CNG TY TNHH PETRO LAO

TI LIU K THUT

DU DIESEL

Ving Chn, thng 01 nm 2015

(Ti liu lu hnh ni b)

CNG TY TNHH PETRO LAO

TI LIU K THUT

DU DIESEL

Ving Chn, thng 01 nm 2015

(Ti liu lu hnh ni b)

MC LC
CHNG 1: TNH CHT V CC CH TIU CHT LNG CA NHIN LIU
DIESEL.................................................................................................................... 4
1.1. Gii thiu chung v nhin liu diesel..............................................................................4
1.2. Thnh phn ha hc ca nhin liu diesel.......................................................................5
1.2.1. Thnh phn ha hc ca phn on gasoil...................................................................5
1.2.1.1. Nhm hp cht hydrocacbon.....................................................................................6
1.2.1.2. Nhm hp cht phi hydrocacbon...............................................................................6
1.2.2. Thnh phn ho hc cc ngun ngoi phn on gasoil sn xut Diesel..............7
1.2.3. Nguyn tc hot ng v c im qu trnh chy trong ng c Diesel.....................8
1.2.3.1. Nguyn l hot ng ca ng c Diesel..................................................................8
1.2.3.2. c im qu trnh chy ca nhin liu trong ng c Diesel...................................9
1.2.4. Cc ch tiu cht lng ca nhin liu Diesel.............................................................11
1.2.4.1. Ch s xtan IC (Indice de Ctane)..........................................................................11
1.2.4.1.1. nh ngha............................................................................................................11
1.2.4.1.2. Phng php xc nh ch s xtan......................................................................12
1.2.4.1.3. Ci thin IC bng ph gia.....................................................................................13
1.2.4.1.4. nh hng ca ch s IC ln hot ng ca ng c............................................13
1.2.4.2. T trng...................................................................................................................14
1.2.4.3. Thnh phn ct........................................................................................................15
1.2.4.4. im chp chy.......................................................................................................16
1.2.4.5. nht ()..............................................................................................................17
1.2.4.5. Cc ch tiu lin quan n iu kin lm vic nhit thp.................................18
1.2.4.5.1. im vn c........................................................................................................19
1.2.4.5.2. im ng c hay im chy..............................................................................19

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1.2.4.5.3. Nhit lc ti hn..............................................................................................20
1.2.4.6. Hm lng lu hunh..............................................................................................20
1.2.4.7. n nh oxy ho.................................................................................................21
1.2.4.8. n mn tm ng...............................................................................................22
1.2.4.9. Hm lng nc......................................................................................................22
1.2.4.10. Mu sc.................................................................................................................22
1.2.4.11. Ph gia dng cho nhin liu Diesel........................................................................23
CHNG 2: MT S TH NGHIM TIU CHUN CA NHIN LIU DIESEL24
2.1. Chng ct D86............................................................................................................... 24
2.1.1. Mc ch v ngha...................................................................................................24
2.1.2. Mt s thut ng.........................................................................................................24
2.1.3. Tm tt phng php..................................................................................................25
2.1.4. Quy trnh th nghim..................................................................................................26
2.2. Xc nh im aniline (ASTM D611)............................................................................26
2.2.1. Mc ch v ngha...................................................................................................26
2.2.2. Tm tt phng php..................................................................................................27
2.2.3. Quy trnh tin hnh.....................................................................................................27
2.3. Xc nh nhit vn c (ASTM D2500)...................................................................27
2.3.1. Mc ch v ngha...................................................................................................27
2.3.2. Tm tt phng php..................................................................................................28
2.3.3. Quy trnh th nghim.................................................................................................28
2.4. n mn tm ng (ASTM D130).............................................................................29
2.4.1. Mc ch v ngha...................................................................................................29
2.4.2. Tm tt phng php..................................................................................................29
2.4.3. Quy trnh th nghim..................................................................................................29
2.5. Xc nh nhit chp chy cc h..............................................................................30
2.5.1. Mc ch v ngha...................................................................................................30

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2.5.2. Tm tt phng php..................................................................................................31
2.5.3. Quy trnh th nghim..................................................................................................31
2.6. Xc nh nhit chp chy cc kn.............................................................................32
2.6.1. Mc ch v ngha...................................................................................................32
2.6.2. Tm tt phng php..................................................................................................32
2.6.3. Quy trnh th nghim..................................................................................................32
2.7. Xc nh chiu cao ngn la khng khi (ASTM D1322).........................................34
2.7.1. Mc ch v ngha...................................................................................................34
2.7.2. Tm tt phng php..................................................................................................35
2.7.3. Quy trnh th nghim..................................................................................................35
2.8. Xc nh t trng...........................................................................................................36
2.8.1. Mc ch v ngha...................................................................................................36
2.8.2. Tm tt phng php..................................................................................................36
2.8.3. Quy trnh th nghim..................................................................................................36
2.9. Xc nh hm lng nc (ASTM D95 99)...............................................................37
2.9.1. Mc ch v ngha...................................................................................................37
2.9.2. Tm tt phng php..................................................................................................38
2.9.3. Quy trnh th nghim..................................................................................................38
2.10. Xc nh nht ng hc (ASTM D445).................................................................39
2.10.1. Mc ch v ngha.................................................................................................39
2.10.2. Tm tt phng php................................................................................................40
2.10.3. Quy trnh th nghim................................................................................................40
CHNG 3: AN TON KHI LM VIC VI DU DIESEL.........................41
3.1......................................................................................................................................... 41

CHNG 1: TNH CHT V CC CH TIU CHT LNG CA

NHIN LIU DIESEL

1.1. Gii thiu chung v nhin liu diesel

Nhin liu diesel l mt nhin liu lng, nng hn du ha v xng, s dng cho ng
c diesel (ng b, ng st, ng thy) v mt phn s dng cho my mc cng
nghip nh: tuabin kh, my pht in, my mc xy dng
Ngy nay ng c diesel pht trin mnh m, a dng ha v chng loi cng nh
kch thc c p dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau trong i sng sn xut v sinh
hot ca con ngi bi tnh u vic ca n so vi ng c xng. Do vy nhu cu nhin liu
Diesel ngy cng tng, iu ny t ra cho cc nh sn xut nhin liu nhng thch thc
mi v iu ny cng kht khe hn bi nhng yu cu ngy cng kht khe ca lut bo v
mi trng.
Trong nh my lc du th nhin liu Diesel c ly ch yu t phn on gasoil ca
qu trnh chng ct du m. y chnh l phn on thch hp nht sn xut nhin liu
Diesel m khng cn phi p dng nhng qu trnh bin i ha hc. Tuy nhin, m bo
v s lng ngy cng tng ca nhin liu Diesel v vic s dng mt cch c hiu qu cc
sn phm trong nh my lc du th thc t nhin liu Diesel lun c phi trn t cc
ngun khc nh: Phn on gasoil ca qu trnh hydrocracacking, phn on gasoil t qu
trnh FCC, cc sn phm ca qu trnh oligome ha, dime ha, trime ha, gim nht, HDS...
Mt s tnh cht ha l ca nhin liu Diesel:
c im
Trng thi vt l
Mu sc
Mi c trng
p sut ha hi (mmHg) nhit ,
p sut tiu chun
ha tan trong nc
Khi lng ring (kg/m3) 15C
im si (C)
im nng chy (C) max
im chp chy (C)
Nhit t chy (C)
Gii hn nng chy, n trn (%
hn hp vi khng kh)

Kt qu
Lng
Mu vng nh
Mi nh, c trng xng du
0.4
Khng
820 860
175 370
6
> 52
210 260
10

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Gii hn nng chy, n di (%
hn hp vi khng kh)
T l ha hi (kg/l)
Ch s cetane

0.3 10
0.7
> 46

1.2. Thnh phn ha hc ca nhin liu diesel

Nh nu trong phn trc, nhin liu Diesel thng phm c phi trn t nhiu
ngun khc nhau trong nh my lc du. Thnh phn ho hc ca cc ngun ny thay i
rt nhiu ngay c khi cng mt ngun gc du th. xem xt, trc ht ta xem xt cc
ngun dng phi trn nhin liu Diesel.
Phn on Gasoil ca thp chng ct kh quyn (phn on chnh phi trn)
T phn xng cracking xc tc
T phn xng hydrocracking
T phn xng gim nht
T phn xng cc ho
T phn xng tch loi lu hunh km theo qu trnh chuyn ho
T cc qu trnh tng hp nh oligome ho

1.2.1. Thnh phn ha hc ca phn on gasoil

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y l thnh phn chnh phi trn nhin liu Diesel. Trc y phn on ny c
ly t thp chng ct kh quyn c khong nhit si l 250oC 350oC, vi khong nhit
si ny th thnh phn ho hc ca gasoil bao gm cc hydrocacbon c s nguyn t
cacbon t C15,16 C20,21, hu ht cc nhm cht c mt trong du th u tm thy trong phn
on ny. Cng nh khi nghin cu du m hay cc sn phm du m khc, thnh phn ho
hc ca gasoil c chia thnh hai nhm cht chnh nh sau:

1.2.1.1. Nhm hp cht hydrocacbon

Nhm cht ny bao gm cc h nh sau: Paraffin, Naphten, Aromatic
H Parfinic
c im chung v cc hydrocacbon parafinic trong phn on ny l s phn b gia
cu trc thng v cu trc nhnh y c khc: hu ht l cu trc mch thng (n-parafin),
dng cu trc nhnh ng phn ca chng th rt t v nhnh ch yu l gc mtyl. ng
ch l v cui phn on gasoil, bt u c mt nhng hydrocacbon n-parafinic c nhit
kt tinh cao nh: C16 c nhit kt tinh 18,1oC, C20 c nhit kt tinh 36,7oC. Khi
nhng parafin ny kt tinh, chng s to ra mt b khung phn t, nhng hydrocacbon khc
cn li dng lng s nm trong , nu cc parafin rn ny c nhiu, chng s lm cho c
nhin liu mt tnh linh ng thm ch c th lm ng c li nhng nhit thp.
H Naphten v Aromatic
Nhng hydrocacbon loi naphten v aromatic trong phn on ny bn cnh nhng
loi c cu trc mt vng c nhiu nhnh ph nh xung quanh cn c mt cc hp cht 2
hoc 3 vng. Ngoi ra trong gasoil c mt cc hp cht hydrocacbon c cu trc hn hp
gia vng naphten v aromatic nh ttralin v cc ng ng ca chng. Ngoi ba h trn
th trong thnh phn ca nhin liu Diesel lun cha mt hm lng ng k cc hp cht
khng no nh olefin (phn ch yu), dien ...cc hp cht khng no ny n t cc qu trnh
ch bin su nh FCC, gim nht . . .

