BE

AFFIRMATIVE
LONG FORM
SHORT FORMS
I am
Im
You are
Youre
He is
Hes
She is
Shes
It is
Its
We are
Were
You are
Youre
They are
Theyre

NEGATIVE
LONG FORM
SHORT FORMS
I am not
Im not
You are not
You arent
He is not
He isnt
She is not
She isnt
It is not
It isnt
We are not
We arent
You are not
You arent
They are not
They arent

HAVE
AFFIRMATIVE
LONG FORM
SHORT FORMS
I have got
Ive got
You have got
Youve got
He has got
Hes got
She has got
Shes got
It has got
Its got
We have got
Weve got
You have got
Youve got
They have got
Theyve got

(PRESENT SIMPLE)
INTERROGATIVE
Am I?
Are you?
Is he?
Is she?
Is it?
Are we?
Are you?
Are they?

SHORT ANSWERS
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
Yes, I am
No, Im not
Yes, you are
No, you arent
Yes, he is
No, he isnt
Yes, She is
No, she isnt
Yes, it is
No, it isnt
Yes, we are
No, we arent
Yes, you are
No, you arent
Yes, they are
No, they arent

(PRESENT SIMPLE)

NEGATIVE
LONG FORM
SHORT FORMS
I have not got
I havent got
You have not got You havent got
He has not got
He hasnt got
She has not got
She hasnt got
It has not got
It hasnt got
We have not got We havent got
You have not got You havent got
They have not got They havent got

INTERROGATIVE
Have I got?
Have you got?
Has he got?
Has she got?
Has it got?
Have we got?
Have you got?
Have they got?

SHORT ANSWERS
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
Yes, I have
No, I havent
Yes, you have
No, you havent
Yes, he has
No, he hasnt
Yes, She has
No, she hasnt
Yes, it has
No, it hasnt
Yes, we have
No, we havent
Yes, you have
No, you havent
Yes, they have
No, they havent

GENITIVO SAJN: Expresa posesin. Se forma aadiendo apstrofe+s (s) a la persona que posee/tiene algo, seguido del nombre que describe lo que posee:
Marys car (el coche de Mary), my sisters book (el libro de mi hermana).
Los nombres propios terminados en s pueden aadir slo el apstrofe (James car) o las dos cosas (Jamess car) = El coche de James.

Si el poseedor es plural y termina en s, slo se aade el apstrofe: My brothers bedroom = El dormitorio de mis hermanos.

PARTCULAS INTERROGATIVAS
WHO?

Quin? Quines?

Who is her sister? Her sister is Susan

WHAT?

Qu?Cul/cules?

What is your favourite song? Its Corazn Parto

WHICH?

Cul/Cules? (para elegir entre unos

cuantos

Which dress do you prefer, the red one or the black one?

WHEN?

Cundo?

When is your birthday? Its in May.

WHERE?

Dnde?

Where is the Alhambra? Its in Granada

WHY?

Por qu?

Why are you late? Because I missed the bus

HOW?

Cmo?

How do you drive? I drive carefully

WHOSE?

De quin?

Whose is this book? Its the teachers book/hers

HOW MUCH?

Cunto/a? + nombre incontable

How much milk do you drink? I drink a lot of milk

HOW MANY?

Cuntos/cuntas?+nombre contable

How many doors are there in class? There are 30 chairs.

WHAT TIME?

Qu hora? A qu hora?

What time is your English class? Its at 9.40

HOW OFTEN?

Con qu frecuencia?

How often do you play tennis? I play tennis twice a week.

HOW LONG?

Cunto tiempo?

How long have you learnt English? For 6 years.

PRONOMBRES
PERSONALES
SUJETO

OBJETO

ADJETIVOS
POSESIVOS

PRONOMBRES
POSESIVOS

Me

My

Mine

You

You

Your

Yours

He

Him

His

His

She

Her

Her

Hers

It

It

Its

Its

We

Us

Our

Ours

You

You

Your

Yours

They
Them
Their
Theirs
Adjetivos posesivos: Van delante de un nombre. Se
traducen: mi/mis, tu/tus, su/sus (de l, de ella, de ello),
nuestro/a/os/as, vuestro/a/os/as, su/s (de ellos)
Pronombres posesivos: sustituyen a un nombre que lleva
un posesivo: mio/a/os/as, tuyo/a/os/as, suyo/a/os/as,
nuestro/a/os/as, vuestro/a/os/as, suyo/a/os/as.

