CHAPTER 4 FUNDAMENTAL FROM TWO-DIMENSIONAL, POTENTIAL me CHAMICS oF Fluids FLOWS ZG. CURRIE SEComb ep ITiow | 1 wae pina ut in the intodution to Part I ht ota flows maybe nated larch sale way than gence ul ows: Wahi the eaten of ‘utenti ows the ode sc eds et oven rater spi Sotton 19 Hex (U3) and (6) may be obtained tbat aay eine 359 ‘feral equtons, Ths Ie achieved though oe of the poverfltol of omplx variable theory. with the velocity potential, leads to the definition of a cxmplex potenti Through fis somler potent, sme elementary soles eorespondng to sours ss and yrs ae examined Te supepestion of such elementary ‘ols the lead he sitio for he Bow around ra caer To tiethod of etlonna randoms i the intoduced, and the Joona Franormatin Sed peti he soatin forthe ow aon lips sn "rf The Sehvar-Chrstfeltansormaion then inode nd ed 50gy th fin regions eon sharp corer Indo I hs caper oe Samples of ee sac confauatins, 41. STREAM FUNCTION “The woe potenti # ws defined in sch a we hat stomatal sted the coisa of irony Te cont equation then showed a ¢ Bd tebe a sluion a Lapin’ eatin. A scoot fenton maybe aed by 8 a‘plement posed for two-dimensional incnpresible Ail ows That Tanston iy’ be defoed in see wy tht If utoatcaly ates the ‘tray eatin i the equation which must say Wil be determined Yih condition o ations. “rhe conn eatin, in cares cordints, fr tho hw eld under BR? Now latosue function which defined s flows % ot (6.10) * on 8 (9) ‘With tis dentin, the continity euatinn sed encaly for at factions. The funcion 9 cal the steam fant, and by vit of eon is ld for to-do, oth station! sod et "The eqiton whi the steam fncon me ni i obtained frm tbe codon of otatonaiy, Desig te components othe vores ver by Gave) Ki fat ebstred tay in two aero, the ony tonto compan! of the vory vector th exponen! which perpenaa o {Se plane ofthe ow Secon hotel tht = fo/Pe dey. Tha te ondlon of rota I Sig for and from (41) shows ht mt tite fing ee That the seam function g, Uke che wacty petal g, mus sty Lipae' equation. The seam fascon hat some tel properties wich The fo ies which corepond to # ~ constant te the mines of (he Row fl To show hs noted ha ja ftom of oth ay Ie eect so that the il atin ey sce wih = chnge in ans ~o «2 anita secs Hage (4) he eae ed Ten the equation ofthe tne # = ont t= vdeo ud 6) + “ (Fi tc the tit st hat geo fi vd 9 el SSE Sr eps aly er te Seatac ne toe he wots sonata wp oa ied nl eb eon ca te nan lope olson wk ates esse ny fn ‘te poy fh ic cn 9 On he roe cede eet sen pes soho al Rvs Takes te wo wean 16 or hy soi vo unane oe Seinehy-"b;uup ouch Pe eA cut sce bat ‘tray sag pve sown fg ho essa Seminal isa pn wontis ov ero te Sac per tn op pena tefl lee {Stns tot oes ie Semler ine er Sp ot sate o- ffeay~ [fot uti at ceed eter that de + dys ta, gating thie ‘iretoe Between theo pnt a B fbn that Wows ffoaes Peay Comparing these to expressions conti tat Ye ~ Bs =pe ena aera ceoece et antarty ae eee eee om = a (g),--5 ha 6) 4 (2),-- wan 1s yr te dp ot at 9 cana ee neve coc of eee cece u eee eel Wi circ kein we aescuun ens nein at ramet prcedue for song two-dimensional pole ow pcbems The tethered to the fame 42 COMPLEX POTENTIAL, AND COMPLEX vetocnry The wlosty components u and may be exposed in tems of cher the select potenti or the seem fen. Prom Ea. (LA) and hee ew a) “That he fretons and yar elated by the exgessins ay oe ‘But howl be ecgnze ashe Catey Riemann eqations fo the etne (a, 3) and 9) Then conic te capi otal BCs), which defined ‘room romanian 67 8 fats: Fa) = #5) C59) a) thee =. Now if FG) san ani ction tlw tat and ‘ill tomatic sat the Covey Rlewann eaunone. That or ey Urabe fonction FC) the res pr automaisly vad velo potenti ‘nd the Imeaiany prt ive sto ve tegen setae way oathinhing ins 0 tien ana onto oad the mane par to 9, te teary of comer Varhbiesgecintes tha Vp ~ 0 and Wp 0a soued. The ow feld ‘Sree Gat nae acon ay be decried by sige ‘cumin 9 ~ costes. The comping vnc cmpinents may be el {ulated fom Fag) or 1, and te pressre may be eae sing Bx (Gt This npprach asthe dsxanage of beng ier In the sense hat Doble saed and thea exe se wal the pyc prclem Was lithe fst place. However, for teaching purpose hr ono consequent Sonal feral flows. On the eer han, ths speach wal [ef ofthe power res of complex varie teoy and aos te dels of abag tal ilfretal eqn, Por thes eon the cnet aproeh ‘Aotier quantity of pine fetes, epat tom the complex potential ‘2 she deal of Fe) with espe Size Fe) supped fo be ‘nal dF il be a poll fineton Whose value i Independent of the Siretion i which tiene, Thee, denoting he erate by Weve ‘nilbe even my B Dard a oes “ whee us has Been made of Bas (3, an 4.10. ew of his eal the quant ¥7) eed the compe oy ltough imal pat I a Equnton (44) flrs comenentaltraive to ge a and (0 fe Soting the elo component oespoding ogee complex pti "Ast prope of the complex eb