CHNG 2

Kh thin nhin v kh du m

Mc tiu
Nm c cc khi nim v kh thin nhin va kh du
mo
Cc ng dng cua cc sn phm kh (LPG, LNG,
CNG, NGL, condensate)
Hiu c cc c trng va y nghia cc ch tiu cht
lng i vi cc sn phm kh

Cc sn phm du kh

Ni dung
2.1. Khi nim v kh
2.2. Thanh phn va phn loi
2.3. ng dng
2.4. Cc ch tiu c trng nh gi sn phm kh
2.5. Th trng cc sn phm kh

Cc sn phm du kh

2.1. Khi nim v khi

NGUN GC DU M V KH?

2.1. Khi nim kh

Ngun gc du m v kh

Al4C3 + 12H2O

Ngun gc v c

CaC2 + 2H2O

4Al(OH)3 + 3CH4
Ca(OH)2 +C2H2

Khi trnh khoa hc pht trin ngi ta phn tch c rng trong du m c
cha cc Porphyrin c ngun gc t ng thc vt.
Trong v qu t, hm lng cacbua kim loi l khng ng k

Ti cc lp trm tch cha cc H.C du m, ti nhit

khng qu 150 - 2000C, nn khng nhit phn ng
ha hc trn xy ra.

Chinh v vy m gi thuyt
ngun gc v c ngy cng phai
m.
5

2.1. Khi nim kh

Ngun gc du m v kh

RCOOR +
H2O
ROH
RCOO
RCH2OH

Ngun gc hu c

R-CH=CH2 + H2

RCOOH

RH
+
CO2
R-CH=CH2 + H2O
R-CH2-CH3

Thuyt hu c ngun gc du m gii thch c

nhiu hin tng trong thc t.
Thnh phn du m cc
S di
ni khc nhau
S hnh Tui du
c
thnh S xut hin khi trong
VD: vt liu hu c ban
ca
ti du, m du
u giu cht bo th c
du
m du S hnh thnh m khi
th to ra loi du
m
parafinic

2.1. Khi nim v khi

NGUN GC DU M V KH

2.1. Khi nim v khi

2.1.1 Khi thin nhin

Kh thin nhin
l cc hp cht hydrocacbon trng thi
kh iu kin thng.

Kh thin nhin

Kh ng hnh
8

Condensate
Cc sn phm du kh

2.1. Khi nim v khi

2.1.2 Khi du m

Khi du m
l khi thu c t m du hoc t cc qu
trnh ch bin du, bao gm hn hp cc
loi hydrocacbon khc nhau.
Thnh phn ho hc ch yu ca PG bao
gm cc hydrocacbon parafinic nh:
propan v butan v mt lngg nh olefin
nh propylen, butylen

2.1. Khi nim v khi

2.1.3 Sn phm t khi thin nhin v khi
du m

1. Kh kh (Dry gas)
2. NGL (Natural Gas Liquids)
3. LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas)
4. LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
5. CNG (Compressed Natural Gas)
6. Condensate C5+
10

Cc sn phm du kh

2.1. Khi nim v khi

2.1.3 Sn phm t khi thin nhin v khi du
m
Sn phm khi t khi thin nhin v khi du m

1. LNG:
Liquefie
d
Natural
Gas

2.CNG
Compresse
d Natural
Gas

3. LPG:
Liquefied
Petroleu
m Gas

4. Butan,
Propan

NLG
Natural Gas Liquids

5. Xng
t nhin,
Condensat
e(>=C5)
tch ra t
khi thin
nhin

2.1. Khi nim v khi

2.1.3 Sn phm t khi thin nhin v khi du
m

Kh thin nhin ho lng (LNG)

hn hp kh thin nhin c nn p
sut cao, nhit thp
L cc hydrocacbon c tch ra t kh
th, hoc trong cc nh my ch bin.

2.1. Khi nim v khi

2.1.2 Khi du m ha lng (LPG)

RLPG

Triu Quang Tin

13

Cc sn phm du kh

2.1. Khi nim v khi

2.1.3 Sn phm t khi thin nhin v khi du
m

Kh du m ho lng - LPG

L khi thu c t m du, t cc qu

trnh ch bin du c ha lng ti p
sut cao, nhit thp
Thnh phn bao gm hn hp cc loi
hydrocacbon khc nhau,ch yu phn
on C3, C4.

2.1. Khi nim v khi

2.1.3 Sn phm t khi thin nhin v khi du
mLOGO
Xng t nhin
L hp cht hydrocacbon c tch ra
v thu c t khi thin nhin(C5+)
c s dng theo hai hng chinh:

1. S dng trc
tip cho ng c
hoc pha ch
thnh xng
thng phm.

2. Tch ring thnh

nhng cu t ring
bit (butan, pentan
v iso-pentan) dng
trong cng ngh
ha du.