A/AN
(Un/una)
THE
(el/la/los/las)
SOME
(unos/unas, algunos / algunas, algo, un poco
de. A veces no se traduce)
ANY
Negativa: ningn/ninguna, nada de o no se
traduce.
Interrogativa: algunos, alguna, algo de o no
se traduce

A / AN, THE, SOME, ANY

- Se usa delante de nombres contables en singular para hablar de algo desconocido o que no
especificamos:
A + palabras que empiezan por consonante: a book, a chair
AN + palabras empezadas por vocal: an orange, an Apple
- Indica algo nico o conocido para el hablante: The sun, the statue, the restaurant near my
house
- Se usa con nombres incontables:
There is some rice in the cupboard (Hay arroz en el armario)
- Tambin con nombres contables en plural:
There are some students in the class (Hay algunos estudiantes en clase)
- Se usa en oraciones en afirmativa.
- Se usa en los mismos casos que some (nombres incontables y nombres contables en
plural), pero en oraciones interrogativas y negativas
Is there any rice in the cupboard?= Hay arroz en al armario?
Are there any students in the class? = Hay estudiantes en la clase?
There isnt any rice in the cupboard = No hay arroz
There arent any students in the class = No hay estudiantes

AFFIRMATIVE
N. contables en singular

THERE IS
N. incontables

HAY
(Presente)
THERE ARE

N. contables en plural

N. contables en singular

THERE WAS
N. incontables

HABA
(Pasado)
THERE WERE

N. contables en plural

NEGATIVE

There is a door in my class.

There isnt a door in my class.

There is some money in my bag.

There isnt any money in my bag.

There are four windows in my class.

There are some books on the table.

There arent four windows in my class.

There arent any books on the table.

There was a party on Saturday.

There wasnt a party on Saturday.

There was some good music at the party.

There wasnt any good music at the party.

There were two guitarists in the band.

There were some children in the park.

There werent two guitarists in the band.

There werent any children in the park.

INTERROGATIVE
Is there a door in your class?
Yes, there is
Is there any money in your
pocket? No, there isnt
Are there four windows in your
class? Yes, there are
Are there any books on the
table? No, there arent
Was there a party on Saturday?
Yes, there was
Was there any good music at
the party? No, there wasnt
Were there two guitarists in the
band? Yes, there were
Were there any children in the
park? No, there werent

PRESENT SIMPLE
AFFIRMATIVE
I play
You play
He plays
She plays
It plays
We play
You play
They play

NEGATIVE
LONG FORM
SHORT FORMS
I do not play
I dont play
You do not play
You dont play
He does not play He doesnt play
She does not play She doesnt play
It does not play
It doesnt play
We do not play
We dont play
You do not play
You dont play
They do not play They dont play

INTERROGATIVE
Do I play?
Do you play?
Does he play?
Does she play?
Does it play?
Do we play?
Do you play?
Do they play?

SHORT ANSWERS
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
Yes, I do
No, I dont
Yes, you do
No, you dont
Yes, he does
No, he doesnt
Yes, she does
No, she doesnt
Yes, it does
No, it doesnt
Yes, we do
No, we dont
Yes, you do
No, you dont
Yes, they do
No, they dont

Everyday
Every week
Every
All the time
On Mondays
Always
Usually
Never
Sometimes
Often
Once a year
Twice a week
Three times a day

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
AFFIRMATIVE
LONG FORM
SHORT FORMS
I am playing
Im playing
You are playing Youre playing
He is playing
Hes playing
She is playing
Shes playing
It is playing
Its playing
We are playing
Were playing
You are playing Youre playing
They are playing Theyre playing

NEGATIVE
LONG FORM
SHORT FORMS
I am not playing
Im not playing
You are not playing You arent playing
He is not playing
He isnt playing
She is not playing
She isnt playing
It is not playing
It isnt playing
We are not playing We arent playing
You are not playing You arent playing
They are not playing They arent playing

VERBOS QUE VAN NORMALMENTE EN PRESENTE SIMPLE (STATIVE VERBS):

Want: I dont want to dance now.
Like: He likes pop music.
Understand: He doesnt understand the question.
Know: We know the answer.
Love, hate, think, remember, believe, feel, hope, own, see, hear

INTERROGATIVE
Am I playing ?
Are you playing ?
Is he playing ?
Is she playing ?
Is it playing ?
Are we playing ?
Are you playing ?
Are they playing ?