tht wen mld by con coupler comtpat ces the salar podit ofthe veel Yeo With eld To show ths comer DC) and Is couplexcojuate 2), Thea v= (a= myn) osThe sgaifeasce oft eu is that the guasiy wu = Vp T= wo! oper inthe Bernal equation. renwent it advnageous 1 workin eydealeordnates rather ban cartesian ecrcnates An exes fr he complex velo ay ‘eal abaed la ena coorines by converting the catesan compo ‘ens ofthe loth wetr (40) teal compo’ ty aye 62 Shows ylosy veto OP Scomponed it scares compenet show ‘3d and ae oie omponents Gown Sted). From the gute ech tthe eae vel components may be exposed fe terme ofthe to ‘deel eonponei flows weno + ayn(E 4) mee ane eine npin(E 8) apne tues Substuing these expressions into Ba. (geste exgreston forthe com ervey 7 in ems of ad = (408 9 uysn)~ ag 0 wy c080) goo ~ Iain) ~ hyo ~ tn) aati, = Cag tae ry “Th oregon ete Fa, 4.3) 40 (46) a alle estab the or Ald which re represented by single aaltefnctns 43. UNIFORM FLOWS “The simpler anaticFnetea of is proportions = lull and the coree- ‘ponding ow ele ae fs Bos = [ul |Z Fes, costes #(2) to 86 proparionl 1 where the constant of opti ira That where ren Then, fom Ba. 48, (2) =" tome Then, by equatiag real and inaplaary pars of his equ, the voy empoacatcosespoding fo ths epee potetal ae ono Buti he vs Held fx a form reser fw as sho i 43 Ths the comples peal fr sh fw whee oy magne 0 {nthe pase x deat wl te (2) = Ur (49) Nest conser the comlex potenti tbe protons o = with an Imai eontant of prepara. Thea (2) = ker hove fa rel The minus sgn has been ncaded to make the veosty Wi) =u -ie= a0 “Tiss a unio vera! ow a shown in i438, Then the complex potential ms) =~ 4m)70 near non ily, conser ote contant of properonlty 2 hat BG) arte ‘where and ae Fo hi complex potent W(2) 0 The fw Bel Indkated i Fg. 4a cll a oc. The ves i orey adam deste 2 he ow les the eran ct, The oi a ugar pot corresponding fo fae vl, anda he Mu Row aly ost, evel essed auch ata he ae of hid eesing ooh cl constant, rudy the ena equatian Sourees ate churscerued by their sengh, dented by, whch eine ato Ylune fad eagle sure pe unit te prot ep {he fowl rom ts dftion flo hat mm [entae = [Petem tee Heo th ety = 6/R ha been sed Then € maybe replaced by 1/2, hing the allowing complex potent or a source of sent: Fe) ~ ies ‘The spore coresponding fo his comple oti i lot atthe ein the loeston of he singly. Thon the compe ptental rs sour fagmle hep = lb to) = te) ws ‘Cat th omple potenti fo snc nee mere, one’ Dy repiing ty =m ln a. 28). Now eonier te ots of iportnaty le the loan campex seni Yo be asia). That coker F(z) = ibe: vee real and the mls since fo ae « pase vortex Tes, wing Sd cordnae, (2) = eto Re® nb ica R ‘Then, rom Hg (4) the velo potent and the steam function are $= clos steamlnetae the citlet R= conta ar shown i Fe Sth The easy ‘ompocents maybe esate by we ofthe complex Yell, mey= “ Compaion with B46) sows tat he voy componeas ae wed Hence te ection ofthe ow peste outerlcks) fr €> ad the resting No fed sealed ves. iA ore i uated by He stent, wich may be ested by the icon T whish fr sarited wih Prom ig 03) the celation T whch Isusoced wi he sigue a the rans raged [rane = [edb = ane ‘Hee, the rt uy = 6/8 Bas Ben wed Then ¢ my be replised by 2, inthe flowing ote tent fraps ownterachve) elec of ray= ry Ea = 0.Tha the tin ot “he soglty a this exqrssion I octed F(a) = “tg ele) «9% The complex potenti for & negate vortex woud be bined by selon T Wy fin E.G), Noe, however, tha he epatve eoolent aed "The Sw Hl repseented by 1 (49), whl Is shown in Fig 44 for = Qucoraponds toa raed fre roe. Tel for sy cos ont ‘thie des neice the singly, the cain wil be x0 andthe fw ‘ile tonal Al the celron and vty asec wi hs pe | ‘rte ence at he sng. Tas st cans th the 0 ody Toston ore hich wor mentioned in Chap. 2 The print aplaton oth oor the sn, and he yrtex sin the seperpasiaa wh chee Bows alld more pric! Row fe, 45 FLOW IN A SECTOR “The low in sharp Bends or sete a sepeseatedy complex potenti which tie proportional t whee = Aspe ne such come tetas vould en =, wih eresens no retnese How. Then, in oer Ua Ti specil as wil rede to Eq) conor the empl ptetals F(a) ue te so separating the eat and Imagnary prs of his Sbaiting = Fane aes (2) = UR" cos + UR sind “Then the veld penal andthe seam fein ave $= UR conn > Ulan Fo hc it i evident that when 8 = On when 9 =n the sam fn ‘user: That ite seen 9 ~ Ocosespond fe taal ier D =O snd14 anni = w/a. Beten these yo ies, the steams ae eine Oy Rin 8 = Const This pes he fo fle sb In Fig 8 The deen of he few Song he steewlins may be dlemined fat he comple vl 85 eRe (2) = it = nuR=et4 = (aU cond + LR “Ths, by comparison with, (Lhe vey components ae ‘Then for 0 < 0 < (n/2n) He pose while ene ad for (n/20) < Oe Copa) gin tative a8 wy emia epave This sxtblas he Pow ‘Sec dete in Fig 4 From the fran, the complex potential for th dow i a