2.1. Khi nim v khi

2.1.3 Sn phm t khi thin nhin v khi du m
Condensate
Condensate Bch H
(t nh my ch bin kh Dinh C

Condensate nh nn khng cn chng ct m c trn trc

tip vi Reformate v cht ph gia to thnh sn phm.

Condensate nng ly t d n Nam Cn Sn

(t 2 m kh Lan Ty v Rng i)
c chng ct loi b nhng thnh phn khng mong
mun, sau khi chng ct c trn vi thnh phn Octan
cao nh Reformate v cc cht ph gia to ra xng.

2.1. Khi nim v khi

2.1.3 Sn phm t khi thin nhin v khi du m
Condensate
c tnh ho l ca Condensate Bch H v Nam Cn Sn

c tnh ho l

Condensate

Condensate

Bch H

Cn Sn

666,4

821,7

kg/m3

0,326

0,463

nht, cP

~100

46,5

T trng

(15oC),

p sut hi, KPa

2.1. Khi nim v khi

2.1.3 Sn phm t khi thin nhin v khi du m
Condensate

c tnh ho l ca Condensate Bch H

Phng php kim
Cc ch tiu

Kt qu
Sch v trong

tra ASTM
D4176

0.6667

D1289

64.7

D2699

1a

D130

p sut hi bo ha 37,8oC (Kpa)

80.7

D4953

Chng ct

37.5

D86

10%/50%

44.7/53.3

D86

90%/FBP

101.6/148.0

D86

Residue/loss (%)

1.0/1.0

D86

< 0.005

D4294

1.0

D381

D95

Nhn b ngoi
Khi lng ring 15oC

(Kg/l)

Ch s octan (Ron)
n mn l ng 50oC/3gi
IBP

(oC)

Hm lng lu hunh (%Wt)

Hm lng nha thc t (mg/100ml)
Hm lng nc

(%)

2.1. Khi nim v khi

2.1.3 Sn phm t khi thin nhin v khi du m
Condensate

c tnh ho l ca Condensate Lan ty

TT
Ch tiu
1 Khi lng ring 15oC

Phng php ASTM

D1289-99

T trng API
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

n mn l ng
Hm lng nha thc t
p sut hi bo ha Reid
Hm lng lu hunh tng
Hm lng benzene
Hm lng hydrocacbon thm
Hm lng oxygenates
Hm lng olefin
Hm lng Mangan
Hm lng st
Chng ct D86
Ts
5%TT

Kt qu
0.7350
61.0

n v o
g/ml
o

API

D130-94
D381-03
D5191
D4294-03
GC
GC
GC
GC
D5708-05
D5708-05

1a
0.5
9.68
0.0115
1.454
17.295
0.000
0.000
0.083
4.387

mg/100ml
psi
%KL
%KL
%KL
%KL
%KL
ppm KL
ppm KL

D86

37.2

52.5

2.1. Khi nim v khi

2.1.3 Sn phm t khi thin nhin v khi du m
Condensate
Thnh phn cu t condensate Lan Ty
TT
1 Ethane

Thnh phn

% Khi lng % Th tch

0.003
0.005

% Mol
0.008

propane

0.202

0.291

0.446

n-butane

4.264

5.306

7.134

n-pentane

4.943

5.686

6.662

n-hexane

3.954

4.319

4.462

n-heptane

3.443

3.627

3.341

n-octane

3.010

3.086

2.562

n-nonane

2.056

2.064

1.559

n-decane

1.546

1.525

1.056

1.191

1.153

0.741

10 n-undecane

2.2 Phn loi v thnh phn

2.2.1. Phn loi
Phn loi kh
Kh bo (kh t): hm
lng C1 thp, hm lng
C3+ cao.

Kh gy (kh kh): hm
lng C1 cao, khng
cha C3+.

bo: da trn hm lng C3+

Kh gy
[C3+] < 50
g/m3

Khi bo thp
[C3+] ~ 50 350 g/m3.

Khi bo cao
[C3+] ~ 350 - 400
g/m3.

Khi rt bo:
[C3+] > 400
(600) g/m3.