SHORT
ANSWERS
Yes, I am
No, you arent
Yes, he is
No, she isnt
Yes, it is
No, we arent
Yes, you are
No, they arent

EXPRESIONES
TEMPORALES

At the moment
Now
Today
This week
This morning

TO BE
AFFIRMATIVE
I was
You were
He was
She was
It was
We were
You were
They were

(PAST SIMPLE)

NEGATIVE
LONG FORM SHORT FORMS
I was not
I wasnt
You were not
You werent
He was not
He wasnt
She was not
She wasnt
It was not
It wasnt
We were not
We werent
You were not
You werent
They were not They werent

SHORT ANSWERS
INTERROGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
Was I?
Yes, I was
No, I wasnt
Were you?
Yes, you were No, you werent
Was he?
Yes, he was
No, he wasnt
Was she?
Yes, she was
No, she wasnt
Was it?
Yes, it was
No, it wasnt
Were we?
Yes, we were
No, we werent
Were you?
Yes, you were No, you werent
Were they?
Yes, they were No, they werent

Yesterday
Last week
Last Monday
Last year
Last night
On Monday
In June
Two weeks ago
Three years ago
In 1998

PAST SIMPLE ( Regular Verbs)

NEGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
LONG FORM
SHORT FORMS
I played
I did not play
I didnt play
You played
You did not play You didnt play
He played
He did not play
He didnt play
She played
She did not play
She didnt play
It played
It did not play
It didnt play
We played
We did not play
We didnt play
You played
You did not play
You didnt play
They played
They did not play They didnt play

SHORT ANSWERS
INTERROGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
Did I play?
Yes, I did
No, I didnt
Did you play? Yes, you did
No, you didnt
Did he play?
Yes, he did
No, he didnt
Did she play?
Yes, she did
No, she didnt
Did it play?
Yes, it did
No, it didnt
Did we play?
Yes, we did
No, we didnt
Did you play? Yes, you did
No, you didnt
Did they play? Yes, they did No, they didnt

Yesterday
Last week
Last Monday
Last year
Last night
On Monday
In June
Two weeks ago
Three years ago
In 1998

PAST SIMPLE ( Irregular Verbs)

NEGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
LONG FORM
SHORT FORMS
I wrote
I did not write
I didnt write
You wrote
You did not write You didnt write
He wrote
He did not write
He didnt write
She wrote
She did not write
She didnt write
It wrote
It did not write
It didnt write
We wrote
We did not write
We didnt write
You wrote
You did not write
You didnt write
They wrote
They did not write They didnt write

SHORT ANSWERS
INTERROGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
Did I write ?
Yes, I did
No, I didnt
Did you write?
Yes, you did
No, you didnt
Did he write ?
Yes, he did
No, he didnt
Did she write ? Yes, she did
No, she didnt
Did it write ?
Yes, it did
No, it didnt
Did we write ?
Yes, we did
No, we didnt
Did you write ? Yes, you did
No, you didnt
Did they write ? Yes, they did No, they didnt

PAST CONTINUOUS
WAS / WERE + - ING
AFFIRMATIVE
I was writing
You were writing
He was writing
She was writing
It was writing
We were writing
You were writing
They were writing

NEGATIVE
I was not writing
You were not writing
He wasnt writing
She wasnt writing
It wasnt writing
We werent writing
You werent writing
They werent writing

