) sins40" (0) 9in225° G) sin(—120°) (¢) coo(—180°) (g) tan(~60") (2) tant3se (8) 00s (~135°) Sin Rule ain A Exercise 1. In AABC, AB =9em, ZA =51° and ZEC = 39° Find BC 2. In XYZ, 2X = 27°, YZ = 6.50m and LY = 78° Find 2X 3. In ZABC, AB = 2tom, ZA = 132° and ZC = 22° Find AC. 4. In AABC, AB ~ 10am, BC = 9.1em and AC = Tem. Can you use the sine rule to find ZA? If you answer YES, ‘write down the two parts of the sine rule that you would use. If you answer NO, give your reason. ‘The Ambiguous Case In the triangle ABC, find C given that AB = Sem, BC = Sem and ZA = 35%in we know a, ¢ and ZA so the sine rule can be used to find ZC. sind _ sin we ainG = BZ eine 3 80 sinC = 0.956 C= sin-"(0.956) 79° and 107°we need to check if the obtuse angle is possible, 7 if C= 107 , them A+C = 107 +35 = 142 iN 8 hb g ‘ In this ease the ZC = 107° is an acceptable solution and ‘ “ wwe have two possible triangles =B 180 — 142 It should not assume that there are always two possible an- sles when the sine rule is used to find a second angle in a triangle. ‘The next example shows that this is not so. In the triangle XYZ, ZY = 41°, XZ = tem and YZ = Sem. Find 2X sinX _ sink? 5 Ti 8x 0.6561 7 ‘The two angles with a sine of 0.4771 are 28° and 152° is a possible value for ZX we see that ZX 4 ZY = 152° 441° = 199° 7 This is greater than 180°, so it is not possible for the angle hence #inX = arm Using the part of the sine rule that involves zy, 2X and X to have the value 152° ‘The cosine Rule B42 — rbecosd Exercise 1, In ABC, BC = Tem, AC = Sem and C 1°, Find AB 2. XYZ is a triangle in which ZY = 121°,X¥ = Idem and YZ Use the Cosine rule to Find an Angle if =a? +08 — 2abeose Pig cos = SABRE example If, in AABC, a= 9, b= 16 and c= 11, find, to the nearest degree, the largest angle in the triangle. ‘The largest angle in a triangle is opposite to the longest side, so in this question we are looking for angle B and we use eta e ea 121+ 81 256 ~~ ae 0.2727 ‘The negative sign shows that 2. is obtuse, Hence B = 106° and this is the largest angle in AARC. cosBAngle between two planes Area of a Triangle 1 A= Sabsind sero : <> Wan Fon 1. In the cuboid shown above, ABCD is a square of side 4om and PA = 10cm, Find the length of (@) ac (b) AS (@) 49 (d) a diagonal of the cuboid 2. The pyramid ABCDE has a square base of side Bom. E is Sem vertically above D. Calculate (a) the lengths of AD, BD and BE (b) the angle between AE and the plane ABCD (c) the angle between BE and the plane ABCD (@) the angle between the planes EBC and ABCD aa Given the triangular prism in the diagram, in which M is the midpoint of AP, find the following lengths and angles. (a) RM (RA (QA (@) the angle between RA and the plane ABQP (c) the angle between RM and the plane ABQP. be ‘Three points, P, Q and R lie in a plane. The line RS Js perpendicular to the plane and is of length 10 cin. If ZSPR = 70°, ZSQR = 60° and PQ = Tem, calculate teach of the angles in APQR.5. ABC is a horizontal triangle in which BC = 10m. P is, a point 12m vertically above A. The angles of elevation of P from B and C are a and 3. where fana = 1 and tand~ Pind he ange tener the pes PBC nt abe ‘Mensuration of a Circle