2.2 Phn loi v thnh phn

2.2.1. Phn loi
Phn loi khi
theo hm lng S
Kh ngt:
hm lng H2S 4-6mg H2S/m
(<=140 - 170ppm)

Kh chua
Hm lng H2S > 4-6mg H2S/m3
(>140 - 170ppm)

Phn loi khi theo nhit chy

Khi nhit tr trung
Khi nhit tr thp
bnh
Nhit tr 2500
2500 kcal/m3 Nhit
kcal/m3
tr 5000 kcal/m3

Khi nhit tr cao

nhit tr > 5000
kcal/m3

2.2 Phn loi v thnh phn

2.2.1. Phn loi

Phn loi khi theo ngun gc khai thc

1. Kh ng hnh (kh du m): t

m du, thng thuc lai kh bo

2. Kh khng ng hnh (kh thin

nhin): t m kh, thuc lai kh
kh (kh gy)

2.2 Phn loi v thnh phn

2.2.2 Thnh phn:
LPG (ngun TESORO)

24

Cc sn phm du kh

2.2 Phn loi v thnh phn

2.2.2 Thnh phn:

LPG i vi Propane thng phm (ngun HESS)

25

Cc sn phm du kh

2.2 Phn loi v thnh phn

2.2.2 Thnh phn
LPG i vi Butane thng phm (ngun
Origin)

26

Cc sn phm du kh

2.2 Phn loi va thanh phn

LNG
(Center for Energy Economics)

CNG
(Vit Nam)

27

Cc sn phm du kh

2.3 ng dng
2.3.1 Kh thin nhin
Kh thin nhin

28

Cc sn phm du kh

2.3 ng dng
2.3.1 Khi thin nhin

2.3.1.1 CNG
l nhin liu sch cho cc phng tin giao
thng vn ti thay th xng, du.

29

Cc sn phm du kh

2.3 ng dng
2.3.2 Khi du m
2.3.2.1 LPG
Lm nhin liu cho thit b t dn dng (bp gas)
hay cng nghip (ni hi, l t), nhin liu ng c.
c ng thnh chai nh hoc bnh ln (12 50 kg).

30

Cc sn phm du kh

2.3 ng dng
2.3.3 Khi thin nhin v khi du m

Nhin liu

Nhit tr (kcal/kg)

Than ci

6582

FO

10175

DO

10675

KO

11000

Nhin liu phn lc

11400

Xng ng c

11400

LPG

11845

Kh thin nhin (LNG)

12400

31

Cc sn phm du kh

2.4 Cc ch tiu nh gi
2.4.1 Ch tiu phng php nh gi cho
LPG

S TT

C TNH

1
2

T trng ti 150C
p sut hi 37.80C (Kpa)

Thnh phn (% khi lng ):

+ Ethane
+ Propane
+ Butane
+ Pentane v thnh phn khc

n mn l ng (37.80C /gi)

32

Min
0.53
420

LPG
c trng Max
0.55
0.575
460
1000

40
40

50
50

2
60
60
2

1A

1A

1A

PP TH
ASTM D1657
ASTM D2598

ASTM D2163

ASTM D1838

Cc sn phm du kh

2.4 Cc ch tiu nh gi
2.4.1 Ch tiu phng php nh gi cho
LPG
STT

C TNH

5
6

Nc t do( % khi lng ):

Sulphur sau khi to mi (PPM)

Cn cn li sau khi ho hi ( %
khi lng )

H2S ( % khi lng ):

Nhit lng :
9
+ KJ/Kg
Nhit chy (0C) :
10 + Trong khng kh
+ Trong oxy
11 T l ho hi : Lng ---> Hi
12 Gii hn chy trong kk (%V)
8