1.2.1.2. Nhm hp cht phi hydrocacbon

Trong Diesel thng phm th cc cht phi hydrocacbon tn ti di nhiu dng khc
nhau.
Hp cht ca lu hunh
Nu nh trong xng, lu hunh dng mercaptan chim phn ch yu trong s cc hp
cht lu hunh , th trong phn on gosoil loi lu hunh mercapten hu nh khng

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cn mercaptan na. Thay th vo l lu hunh dng sunfua v disunfua, cng nh lu
hunh trong cc mch d vng. Trong s ny, cc sunfua vng no (d vng) l loi c ch
yu.
Hp cht ca oxy
Cc hp cht cha oxy trong phn on gasoil cng tng dn ln. c bit phn
on ny, cc hp cht cha oxy di dng axit, ch yu l axit naphtenic c rt nhiu v
t n cc i trong phn on gasoil. Ngoi cc axit, cc hp cht cha oxy trong phn
on gasoil cn c cc phenol v ng ng ca chng nh crezol, dimetyl phenol.
Hp cht ca nit
Cc hp cht ca nit trong phn on ny cng c t nhng chng c th nm di
dng cc Quinolin v ng ng, hoc cc hp cht cha nit khng mang tnh baz nh
Pirol, Indol v cc ng ng ca n. Ngoi nhng hp cht cha thun tu N2, O2, S th
trong phn on gasoil c mt cc cht nha, trng lng phn t ca nha vo khong
(300-400). Ni chung cc cht nha ca du m thng tp trung ch yu vo cc phn
on sau gasoil, cn trong phn on ny s lng chng rt t.

1.2.2. Thnh phn ho hc cc ngun ngoi phn on gasoil sn

xut Diesel
Trong cc ngun ny th thnh phn ho hc ca n thay i rt nhiu. Chng khng
ch ph thuc vo loi du th m cn ph thuc vo qu trnh s dng v iu kin cng
ngh. Cc ngun ny c th chia lm hai nhm nh:
Nhm th nht:
Nhm ny bao gm cc loi gasoil nhn c t cc qu trnh sau:
Crackinh nhit, xc tc
Gim nht
Cc ho
Gasoil thu c t cc qu trnh ny thng c cht lng rt xu (ch s cetan thp,
hm lng lu hunh cao, cc cht km n nh nhiu, hm lng aromatic v hp cht
nha nhiu). Khi phi trn trc tip th nhm gasoil ny ch chim mt lng nh, nhng
thng thng th chng phi qua qu trnh x l (HDS) ri mi em phi trn.
Nhm th hai:
Nhm ny bao gm cc loi gasoil thu c t cc qu trnh x l bng hydro nh:
HDS, Hydrocrackinh, cc qu trnh tng hp c im ni bt ca gasoil nhm ny l

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cht lng rt tt c ngha l ch s cetan cao, hm lng cc hp cht phi hydrocacbon nh
lu hunh, nit gim xung rt nhiu, hm lng aromatic v cc cht khng no cng gim
i nhiu ln.

1.2.3. Nguyn tc hot ng v c im qu trnh chy trong ng c

Diesel
kho st thnh phn v tnh cht nhin liu Diesel nh hng n qu trnh hot
ng ca ng c v vn nhim mi trng, trc ht ta xt s lc v hot ng v
c im qu trnh chy ca nhin liu trong ng c Diesel.

1.2.3.1. Nguyn l hot ng ca ng c Diesel

ng c Diesel l mt ng c nhit dng bin nng lng ho hc ca
nhin liu khi chy thnh nng lng c hc di dng chuyn ng quay. ng c ny lm
vic theo nguyn tc mt chu trnh gm k: np, nn, chy n v gin n sinh cng, thi kh
chy ra ngoi. S nguyn l nh sau:

Trong qu trnh vn hnh ca ng c, trc khuu quay theo chiu mi tn, piston i
ng ln xung trong xylanh, thanh truyn truyn vn ng tnh tin ca piston cho trc
khuu quay trn. y ta c khi nim im cht trn v im cht di l cc im
tng ng vi v tr cao nht v thp nht ca piston trong xylanh. Chu trnh cng tc ca
ng c Diesel c tin hnh nh sau :
K 1 Hnh trnh np
Khi piston i t im cht trn xung im cht di xupap x ng li xupap np m
ra khng kh c ht qua xupap np vo trong xylanh.
K 2 Hnh trnh nn

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Sau khi n im cht di piston s i ngc ln pha trn, lc ny c hai xupap u
ng li khng kh trong xylanh c nn n nhit cao khong 450500oC tu thuc
vo t s nn ca ng c.
K 3 Hnh trnh Phun nhin liu chyv gin n sinh cng
Khi piston gn n im cht trn th nhin liu c bm cao p phun vo di dng
cc sng (cc ht c kch thc rt nh), t cc ht sng ny nhin liu s bay hi to vi
khng khi mt hn hp t bc chy. Nh vo kt qu ca qu trnh chy, nhit v p sut
trong xylanh tng cao nn chng y piston chy t im cht trn xung im cht di v
ng thi thc hin qu trnh gin n sinh cng.
K 4 Hnh trnh thi
Khi piston b y xung im cht di theo lc qun tnh n ngc ln pha trn, lc
ny xupap x m ra y kh chy ra ngoi v kt thc mt chu trnh. Sau chu trnh ny
piston li i xung pha di thc hin chu trnh tip theo. Trong thc t th cc xupap
ng m cng nh thi im phun nhin liu khng trng vi im cht trn v im cht
di. Thng np c nhiu khng kh vo xylanh ngi ta cho cc xupap c m
sm nhng ng mun, cn nhin liu s c phun vo trc khi piston n im cht trn
khong ln hn khong 10 theo gc quay ca trc khuu. Nh vy, ton b chu trnh
cng tc c thc hin theo bn hnh trnh trong hai vng quay ca trc khuu, trong bn
hnh trnh ny ch mt hnh trnh chy v gin n duy nht sinh cng, cn ba hnh trnh
khc khng sinh cng.

1.2.3.2. c im qu trnh chy ca nhin liu trong ng c Diesel

T vic phn tch hot ng ca ng c Diesel trn ta rt ra c nhng c im
ca qu trnh chy trong ng c ny nh sau: khc vi ng c xng nhin liu c phi
trn trc trong b ch ho kh th ng c Diesel nhin liu khng c phi trn trc
m ch c phun vo xylanh khi khng kh c nn t nhit v p sut cao,
trong iu kin ny th nhin liu bay hi ri to hn hp t bc chy m khng cn n s
nh la ca bugi. Trong ng c xng th qu trnh chy phi c bt u t bugi sau
lan truyn i theo cc mt cu v nhin liu ch c php chy khi mng la lan trn n
cn trong ng c Diesel th qu trnh bt chy c th bt k ch no trong xylanh m
nhin liu c phi trn tt vi khng kh c th t bc chy.
Nu nh trong ng c xng vic tng cng sut bng cch tng t s nn s vp phi
hin tng nhin liu chu nhit v p sut cao s t bc chy kh mt la cha lan

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truyn n th trong ng c Diesel bt buc phi c t s nn cao bo m cho nhin
liu c th t bay hi v bc chy. Do cng sut ca ng c Diesel lun ln hn cng
sut ca ng c xng khi cng mc tiu th nhin liu. Nhin liu sau khi phun vo bung
chy n khng chy ngay m cn c mt thi gian nht nh chun b, y l thi gian
oxy ha su cc hydrocacbon trong nhin liu to cc hp cht cha oxy trung gian, c kh
nng t bc chy. Thi gian ny c gi l thi gian chy tr hay thi gian cm ng. Thi
gian ny di hay ngn ph thuc hon ton vo bn cht ca nhin liu v cu trc ca ng
c, n thng c chia thnh hai loi l thi gian cm ng vt l v thi gian cm ng
ho hc. Thi gian cm ng cng ngn cng tt v lc nhin liu s chy iu ha.
Nh vy c thi gian chy tr ngn th nhin liu phi c nhiu cc cht nparaffin,
v cc cu t ny d b oxy ha, tc l rt d t bc chy. Cn cc iso parafin v cc hp
cht hydrocacbon thm khc rt kh b oxy ha nn thi gian chy tr di, kh nng t bc
chy km. C th sp xp theo th t chiu gim kh nng oxy ha (tc l tng thi gian
cm ng) ca cc hydrocacbon nh sau:
n-parafin < naphten < n-olefin < iso-naphten < iso-parafin
< iso-olefin < hydrocacbon thm
So snh li ch ca ng c Diesel v ng c xng
Khi so snh v li ch ca ng c Diesel so vi ng c xng ngi ta nhn thy
ng c Diesel c nhiu li ch hn theo nhiu g .
Xt v gc nhit tr:
Nhit tr khi lng ca Diesel ln hn nhit tr khi lng ca xng khong 10% do
khi xem xt 2 ng c c cng hiu sut th ng c Diesel tiu th nhin liu t hn
khong 10%.
Xt v hiu sut s dng nhit:
Hiu sut s dng nhit ca ng c Diesel lun ln hn ng c xng v n khng c
l trp to ra m p trong giai on ht do trn th P-V din tch ca vng p
sut thp nh hn so vi ng c xng. Tuy nhin hiu sut ca ng c Diesel gim nhanh
khi tc tng ln do tn thp p sut do ma st tng nhanh v qu trnh chy trong thi
gian ngn kh khn hn so vi ng c xng.
Xt v gc nhin liu:
Gi thnh ca Diesel r hn xng, theo tnh ton nh my lc du th nng lng tiu
th sn xut Diesel nh hn sn xut xng khong 6% (13% so vi 19%) So snh mc
tiu th nhin liu ca ng c Diesel v Xng theo cc iu kin vn hnh khc nhau:

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V nhng u im ca ng c Diesel m chung c s dng ngy cng rng ri.

Chng ta c th thy r iu ny qua s lng nhin liu tiu th ti th trng Php.

