Chemistry 115

Zamis

Precipitation, Neutralization and Redox Reactions

Precipitation reaction - exchange reaction between two soluble ionic substances
that yields an insoluble solid.
Ca+2(aq) + CO3-2(aq)

CaCO3(s)

Pb+2(aq) + 2 Cl-1(aq)

PbCl2(s)

H2SO4
Acids in aqueous solution ionize to give hydrogen ions
(hydrogen ions react with water to give hydronium ions). H+ + H2O
Oxides of non-metals react with water to form acids.

CO2 + H2O

Bases in aqueous solution ionize to give hydroxide ions

(oxide ions react with water to give hydroxide ions).

NaOH

Oxides of metals react with water to form bases.

H+ + HSO4H3O+
H2CO3
Na+ + OH-

O-2 + H2O

Na2O + H2O

2 OH2 Na+ + 2 OH-

Weak acids and weak bases are ionized much less than 100%
but still produce hydronium ion or hydroxide ion.
CH3CO2H + H2O

H3O+ + CH3CO2-

CH3NH2 + H2O

CH3NH3+ + OH-

Neutralization reaction - acid and a base react to yield a salt and water.
HNO3 + KOH
HCl

+ CH3NH2

KNO3 +
CH3NH3Cl

H2O

+ H2O

Redox reaction - reaction where electrons are transferred, yielding different

oxidation numbers for elements in products and reactants.
A substance is oxidized when its oxidation number increases (it loses electrons).
A substance is reduced when its oxidation number decreases (it gains electrons).
Moles electrons lost must equal moles electrons gained.

2 Ag+
CH4

+
+

Cu

2 Ag + Cu+2

2 O2

CO2

+ 2 H2O

Assigning Oxidation Numbers

1) Elements ON = 0
2) Monatomic ions ON = ion charge
3) Hydrogen ON= +1 with non-metals

4) Oxygen ON= -2 (peroxides (ROOR), ON=-1)

5) Sum of all ONs of atoms in a molecule or ion
equals charge on molecule or ion.