Chng 6:

DU DIESEL (DO)

Cc sn phm du kh

Mc tiu
Gip sinh vin nm bt c cc c trng ca phn
on diesel v cc ng dng
Cc yu cu k thut, v cc ch tiu nh gi i vi
Diesel
Th trng sn phm DO

Cc sn phm du kh

Ni dung
6.1. Khi nim v DO
6.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca ng c diesel
6.3. c trng DO
6.4. Thnh phn Phn loi
6.5. Cht nn v ph gia cho DO
6.6. Cc ch tiu nh gi DO
6.7. Th trng

Cc sn phm du kh

6.1 Khi nim v DO

Cc sn phm du kh

6.1 Khi nim v DO

6.1.1. Pham vi s dung DO

Cc linh vc s dung DO

Giao
thng vn
ti

2 Cng nghip (my

pht in)

3. Hng hi, nng

nghip, lm nghip

Trong mt chun mc no , mc tiu thu nhin

liu Diesel ni ln s pht trin ca kinh t 1 nc?

6.1 Khi nim v DO

Du Diesel (DO) hay cn gi l du gasoil, c dng

lm nhin liu ng c diesel, y l ng c hot
ng t s nn cao v t bc chy

Du diesel i t cc phn on trung bnh c nhit

si t 180 - 350C, cc hydrocacbon C14 C20

Cc sn phm du kh

6.2 Nguyn l ng c diesel

6.2.1 ng c 4 k

Cc sn phm du kh

6.2 Nguyn l ng c diesel

6.2.1 ng c 4 k

Nguyn l hoat ng ng c Diesel

1

3
4

Ht: valve np liu m, piston di chuyn xung im cht di

v ht khng kh vo xylanh.
Nn: valve ht ng v piston bt u di chuyn t im cht
di ln im cht trn, k kh b nn to p sut v nhit rt
cao (khong 540oC).
N: cui k nn, nhin liu c bm cao p phun vo bung
t, nhin liu ha hi v t bc chy.
p lc do chy n gy ra s y piston di chuyn xung.

X: theo qun tnh ca bnh , piston s di chuyn t im

cht di ln im cht trn
Valve x m ra v y hn hp kh thi ra ngoi.

6.2 Nguyn l ng c diesel

6.2.1 ng c 2 k

Cc sn phm du kh

6.3. c trng ca DO

c trng ca DO
2. ng
Nhin liu
DO t bc
chy trong
bung t
p sut cao

c
diesel khng
c b nh
la, khng
kh v du
D.O c
trn trong
bung t

3. ng

c
diesel c
cng sut
ln hn
ng c
xng

6.4 Thnh phn - phn loi

6.4.2 Phn loi

Phn loi

Tc

iu kin

S dng

(vng/pht)
Ti trng v tc thay Xe hi, ti, xe
Tc cao
Tc trung
bnh

Trn 1000

i thng xuyn trong khch

khang rng
Ti trng cao, tc t ng c cho cc

300-1000

thay i

tu nh

Ti trng ln tc khng My pht in,

Tc thp

Di 300
11

thay i

my tu ln
Cc sn phm du kh

6.5 Cht nn v phu gia

6.5.1.
Cht nn
LOGO

Gasoil t
hydro cracking

gasoil t
cracking nhit

DO
Gasoil chng ct trc tip.
y l cht nn ch yu
pha ch DO

Gasoil t FCC

6.5 Cht nn v ph gia

6.5.2 Ph gia

Cht lm gim im chy

Cht lm gim im vn c
Ph gia lm tng ch s cetan: dng hp cht nitrat alkyl
Hp cht chng oxi ha
Cht kh hot tnh kim loi
Cht chng n mn
Mu:
vng mu t nhin
Xanh lam du min thu

13

Cc sn phm du kh

6.6. Mt s tnh cht k thut c trng ca DO

Cc tnh cht ha l c trng ca DO

Kh nng chy
1.Ch s Cetan
2.p sut hi
3. ng
cong chng ct
4. C.C cc kn
5.im aniline
6.Cn cacbon,
7.Hm lng tro

Tnh lu
chuyn
1. nht
2. im vn
uc,im
chy
3. Tp cht
c hoc

bn
ha hc
1. Hm
Lng
nha
2. bn
oxi ha

nhim mi
trng, n
mon
1. Hm lng
lu hunh tng
2. n mon
Cu
3. Hm lng
nc

6.6. Mt s tnh cht k thut c trng ca DO

6.6.1. Kh nng chy
Tri s cetan

nh ngha tr s cetan: xc nh bng cch so snh thi

nh ngha tr s cetan: xc nh bng cch so snh thi
gian t chy ca du DO trong 1 ng c tiu chun CFR
gian t chy ca du DO trong 1 ng c tiu chun CFR
vi 2 cht chun.
vi 2 cht chun.