1.2.4. Cc ch tiu cht lng ca nhin liu Diesel

Nh va thy trong phn trc, qu trnh chy trong ng c khng phi l qu trnh
chy l tng nn n s lm gim cng sut ca ng c, nhng iu quan trng hn c l
qu trnh chy khng hon ton ny s to ra cc cht c c hi cho con ngi v mi
trng. Do vic nghin cu nhm lm gim cc cht c ny l iu bt buc i vi cc
nh sn xut ng c v nhin liu. i vi nhin liu Diesel thng phm n phi m bo
c cc tnh cht sau:

1.2.4.1. Ch s xtan IC (Indice de Ctane)

1.2.4.1.1. nh ngha
Ch s xtan l mt i lng qui c c trng cho kh nng t bc chy ca nhin
liu Diesel v c tnh bng % th tch ca n-xtan trong hn hp ca n vi mtylnaphtalen khi hn hp ny c kh nng t bc chy tng ng vi nhin liu Diesel

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ang kho st. Trong hn hp ny th n-xtan c kh nng t bc chy tt nn tr s ca n
c qui c bng 100, cn -mtlnaphtalen c kh nng t bc chy km c qui c
bng 0. Trong thc t mt vi phng th nghim ngi ta dng hephtametylnonan (HMN)
thay cho -mltnaphtalen, trong HMN c IC = 15.
Cc hydrocacbon khc nhau u c tr s cetan khc nhau: mch cng di th tr s
cetane cng cao, ngc li hydrocacbon thm, nhiu vng th tr s cetane thp.

1.2.4.1.2. Phng php xc nh ch s xtan

Ch s xtan c th xc nh theo nhiu phng php khc nhau nh do trc tip trn
ng c hay xc nh t cc tnh cht ca n. Vic xc nh trc tip IC c thc hin trn
ng c CFR (Coferation Fuel Reseach) nh trong ng c xng vi gc phun sm nhin
liu l 13 theo gc quay ca trc khuu. Phng php ny trong thc t t c s dng
v n phc tp v tn km. Ch s IC c th c cc nh t cc tnh cht ca nhin liu
Diesel, ch s thu c gi l ch s IC tnh ton. Theo cch ny th trong thc t cng tn
ti nhiu cng thc khc nhau xc nh IC.
T nhit si ng vi 50% chng ct v t trng ta c th xc nh c IC theo
cng thc sau:
CCI = 454,74-1641,41d+774d2 -0,554T50 +97,083(lgT50)2
T cng thc ny ngi ta xy dng c th xc nh nh sau.

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Xc nh CI bng phng php th
V ng thng qua 2 im : T50 v 0API (hoc d415) ng thng ny ct vch
thang chia IC ti CCI cn tm.
V d :
Nhin liu c d415=0,84 (khi lng ring tiu chun) v T50=2800C (ASTMD86) ta
tm c CCI =56.
Trong phm vi IC=4055 sai lch gia CCI v IC o c l tng i nh nu nhin
liu khng s dng ph gia ci thin IC.
Trn y l phng php c s dng nhiu trong thc t. Ngoi phng php ny th ch
s IC cong c th c xc inh t nhit si 10%, 50% v 90%; t im anline hay t
vic phn tch sc k, khi ph thnh phn ho hc ca nhin liu Diesel.

1.2.4.1.3. Ci thin IC bng ph gia

Nh trong phn u chng ta thy nhin liu Diesel thng phm c phi trn
t rt nhiu ngun vi cht lng rt khc nhau, chng hn nh ngun LCO ca qu trnh
FFC hay gasoil ca cc qu trnh cc ho, gim nht ... ch s IC rt thp. Khi nu cn
nng cao ch s ny th ngi ta c th dng cc ph gia. Ph gia nhm nng cao ch s IC
c nhiu loi khc nhau nhng c th chia thnh hai nhm nh sau:
Nhm th nht bao gm cc hp cht peroxyt
Nhm th hai bao gm cc hp cht nitrat alkyl
Cc hp cht peroxyt c bit n t lu nhng chung t c ng dng v y l
cc hp cht rt km bn v vn gi c. Trong nhm th hai th hp cht 2- Etylhecxyl
nitrat c s dng nhiu nht.

1.2.4.1.4. nh hng ca ch s IC ln hot ng ca ng c

Trong thc t ngy nay cc ng c Diesel c yu cu v ch s IC vo khong 4060
tu theo tc ca ng c, vi khong yu cu ny th ngi ta d dng t c trong cc
nh my lc du. Tuy nhin iu quan trng l phi s dng loi nhin liu hp vi ng c
theo qui nh ca nh ch to v ch s ny lin quan trc tip n thi gian cm ng.

14
Khi ch s IC gim xung th thi gian cm ng s tng ln iu ny s nh hng trc
tip n qu trnh chy trong ng c, c th l khi nhin liu phun vo c ch s IC nh s
c thi gian cm ng ln do khi n c th t bt chy th khi lng nhin liu trong
bung chy ln nn qu trnh chy c th xy ra vi tc ln lm cho p sut trong bung
chy tng cao mt cch t ngt, iu ny s to ra nhng ting g kim loi, gy nng my
v lm gim tui th ca ng c, ngoi ra khi tc chy qu ln th mt phn nhin liu
c th khng chy kp m b phn hu do lm gim cng sut v thi ra nhiu cht gy
nhim mi trng. Qu trnh ny gi l Chy kch n v khi nhin liu phun vo xylanh
nhiu mi xy ra qu trnh t chy dn n chy cng mt lc, gy ta nhit mnh, p sut
tng mnh, ng c rung git, Tuy nhin s nh hng ny s t hn trong ng c
bung chy trc so vi ng c c bung chy trc tip.
Ngc li, khi ch s IC qu cao th thi gian cm ng s qu nh iu ny c th dn
n qu trnh t bt chy qu sm nn phn nhin liu phun vo sau c th b phun vo
trong kh chy c nhit qu cao nn nhin liu khng thi gian bay hi th nhn
c mt lng nhit qu ln nn n b phn hu trc khi chy, trong trng ny cng
sut ca ng c cng b gim, gy lng ph nhin liu v khi thi ra nhiu cht c hi
cho con ngi v mi trng.

1.2.4.2. T trng
Theo tiu chun ca Vit Nam: 860 kg/m3
Theo tiu chun ca chu u trc 01/01/2000 : 820 15.515.5 860 kg/m3
Theo tiu chun ca chu u t 01/01/2000 : 820 15.515.5 845 kg/m3
C nhiu phng php xc nh t trng, nhng thng thng n c xc nh
theo 3 phng php sau:
Phng php dng picnomet.
Phng php dng ph k.
Phng php dng cn thu tnh.
Trong cc phng php trn th phng php dng picnomet l phng php cn n
t mu nht v cho chnh xc cao nht. Nh vy, phng php ny c ngha ln khi c
t mu v i hi chnh xc cao. Phng php ny c th p dng cho cc loi mu khc
nhau. Nhc im duy nht ca phng php ny cn nhiu thi gian. T nguyn tc hot
ng ca ng c Diesel ta nhn thy nhin liu trc khi chy chng phi tri qua mt qu
trnh bin i t vic b phn chia thnh cc ht sng sau khi qua kim phun cao p, ho hi

15
trn ln vi khng kh v bin i t bc chy, cc qu trnh ny u lin quan trc
tip n t trng ca Diesel.
Khi khi lng ring ln th ng nng ca dng nhin liu ln, nhin liu b phun i
xa hn khi khng gian trn ln ca nhin liu vi khng kh ln. Tuy nhin, khi nhin
liu c khi lng ring ln th thng nht ca nhin liu cng ln nn kh nng bay
hi to vi khng kh hn hp t bc chy thp iu ny lm cho qu trnh chy ca nhin
liu km. Nu nh khi lng ring ln qu th khi phun nhin liu c th va p vo thnh
ca bung chy, iu ny s lm long mng du bi trn trn thnh ca bung chy gy ra
hin tng mi mn. Ngoi ra khi b phun vo mng du bi trn thnh xylanh th nhin liu
s b hp th trong mng du ny, sau trong giai on thi kh chy chng c th bay hi
theo kh chy v c y ra ngoi lm tng hm lng cc cht c hi trong kh thi. Khi
hai loi nhin liu c cng gii hn si th nhin liu no c khi lng ring cao hn th s
c hm lng cc hydrocacbon thm v naphtenic cao hn, nhin liu c khi lng ring
thp s cha nhiu parafin. Tuy nhin, vic khng ch gi tr ti a ca khi lng ring
trnh a vo nhin liu cc phn nng gy kh khn cho qu trnh t bc chy, tng
giu ca nhin liu lm tng thi ra khi en, b hng. Qua phn tch trn cho thy khi
lng ring ca nhin liu s c nhng nh hng n qu trnh s dng nhin liu Diesel
qua cc thng s sau:
Cng sut ca ng c
Tiu th ring
Hm lng CO, HC, Particules trong khi thi.