33

Min
0
20

LPG
c trng Max
0
0
25
30

PP TH
ASTM D2713
ISO 4260

0.05

ASTM D2158

ASTM D2420

50000
1900
2900
250 ln
2-10
Cc sn phm du kh

2.4 Cc ch tiu nh gi
2.4.3 Ch tiu nh gi cho CNG v LNG

Ch tiu

Phng php xc nh

Nhit tr

ASTM-D900, D1826

Hm lng nc

ASTM-D1142

Hm H2S

D2385, D2725

Hm lng S tng

D1072, D3031

Mercaptan

D2385

hm lng CO2

D1137, D1945

34

Cc sn phm du kh

2.4 Cc ch tiu nh gi
2.4.3 Cc vn cn lu

35

Cc sn phm du kh

2.4 Cc ch tiu nh gi
2.4.3 Cc vn cn lu

36

Cc sn phm du kh

2.4 Cc ch tiu nh gi
2.4.3 Cc vn cn lu
u nhc im khi s dng

Nhc im

u im

2.5 Th trng
2.5.1 Phn b tr lng kh trn th gii:

38

Cc sn phm du kh

2.5 Th trng
2.5.2 Phn b tr lng kh chu :

39

Cc sn phm du kh

2.5 Th trng
2.5.3 Tnh hnh sn xut kh thin nhin trn th gii:

40

Cc sn phm du kh

2.5 Th trng
2.5.4 Tnh hnh sn xut trn th gii:

41

Cc sn phm du kh

2.5 Th trng
2.5.5 Th trng kh Vit Nam:

42

Cc sn phm du kh

2.5 Th trng
2.5.5 Th trng: Nhu cu LPG ti 3 min Vit Nam
Nhu cu LPG ti 3 min Vit Nam

43

Cc sn phm du kh

2.5 Th trng
2.5.5 Th trng: Chin lc pht trin CNG cua Vit Nam

Triu Quang Tin

44

Cc sn phm du kh

Biogas
I

Khi nim v thnh phn

II

Ngun nguyn liu v x l nguyn liu

III

Quy trnh sn xut

IV

Cc yu t nh hng

V
VI

ng dng cng ngh Biogas

Xu hng pht trin Vit Nam

Khi nim v thnh phn

1. Khi nim:
Biogas hay kh sinh hc l hn hp kh methane v
mt s kh khc pht sinh t s phn hy t cc vt
cht hu c

Khi nim v thnh phn

2. Thnh phn

Thnh phn chnh ca Biogas

l CH4 (chim khong 50% n
60%) v CO2 (khong 30%) cn
li l cc cht khc nh hi
nc N2, O2, CO v hp cht
H2S( di 1%), c thu
phn trong mi trng ym kh.

II

Ngun nguyn liu v x l nguyn liu

1. Ngun nguyn liu

Cc cht thi hu c nh phn ng vt, cc loi thc
vt nh bo, c, rm r, ph thi hu c sinh hot.
Ngoi ra cn t mt s nguyn liu khc nh thn la
mch, thn cy ng, thn cy khoai ty,rau b i, ph thi
t l m

II

Ngun nguyn liu v x l nguyn liu

Ngun nguyn liu Biogas

www.themegallery.com

II

Ngun nguyn liu v x l nguyn liu

2. X l nguyn liu
Nguyn liu ln men to kh sinh hc rt phong ph,
a dng
Trc khi s dng cn phi chn lc k, x l t yu
cu v cht lng sau:
o Giu cenllulose
o t Ligin
o NH+4 ban u khong 2000mg/l
o T l cacbon/nito: 20/30
o Nguyn liu phi ha tan trong nc

II

Ngun nguyn liu v x l nguyn liu

nh hng ca cc loi phn n sn lng v thnh
phn ca kh thu c
Sn lng kh
m3 /kg phn
kh

Lng CH4 (%)

Thi gian ln
men (ngy)

Phn b

1,11

57

10

Phn gia cm

0,56

69

Phn g

0,31

60

30

Phn heo

1,02

68

20

Phn ngi

0,38

----

21

Nguyn liu

III

Quy trnh sn xut

Cng ngh biogas : da vo cc vi khun ym kh ln

men, phn hy k kh cc cht hu c, sinh ra hn hp kh
c th chy c: H2, H2S, NH3, CH4, C2H2, trong
CH4l ch yu
Mt s loi vi khun c trng : metanococus vanniellii,
methanobacterium,
formicium,
methanosarcina,
methanobact ruminantium, Ps.aeraginosa,
Phng trnh n gin chung cho qu trnh l:
C6H12O6 3CO2 + 3CH4

III

Quy trnh sn xut

Qu trnh ln men to CH4

III

Quy trnh sn xut

Floating-drum plants

III

Quy trnh sn xut

Hm dng ti

Quy trnh sn xut biogas

u nhc im

Nhc im

u im

IV

Cc yu t nh hng ln qu trnh ln men

1. nh hng ca nhit
2. nh hng ca pH v kim (alkalinity)
3. nh hng ca mn
4. nh hng lng nguyn liu np
5. Cht c
6. Khuy trn

ng dng cng ngh Biogas

Nc thi hm biogas c th dng

nh ngun phn bn

Mt thit b trc y s dng

du diesel c ci tin chuyn
sang s dng biogas.

ng dng cng ngh Biogas

Dng thp sng

M hnh la s dng ph
phm kh sinh hc

VI

Xu hng pht trin Vit Nam

1.Thun li:
Ngun sinh khi ch yu ca Vit Nam t hot ng
nng nghip l ngun nguyn liu rt tt sn xut
biogas.
Nc ta c hn 80% dn s sng nng thn, vic
sn xut kh sinh hc to ra rt nhiu thun li cho
ngi dn nht l nng dn
Hai lnh vc mi trng v kinh t gt hi c nhiu
phc li nht.

VI

Xu hng pht trin Vit Nam

2. Kh khn.
Nhn thc ca cn b, nhn dn trong bc u
cng gy nn mt s kh khn tr ngi.
V kinh t :Chi ph xy dng mt cng trnh hm
Biogas l kh tn km (u t ban u).
Qu trnh pht trin v th ho, gi t nng nghip
tng ln, v chuyn ho thnh t dch v, din tch t
chn nui v trng trt gim i ng k.