soc ot sector afange wn FU) = (10) orn = 1,84 (4.10 ges the compe tet for a nom reine fw, fd for n= 3, ghes he complex pola forthe Bow ina eared 46 FLOW AROUND A SHARP EDGE “The campo pte for the fw sound «sharp eg, sucha thee of 2 fat pay Sand fom the fannie cone the como _—}— _ it fen i roune 46 - on C oo poten Bayee™ ete «et and <0 <2, Then in india coordinates, Ha) = enn 1 thatthe vlc poeta and sen fntion ace reno enn Thus the tees = 0 ad 8 = 2 conespond to the steamline f=. The ter Searles are defines by the equation sn 0/2 = consent, wl sil the fw pattern show i i. 48 The econo he Bow obtained from the complex veloty a flow: aa * 7 wo silo oe)Hence the velo epost re satin “Te, fr 0< 0 < yng > Dad <0. Als, for <0 <2 ty <0 and 12 Te ge he ection af ona laeied lg 46 ‘Theta fll shown in Pie coespone ote low oon a sharp eg, ai 9 thecal polenta sh 2 How i PQy-a aan, Aa nest este of thi rv at he corner tli sagt pinta ‘thet seo components beso init Sn tht at AY 8 Theives of RY follows at oe vel sgl a hee 0 inane fn te fee. Theres wil be doused fn See 45 447 "WLOW DUE 10 A pous “The fms 1/e has 4 sags at =O, ad in the costes of camper Det he tings cle «dae, The ues way o€etabistng thew fk wich coreapans fo te comple potenti whieh ae ror ‘eal 172 woud bef fellow the methods ieee we the pens ‘con owen tro thatthe doblt may Ke conve to be he ‘alsing of sores and ak, andthe eqled compen potent say be ‘Saeed tno a inting ronséar whch wee he fas This interpetaton Tene to attr pel understanding ofthe dbl, an for ths Fearon sb foes bere love sting the Bw Bald Reterring to te geome” tet’ In Fig 47a, comer a souce of stent nana of strenth mea of wh slated onthe rea a ‘nal iaace «fea the oie complex otal tse contiaaton ister Ea 8, opener) ale) [ttes) \i=ra) Ziweeo the nonimemsonl distance oll Is cxosiered to be mal he reve of theo mayb pt lon Foral(s fort o Em eat of3 were the designation O{e?/=) meas eras of ox 62/2? onsale. Te Tog i ow I the fom lop, whee shat the eae expansion 7 © 7°) maybe wed. Then ne - Bbt +of5)] {tis nw propor oe «and m+n such ay tht eo) = ‘nave peacoat Then the comple potent become Fa)~ ae Ts the complex steal 4/2 maybe that fa being th equals ot xe topeier" In order to establish the fy fled whlch the above copie potest repotnts tessa fon wl be etabshed 5 fs Faye ste bS)-(&) We -Bra Bem Kiet Aine These express {00 uy andy contin the fw dictions inetd in 75 "The Sow fel ase in ie 47 i ead 9 dub flow, andthe singly which a th hee fe aw felled dvr. Then he mpl potent fr ote of engin ch aed a2 ~ 1 ra- oe aay) The pina use ofthe doves iin the supepaiton of fndamental ow file genet wore compet ad epee How eld An pian tha ul be Saad fn he nes seo. 48, CIRCULAR CYLINDER wiTHOUT ‘incurATION’ tore general solsion thew He pio superpon,Superpiion s Vall ere, since the governing extn, fr either the eo potential othe Scam fen Js Int. The At expe of spetposton of feeamesta ‘Cone the superior of form resiinen ow su a doubles at the orn Then, fom as (7e) and (1D) the samples peal ae the iw Sl wi be no- ast {él ao be sim that for 3 cert coke a the double ena he te ‘oe becane steaming On the dele R= als of #6 at a) =e (ue S)einf} ne $= (ve 2)ane oc geveral ale of ys lat arial, tt if we coor the stent of the outa fo be p= Ui then § 0 om R= The Row parm Sr ie fle stength show ia Fg 48a. The Now fest dhe fo te deol Secours that io fo te nia fw aod is bt dowoweams Fer oy the fo ld de tothe duet of tena Us? Sth unllorm rote ow of mesic gh the ame Bows at ox 3 ttiorm Bw of meee U pests cesar ier of rade Toe iar ow show tm ig. 48h. Then the comples poten ‘or wnform Row of8 marino now @ o (Gr fd hr pn MC) = te 50) a (0) 2a rmeaioce U pst» eels inde of aus oi r)-of2+£} (63) “This et wei sown igh, Bt wil slo be found wef ter ‘estion, trough the lecnaue of eoformal atfermatons, 10 bun a toast “heaton gen by Bs. (443) fr the How aon clr eine rots noni force Seg on te int. Tl sateen wil be Froved suet nl ecto, and he mente il be roe ‘ontivey: Refoog to Fy. 48h, fan be seen Ua he Da sel About the ase That foe eich pols on the upper itae tee ‘Srtvondng ols onthe lower sass, verdealy below fy for wich the ‘Shi of he welt tthe some. The, fom tke Beoull epention the Tne ofthe peso the sae a hts wo eit Hse, by nesting pp ound the sfc of he aes, he force acting he lr mt {sera Seay, ovine fo the set ofthe ow abot the as the dag fore acing on te einer 7. Athowe te fein et dose not gece wth ou ple init, the gta ow ssn the csi ing and ned fr her bodes, ‘Satu the nce of any hyena fe onthe einer ue othe epi of vac. Il be een Past IL hat eos fey reat a hi terface mine pols, feaing a Towprese wake, The reaingpresre {Stitin cence adage, However, wil be pine oat thatthe scons feondon-yer soon is stony Ia the thn boundary ler steed the tine an the selon oan em the boundary ser eqns mst Bo ruched tat gen by Ba. 