1.2.4.3. Thnh phn ct

Cng tng t nh nhin liu xng, nhin liu Diesel l mt hn hp ca rt nhiu cc
hp cht khc nhau c nhit si thay i trong khong rng. Thc t, trong khong phn
on ca n th nhit no cng c cc hydrocacbon tng ng bay hi, nhng iu cn
quan tm y l mt nhit nht nh th cng bay hi ca cc cu t khc nhau l
khng ging nhau. V vy, c trng cho bay hi ca nhin liu Diesel th ngi ta
dng hai khi nim l Thnh phn ct. Nh khi nim ny m ta c th bit c s phn b
ca cc hydrocacbon trong nhin liu Diesel.
Nhng khi nim v nh ngha c dng y cng nh nu trong phn nhin
liu cho ng c xng. Thnh ct c xc nh theo phng php th ASTM-D86. Cng
tng t nh xng, nhin liu diesel cng cn phi c thnh phn ct theo quy nh bo

16
m cho qu trnh hot ng ca ng c bi bay hi ca nhin liu s nh hng trc
tip qu trnh chy ca n trong bung chy, nhng iu cn phi ch nhin liu Diesel
l nhit u v nhit cui thay i trong khong rng (do nhin liu Diesel c phi
trn t nhiu ngun c khong nhit rt khc nhau nh nu trn v cng tu theo
yu cu v cht lng ca n) nn ngi ta thng khng quan tm nhiu nh trong ng
c xng, thng i vi nhin liu Diesel th ngi ta quan tm n phn trm chng ct
mt s nhit nht nh.
Theo tiu chun Vit Nam th c hai gi tr nh sau:
im ct 50% th tch l 290oC (E50)
im ct 90% th tch l 350oC (E90)
Theo tiu chun Chu u th c ba gi tr sau c quan tm:
250oC thnh phn ct thu c phi nh hn 65%
350oC thnh phn ct thu c phi ln hn 85%
370oC thnh phn ct thu c phi ln hn 95%
Hoa K th ngi ta phn bit hai loi gasoil l gasoil dng cho phng tin giao
thng vn ti v gasoil dng cho cc my mc cng nghip, trong loi th nht th nhit
90% chng ct phi nh hn 288oC, cn loi th hai nhit ny mn trong khong
282oC 338oC. Tuy nhin, nhng gi tr ca nhit si u cng khng c qu thp v
nhit cui khng c qu cao v iu ny s nh hng xu n vic s dng trong
ng c. Nu nhit cui cao qu tc l trong thnh phn ca n cha nhiu cu t nng
lm cho qu trnh bay hi to hn hp t bc chy km lm tng qu trnh chy khng
hon lm gim cng sut ca ng c (thc nghim cho thy cng sut ca ng c s gim
i khong 1 5%), to nhiu cht gy nhim mi trng, lm long mng du bi trn
trong bung chy hay lm gim nht ca du trong carter nh nu i vi ng c
xng. Ngc li, khi nhit si u nh n khng nh hng trc tip cng sut ca ng
c, nhng nu nh nhit u qu nh th lm tng bay hi gy mt mt trong qu trnh
vn chuyn hay bo qun hay lm gim nht ca nhin liu c th gy mi mn kim
phun.

1.2.4.4. im chp chy

Nhit chp chy l nhit thp nht m ti nhin liu bay hi to vi khng
kh mt hn hp c th pht chy ri tt ngay nh mt tia chp khi a ngn la n gn.

17
Nhit chp chy c xc nh trong hai loi thit b cc kn v cc h khc nhau nn
tng ng ta cng c hai loi nhit chp chy cc kn v cc h. Loi cc kn thng
dng cho cc loi sn phm c bay hi ln cn loi cc h thng dung cho cc phn
on nng. Nhit chp chy c trng cho cc phn nh d bay hi trong nhin liu, khi
phn nh cng nhiu th kh nng bay hi cng ln iu ny s gy ra mt mt vt cht v
iu quan trng hn c l n c th to ra hn hp n trong qu trnh bo qun v vn
chuyn.
Tiu chun ny c trng cho cc phn nh d bay hi trong nhin liu, khi phn nh
cng nhiu th kh nng bay hi cng ln iu ny s gy ra mt mt vt cht v iu quan
trng hn c l n c th to ra hn hp n trong qu trnh bo qun v vn chuyn. V vy
ch tiu ny c trng cho mc an ton ca nhin liu Diesel.
Nu nh i vi xng th iu kin thng bay hi ca n ln nn to hn hp
vi khng kh nm trn gii hn n th ngc li y nhin liu Diesel c bay hi km,
iu kin thng th n ch to c hn hp nm di gii hn di ca hn hp n.
Tuy nhin, khi nhin liu Diesel c ln nhng phn nh th n c th to ra nhng hn hp
n.

1.2.4.5. nht ().

nht ca nhin liu l mt i lng vt l c trng cho tr lc do ma st ni ti
sinh ra ngay trong lng cht lng khi c s chuyn ng tng i ca cc phn t vi
nhau. nht c th c biu din di ba dng chnh nh sau: nht ng lc (cP),
nht ng hc (cSt) v nht quy c. nht ng lc hay nht tuyt i l i
lng biu din lc ma st ni ti thc sinh ra khi cc phn t chuyn ng tng i vi
nhau, hai loi nht cn li l nhng i lng ch cho bit gi tr tng i hay gin tip.
nht ng lc c rt ra t phng trnh ca Newton v cht lng chy trong
dng ch chy dng (phn ln cc cht lng u c th p dng c phng trnh
ny). Phng trnh ca Newton c pht biu nh sau: Lc ma st ni ti sinh ra gia hai
lp cht lng c s chuyn ng tng i vi nhau s t l vi din tch b mt ca hai lp
cht lng, vi tc bin dng (khng phi l gradient vn tc).
Phng trnh c biu din nh sau:

Trong :

18
F l lc tc dng t bn ngoi lm hai lp cht lng chuyn ng tng i vi nhau
v chnh bng lc ma st sinh ra gia hai b mt.
S l din tch ca hai b mt.
V l vn tc tng i gia hai lp cht lng.
Z l khong cch gia hai lp
l nht ng hc.
nht ng hc c th biu theo nhiu n v khc nhau tu theo h thng n v s
dng, nhng thng thng th trong lnh vc du kh n thng c o trong h CGS,
trong h thng ny th n v ca n l Poise (P), thc t th hay dung i lng c s ca
n l centipoise (cP).
Cng tng t nh thnh phn ct hay t trng, nht cng c nhng nh hng
trc tip n hot ng ca ng c. Thc t khi nht qu ln s lm tng tn tht p
sut trong bm v trong kim phun, lm tng kch thc ca cc ht sng nhin liu do
cc tia nhin liu s bay xa nn n c th v p vo thnh ca bung chy gy ra nhng
tc hi nh nu trong phn trn.
Ngc li, khi nhin liu c nht qu thp s lm tng lu lng thot ra bm
np liu, nh vy s lm gim lu lng th tch thc thot ra kim phun (bm cao p).
Trong trng hp ny th kim phun c nng ln chm hn iu ny s lm gim nhin
liu cung cp cho ng c. Vi nhin liu Diesel c nht nh qu th khi phun vo
xylanh n s to thnh cc ht qu mn, khng th ti c cc vng xa kim phun c ngha
l khng gian trn ln gia nhin liu - khng kh nh, iu ny lm cho qu trnh to
hn hp t bc chy khng tt ng thi phn c phun vo u c th t bt chy qu
sm nn phn phun vo sau c th b phun vo trong kh chy c nhit qu cao nn nhin
liu Diesel khng thi gian bay hi th nhn c mt lng nhit qu ln nn b
phn hu trc khi chy. Nh vy, trong trng ny cng sut ca ng c cng b gim.
Ngoi ra, nhin liu Diesel cn c tc dng bi trn cho bm cao p v cc l xo trong b
phn bm nn khi nht qu nh d gy ra s rt lm mi mn h thng ny.

1.2.4.5. Cc ch tiu lin quan n iu kin lm vic nhit thp

Nh chng ta bit nhin liu Diesel thng phm c phi trn t rt nhiu
ngun khc vi thnh phn ho hc ca n c th cha cc hydrocacbon c s nguyn t
cacbon t 10 35. Mun m bo kh nng bay hi to hn hp t bc chy trong bung

19
chy th thnh phn ho hc ca nhin liu Diesel phi cha mt hm lng nht nh cc
hydrocacbon Paraffin, nhng chnh cc hp cht s gy ra cho nhin liu Diesel nhng kh
khn khi nhit ca mi trng xung thp. Khi nhit xung thp cc hydrocacbon nparaffin c mch di s kt tinh, cc tinh th ny c dng hnh kim chng d to ra cc
khung tinh th cha nhng phn cn li, iu ny s lm gim linh ng ca nhin
liu. Khi np liu cho ng c th nhin liu Diesel phi i qua mt h thng lc c mt li
lc vi kch thc khong vi micromet. Trong trng hp ny cc tinh th paraffin c th
lm bt cc l ca li lc dn n sai lch v lng nhin liu cung cp cho ng c ng
thi cc tinh th paraffin ny cn c th gy nhng nh hng xu cho bm nhin liu. Qua
nhng phn tch trn cho thy vic cn thit phi c nhng tiu chun m bo cho
nhin liu Diesel c kh nng lm vic c nhit thp.
Trong thc t, c trng cho kh nng lm vic ca nhin liu Diesel nhit
thp ngi ta dng ba khi nim khc nhau, l: Nhit vn c, im ng c (im
chy), Nhit lc ti hn. Gi tr quy nh cho cc tiu chun ny ph thuc vo tng
Quc gia, tng chu lc v tu thuc theo ma khc nhau v cui cng l tu theo loi
nhin liu Diesel.

1.2.4.5.1. im vn c
im vn c l nhit m bt u xut hin s kt tinh ca cc phn t
paraffin trong hn hp ca n iu kin th nghim.
Vic xc nh in vn c c tin hnh theo cc tiu chun ISO 3015 hoc ASTM
D2500, trc y cc kt qu quan st bng mt, ngy ny nhiu phng th nghim trang
b cc thit b bn t ng v kt qu khng cn quan st bng mt na m n c c nh
hai si cp quang.
Gi tr ca im vn c thay i tu theo Quc gia hoc khu vc nhng thng thng
n nm trong khong 0 n -15oC n cng c th ln n 14oC cc nc nng nhng cng
c th xung - 40oC cc nc qu lnh.

1.2.4.5.2. im ng c hay im chy

im ng c l im m gi tr ca n chnh bng gi tr ca nhit cao nht m
nhin liu Diesel cn c th chy lng.

20
Gi tr ca im ng c thay i tu theo Quc gia hoc khu vc, khong giao ng
ca n rt rng t +4oC n -39oC, nhng thng thng n nm trong khong t - 18oC n
- 30oC.
Vic xc nh in ng c c tin hnh theo cc tiu chun ISO 3016 hoc ASTM
D97.
Trong thc t th vic xc nh im ng c cng tng t nh im vn c, y
ngi ta cho 40 ml nhin liu Diesel vo trong ng thu tinh y np kn c gn nhit k,
trc ht un nng hn hp n 45oC sau lm lnh vi tc xc nh cho n nhit
ln hn khong 9oC so vi nhit im chy d on th ta bt u th nghim tc l t
ng nghim sang trang thi nm ngang, nu nhin liu Diesel trong ng nghim b chy th
tip tc lm lnh xung thm 3oC na ri lp li thao tc trn cho n khi nhin liu Diesel
trong ng nghim khng chy khi t ng nghim nm ngang trong vng 5 giy th ta dng
th nghim. im ng c bng gi tr ca nhit khi dng th nghim cng thm 3.

