" "

.

.
""

"" .
.
.
.
:
" "Cloning
.

-1-

 :

.


.

" "Clone .

. " "runner

.

.
" "Callus
.

.
" "Clone .
)
( .


.

-2-

 :


.


.
.
.

. .

.
.

.

-3-


1997 "" ""
" "Nature
.
.
"" .
.
""
" " " "John Gurdon
.1970

.

) (
" "Clone .
.

.
1997 1998 2000
.2002

-4-

-5-

 :


.


.
.


.
.
:

.
" " " "nuclear transfer
"" .
1998 .2002
.
.

) ( ).(Stem cells
.

-6-


" "reproductive cloning

1997 .

.
" "Therapeutic cloning .
) (stem cell

.
. )stem

(cells


.

.
"islet
"cells .

.

.

.

-7-

-8-


.
. "
"
.

.


.



.


)( .
.

.
" "mitochondria .
" "DNA
" "DNA .

-9-

 .

DNA ""
.
37

.

) (DNA sequence

" " ) (mRNA

) (ribosomes .

DNA mRNA .

.
:
"" 1997

.

-10-

"" " "Clonaid 26 .2002

"
"DNA .
.

.

.

DNA
" ".
.

.

.

.
.
.
8 2003
.

-11-

 2001
. " "HFEA
.
.
3 2003
.
.
2000
.

.


.
.

-12-

 :


) .(molecular biology
.


.
.
) (

.

.
) (
.
.


.
" . "biotechnology companies
" " " "Ian Wilmut
.

-13-


.
" "
))((In science what can be done will be done

)
2100 2300 ( " : )(
".
" No limit may be set to art, neither is there any craftsman that is fully master
(Ptahhotep instructions 2300-2100 BC)."of his craft

-14-