converting an angle @ to radians, 6 “(iy Exercise |- Calculate, in degrees, the angle subtended at the cen- tre of a circle the of radius 2.7om by an arc of length 6.9m Calculate, in radians, the angle at the centre of a circle of radius 88mm contained in a sector of area 974mm? ‘The diameter of the moon is about $445k and the distance between the moon and earth is about 382100km. Find the angle subtended at point on the earth's surface by the moon (give your answer 3s fa decimal part of a degree to 2 d.p.) Ina circle with centre O and radius Sem, AB isa chord of length Bem. Find (a) the area of triangle AOB (b) the area of the sector AOB (in em®, correct to 3 sf) A chord of length 10mm divides a circle of radius Tm. into two segments. Find the area of each segment. A chord PQ, of length 12.60m. subtends an angle of 2 2 rat the cotze of a dc 6. A, Band C are points on a horizontal line such that AB = 60m and BC = 30m. The angles of elevation, from A, Band C respectively, of the top of a clock tower tans are a, 8, and, where tana = # and tany = 2. The foot of the tower is at the same level as A, Band C. Find the height of the tower. Area of a Sector az lve cating gh sng ae weap or (a) the length of the are PQ (b) the area of the minor segment cut off by the chord PQ. 7. A cure in the track of a railway line is circular are of Tength 400m and radius 120m. Through what angle does the direction of the track turn? 8. A chord of a circle subtends an angle of @ radians at the centre of the circle. ‘The area of the minor seg: ‘ment cutoff by the chord is one eighth of the area of the circle. Prove that 40 = x + 4eind 9. A chord PQ of length 6a is drawn in a circle of radius 10a. The tangents to the circle at P and Q meet at R. Find the area enclosed by PR, QR and the minor are PQ 10. Two dises are placed, in contact with each other, on a table, Their radii ace der and Sem. is stretched round the pair of dises. Calewlate (0) the angle sub tended at the centre of the smaller dise by the are that is in contact with the elastic band. (b) the length of the part of the band that is in con- tact with the smaller dise, (6) the length of the part of the band that is in con- tact with the larger die (4) the total lengch of the stretched band. (Hint. The straight parts of the stretched band are common tangents to the two cigcles.) ‘An elastic bandGraph of Trigonometric Functions “1s sine S 1 1S cost <1 =00 < lane $00 ‘The graphs for each of of the following function is given below tangent graph Exercise 1. (a) Write down the maximum and minimum values of the following expressions i. sine vi, 34 2oosde ix sec ii. Scone a = tants ii, Qeoshe Teena —_—_ iv, — finde on we ¥. 1= 2eine Scone eats (b) State with reason which of the following equations have no roots 2einz = 3 v. deosecte ~1=0 sing | cosz = 0 sinz } cosz = iv, Being + cosecr = 0 vii, sece = sine (c) Sketch the graphs of the following functions and state the period in each case i ye ents wv. y=tan(Z) ii, y= co0(3) \ youn (%)Solving Trigonometric Equations Exercise 1. (a) Find values of « form 180° to 360°, inclusive, which satisfy the following equations , v3 iv, sin(e— 307) = -¥ v. coa(z + 60°) = 05 vi. concer = 2 (b) Solve the following equations for values of = from 0° to 360°, inclusive: i sintz=} fv, tana = —1 vii tan?