1.2.4.5.3. Nhit lc ti hn
Hai tiu chun va nu trn nhm nh gi linh ng ca nhin liu Diesel khi
c s kt tinh vi mt lng ng k tc l lng tinh th paraffin c th bt phim lc
lm tt qu trnh np liu cho ng c. Tuy nhin trong thc t khi nhit gim mt mc
no m cc tinh th paraffin cha xut hin hoc xut hin cha nhiu nhng nht
ca nhin liu Diesel tng ln mt cch ng k, khi n s lm gim tnh linh ng
ca nhin liu nn n c th lm gim lu lng ca nhin liu cung cp cho ng c, iu
ny s c nhng nh hng xu n qu trnh hot ng ca n. V vy m bo cho
ng c Diesel lm vic tt trong iu kin ny th ngi ta a ra tiu chun nhit lc
ti hn. (TLF) Nhit lc ti hn l nhit cao nht m mt th tch xc nh ca
nhin liu Diesel (20ml) khng chy qua c mt h thng lc c kch thc xc nh
trong khong thi gian xc nh (60 giy) iu kin th nghim ( chn khng 20mbar).

1.2.4.6. Hm lng lu hunh

Nh chng ta bit lu hunh trong du th cng nh trong cc sn phm ca n
tn ti di nhiu dng khc nhau nh: Lu hunh dng nguyn t, H2S, mercaptan, sulfua,
disulfua, d vng . . . tu theo dng tn ti ca n m n c th gy n mn trc tip hay
gin tip. Nu nh trong nhin liu xng lu hunh tn ti ch yu di dng mercaptan
gy ng mn trc tip th trong nhin liu Diesel dng tn ti ny hu nh khng cn na

21
m ch yu di dng sulfua, disulfua hay d vng khng c kh nng n mn trc tip m
chng ch gy n mn khi b chy trong ng c to ra SO2 sau n c th chuyn mt
phn thnh SO3. Phn ln lng kh ny thot ra ngoi cng kh chy, nhng c th mt
phn nh lt qua cc xecmng vo trong carter cha du v khi nhit trong carter ny
xung thp th chng kt hp vi hi nc to ra cc axit tng ng gy n mn cc b
mt chi tit khi du c bm tr li cc b mt bi trn.
Trong cc ng c hin i ngy nay, nhm lm gim hm lng cc
cht gy nhim cho mi trng trong khi thi th ng c c trang
b b xc tc chuyn cc cht c hi thnh cc cht khng hoc km
c hi hn. Khi c mt cc kh SOx trong dng kh thi n s lm gim
hot tnh, ng c xc tc v nh hng n nhit lm vic ca b
xc tc. S nh hng ny c th hin trn th sau:

Ngoi ra, khi hm lng lu hunh tng th n s lm gim nhit chy ca nhin liu
Diesel v vy n s lm tng hm lng cc hydrocacbon cha chy, b hng, mui than
trong sn vt chy do cng lm mi mn my mc. Thc nghim cho thy :
Hm lng lu hunh khong 0,06% khi lng nhin liu th lng mui than sinh
ra trn secmng v piston l 2,1%.
Hm lng lu hunh khong 0,85% khi lng nhin liu th lng mui than sinh
ra trn secmng v piston l 5,8%.

22
Hm lng lu hunh khong 2,9% khi lng nhin liu th lng mui than sinh
ra trn secmng v piston l 12,2%

1.2.4.7. n nh oxy ho
Nhin liu Diesel thng phm c phi trn t nhiu ngun khc nhau trong c
nhiu ngun thu c t cc qu trnh ch bin su m trong thnh phn ca n c cha
nhiu hp cht km bn nh olefin, diolefin, aromatic Trong qu trnh ch bin, vn
chuyn, bo qun cng nh trong qu trnh np liu cho ng c th nhin liu lun tip xc
vi cc tc nhn gy oxy ho nh oxy, nhit v c s c mt ca xc tc th nhin liu s
b bin i to ra cc hp cht nh nha, cn y l cc hp cht c hi ca nhin liu
v n c th gy n mn, gy tt nghn phim lc v vy cn thit nhin liu Diesel phi
m bo c tiu chun ny.

1.2.4.8. n mn tm ng
Mc d phn ln cc thnh phn cha lu hunh c loi ra khi nhin liu trong
qu trnh ch bin nhng vic loi ra ton b l khng kh thc hin v mt cng ngh v
khng kinh t. Mc d phn cn li trong sn phm l khng nhiu nhng s tn ti ca n
cng vi s tn ti ca cc hp cht hu c cha oxy cng c th gy ra s n mn mnh
i vi cc b phn ca ng c. V vy, hm lng ca cc hp cht ny trong nhin liu
Diesel cng cn phi nm trong mt gii hn nht nh. Gii hn ny c biu din qua
php th tnh cht n mn tm ng.
Tiu chun vit Nam v n mn tm ng i vi nhin liu Diesel theo phng
php th ASTM-D130 ti a l mc N1.

1.2.4.9. Hm lng nc
Nc trong nhin liu cng rt nguy him cho ng c v chng gy n mn mnh v
r, gy tr ngi cho qu trnh chy. Trong qu trnh chng ct kh quyn, phn on gasoil
trc khi c ly ra lun phi qua qu trnh tripping bng hi nc, sau nc c
tch loi nhng n vn cn mt gii hn nht nh. Hn na, trong qu trnh bo qun do s
th ca cc b cha nn mt lng nc t hi m ca khng kh s i vo trong nhin liu
Diesel.
Hm lng nc trong nhin liu Diesel c xc nh theo phng php o ASTMD95

23

1.2.4.10. Mu sc
Tuy rng y khng phi l mt ch tiu thc s v cht lng sn phm nhng i
vi nhin liu Diesel khi c mu sc nm ngoi phm vi mu qui nh th c th cho bit
c th l, s bin cht ca nhin liu, qu trnh to nha
Tiu chun Vit Nam (phng php o ASTM-D1500 theo thit b chun ca hng
Saybolt Universal) th mu ti a ca nhin liu Diesel l mc N2.

1.2.4.11. Ph gia dng cho nhin liu Diesel

Nh c nhc nhiu ln trong cc phn trc th trong nh my lc du nhin liu
Diesel lun c phi trn t nhiu ngun khc nhau, trong c nhng ngun c cht
lng tt nhng cng c nhng ngun c cht lng thp. bo m cc tiu chun cho
nhin liu Diesel thng phm th bt buc phi c nhng phn xng x l. S vn hnh
ca phn xng ny thng tn km hn na sau qu trnh x l th hiu sut thu hi sn
phm s gim xung, nh vy s khng kinh t. Trong thc t cc nh my lc du th
ngi ta thng x l mt phn ri dng thm cc loi ph gia khc nhau nng cao cc
tnh cht cn thit.
C nhiu loi ph gia khc nhau c dng nh: Ph gia chng oxy ho, ph gia ci
thin cc tnh cht nhit thp, ph gia ty ra

24

CHNG 2: MT S TH NGHIM TIU CHUN CA NHIN

LIU DIESEL

2.1. Chng ct D86

2.1.1. Mc ch v ngha
Phng php chng ct l c s xc nh khong si ca sn phm du m bng
chng ct m n gin.
Tnh cht bay hi ca hydrocacbon c ngha quan trng trong vic gi an ton v s
dng, c bit trong lnh vc s dng nhin liu v dung mi. Gii hn si cho bit thng
tin v thnh phn v s thay i ca nhin liu trong lu tr bo qun v s dng. Kh nng
bay hi ca cc hydrocacbon xc nh khuynh hng to hn hp n tim n.
Tnh cht bay hi l c tnh ti quan trng nh gi cht lng cho c xng my
bay v xng t, kh nng khi ng, kh nng t nng v kh nng to hi khi vn hnh
nhit cao hay cao. S hin din ca cu t c gii hn si cao trong nhin liu dn
n mc hnh thnh mui than rt cao.
Tnh cht d bay hi tc ng ln n tc bay hi, n l ch tiu v yu t quan
trng ca nhiu dung mi, c bit l trong ngnh sn.
Gii hn chng ct thng c da vo trong cc yu cu cht lng sn phm du
m thng mi, ng dng iu khin qu trnh lc du.

2.1.2. Mt s thut ng
Th tch mu (charge volume): th tch ca mu em phn tch (100ml) c np vo
bnh chng ct.
S phn hy (decomposition): hydrocacbon b phn hy nhit (cracking) sinh ra cc
phn t nh hn c nhit si thp hn so vi cc hydrocacbon ban u (du hiu nhn
bit s phn hy nhit l c khi pht ra v nhit quan st c trn nhit k gim
xung bt thng).
im si u (innital boiling point); l nhit ti git lng u tin ngng t ri
t condenser xung ng ong hng mu.
im si cui (final boiling point): l nhit cao nht c c trn nhit k.

25
Phn trm thu hi c (percent recovered): th tch ca phn mu ngng t quan st
c trong ng ong hng mu nhit tng ng c tnh theo phn trm th tch mu
c np vo bnh ct.
Tng phn trm thu hi (percent total recovery): kt hp phn trm thu hi v phn
trm cn trong bnh ct.
Phn trm cn (percent residue): th tch ca phn cn trong bnh v c tnh bng
phn trm so vi th tch mu em ct.

2.1.3. Tm tt phng php

Tin hnh chng ct 100ml mu di iu kin tng ng. Qu trnh chng ct c
thc hin bng dng c chng ct trong phng th nghim p sut kh quyn v tng ng
nh chng ct mt a l thuyt. Cc s liu v nhit theo th tch chng ct c ghi
chp li mt cc h thng v ty theo yu cu ca ngi s dng s liu m cc kt qu ghi
nhn c v nhit , cn, mt mt s c bo co.
Sau khi chng ct xong, nhit si c th c hiu chnh theo p sut v cc s liu
c nh gi v s ph hp theo yu cu t ra. Th nghim c lp li cho n khi tha
mn nhng yu cu ca php phn tch.
Kt qu thng c bo co di dng phn trm thu hi (percent recovered) theo
nhit tng ng, k c bng hay th ca ng chng ct.