1. Metyl naphtalen gn cho ch s cetan = 0

2. n-cetan (C16H34) ch s cetan = 100.

Dy tng dn ca ch s cetan:
Aromatic < olefin iso-parafin < naphten < n-parafin

6.6. Mt s tnh cht k thut c trng ca DO

6.6.1. Kh nng chy
Tri s cetan - Xc inh tri s cetan

Ch s Diesel =

iemAnilin

F tytrong API
100

Tri s cetan
Ch s diesel
T trong API v T50%
Ch s cetan= 0.77 x ch s Diesel + 10
Yu cu ch s cetan > 45 Hoc => 50

6.6. Mt s tnh cht k thut c trng ca DO

6.6.1. Kh nng chy- Tr s cetan - Xc nh tr s cetan

Nu bit
t trong
API v
T50% th
c th
xc nh
ch s
cetan
trn cc
ton

17

Cc sn phm du kh

6.6. Mt s tnh cht k thut c trng ca DO

6.6.1. Kh nng chy
im Anilin (ASTM-D611-82)
Mt hn hp gm 2 thnh phn l hn
hp H.C v anilin khng tan trong nhau
chia thnh 2 lp
Khi tng nhit ln th hn hp tr
thnh ng nht.
Khi lm ngui t t, n mt nhit xc
nh, hn hp li bt u phn lp, biu
hin bng hin tng ha uc ca dung
dch.
Nhit ng vi thi im xut hin
hin tng uc goi l im anilin.

5
6

4
A

2
8
10

6.6. Mt s tnh cht k thut c trng ca DO

6.6.1. Kh nng chy
Cn Cacbon conradson (ASTM 189)

6.6.

Mt s tnh cht c trng ca DO

6.6.1. Kh nng chy
ng chng ct (ASTM-D86)

Khi giot lng u tin xut

hin ta ghi nhit trn
nhit k im si u.
Sau 5, 10, 20, 30, 40,
50, 60, 70,80, 90, 95 ml
ng vi mi th tch ny
ta u oc nhit .
Sau quan st nhit k,
lc nhit ang tng
u khi no n dng li
ri tut xung th ta ghi
nhit cc i, nhit
cc i goi l im
si cui.

(1) - Nm iu chnh cao ca gi (2) Cng tc chnh, (3) - Cng tc qut lm mt

(5) - Nm iu chnh nhit , (6) - Cu ch
(7) - n bo hiu khi gia nhit

6.6. Mt s tnh cht k thut c trng ca DO

6.6.1. Kh nng phun sng, lu chuyn
nht (ASTM-D445)

o thi gian, tnh bng

giy, mt th tch xc nh
ca cht lng chy qua
mao qun ca nht k
chun, di tc dung ca
mt trong lc mt nhit
c kim tra cht
ch.

6.6. Mt s tnh cht k thut c trng ca DO

6.6.1. Kh nng phun sng, lu chuyn
T trong ASTM D1298

Ty trng

1.
2.

3.

Tiu chun VN < 860

Tiu chun Chu u: (trc
01/01/2000: 820 860 (tai 15,50C)
Tiu chun Chu u:(t
01/01/2000: 820 845 (tai 15,50C)

Phng php xc inh:

1.
Picnomet
2.
Phu k
3.
Cn thy tinh

6.6. Mt s tnh cht k thut c trng ca DO

6.6.1. Kh nng phun sng, lu chuyn
T trong ASTM D1298

Nguyn tc hot ng ca ng c Diesel cho thy cc QT u

lin quan n t trong

Nhin liu to sng

qua kim phun cao p

Ha hi trn ln
vi K.K

Bin i t bc
chy

Khng nh gi trc tip v mt cht lng nhng thng qua n

cho chng ta d on v thnh phn v cng sut tiu th ca ng c.

1. Ty trng cao

Nhiu aromatic (nng sut cao)

2. Ty trng cao

Nhiu parafinic (nng sut thp)

6.6. Mt s tnh cht k thut c trng ca DO

6.6.1. Kh nng phun sng, lu chuyn
T trong ASTM D1298

Ty trng ca DO nh hng n qu trinh s dung DO v

thng qua cc thng s c m t nh sau:
T trong

Cng
sut
ng c

Mc tiu
thu
nhin
liu

Thnh
phn khi
thi

6.6. Mt s tnh cht k thut c trng ca DO

6.6.1. Kh nng phun sng, lu chuyn
im vn uc - ASTM D2500

Mu th nghim c lm
lnh vi tc quy nh v
c kim tra nh k.
Nhit m ti bt u
xut hin m my (vn
uc) y ng th nghim
c ghi nhn l im vn
uc (cloud point).