SHORT ANSWERS
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
Was I writing ?
Yes, I was
No, I wasnt
Were you writing?
Yes, you were
No, you werent
Was he writing ?
Yes, he was
No, he wasnt
Was she writing ?
Yes, she was
No, she wasnt
Was it writing ?
Yes, it was
No, it wasnt
Were we writing ? Yes, we were
No, we werent
Were you writing ? Yes, you were
No, you werent
Were they writing ? Yes, they were
No, they werent
INTERROGATIVE

Yesterday
Last week
Last Monday
Last year
Last night
On Monday
In June
Two weeks ago
Three years ago
In 1998

All night, the

whole
day/afternoon
At 2 oclock
yesterday;
WHILE / AS /
DURING

El Pasado continuo se utiliza para describir acciones que estaban en proceso en un momento determinado del pasado. Tambin se usa para
describir la escena en la que ocurri una historia.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE (HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE)

AFFIRMATIVE
LONG FORM SHORT FORMS
I have seen
Ive seen
You have seen Youve seen
He has seen
Hes seen
She has seen
Shes seen
It has seen
Its seen
We have seen Weve seen
You have seen Youve seen
They have seen Theyve seen

SHORT ANSWERS
NEGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
I havent seen
Have I seen ?
Yes, I have
No, I havent
You havent seen Have you seen? Yes, you have No, you havent
He hasnt seen
Has he seen?
Yes, he has
No, he hasnt
She hasnt seen
Has she seen ?
Yes, She has
No, she hasnt
It hasnt seen
Has it seen ?
Yes, it has
No, it hasnt
We havent seen Have we seen ? Yes, we have No, we havent
You havent seen Have you seen ? Yes, you have No, you havent
They havent seen Have they seen ? Yes, they have No, they havent
INTERROGATIVE

TIME EXPRESSIONS
HOW LONG
For / since
EVER/NEVER
ALREADY/YET
JUST
LATELY/RECENTLY/
ALWAYS/SO FAR

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (HAVE/HAS + BEEN + -ing)

SHORT ANSWERS
TIME EXPRESSIONS
NEGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
Ive been waiting
I havent been waiting
Have I been waiting ?
Yes, I have
No, I havent
Youve been waiting You havent been waiting Have you been waiting ? Yes, you have No, you havent
HOW LONG
Hes been waiting
He hasnt been waiting
Has he been waiting ?
Yes, he has
No, he hasnt
FOR / SINCE
Shes been waiting
She hasnt been waiting
Has she been waiting ?
Yes, She has
No, she hasnt
ALL DAY
Its been waiting
It hasnt been waiting
Has it been waiting ?
Yes, it has
No, it hasnt
THE WHOLE WEEK
Weve been waiting We havent been waiting Have we been waiting ? Yes, we have No, we havent
Youve been waiting You havent been waiting Have you been ?
Yes, you have No, you havent
Theyve been waiting They havent been waiting Have they been waiting ? Yes, they have No, they havent
AFFIRMATIVE

INTERROGATIVE

El Present Perfect Continuous se emplea para acciones ininterrumpidas. Las expresiones temporales que lo suelen acompaar nos indican
cunto tiempo lleva ocurriendo la accin. El Present Perfect Simple se utiliza para acciones separadas, se podra contar cuntas veces ha
ocurrido algo, por lo tanto no es una accin ininterrumpida. Con el Present Perfect Continuous, la accin a la que nos referimos est
incompleta, mientras que el Present Perfect Simple suele indicar que la accin est acabada, aunque sea muy reciente.

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE (HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE)

AFFIRMATIVE
LONG FORM SHORT FORMS
I had seen
Id seen
You had seen Youd seen
He had seen
Hed seen
She had seen Shed seen
It had seen
Itd seen
We had seen
Wed seen
You had seen Youd seen
They had seen Theyd seen

NEGATIVE
I hadnt seen
You hadnt seen
He hadnt seen
She hadnt seen
It hadnt seen
We hadnt seen
You hadnt seen
They hadnt seen

INTERROGATIVE
Had I seen ?
Had you seen?
Had he seen?
Had she seen ?
Had it seen ?
Had we seen ?
Had you seen ?
Had they seen ?