H thng thit b chng ct D-86

Yu cu kt qu gia hai ln chng ct song song cho php sai s nh sau;
Nhit si u: 4C
Nhit si cui v cc im trung gian: 2C
Th tch cn: 0.2 ml

26

2.1.4. Quy trnh th nghim

Lp bnh cu vo thit b chng ct.
iu chnh tc gia nhit t lc bt u n khi xut hin git lng u tin chy ra
khi ui ng sinh hn l 5 10 pht (thng thng mc gia nhit l 2 - 3C/ pht).
Lp ming hng dng vo thnh ng ong v dng bng thm nc vt kh bao
xung quanh ming ng ong v ng sinh hn trnh b tht thot.
Khi xut hin git lng u tin, ta c v ghi nhn nhit trn nhit k ( chnh
l xc nh nhit im si u).
T y, ta iu chnh tc gia nhit sao cho tc chng ct khong: 4 5ml/pht
(thng mc gia nhit khong 3 - 5C/pht).
Ghi ln lt cc gi tr nhit tng ng vi th tch sn phm ct thu c trong
ng ong ti cc thi im: 5, 10, 20, , 90 ml.
Sau khi chng ct c 90%, iu chnh tc gia nhit sao cho thi gian t lc
chng ct c 90% n khi kt thc chng ct l 3 5 pht (thng thng mc
gia nhit t 4.0 5.0C/pht).
Tip tc gia nhit nhng khng thy ct thy ngn ca nhit k dng ln mt cao
no ri bt u h xung: ghi nhn nhit cao nht ny ( l im si cui)
Tt thit b gia nhit, ch nhit trn nhit k ca bnh cu h xung di 40C ta
c th tch thu c trong ng ong (gi l th tch ct).
Ly bnh cu ra mt cch cn thn nh lc gn vo.
Dng pipet ht ht phn mu cn li trong bnh cu vo ng ong. Xc nh th tch
va thu c ( chnh l th tch cn).
V sinh thit b cho ln th nghim k tip.

2.2. Xc nh im aniline (ASTM D611)

2.2.1. Mc ch v ngha
S c mt ca hydrocacbon thm c trong xng du lm nng cao tnh chng kch n
ca xng nhng n li lm tng ng c, c, lm tng tnh ht m v tng khuynh
hng dn n to mui. Vic nng cao hm lng hydrocacbon thm trong nhin liu phn
lc lm gim kh nng sinh nhit ca n, lm km i tnh bt la v tng kh nng to
mui.

27

2.2.2. Tm tt phng php

Mt hn hp gm 2 phn l hn hp hydrocacbon v anilin khng tan trong nhau chia
thnh 2 lp, khi tng nhit ln th hn hp tr thnh ng nht (tan hon ton). Khi lm
ngui t t n mt nhit xc nh no hn hp li bt u tch lp, biu hin bng
hin tng ha c ca dung dch. Nhit ng vi thi im xut hin hin tng c ny
gi l im aniline.

2.2.3. Quy trnh tin hnh

Cho vo ng cha mu chnh xc 6 ml aniline v 6 ml DO. Lp cnh khuy, ng
cha mu v nhit k vo h thng theo t t nh hnh:
Ch : lp nhit k sao cho bu thy ngn ca nhit k nm gia ng phn chia ca
hai cht lng aniline v DO, bu thy ngn khng c chm y cc hoc thnh ng.
iu chnh li cnh khuy sao cho khng chm vo y thit b cha mu v chnh
u nh git ng thy tinh ngoi ng trc vi ng cha n.
iu chnh v tr motor khuy ln xung theo thanh trt sao cho trc cnh khuy
ng trc vi motor khuy v cnh khuy khng chm vo y ng cha mu.
Sau ni cnh khuy v motor li vi nhau v chnh v tr sao cho cnh khuy
trng thi t do v c th khuy v bm mt cch d dng.
Ch : c th cho cnh khuy hot ng th tc chm v iu chnh li h thng
cnh khuy, motor v ng bao sao cho h thng hot ng n nh.
Kim tra li hon ton h thng chun b tin hnh th nghim. Sauk hi h thng
c lp rp hon tt, iu chnh tc khuy sao cho tc nh git khong 1
git/giy. Bt h thng gia nhit nng nhit ca cht ti nhit vi tc khong
3C/5pht. Khi h tr thnh ng th (trong sut hon ton), c nhit thi
im ny chnh xc n 0.1C. chnh l im anilne. Khng cn thay mu mi,
tip tc lp li th nghim trn bng cch thay cht ti nhit mi, n khi nhit
ghi nhn gia cc ln thc hin khng chnh lch qu 0.2C.

2.3. Xc nh nhit vn c (ASTM D2500)

2.3.1. Mc ch v ngha
Nhm xc nh nhit vn c ca cc sn phm du m sng mu. im vn c
ca sn phm du m l nhit thp nht m sn phm vn cn c s dng.

28

2.3.2. Tm tt phng php

Mu th nghim c lm lnh vi tc quy nh v c kim tra nh k. Nhit
m ti bt u xut hin m my (vn c) y ng th nghim c ghi nhn l
im vn c (cloud point)

S h thng xc nh im vn c

2.3.3. Quy trnh th nghim

Ly mu th nghim nhit cao hn nhit vn c t nht 14C, c th loi tr
phn m bng cch lc qua mng lc thm nc n khi mu sch hon ton (qu
trnh lc phi thc hin nhit cao hn nhit vn c t nht 14C)
Rt mu th nghim vo ng th nghim n vch nh mc.
y ng nghim bng nt cao su c gn nhit k v iu chnh sao cho nhit k v
tr ng trc vi ng th nghim v bu nhit k khng c chm vo y ng
nghim.
Lp vng m vo ng bao sau khi ng bao c lm sch v kh. Gn ng bao
vo gi kpv nhng ng bao vo b lm lnh t nht 25 mm.
Lp ng th nghim vo ng bao sau khi c ngm trong b lm lnh t nht 10
pht. Khng c nhng trc tip ng th nghim vo b lm lnh.
Duy tr nhit b lm lnh ti 0 1.5C.
Kim tra hin tng vn c nh k khi nhit gim 1C (ly nhanh ng th
ngim ra khi ng bao quan st v lp li vo ng bao trong 3 giy), lu trnh
lm xo ng mu th nghim.
Nu nhit mu th nghim gim n 9C m vn khng thy xut hin hin tng
vn c th phi di chuyn ng nghim test sang b th hai c nhit b lm lnh

29
-181.5C. Nu nhit mu th gim xung 6C m vn khng xut hin hin
tng vn c th tip tc di chuyn ng test sang b th ba vi nhit ca b l
-331.5C.
Ghi nhn nhit xut hin hin tng vn c y ng nghim chnh xc n
1C.
Ch :
Sau khi thc hin xong th nghim cn v sinh sch s thit b. Mu sn phm du
sau qu trnh th nghim khng c trc tip vo ngun nc thi, phi vo
bnh thu hi sau em x l.
S dng khn kh lau sch nc ng trong b cch nhit.
Khng ra ng nghim trc tip bng nc sinh hot m phi dng bt x phng
hoc nc ra chn ra sch mu du cn dnh trn thnh ca ng nghim. Sau
mi ra li bng nc sinh hot.

2.4. n mn tm ng (ASTM D130)

2.4.1. Mc ch v ngha
Xc nh tnh cht n mn ca ming ng iu kin cho trc nh gi mc
n mn kim loi ca sn phm du m.

2.4.2. Tm tt phng php

Tm ng c nh bng v lm sch theo tiu chun, ngm trong mu cn th
nhit v thi gian c trng cho mu th. Sau ly ra lau sch v so snh vi bng mu
chun theo ASTM.

2.4.3. Quy trnh th nghim

Mu cn c ng trong chai thy tinh sch, ti mu, chai plastic hay cc bnh
ng ph hp khc m khng nh hng n cc tnh cht n mn ca mu. Trnh s
dng cc bnh c ph thic.
Np mu vo bnh cng y cng tt v y np li ngay sau khi ly mu. Khi ly
mu trnh nh sng mt tri trc tip hay ngay c nh sng khuch tn ban ngy.
Sauk hi nhn mu tin hnh th cng sm cng tt v ngay sau khi m bnh cha
mu.

30
Mu c nc hoc nh tng phi lc nhanh mu trc khi cho vo ng th. Thc
hin tao tc ny trong phng ti.
Gi cht tm ng trn thit b kp tm ng. Dng giy nhm th loi b cc vt
bn khi 6 b mt ca tm ng.
Dng giy nhm min loi b cc vt xc trn tm ng, cho n khi mu ca
tm ng trng vi mu ca bng so mu chun.
Ra tm ng bng dung dch acetone hoc isopropan v lau kh bng giy mn.
ong khong 30 ml mu v cho vo ng nghim v cho tm ng c lm sch
vo ng nghim cha mu.
t ng nghim cha mu v tm ng vo bom v y cht np li.
t bom vo b iu nhit v gi bom trong b iu nhit nhit 100C trong 2
gi.
Sau 2 gi ta ly bom ra v ngm vo nc cho bom ngui (ch khi lm ngui bom
phi bom v tr thng ng, trnh bom nghing s lm mu).
Ly ng nghim cha mu ra khi bom. Rt mu vo beacher, dng kp ly ming
ng ra ngoi v ra ming ng li bng dung dch acetone v lau kh.
Gi tm ng v bng so mu chun di gc 45 theo hng nh sng phn chiu,
ri tin hnh so mu v ghi li kt qu mu so c.
V sinh thit b v dng c cho ln th nghim k tip.

Hnh: Thit b o n mn tm ng

2.5. Xc nh nhit chp chy cc h

2.5.1. Mc ch v ngha

31
im chp chy ca du m l nhit thp nht c hiu chnh p sut 101.3 KPa
(760 mmHg) ti hi ca mu th chp chy khi c mi la di iu kin th nghim.

2.5.2. Tm tt phng php

Rt khong 70 ml mu vo cc th nghim n vch mc, gia nhit vi tc nhanh
ban u v chm hn khi sp ti im chp chy. C mi khong nhit nht nh, a
ngn la qua b mt ca mu. Nhit chp chy l nhit thp nht ti hi ca mu
trn b mt cc th bt chy.