6.6 Mt s tnh cht k thut c trng ca DO

6.6.2. bn oxi ha - ASTM D1774

Lin quan n kh nng to nha ca nhin liu (ASTM D1774).

Nguyn tc xc nh: Nhin liu c gia nhit 95C trong

vng 16h di dng kh O2 vi lu lng 3 l/h. Tnh khi lng
sn phm to nha khi kt thc th nghim
Lng nha hnh thnh sau qu trnh ny c dng nh gi
bn oxy ha ca nhin liu.

6.6 Mt s tnh cht k thut c trng ca DO

6.6.3. Tnh n mn, nhim MT
Hm lng lu hunh tng: ASTM D1266-91

Nguyn tc: 1 lng xc nh mu c t nng trong h

thng kn, cc oxit lu hunh (SO2, SO3) hnh thnh trong qu
trnh t chy s c hp thu trong 1 dung mi chon loc ri
em chun quy ra hm lng S, v tnh ra % khi lng.

Hm lng lu hunh lin quan n:

nhim mi trng
n mn
To cn

6.6 Mt s tnh cht k thut c trng ca DO

6.6.3. Tnh n mn, nhim MT
Hm lng Mecaptan: ASTM D3227- 89

Xc inh hm lng
Mercaptan

nh lng ASTM D3227:

Dng phng php chun in
th
Ag2NO3 + RSH

RSAg

+ HNO3

C th xc nh hm lng mercaptan
t 0.0003 - 0.01% khi lng.

nh tnh (Doctor Test): ASTM D235

Na2PbO + RSH

PbO

(mu en)

Mu:Khng i mu: m tnh < 5g/tn

Chuyn sang mu sm: dng tnh

6.6 Mt s tnh cht k thut c trng ca DO

6.6.3. Tnh n mn, nhim MT
n mn Cu- ASTM D 130
Cc hp cht ca lu hunh nh RSH, RSSR, S c trong nhin liu thi qua
kh chy gy nhim mi trng v n mn chi tit my, ng ng

Tm ng c nh
bng v lm sch theo tiu
chun, ngm trong mu cn
th nhit v thi gian
c trng cho mu th.
Sau ly ra lau sch v so
snh vi bng mu chun
theo ASTM.

6.6 Mt s tnh cht c trng ca DO

6.6.4. an ton tn tr
im chp chy cc kn ASTM D56

Mu trong cc th c gia
nhit tc quy nh. a
ngon la mi tiu chun trc
tip vo b mt mu cc
khong thi gian u n.
Nhit chp chy l nhit
thp nht m ti hi
ca mu trn b mt cc th
chp chy khi c mi la tiu
chun a vo.
(1) - Ngon la mi, (2) - L cm nhit k, (3) - ng dn
nc(4) - Np y, (5) - Bnh iu nhit, (6) - a gia
nhit, (7) - Cng tc gia nhit, (8) - ng dn gas, (9) Nt iu khin ngon la mi, (10) - Nt gia nhit

6.6 Mt s tnh cht c trng ca DO

6.6.4. an ton tn tr
im chp chy cc h ASTM D56
Rt khong 70ml mu vo
cc th nghim n vch
mc, gia nhit vi tc
nhanh ban u v chm hn
khi sp ti im chp chy.
C mi khong nhit nht
nh, a ngon la qua b
mt ca mu. Nhit chp
chy l nhit thp nht ti
hi ca mu trn b mt
cc th bt chy.

1- Cng tc chnh, 2- Cng tc c kha, 3- Nm iu

chnh tc gia nhit, 4- B mt gia nhit, 5- Gi
nhit k, 6- Nhit k, 7- Cc cha mu, 8- Cn nh
la, 9- n bo gia nhit

6.7 Th trng
Th trng

32

Cc sn phm du kh

6.7 Th trng
Th trng

33

Cc sn phm du kh

6.7 Th trng
Th trng (1983)
Quc gia

Nhu cu (tn)

Php

33.600.000

48.000.000

Anh

16.700.000

Canada

19.000.000

126.500.000

Braxin

16.000.000

6.500.000

Nht

35.800.000
34

Cc sn phm du kh

6.7 Th trng

35

Cc sn phm du kh