Electromechanical

Systems
Review of Electric circuit
theory

Direct-Current circuit
analysis

Ohms Law
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
Kirchhoffs Current Law
Mesh-current method
Node-voltage method
Thevenins Theorem
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Ohms Law
Voltage drop across a resistor is
equal to the product of the current
through it and its resistance

V IR

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law

The algebraic sum of all the voltages
around a closed path in an electric
circuit is zero n
Vm 0
m 1

Vm is voltage drop across mth branch

in a closed loop containing n
branches

Kirchhoffs Current Law

The algebraic sum of all the currents
at any node in an electric circuit is
equal to zero n
Im 0
m 1

n is number of branches forming a

node and Im is current in mth branch

Thevenins Theorem
A linear circuit containing any
number of sources and elements,
when viewed from two nodes
(terminals), can be replaced by an
equivalent Thevenins circuit

Thevenins Equivalent
Circuit
The open-circuit voltage VT is
obtained by removing the load and
leaving the terminals open
RT can be obtained by looking at the
terminals with the voltage sources
replaced by short circuits and the
current sources by open circuits

Maximum Power Transfer

Theorem
In a dc electric circuit, maximum
power transfer takes place when the
load resistance is equal to Thevenins
equivalent resistance

Example
Determine the value
of
the
load
resistance
RL
in
Figure for maximum
power
transfer.
What
is
the
maximum
power
delivered to RL?

Alternating Current Analysis

Expression for ac current waveform

i (t ) I m sin( wt )
Average value

I avg

1
i (t )dt
T 0

RMS value
T

Im
1 2
I
i (t )dt
0.707 I m

T 0
2

Instantaneous Power
Product of the voltage and the
current at that instant

p (t ) v (t )i (t )

Average power depends on phase

angle between voltage and current

AC Power
v(t ) Vm cos wt 2V cos wt
i (t ) I m cos( wt ) 2 I cos( wt )
Impedance Angle

p(t ) v(t )i (t )
2VI cos wt cos( wt )

AC Power
p (t ) v(t )i (t )
2VI cos wt cos( wt )
p (t ) VI cos (1 cos 2 wt ) VI sin sin 2 wt

Power Supplied to the load

by the component of
current
in phase with voltage

Power Supplied to the load

by the component of
current
90o out of phase with
voltage

AC Power components

Real Power
Represented by P
Average power supplied by a source to a
load

P VI cos
Always positive
Produce pulses of power instead of a
constant value
Unit: Watt (1W=1V x 1A)

Reactive Power
Represented by Q
Component of power that is
exchanged back and forth between a
source to a Qload
VI sin
By convention
Q is positive for inductive load
Q is negative for capacitive load

Unit: volt-amperes reactive (1var=1V

x 1A)

Apparent Power
Represented by S
Power that appears to be supplied
to the load if the phase angle
difference between voltage and
current are ignored
S VI
Unit: volt-amperes (1VA=1V x 1A)

Alternative forms of Power

Equations
V IZ

(ohm's law)

P I 2 Z cos
Q I 2 Z sin
S I 2Z

Z R jX Z cos j Z sin
R Z cos , X Z sin
P I 2R
Q I2X

Complex Power
Real and reactive power are
represented together
S P jQ
S VI*

Where
V V
I I

Complex Power
S VI* V I VI
VI cos jVI sin

Where impedance angle is defined as

S VI cos jVI sin

P jQ

Impedance Angle, Current Angle

and Power
Inductive Load
Impedance angle is
positive
Current through the
load will lag voltage
across the load by
Reactive power
consumed by load is
positive

Impedance Angle, Current Angle

and Power
Capacitive Load
Impedance angle is
negative
Current through the
load will lead voltage
across the load by
Reactive power
consumed by load is
negative

The Power Triangle

The power triangle makes the
relationships among real power, reactive
power, apparent power and power factor
Convenient way to calculate power
related quantities

Power Factor
It is define as the fraction of the
apparent power S that is actually
supplying real power to a load
PF cos

Example
Calculate the
current I supplied to
the load, the power
factor of the load,
and the real,
reactive, apparent,
and complex power
supplied to the
load?