2.5.3. Quy trnh th nghim

Chun b mu trong chai kn, lm bng vt liu khng thm thu khng kh (khng
ng trong chai nha), nhit thp trnh lm bay hi cc phn nh, tin hnh
rt mu nhit thp hn nhit bt chy 56C. Khng m np khi khng cn
thit trnh mt phn nh v a hi nc vo. Khi c th phi xc nh im chp
chy trc tin v bo qun mu nhit thp. Nu mu cha nhiu nc c th
lm kh bng Canxiclorua hoc lc qua giy lc nh tnh. Ch : nu mu c cha
nhiu thnh phn nh th khng un cng khng lc.
Rt khong 70 ml mu cn th n lc mt khum ca mu trng vi vch mc,
khng mu c bt kh trong sut qu trnh th nghim.
Lp nhit k vo gi v gi v tr thng ng sao cho y ca bu thy ngn cch
y cc 6.4 0.1 ml.
Chm ngn la v iu chnh n c ng knh t 4.2 4.8 mm. Ch : cn thn
khi s dng bnh gas, khng nn m van qu ln.
Cp nhit vi tc tng nhit ca mu khong 14 - 17C/pht.
Khi nhit ca mu th thp hn im chp chy d on 50C th gim tc
tng nhit xung cn 5 - 6C/pht.
Khi nhit t n 28C di im chp chy d kin, cho mi la chy ngang qua
b mt cc th, c tng 2C th mt ln, tip tc cho n khi xut hin chp chy.
Ch : phi c nhit trc khi a ngn la qua b mt mu th.
Khi xut hin ngn la mu xanh u tin trn mt phn hay ton b b mt mu, ghi
nhn nhit quan st c. chnh l nhit chp chy.

32
Khi mu th c nhit chp chy khng bit trc th mu th c rt vo cc
th nhit nh hn 50C, cung cp mi la th bt u nhit cao hn nhit
rt mu l 5C, tip tc un nng mu th 5 - 6C/pht v c tng 2C th mt
ln cho n khi thu c im chp chy. Ch : kch c mi la, tc gia nhit
u nh hng n kt qu. Mi la c th gy ra qung xanh v ngn la rng trc
im chy thc, cn b qua.
Khi thu c im chp chy ln th nghim u tin, ngng th nghim v lp li
vi mu mi. cc mu sau ta ch bt u th nhit di nhit chp chy
ln trc 28C.
Khi thit b ngui di 60C, ly nhit k v cc cha mu ra khi bp, lm sch cc
mu.

Hnh: Thit b o nhit chp chy cc h

2.6. Xc nh nhit chp chy cc kn

2.6.1. Mc ch v ngha
Dng pht hin cc cht d bay hi v d chy nhim trong cc sn phm du m.
N nh gi hm lng cc cu t nh c trong cc mu sn phm, t p dng vo vn
bo qun, vn chuyn v bo m an ton.

2.6.2. Tm tt phng php

Mu trong cc th c gia nhit tc quy nh. Khi a ngn la mi tiu chun
trc tip vo b mt cc mu cc khong thi gian u n.

33
Nhit chp chy l nhit thp nht m ti hi ca mu trn b mt cc th
chp chy khi c mi la tiu chun c a vo.

2.6.3. Quy trnh th nghim

Cn t nht 75 ml mu DO cho mi ln th. Cc mu tip theo phi ly t cng mt
bnh cha mu, mu th hai phi ly t bnh cha khng t hn 50% mu. Khng m
bnh cha mu khi khng cn thit trnahs mt phn nh hay hp th hi nc. Bo
qun mu nhit khng qu 35C. Bnh cha mu phi c np trong. Vi mu
lng lm lnh mu v rt nhit thp thp hn nhit d kin 18C.
Khng cha mu trong bnh thm thu kh. Mu qu c phi c gia nhit trong
bnh cha chy trong 30 pht nhit thp nht khng vt qu 28C di
im chp chy d kin. Nu mu vn cha chy lng c th gia nhit them 30 pht
na. Sau lc nh theo phng nm ngang trn u trc khi chuyn mu vo
cc th. Mu cha nc ha tan hay t do cn c tch nc bng CaCl 2 hay bng
cch lc qua giy lc.
Cn thn lm sch cc v loi b ht cc vt bn ca ln th trc.
Dng ng ong ly chnh xc 50 ml mu (DO) cn th nghim cho vo cc mu,
mu khng c c bt kh trong sut qu trnh th nghim. Dng giy thm lau kh
vnh cc, lp cc vo b iu nhit v y kin cc cha mu.
t bnh iu nhit ln thit b gia nhit, lp nhit k vo np y ca cc cha mu
(bu nhit k phi ngp trong mu th).
Tin hnh tng nhit ln t t vi tc tng khong 5 - 8C/pht (i vi cc
mu c im chp chy d kin t 50 - 150C) v 10 12C/pht (vi mu c im
chp chy d kin ln hn 150C).
Khi cch im chp chy d kin khong 30C th gim tc tng nhit cn
2C/pht v chm la mi, iu chnh ngn la mi n kch thc tiu chun trn
np y (c ng knh 3.2 4.8 mm). Khng nn m van bnh gas qu ln.
Khi cch im chp chy khong 18C th bt u kim tra im chp chy. c
nhit trn nhit k trc, sau cho ngn la mi vo b mt mu th nghim
bng c cu trn np, sao cho ngn la h xung vng hi ca cc th trong vng 0.5
giy, lu li v tr thp trong 1 giy v nhanh chng tr v v tr c.

34
Khi hi ca mu th trong cc chp chy (xut hin ngn la chp chy mu xanh)
th ghi li nhit ny, nhit gi l im chp chy cc kn (mi la c th gy
ra qung xanh trc im chp chy thc, cn b qua).
Sau khi pht hin im chp chy, tip tc nng nhit ln 1 - 2C na v li th
tip tc, nu khng thy xut hin ngn la th th nghim xem nh sai, phi lm li
t u.
i vi mu cha bit im chp chy th phi lm th nghim thm d bng cch
nng nhit 4C/pht v sau 4C li th mt ln. Sauk hi xc nh thm d c
im chp chy th tin hnh th nghim nh trn.
Ch :

Nu im chp chy ln hn 104C, sai lch khng qu 5.5C

Nu im chp chy nh hn 104C, sai lch khng qu 2C
Lm trn s n 0.5C theo cng thc hiu chnh sau:
T = C + 0.25(101.3 K)

Trong :

T: l nhit bt chy sau khi hiu chnh

C: l nhit bt chy ca mu quan st c.
K: l p sut ca mi trng th kPa

Hnh: Thit b o nhit chp chy cc kn

2.7. Xc nh chiu cao ngn la khng khi (ASTM D1322)

2.7.1. Mc ch v ngha
Phng php kim tra ny cung cp cho ta tnh to khi ca nhin liu phn lc, du
DO.

35
Chiu cao ngn la khng khi c lin quan n thnh phn cc hp cht hydrocacbon
trong nhin liu. Thng thng nhin liu c cha nhiu aromatic th to nhiu khi hn.
Mt nhin liu c chiu cao ngn la khng khi cao th c xu hng to t khi.
Chiu cao ngn la khng khi c lin quan n kh nng truyn nhit bng bc x
trong bung t ca nhin liu.

2.7.2. Tm tt phng php

Mu c t bng bc n kn, n c hiu chnh bng hn hp hydrocacbon
bit trc chiu cao ngn la khng khi.
Chiu cao cc i ca ngn la khi kim tra mu nhin liu m khng to khi gi l
chiu cao ngn la khng khi v c n v l mm.

2.7.3. Quy trnh th nghim

Nu mu qu bn th phi lc trc khi kim tra.
Nhng mt phn ca bc n c sy kh vo mu, phn chiu di on bc
c nhnugs vo mu khng ngn hn 125 mm. Lp bc n vo ng cha bc, c
th nhng li phn u ca bc vo mu sau khi lp bc n vo ng cha bc
(nu cn chnh xc cao th nn dng bc mi).
Cho 20 ml mu chun b sn nhit phng vo bnh cha mu c lm
kh v sch.
Lp ng cha bc vo bnh cha mu v gn cht vo thn bnh. Ko cho bc thng
ng v ct phn u ca bc sao cho on bc cn li nh ra khong 6 mm.
t h thng trn vo bn trong n. Tin hnh t bc v iu chnh chiu cao ngn
la khong 10 mm, duy tr trong 5 pht.
Tng dn chiu cao ngn la cho n khi xut hin khi ui (quan st bng knh
quan st), sau gim t t chiu cao ngn la cho n lc khng cn khi. c gi
tr chiu cao ngn la.
Lp li th nghim trn 3 ln, nu cc gi tr gia cc ln o khc nhau qu 1.0 mm
th phi thay bc mi v tin hnh o li.
Sau khi o xong, ly bnh cha mu ra khi n, ra vi dung mi hay xng nh v
thi sch bng khng kh chun b cho ln th nghim k tip.
Kt qu trung bnh ca 3 ln o ch cho php sai s vi cc ln o khng qu 0.1
mm.

36

Hnh: Thit b xc nh chiu cao ngn la khng khi

2.8. Xc nh t trng
2.8.1. Mc ch v ngha
Phng php ny dng mt ph k thy tinh o khi lng ring (density). T
trng hay t trng API ca du m v sn phm du m tnh ton, chuyn i th tch ra
khi lng hoc khi lng ra th tch v t trng nhit khc.

2.8.2. Tm tt phng php

Cho ph k v nhit k vo mu v c gi nhit quy nh trong ng ong c
kch thc thch hp. Khi h thng cn bng, c gi tr o c trn ph k v nhit k.
Dng bng chuyn i chuyn i v nhit yu cu v loi t trng yu cu.

2.8.3. Quy trnh th nghim

V sinh tht sch ng ong v t trng k.
Rt mu t t vo ng ong tht kho, trnh to bt. Nu xut hin bt th phi dng
giy lc thm.
t ng ong cha mu v tr thng ng ni thng gi v c nhit thay i t
hn 2C trong sut thi gian th.
Cho nhit k ph hp vo mu th, khuy nh v ghi nhn nhit mu chnh xc
n 0.1C.

37
Nhc nhit k ra, th t t t trng k vo mu v th tay n khi t trng k t n
v tr cn bng. Ch trnh lm t thn trn vch m ti t trng k ni t do.
cho t trng k quay nh, khi t trng k dng, ni t do v khng chm vo
thnh ng. c s o thang t trng k chnh xc n 1/5 vch thang o.
Ghi s o t trng k trn thang o ti mt chnh ca cht lng ct thang o. Bng
cch t mt hi thp hn mc cht lognr v t t nng ln n b mt. Ban u nhn
thy hnh elip mo, sau tr thnh ng thng ct ngang t trng k.
Nhc t trng k ra khi mu, t nhit k vo mu v o li nhit mu chnh xc
n 0.1C. nu nhit o khc nhit ban u nhiu hn 0.5C th lp li th
nghim cho n khi nhit n nh trong khong 0.5C.
Ly mu ra khi ng ong v cho vo bnh cha mu.
Lau sch ng ong, nhit k v t trng k.