413) atte edge ofthe boundary Ie. That, "Eq, (ges raid sotto tse the tin boundary ier and vse of {he vei ofthe separation pot Tals indesesthe Wale Bow eatin ch ald be sppoaced ir vssous ef te lalied, For moe ste Mood hoes, suas let, he poten satan aprenced ve he tr lene ofthe bos. 49 CIRCULAR CYLINDER WerH, CincuLATION ‘The ow fed sued in the previous section nt ony as iota Buti obyotyenss fre ating on the ener andr ther condone. al be fyi force whch aeons terete of terest toate ow sound ‘Guest oder whic hs wcealton sound I fw form concentric ces, Therefore if a vorex was ned atthe erga to Ineo around a car einer, deseed te pets sexton te fet Isc he cece R= a wa a searing would be unchanged. Thos, tem Xs (£13) aol (49), 2 Sein eo nthe ltr, th ample polenta fo he fom ‘ound a daar nds with negative bond worix around i willbe 10) efe 2) ams © B2) = Ufa bat) + ME tggae +e = dacos~ Joes Selene be2 meneonion sce oa the cle R— the value of I indeed constant, a by cocking cet lng the ve fh const wi bo zr. With ts vale of the complex poten cone rey-ofer2) + Ein! up icy desis a worm einer fw o€ maple U aproating ‘eset tsa ch a seperti ‘eer ae wit EC) hen inert vom ef dst C0 he concn ing vy components wl be ated ram he ome ely may ooft-S) srt Ud dns etc, by compan wt Ey (45 tho vloy component are went) as sn) ayn afte a)sn Cn tec te ner, whee 4, Bese =o r ‘The fic that sg = O on Ro i be expected, sac hs the Boundary ondlion CA sigan pol inthe Row el is pint whet the veloc omponcats all vonshat a stagnation pole. Forni Bow ld the r tate whee 0, te value of # crerponding tothe sagntion point. For T= 0 ta (419) iat Fart O Fert) eos oa eens sing, ~ 0,0 that 6,~0 or, which ates i Fa, 48 forthe cear finer witht cll, for nore celaton, the we of 2, ceey ‘rec pan the magnitude he preter T/L), and coven to der (61) or floret rnge fs paraete in, consider the ronge 0 /r) 1 Hee sn, <0, 50 at & sate in he hed a fourth quads, There ae to stanton point and least the one which was at 6 enw Kcated nthe thd det ie tho one whch na lee B= nom oad the outs qdeat The ‘aly, the Heaton ofthe singnaton pois stay be expnned as foto The fl die othe veteran thet de toh Ho stand the lace thot celaton reir each aber tthe it and vcoad drat. On thse had these No els opps each thc nth hi nd four {udranty,s0 a Se po in ese ofthese regan the et eet a0. “Thos the fe of crest rod he ede to ake te on nd eat rention points speach each oer, and for neat atx hey 0 to he lowe safes of he ier. Confer nest th ee wen the nondinensonlcclton tity, hat inowhen {tet = 1. Heresia = "so that f.~ 3/2. The eovespond ing ow confewation sown in Fi, 43D.‘ to station puts hae teen boat tether by he actin othe bund ort sc ta they coc {oom asl stagnation pont the tom of the onl sera. ‘int ha if te elaton teed above th akan, the ingle tagrain in cama ein on he sue the ede, Iw more of note Hdimp, conser the es where Ft) > 1, Sine seem ily ha say eagnaton pts ters maybe wl ot on the sara een, he ‘elo component rt be eae from Bex. 415). Then Rand ye {Be efladalcoonnates ofthe stagnation plats, fos fant Ea. (5) ‘hat Ry and 9 mst ts he eqns oft faons.-0 oft jalan ar Sic i md ht he atone mt on he sate he Sep by aro he de ie te whee teins ign correpon to = n/2 an the pla sen 8, = 3/2 ‘Shee U> 0; he ehand de of the ahve eqeaton i post, sad sce 150th mine ign a erected onthe eighcbabd ede Tis gh fase teen caps sas fr FC) = 1 the vl of, was 3/2, whetes the ‘gn coresgonde a 'r/2 whch won eg are ap 8, Ke ‘ama long nT The equation ae R, now Deane bese cape “hiss shows tht os 4oUa/T-> 0, 8 for ten, bat the repo Fn petit feta sign. Te let me ‘Sez by epg he mee ot rf lo BP ff tyuee Ar) +] whore te dst tems of der a/1F sl. hs om ‘dont tat sto y Ry 0 for en ig, Snce th sagan pela would te inside the sce ofthe inde, the ming stn may Be Fett so thatthe nodes ofthe stagnation poi ne Mud uti he ner ae (II 4410 BLASIUS" INTEGRA LAWS In the previous ecto twas xu that it oe exo a cea lace {staid eny by auntie method "The obra way Yo caine te Imusic of hs fre exalt veloc componente comple Doteatal, Kapwing the vl eopancte the peesire dain saad Iho sce othe ede sy be easel ya a he Bere eatin Integrate hs resare ditbton wl he the requ foe sing ee al“The dies with he frase ocd the i would hve 10 be cared ou foreach peste tition an fo exch bo nde cone Snes oe conn arb tow ht the omple ental for Te Por aroun» Bay own, then pone 0 fui the vcs andthe tring omen! sng onthe dy by meen tpi conour incre Thee ctor negra, im tory may te enly ‘Saha byte ofthe retue theorem The Ble wo are scl 60 ‘Shara lon fo foes an oe fr he byodyaumiemoneatbetg en the boss i rdf abla te forces acting a ita shaped body in 3 fw fll ens such «bay a shown in Fig 0, A Bl cant costo otairary shape a sound he body whose ae ented by Cy Te ves cng rot th cestrof pray, 8 nted Xa Yate te Introduces ane om he