SHORT ANSWERS
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
Yes, I had
No, I hadnt
Yes, you had
No, you hadnt
Yes, he had
No, he hadnt
Yes, She had
No, she hadnt
Yes, it had
No, it hadnt
Yes, we had
No, we hadnt
Yes, you had
No, you hadnt
Yes, they had No, they hadnt

TIME EXPRESSIONS

WHEN
BY THE TIME
BEFORE
AFTER

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS ( HAD + BEEN + - ING)

El PAST PERFECT se emplea para referirnos a una accin ocurrida antes de otra accin en el pasado. La primera accin en el tiempo ira en
PAST PERFECT y la otra accin, la ms cercana al presente, en PAST SIMPLE.
When I had made dinner, I called everyone to the table. (First, I made dinner; then, I called everyone)
El PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS se refiere a acciones que estaban ocurriendo antes de un punto determinado en el pasado y que termin
en ese punto.
Our toys were in the boxes because my mother had been putting them away.

WAYS OF EXPRESING THE FUTURE

BE GOING TO
AFFIRMATIVE
Im going to buy
You are going to buy
He/she/it is going to buy
We are going to buy
You are going to buy
They are going to buy

NEGATIVE
Im not going to buy
You arent going to buy
He/she/it isnt going to buy
We arent going to buy
You arent going to buy
They arent going to buy

INTERROGATIVE

TIME EXPRESSIONS
This evening, later, in an hour,
at 4 oclock, tomorrow, soon

Am I going to buy?
You are going to buy?
Is he/she/it going to buy?
Are we going to buy?
Are you going to buy?
Are they going to buy?

THE FUTURE
La formacin del futuro expresado con WILL coincide en todas las personas.

TIME EXPRESSIONS
FUTURE
SIMPLE
FUTURE
CONTINUOUS
FUTURE
PERFECT

AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
INTERROGATIVE

S + WILL + BASE FORM

I will do

S + WILL NOT/WONT + BASE FORM

I wont do

WILL + SUBJ + BASE FORM?

Will I do?

S + WILL BE + -ING

I will be doing

S+ WILL NOT/WONT BE + -ING

I wont be doing

WILL + SUBJ + BE + -ING?

Will I be doing?

S + WILL HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

I will have done

S + WILL NOT/WONT HAVE+ PAST P.

I wont have done

WILL + SUBJ + HAVE + PAST

PARTICIPLE?

Will I have done?

This evening, in an hour, at 3

oclock, later, next
month/year, soon, in a few
weeks, in the future, on 1st
May
This evening, at 3 oclock,
later, next month/year, soon,
in a few weeks, in the future,
on 1st May, tomorrow
By this time next week, by 10
oclock, by the end of, by
then, by August, in three
months

DIFFERENT WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE FUTURE: USES

PRESENT SIMPLE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS

BE GOING TO

FUTURE SIMPLE: WILL+BASE FORM

FUTURE CONTINUOUS: WILL+BE+ING

FUTURE PERFECT: WILL+HAVE+PAST
PARTICIPLE

*Sirve para referirnos a horarios, calendarios y programas.

The new school year starts on September 13th
*Para referirnos a citas y compromisos ya fijados formalmente.
Jim is playing football on Friday at 6 pm.
(No expresa una intencin, como be going to, sino algo que ha sido
programado con antelacin y que va a pasar con seguridad)
*Sirve para hablar de decisiones meditadas con anterioridad, de
nuestros planes, proyectos e intenciones para el futuro.
I am going to buy a new car.
*Con l hacemos predicciones sobre acontecimientos futuros cuando
tenemos evidencia de que eso va a ocurrir:
The workers came this morning. They are going to restore that
building.
*Con l hacemos predicciones sobre el futuro:
In the year 2300, everybody will drive flying cars.
*Expresin de decisiones repentinas, hechas en el momento de
hablar:
Isnt that Ann? Ill go and talk to her
*Para hacer promesas:
Ill come tomorrow. Dont worry.
*Para referirnos a acciones que estarn en curso en el futuro.
This time this year Ill be studying at university.
*Se utiliza para hablar de acciones que estarn terminadas en el
futuro:
She will have had her baby in two months time.

Tomorrow they, will show my favourite film from 10 to 12 pm. At 11.15 Ill be watching it. At 12.30 I will have watched it.