&e = 1 ii. tantz= 4 vy. ton (3x — 45°) = $ sindz =} vi sin 2e-+30°) = 08 (c) Solve the following equations for values of x from ~180° to 180° inclusive i. tants + tone - Dsinte — sine vii, 2ooe*e + Sooar +1 =0 li, cos? = cose v. deos?: 7 iil, Seine + sine = 0 vi. dsin?e = Beoste ix. Beose 4 2secr 17 = 0 cosz vill, Ssinz + 6cosecr General Solutions sinks =e nant (ta ser slton ins = neh (=1)" eZ Exercise: 1. Find the general solutions of each of the following equations. Gives answers in radians when they are exact; otherwise give answers in degrees to Id.p. va sine (8) deot4z + 12eos0ce +1 (@) sine = @ ® (b) coaz = 0 (6) sece =1 (h) docee — Stone = 5 (©) tane = v3 (6) coseex = 2 (i) Roose — 4sin?s +2 = 0 2. Find the general solutions of the following equations, giving your answers in degrees (a) tan2z = (b) cosa (d) cos (2x — 45°) = 0 (©) ain(32 4 30°) (© sine 3 Find the general solutions of the following equations, giving your answers in radians (b) tan (2x — 5) (©) sin (ae + be4, Solve the equations forthe value of in the range —180° < 2 < 180° (@) tanze = 1s (0) aanse = ur (6) coo = 0.85 5. Solve the equations for values of x in the range 0 <2 < 2x (a) tants ~—v5 (b) secs ~ 2 (o) cothe Pythagoras Theorem From the result casts + sin? 1+ tants = aectz and cots +1 ‘we can get: cosecte Exercise 1, Eliminate @ from the following equations (a) 2 = acos0, y= bsind (6) 2 = asecd, y= b+ ccosd (b) 2 acotd, y = beosecd (0) z= acosecd, y = bsecd (6) == atand, y = beosd (g) 2 = rind + cond, y (a) 2 = 1 sind, y= 1+ e098 (b) 2 = 9000 + tand, y 2. Find with using tables or calculators, the values of 4 15 (a) sins, tant, if cose = 2, and 2 is acute (©) cons, cote, if sing = = and 2 is acute (0) cen tone =F, and ettnne a) ane, sone = 2 ad ee Double Angles sind + sind = sin (442) ong (4E2) ston toe) oo) 2 z tan tan (at B) = fans tonB tan(A B) 1¥ tanAtanB Bxercise 1, Find the values of the following with using calculators (a) cos (45° - 30°) (©) ena (120° + 45°) (b) sin ase + 30°) (8) aini6st (0) sin (60° + 45°) (e) ints (@) cost08* () costs 2. If sina ~ § and sinB = $5, where A and B are acute angles, find the values of (a) sin (A +B) (b) cos (A +B) (6) cot(A+B) 1 where Ais obtuse and Bis acute angles, find the values of (b) tan(A- B) (o) tan(A+B) 4. Thcov = $ and tanB = 32 , where both A and B are reflex angles, nd the values of (a) sin(a~ B) (b) tan(A-B) (©) cos(A +B)5. tan (A+B) ~ } and tanA ~ 3, find the value of tan. 6, Find the value of tan , when tan (A~45°) = } 7. From the following equations find the values of fanz (@) sin (2 + 45°) = 2eo9 (2 +45") (b) Bein (2 ~ 45°) = cos (2 + 45°) (©) tan(z~ A) =}, where tana = 2 (2) sin (e+ 30°) ~ cos (2 + 30°) 8. If sin (z+ a) = 2e08 (x — a), prove that fanz = 9, Express as a single trigonometric ratio © V3 + tane i= Vitanz (2) co016°sins2® (e) sini6°cosd2? coed coals? — wind win sin + sing ~ ain (2 cont + cog» 2eou (7 +2) con (P52) sare ~ 2a (22) an (252) sinP ~ sing = Bain ( Exercise 1. Evaluate (a) 2sint5°coa5* (©) cos?22}* — sin?22}* ‘2tan221° 1 