a) the and Section, epee ‘hen, tore ad anasc etweon te sores Cyd Cy ay Be sated thar tent eterna acest on he poste x ston mas ema tent ‘aisles the + conponcat oe momcati. In i400 cece {Fou pe ofthe sce Cy toe decor i e's a7 ‘sae ae lo eited Then he shove sateen of newton Recon forte deton may be expe by he ftowing easton -¥- [.p6~ [ outs oan In wig hs equation i a been noted hatter 0 tater of momen ta eo the face Cy sine is a seam, sb ht the Ltget ft presse sro G, pel tbe force X, whch act inthe postive dieion en Teton hence th agate deco on the fai Also the mas ex term the wont a these Cy ea), ota the predot of Ine quay and the eamponent of eos, whe inated aun the Stas yy isthe net inresre nthe enone a amen ‘A snr ection maybe alaned by apg the ase newton ew to the y econ Ths the atemet tha th net exter force ating In he lve y diction ml eqel he net rt ince the compenet of ¥4 fpaem [ oudy ods Salvin these wo eqns forthe wnkaown ces X and Y siete te folowing pa oleae X= [. (ond ~ pitas + pds) Y= {,(0de~ pods + porde) he pressate my be elininted rom these equats by we of the Beno eto, which forthe cae ude eonioratn, ay be ween inthe foes De dou sot) whet B i the Bereoal cosat. The, by eiminating the pressure pth Espen oe and Y become eof fwae— stot eV 6] Ye rf ooay + Het ea] ihr the fat tht fe = eBay ~ Ofor any constant B arcana asd Toniour Cy ha een ed‘essa be showa thar be qnaty 2X ~1¥ maybe rated cmp nepal’ Caner the Sllonng complex Tegal ong the compen velo BE fwras iB {uaa 16) A flor oar 2106) +12) 4d) of ae = 0a] + fury + Yet —09 Th at equity fallow by compare ofthe expanded for ofthe complex Integy te execu dered above forthe By foces X ané Tha Inthe compat force X27 may be alated fom, one f wes (ae) wee 1) the copes vey for the How Bo and Cis any closed ‘ator wih eacoe the ly uaer consideration Il shouldbe tte ht X vation (4:76) consist one of te wo Blass laws, Normal soning Eq (te, te cotoor ipa ertated with the dof the ‘ene theorem A pplcaton of ths procedure wil ke covered inthe next ‘in order to establish the bydrodyeamic moment acting on the body, conser again ig 418; The qn Mi the soment ating om he Bod ‘owt centr of gravity. Then akig coke moment as poste, moet iim of the Henle Yemwenn CRC, request A+ [Les +976 pads ~ edt dy ode] ~0 The into em we he tense the components ofthe reser force ui ty thar epee pereedl stance om the centro gray tthe bah at he vgn of th connate stem. The rtssing 0 {ces unde the iter represent the inert fers, whch wre erased In {he dics ofthe force equations med by tel respeive perpen vote in drecon tothe ste of incase ofthe orzo and veel sweonemsmatsommaon 9 Sovng he focgbng equation or he hyodasne moment M shes Me [ete prty + oar oad — yd =n) Subtitting » 2 ~ 2 4?)/2 fom the Beal equation even Ma of [-H ‘where the ft has Been used hat eB ~ Bye 0 fran constant B tnd any ceed conour Cy, Reanang the shove eganton shove bat he Inet fr the sneat Amy be pti he allowing for Cade +8) + (Wd + Med) ~ (aye + wed) Me Bf [ot onde—78) «amt +8) complex inter Con femptex ep want M maybe lated to he ea pt of eal par slated by Re) ote fone oF rae = nel E ce ante aye +14] elf oe ea ad 9A i Paty +9) 20 rds ra}} xd — yah) + 20o(xay bya} ‘The ht equality fons Inept wih te expeson sels on body en by ' eampatso of the sal pat of the comer ef Tat pode ae we Ere (f wea) (amy where 17) i he comple velo forte ow Bld aod ny cloned foniourWhkh encloses the boy. baud be noted thas deed asthe ‘yeni moment ating onthe body, ad pale When hel I the {lobe alee. Equation (LIT) Is the second ofthe Biss as, td9 nau 411 FORCE AND MOMENT ON A CIRCULAR vue Somehinniaare reynafee! “ren the comglx vey fo thi How eld is 3) oer vs wr wre wy =o ut rm he Bs ing aw 9 (4.170) xem wrae =i oot (tn nie) here the tt equly follows from the rei theoreti therefore Teed to cane th ete of 7%) tench ofthe inguin whlch [Simin aiey contour inthe fi which enn the ir. Dut ‘pct athe covenion deve for °C) sve shows tht the ony Singuaty at's Oy soregndng 4 the dou and thevortex whi re inated ter, Farhetore, 1°) in he fom of Latent wes aout PE Stnan fen sen hte ny term o the fam ye the fut fe Hence, te este of WAG) a¢ 2018 UT, Then he wae he geal] ‘uatng the el ad imagsinary pas of thls equation shows that the dae fone Xb rer, mat expected ond tha he vale of the i fre Ye put aus uation (4:18) Is own atthe Kitooukonsé lw, and i ase tafe ow sr lar einer, here wb not freon the einer i here |S ceuaton sou nd tre lacunae of he Mt oe wit be gen bythe pra! of the magne uf th ceeltion Wi te Frestrcam velo and the Soy of the Ol shuld Be noted tt the Fahtand eof Bq 410 fs poste, so thatthe mean cttlaon WHEN ‘ed on the nde ie oa pati, a, upward, fore, moder feat the hjodvome awa! AY acing cn the cinder, the cay mate esata, From he pea far (2 whi a wet wr wre wet ayn ue we -$re[ ra) Ene net (tet a? ite c)} exe