2.9. Xc nh hm lng nc (ASTM D95 99)

2.9.1. Mc ch v ngha
Hm lng nc cha trong cc sn phm du m c tnh bng % theo trng lng,
th tch hay theo ppm. Khi mt sn phm du m b ln nc s lm nh hng khng nh
n cht lng ca sn phm, ty theo tng loi sn phm m ngi ta cho php gii hn
hm lng nc c trong mu.
Nc c mt trong cc sn phm du m lm nh hng n nhiu tnh nng ca sn
phm du m. i vi cc sn phm dng lm nhin liu t, s c mt ca nc lm gim
kh nng bt chy v nhit lng ca nhin liu v trong sn phm dng lm du bi trn
th s c mt ca nc lm gim kh nng bi trn ca sn phm. i vi cc sn phm nh
th s c mt ca nc lm gim p sut hi t lm gim kh nng bt chy ca sn
phm.
Nc c mt trong cc sn phm du m khng nhng y nhanh qu trnh n mn
thit b, s oxy ha m trong mt s sn phm n cn gy ra qu trnh nh tng v phn
hy mt s ph gia ta cho vo sn phm..
Vic xc nh hm lng nc trong cc sn phm du m c ngha rt quant trng
trong qu trnh tn tr cng nh s dng sn phm. Xc nh hm lng nc trong sn
phm du m ta c th nh gi c cht lng ca sn phm, tnh cht ny c ngha
trong qu trnh bun bn du m.

38
Nc c mt trong cc sn phm du m dn n cc qu trnh n mn thit b, lm
gim kh nng bi trn ca sn phm. V vy khi bit c hm lng ca nc trong sn
phm m ngi ta c th nh gi c tui th ca thit b hay khc phc s n mn bng
cch them ph gia vo sn phm.

2.9.2. Tm tt phng php

un nng mu th trong b ct c sinh hn hi lu vi dung mi khng ta trong nc
v dung mi cng c ct ra vi nc trong mu. Dung mi ngng t v nc dc
tch ra ng ngng, nc nm li phn ui ng ngng, cn dung mi chy tr li bnh
ct.

2.9.3. Quy trnh th nghim

Bnh chng ng sinh hn, ng thu phi sch v kh.
Lp dng c nh hnh

Cn khong 100 gam mu (chnh xc n 1 gam) cho vo bnh chng (trong trng
hp dng ng ong 100 ml th phi trng bng 100 ml dung mi). Trng hp nhiu
nc c th cn 50 gam mu hoc t hn.
ong khong 100 ml dung mi cho vo bnh chng, cho them 1 n 2 vin bt
trnh si bng.
Lp ng thu nc, ng sinh hn vo bnh chng, m nc hon lu.
Cm bp in v gia nhit cho bnh chng vi tc ngng t ca dung mi t gns
sinh hn l 2 5 git/ giy.

39
Tip tc chng ct cho n khi th tch nc trong ng thu khng thay i trong
vng 5 pht. Nu c vt nc bm trn thnh ng sinh hn cn tng tc chng ct
hoc tt nc hon lu trong vi pht. Khi qu trnh li cun nc kt thc, tt bp
in ng thu ngui n nhit phng.
Dng si giy kim loi dn cc ht nc bm trn thnh ng thu xung. c v ghi
li th tch nc trong ng thu.
Ra sch ng thu nc, bnh chng kh cho ln th nghim sau.
Khi thay bnh dung mi th phi lm mu trng xc nh hm lng ncs trong
dung mi v hiu chnh kt qu cui cng.
Ch : trong trng hp th tch nc ca mu vt qu kh nng cha ca ng thu
(ln hn 10 ml), tt bp in, ngui ng thu n nhit phng v dng pipet ht chnh
xc mt lng nc ra khi ng thu ri lp h thng li nh c, gia nhit cho bnh chng v
tip tc th nghim. Ghi li th tch nc ht ra khi ng thu.

2.10. Xc nh nht ng hc (ASTM D445)

2.10.1. Mc ch v ngha
t nht l mt i lng vt l c trng cho tr lc ma st ni ti ca chtlng sinh
ra khi chuyn ng.
nht li mt trong nhng yu t nh hng rt ln n qu trnh s dng mt sn
phm du m. V vy vic xc nh nht ca mt sn phm du m trc khi s dng l
mt cng vic khng th thiu, c bit i vi cc sn phm nh du bi trn, nhin liu
phn lc c ph hp vi ng c s dng.
nht th hin tnh linh ng hay tnh d chy ca nhin liu. N nh hng n s
lu chuyn ca nhin liu, v nht ln c sc cn trong h thng cung cp nhin liu s
tng, s chuyn nhin liu vo xy lanh s khng u.
Xc nh nht c ngha quan trng trong vic theo di du trong qu trnh s
dng c b thay i thnh phn cu trc, c b nhim bn hay khng.
T vic xc nh nht ta c th xc nh c tnh ph hp ca ng c s dng,
sao cho mc ch s dng l hiu qu nht.
Xc nh nht c ngha rt quan trng i vi cc thit b s dng i hi mc an
ton cao nh trong ng c phn lc. T nht ta c th xc nh c qu trnh phun
nhin liu ca ng c, qu trnh n mn ng c,kh nng to cn trong bung t.

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2.10.2. Tm tt phng php

Cho mt khi dng hnh tr (spindle) quay vi mt vn tc nht nh trong mi trng
mu, ty theo nht ca mu m lc ma st tc dng ln spindle s khc nhau. nht
ca mu cng ln th lc ma st tc dng ln spindle cng cao v ngc li.
Lc ma st tc dng ln spindle theo chu vi hnh trn s to nn mt moment xon tc
dng ln trc ca spindle. Da vo moment xon ny ta c th tnh ton nht ng lc
hc thng qua cc thng s hnh hc ca spindle v tc quay ca spindle.

2.10.3. Quy trnh th nghim

Lc mu tht u trc khi tin hnh th nghim.
Cho khong 500ml mu vo cc cha mu, trnh to bt kh trong qu trnh rt mu
vo cc. Nu c xut hin bt kh trong mu th phi yn mt t pht bt kh
ni ht ln trn mt thong, sau s dng giy thm vt bt kh ra ngoi.
Ty theo loi spindle s dng m lng mu c th thay i, sao cho b mt thong
ca mu khi o phi t ti vch chun trn trc ca spindle.
Sau khi ci t ht nhng thng s ca spindle v tc quay ca spindle ta bt
u tin hnh o. Ta h thit b xung sao cho spindle ngp trong mu n vch
chun ca spindle. Lu L khi h spindle vo trong mu phi tin hnh tht chm v
cn thn trnh cc bt kh c th tch t di y v thn spindle.
Khi ta thay i tt c cc tc quay m % moment xon < 50 th ta phi thay
spindle mi v tin hnh quy trnh o nh trn.
Sau khi o xong ta tin hnh tt motor ngng qu trnh o.
Nng thit b ln, tt cng tc ngun v rt phch cm in. Sau tho spindle, lau
sch spindle trc khi ct vo hp.
V sinh my bng cch dng giy mn lau sch nhng v tr c dnh mu va o
nhng ln o k tip c chnh xc.

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CHNG 3: AN TON KHI LM VIC VI DU DIESEL

3.1. Nhn dng nguy him

3.1.1. Cnh bo nguy him
Du diesel l loi sn phm d chy n khi tip xc vi ngn la trn iu kin
nhit bnh thng.
i vi sc khe con ngi, du diesel gy kch thch v c ch h thn kinh. Hi
du diesel gy kch thch h h hp.
Trng hp xy ra s c trn du, du diesel gy nhim mi trng, vng nc v
vng t .
Du diesel l sn phm d chy n nhit thng, c tn tr th lng trong
cc thit b cha chuyn dng, tuyt i trnh xa cc ngun nhit, ngun la trn v
tm vi ca tr em. Khi tip xc vi du diesel phi s dng phng tin bo h lao
ng ph hp. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn c th xy ra hin tng tnh in trong
du diesel, v vy trc khi bm np, x hng t cc phng tin vn chuyn phi s
dng cc thit b chuyn dng nh nam chm tnh in, tip t phng nga s
c do hin tng tnh in.

3.1.2. Cc ng tip xc v triu chng

ng mt: c th gy kch thch v cc tn thng cho mt.
ng th: gy kch thch v c ch h thn kinh. Hi du diesel kch thch h h
hp.
ng da: tip xc thng xuyn v lin tc c gy d ng v kch thch da.
ng tiu ha: gy c nh qua ng tiu ha. C th trn vo phi gy nn, vim
phi.

3.2. Bin php s cu khi gp tai nn

3.2.1. Trng hp tai nn tip xc theo ng mt
a nn nhn ra ni an ton, thong mt. Dng nc sch ra mt t nht 15 pht, sau
a nn nhn i gp bc s.

42

3.2.2. Trng hp tai nn tip xc trn da

Tho b giy dp v qun o. S dng nc v x phng ra sch vng da b nhim
du diesel. Trng hp vng da b d ng hoc b tn thng nng phi a nn nhn i gp
bc s.

3.2.3. Trng hp tai nn tip xc theo ng h hp

a nn nhn ra ni an ton, thong mt. Trng hp nn nhn b ngt th phi s
dng cc bin php tr th, h hp nhn to v a i cp cu kp thi.

3.2.4. Trng hp tai nn theo ng tiu ha

Tuyt i khng c khuyn khch, tr gip nn nhn nn ma v c th gy bin
chng phi.

3.3. Cc bin php cha chy

Thc hin cc bin php khn cp v cc bin php ban u dp tt m chy:
Ct ngun in lin quan ti m chy.
u tin cu ngi b nn, tm cch ngn chn, cch ly ngun r r du diesel, di
chuyn cc thng cha xng du khc hoc cc trang thit b khc lin k vi m
chy nu c th.
S dng bnh cha chy, ct, chn thm nc cha chy vi cc m chy nh.
Khng s dng nc cha chy. Ch s dng nc lm mt cc thit b cha,
ng v cc thit b lin k.
Gi in thng bo cho lc lng cnh st phng chy cha chy chuyn nghip
ng cu.