tan?15° ——, © Sa ©) rentaay” Tani 1 = 200825" (©) 2008?75° = 1 ©) penta (4) 1—2ein?or}* (h) 9¢¢224"cosec22}° 2. Solve the following equations of z from 0°to 360° inclusive: (@) con2s + cosz+1=0 (0) eine = Goinde ae (©) deine (eo4de +1) = Svinte (©) cos2x inz (d) 3cos2z — sinz +2 (h) 3tanz = tan2z (6) sin2zeo02 + sintz = 1 (©) Seot2e + cote = 1 3. Eliminate @ from the following equations (2) 2 = 0080, y = c0s20 (©) t= 2sind, y = 300820 (6) 2 = tand, y= tan2e (€) 2 = 20009, y = con?4, Prove the following identities cos2e (2) SOE Scone — sine sing | cose _ 2sin(x +y) © Sing * cany =~ indy (o) 8 — sine ena a +0) sin cony Some Important Identities 082A = cos? A — sin? A 1 = cos?A + sin? A cos2A = 2cos*A— 1 Similarly 1 = cos2A = 2ain? A c0s2A = 1— 28in?A Tes not too dificult to see that sin2A = sin(A + A) = 2sinAcosA ve will now use this to find the the identity for eos8A and sind ‘cost = cos2Acoad ~ ain2AsinA (20087 = 1) co8A~ 2coaAsin? A 2c08%A — cos — 2conA (1 ~ cos"A) = 4c08°A — 3008 In a similar fashion sind = sin (2A + A) sin2AcosA + sinAcowA 2siniAcos™A + sina (1 — 2sin?A) = 2sind (1 ~ sin?A) + sind (1 ~ 2sin? A) = 3sinA — Asin? A Example Prove the identity “= cose (ores) Example Prove the identity cotz + tanx = seczcosecr cotz + tanz — SSE, SE cost + vinta 1 (=r) (cee) Exercise: Prove the following identities 1. sinzeote 2. (14 tan?2) costs 3. (1+ tant) (1 — aint) 4, costa aintx (4) tanz + eoty = 2eosecdz (e) cote ~ tanz = oota2 o— 4 = tan2eeoseer — + cose Fain * co Example Prove the identity sins ~ cose = 2sin?x— 1 recall that sin'y— costs = (sine — coa?z) (sins + cos?2) int ~ (1 — sin?a) 2 =2sinte—1 Example Prove the identity (1 — eos#2) (1+ cos?) asinte— aint (1 cons) (14 orts) = wins (1 + e002) os winta (1-41 ~ aint) Example sinc +1 sing ~ coz +1 ing | cowz 1 ‘considering the LHS Prove the identity sing ~ coz +1 ‘sine coe which redivees to sin? ~ cose + sing — cows + sins + enae +1 (sing + cos)? — 1 Dain + Daine ~Dainezoone sing +1 5. secr — cose = sinztane 1 Bein? 6. cot*s (1 — coo*z)1 1 eee seer + coscer cota ~ cote M1. ainte— cos'y = 1 ~ Roost Stonte—intes intents Pat a (conz + sinz)?+-(cose — sin)? = 9. SE +15 covects 10. (einz + cosz) (tans +eot2) = 1 Sars In the form rcos(0 +a) and rsin(9 +a) ‘aco00 + bsind = VE Fcos(0— a) where «= tan (3) cst + bind = VEE oin( 9+) where « = tan (2) Exercise: 1, Express the following functions of z in the form stated: (2) deose + B8inz + Reos(2— a) (b) Binz + 12co8z : Rain (x +a) (©) 2eome— Binz + Reoa (x + a) 2. Solve the following uations for values of 2 from (° to 360° inclusive (0) VBeos2 + oinz = 1 (0) Seine ~ 12c082 = 6 (6) sine + comr = } (@) cose — Twinz = 2 (6) 2sing + Teoss = 4 (8) Btanz — seer = 4 MM. seer + tan: = jece — tame 15, acctz — aectz = tants + tan‘e 16. (cosece — cots)? = (€) 2V%sine~ cows + Rain (2— a) (¢) 2eose | VEsinz : Rein(x | a) (g) deoszsinz | 15cos22 = 10 (b) cosr + sine = seer ‘3. Find the maximum and minimum values of the following expressions, stating the values of z, from ("to 360° inclusive, for which they occur. (a) sine + cose (b) deine — Seasz (0) V3sine + cose (@) Seoee — 1Seinz (6) ins ~ Beanz () 008 (2 + 60°) ~ cose {g) 3VZcos (2 448°) + Taine