sein the residue theorem as been te. Bat the any (2), a ‘att above, sea nthe frm of fe Laurea ete oat ¢ 0. Prom Crmer fom he ssond an at erm inthe expansion Hance waft 0 That might be expected, cere 0 yoda moment igo the 412 CONFORMAL TRANSFORMATIONS Dany complied flow toundais may be wanfomed lat rel fom Soames sch asthe cee aeay sad by te edu of canara trnsomtions. Before ong thi fa ee nesta Yo study the ect colo tesormatins on te eanplex potent, the comple eect, Sources, sik, oes cng ot th sd, lb consred a tome grometic ape inthe = plano whovecordats tex ad 7 trapped Inv some eter shpe in he {pine whose cont are fad by mess tthe tanoraton F-10@) where flan sn fie Thi situation dpi in i. 4 “Te bai the comple penta ath evel pte and the sma funtion bad toes Lapis’ caution. Hens, im err 0ed pe ps mig = we or amie sabi the effet ofa costal tnxormain a complex potenti thee Stet on Espace’ eeaton should be sed. This wl be oe by eso ineths second derives with reset x and y ino erates with respect {oie new cootnatey, ancy, Ed. Then csdering to be fancion ot fad where 4/2r and 34/2¢ wil be Hoown fom te caution of the mapping, Te ytah Now in ede to tao 24/2 each othe wo erm on the Feith deo the expe for 2/2 mut be ieee wih respect {Ses Then ing the pros rl and cong tobe freon of & Fae alee Es Hence the capes or 24/21, nerf eats wth spl oad S-e- GRata e Bs the earphone 717 Se (B) Se nee rae ee ae wow mip etn iin pn te (ce) ~ (5) ee + [BY (SY oS) Seen e Peon (20 2096 ae" ayt]ag * \aet * opt ae “This ethe equation whic he to be sts by 4,9 inte F plane de to ‘ay uaalonsaton {= (=) enrespondng wo 996/08" +3429 Din he = Pejaa! bo'efayt = Band Oar + yy" Oran tat etre inet utes nth ena fro ee £69) 5001059) {Ret i te Cac Ronn ean man fc em afin “ zSa)-(fn-ae aoa (sy (Si) |eS (YG) FB mann cautions ociinte fst then then shows that the following par of eaution mast be sed (ery) (e+ 28} [ely +33) -« But thee eauaiont mast be aiid for ll amavis mapping fnshon: Ree Fos tht ee ‘That apc’ eaaton athe ple taser into Laplace’ estoniathe £ ple, provided thee tno planes ar elated by 2 conformal taser tin Tne both 9a east SK Lape’ equation, ows that ‘omolr poten 7 plne ao alld complex potent inthe le, Sha vcs vr This mats that ithe oul far sane mp bod Is koa tne of thee olanes th {pling hen te sluton forthe moe comgiex aye be obtained by sting {= ) in the complex potent FQ). ‘Conkeenaw what happens to che comps velit under a contre ‘ranstoraton, Saving in he pla Wit he defn of camps velo, ) & a arcs) ae mone me) = 49) “hats comple vlan are tf general, mapped nt toon, ut ey ate ‘ronotiond te tach othen andthe popornaiy for depends onthe ‘mappag fn. Til, the est of «confor tranrmaton on he sna of the tw snus wl Ye inate, That the Seen oF Wanformed Sources sin a vores wl setae This sms eal done By est Drotng the aera lation tha he inert ofthe complex velo around ny ‘howd anit he ow Bld eq +, where Ti heme sng of Sy vores ii te cocour adm tenet eng of ny sores a ‘To prove thi lon, consider any dosed contour C sch the one shonn Init 412 An eet ofthe cotau chown resabed ato te ‘oordate components, The the et sng of al he sources ide C aks ‘ng considered naive sur) and th et eng of al the ert se Ci be ave | m= [p-nd'= [cua —ote) ra [pra [otto Now courte ines sc of he nmin es 1). fata) de fu ycae +1) [less +089 i fusy = nae) ~reim lst equa fats from compare wth the eprsions dvd fox mand This gona eal wl so be spl oa singe verte ad Sale oreo, lone in the > ole: Then pee ene = fe = [mova hese Case led contour in the» planes; ounerart inte upped plane, ant mare th conespondins vce and ouce teats in {he plane and eases saws te he tex ond sure enh fe the ome nthe lane athe» lao, Tat ey sees, sn, so ets tapi sures, sky and vores of the sme senph ye a conor ‘aoc Tn amy i the comps potent for te How around some bay is sown the flan, then the complex pte fe the body corresponding to {he evalormal ppg = /() maybe etlaed by unten ts asso ‘toni he complex poten MC), Compe eos, onthe eer hd, fo sot tense ae to one Out ae relted y Fy, (419, Sources, ak, and Sorte aaa th suo engi under solo anor4413 JOUKOWSKI TRANSFORMATION (ne of the mot important tonto inthe fay of id mocha {oe doutowl ianato, Dy meaes of he tansormation and the bse fw slong already studied, i pone to dai stations fr the fw rund tgs nd Say of ills The Fskowsl tensa i of he ened aay where the const? wry ake 1 be rea. geeralmropaty of he Sutowsltantxmation eat or ge vcs fy» That fem thverign te tasormation nes he ent mappings that he one ‘lot inthe to planes ie same fr foe te ori This means ta i Trier few of erin mapriude i appoaching 2 Woy in he pane at nc ante of atinc, lm Row’ fhe sane agate = ano ack sal approach the coresoniny toy nthe f plane rom #420), #2 ap so that toi ingalar poit ia the Jouko irestormatin at ¢~ 0, Sige ‘Wee nommly dealing with th ow arund some oo, the post f= 0 oly ne othe id a os singularity i wo Conese, Tore ace bo two ee om th tansormation, st plats a whch de aries, at fc, Since smo eres psn through eel plats of 3 Imuoing sy basins corners the teasoemed plane, of Hnferest to ‘isthe Soukows taser. Todo thi couse a arian alt $e ts contrpart {a shown In Fig. 4188 Lat he point be messed by ioe adi py anand the anes ya Vela vce 0 ct oi Pe Cand « Espen Bt soi the Jukonsi tresorntion the puns = 2 inp inthe points x= 2c Then tthe raping ofthe Deine te measured yt tl oR, and the agin and 6 cate (oth vo points f= Be and = =e, eset. ‘romBe (20), peevee ma 7 wd ae 7 @ > he oe ett w g : € (avez at ed eh tia ptf he aa hu wih ference to Fe. 48 or i ~ (f Jeo no Eating the mods ard the armen ofeach wid of this easton shows = (8) aod M6 Bry) “int ch at at sae pt he ple =the Taeopud cream po slant cee Them nu or is cove te shorn PE 40, fem whch fn seu Gat 7 Simeon ee g/l net enSthitpa eat he ey che on =r ne 8 ‘Gtercce of om te set te Ary) le att rg is te ito’, wee a 8 Seti cami te ho a ne. ib To‘une pases trough ees of he ea points ¢~ e heeoresponding ‘Sine inthez plane il contsin ole sage at he eomespondg ctl point ‘An earpe of ect eure which pases ough Both siz point cil eneed a the orn ofthe pla nd whose ris the eorsant hich appears nthe Sula temtoratian Then, hice f= 2" 80 That the aie ofl be gen by “Tat the lien the plane me atthe rp y=, «= 2e eosin the 2 plane rend vere hat al ois which ie outset cI =e ‘aver the ene plane, However, the pons lide the cle Iel~¢ alo Gove he eatite = sane 20 tthe tramormatin edoulealte This fen vee by cecvag that fr any vale f {E920 is the same {ioe oF for tht yale of fan sho for 9/61 wl bene at 70 Tiny the nage th pot ime thecal fad Ths uel propery of te Joust Unsormaion i eae by soneding the two pols #~42e bya brapeh cut aon the © ex ‘reatng wo Reman sets Th he pong sso valued alte pints ‘uid the ge fea take ofl on one ofthese sheets and al the Sonsini the sew allo fh ther see Ia ld mechan ules Joe tthe nehlenated behavior do rt oly ae because the pons Itt ce usally imide somebody stom wich the ow & blag steed 0 thts ponte arent ne Bow Bl te # lane 4.1 FLOW AROUND HLLIPSES Aolicatins of the oulows! trnsormatian wil be wade in an nee sen ‘That ke single gmc o the cele the ward ch ow wl te puted in he fpinne, andthe sorteiponding Body nich tests tbo = Plane wl be ieaated by ase of C2. ‘Cosi, th constant cin H. (420) be el and pos, and conser n sil of ads «> tobe cone a the ein ofthe plane. The oman inte plane cvespooding to thi cle inthe plane y be ‘ened Wy sbsting f= nt BQ. 4.20. rwosommonu ore ions 99 reece y= (-Z]me qiton of he eve uy be btbed by limita» by we oft entity core ante 1 Ps ehes (ever) (een) -* ic the equation of an elise winse major eas of eat + c/a, ‘led along te as and Whose inser of ng a= 7a Then, inorder to obs the complet potential fora eal ow of eagude U ansiered to approsch he cclar ener the pane Bet shown In Pro. 45, Bg, (29, tbe empee potatoe niorm ow of mage Uprising fo heron ray-afoeas fe) The, by song Ea. 4.20) £ in Les of the epee potenti the 2 plane my be tine From. C20, Powteno Since ics ow tht > 2 fr Ie vale of the psive sot mst be ro -fiD-¢ | aaa -ol-dVae ke GF} hte the aster as eon etonie, Hy wring £/288 x — 2/2 he etawn in Pig. topetbr Wl that for the eel ne in he ¢ pe : "The wanton Plats ln the {plane ae net at ¢— ae" and ¢ = sete atin at f= ae The, fom Ba (420, th eoespning pes the 2 pas are This hes the crates ofthe tagnation pons as snafest me yo s[e-S) me uation (421s to pei cae thin ange of, For «= Oicdesres x wife rectinet Bow epptucting a bosentan Imediton, Stat ei, wheres fa an os into (419) oe eng Ther, 8 wih the hoot clips, examining tke moping of the cle ae" ves he parame eguatons of he mapped bond = r-fest ae (stra) esa} - fuch an elie te ome No sold spac the ee he f plane That ‘he eqled compe poet, fom Be C13 ro -oft+ 2] eed ein he pg wh £8 eleence the complex poem in tbe = planes rod Gl" tare reonofe-(o BEM] ‘a which the seme ratolaton an simpication bs bean cand ut 2s elie. Apain the compl ott the rm of that fra ufo fat ‘isances fom the body, Equation (4216) describes a uniform retlinear Bow ff aeniute Uapponchng a vere evento elipe. The Row ot fr Is (aan) 438 KUTTA CONDITION AND THE FLAT-PLATE AIRFOIL. 1 was observed in Ser 46 that the potent How slats fr fw around 2 harp ede conned ingly tthe edge He Tis sagan equed sa [nt vot tte pot in question Wich, of cous, sys impos bes" qeton ste the, af wha the el Sow situation wool en 3 ll eaperment Depending upon the sta py anu, oe of {po rome santo wl reve One pony tht the Sw operate ftom the el suas athe kifeadge. The resting re streamline cones ‘lon would be such st the ras of eovate atte eds Deames fle ‘ahr has being sora Ata omequence th leis here wl ena te ‘Example of fits ope of ston it be die er in hr hap "Rsesond port tat sagan pont ett the shape. For the fw around date bales, sagton pls ext ad sens possi tha {Sagaation pot could be nde by he How el o move to the eatin of ‘he sharp eg, Thi poy lets oth ale "Kula condo a vil te dcaod below into contest of the flat if —tat 8 Date which at seme angle of tack to the fee steam. au scl, the Bo acund an clips ws chained fom the Joskowsl easforaton (20) by ense ig the Bow around ler a agus > ein the € lant. Now, ithe cantante ale fo ‘egenceats tos fat pte ied by the sip 2a = 2e, The resting ow el se dened ya, (4210, own nF. 4180 Becase of the aagle faa, he stagnation points no ead wih th eaing ad allie Edges of he tpn her, the usresm stagnation pot este the forace atthe pons Ss 2acoe: Ten, around oth the lesng td tering eg the dow wil be tat scocinted with abap edge which was ‘Seon SecA. Tn tha secon twas dered that ine vest ‘omen etd a the eel, sation wich eps Spee "Te sty enctatered above with th at-lte atl dose nat osc st he ening edge of rel seca fal us ave ite kes {rling edge fai sual gute sharp ott te ly oie Yell component sl ex the. Hoveet, tis remning dey woul ‘Sho be ofeeome i he stagnation peat whch near the tall ede Wat ‘Steal at te ing edge This wuld be scoplad i culation ete) ‘Sound the it ite he magne of tht cet os ast cunt {equ ott the rer steeaton point so tn eatin ote {Se waling edge Thi onan scale the Ast condita, ad may Be ested floes: For aden wih burp tall edges wena at small neo atk tothe fe team, the Now wi ast sel a such 2 Way {he tear sgntion pont ones withthe tang ee "Ihe amount of elton required to comply ma the Kt coon ay be determined 8 flows Ta he £ plane of Fi, 4150 the tet stagnation Pt sented tho pat f= ae Bt aca the Kate eoeltnte ‘ear aagston point shoal be ete the pnt =~ 2, wHehcovtespondstothe point ¢~ a Tt the sagmtion point on he downstate face of te ‘Sela cine nthe ¢ plane soul be rotated cote through a age Bot rom 816 the mapstude oth aon wh wl this Peardesina (422) inthe coc crest (that, negate ccs). Then the complex ‘Potent forte eid fw nthe plane fom Ba, 8) and 3) nailer ee ats 7 sith ihe + play rode") aa snesnama?(5- (5) =e] om ‘The fof coresponting to tht complex potenti i abown in Fe 48h Alough the dw atthe ling edge 6 pow ruler, te cgay tthe iting eae texts In an acta flow eonguaton the ld eal separate tho lending sige an foul asia on the ‘op se ofthe afl The Seamloe = woud ten crepe lo ais eure and the vost atone would ela ite a the eating ele. “Te it force gerald y te fap al ey be lel fam the ata Joost om. Then, denalg te fre by ¥ and wig he ve of {he cclaton gen by Eq (220, ‘ia lt expres it fore in ns of the dimensiones once C, wih dened nls pri vere IIs the length of chord ofthe atl whic, fr the Set pate nde ‘Coacallon: equa Then the ae of th i evefien forthe tpi a “This roa shows thatthe icon forte Nat late aol nrenses with Shale of stock, sn for sll tls of for whch sina =, It {fics popornal othe angle lc with n eontant of proper ly of? Th veal fry eae to experimental eben, abd the ‘Resta cnton appear o be well lied tthe Kats codon wee ot ‘al thee would be no coin around ti a pate, and eonsecueay, nO Tit Wout be neato. TAS woald men tht Hes would not be alt 416 SYMMETRICAL. JOUKOWSKI AIRFOIL A aly of aifals ey be obtained inthe = plane By comeing the Seaton tasfoeaton i ouunctoe Wiha srs of ees nth ¢ pane Inhwe centers ae sigh lao fot he xg, Thee ads ne own at {he Tako fo of ws. ‘Cnet, et the ete where the caer ofthe cil the ¢ plane apie tr the cri nat rela, tm the Be died in wed ‘retin the contr sald be moved and wt rads soul be empojed {ele to the loko constant Frm previous scons Iie ow tai the cvmteenc ol the ci gates Brough ee fh a cia pints of {he lookout! transformation, {42 then sharp eg a csp etaned ine plane. Them he essing edge ot aod ie hve Site ais ‘ot cate and If hte shold be no singles inthe Now Rell 1 ‘Eo that the pot f= shouldbe ise the cet in the ple. Ao, ‘nce the ang ce of he sol hone sar a opnoed Yo Blas {he ccomtrence of te slew pans hough the pole fe These anions il be ents By tating the enter ofthe ceo bea ~~ ‘whee sel and by choosing thera ofthe cle to be em Such 8 ‘nero howe a Fi 4168. Te as as ea by aactmeadite) where the parameter «= m/e wl be sumed to be small compared with nip, Wher «= 0 the fat ae eer, otha ee 1 ay be {eteisted that thin aod wi be anes The iene of the resin 2° Tl be thal the eunthons my be eared nw Wl perma ‘Geet fm sation for the exuston of heal src nthe = pac. Aso ‘town in Figs 4Ugu the sro which i obtained nthe 7 pane ed Drinspl parsmetn, tech aed the musimun tikes. 209 Fequed to ese thre parser 1 the ee preter and and 0 ‘sublsh te quan a he eo ure ete ple MT eis the cho of the fo in es ote chase eso and ‘tet manly weeny tod the mapping of the pols = € and FC amvsnc thes pots ennespne tothe ang a ledge,