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Ancient Hebrew
Torah
Ancient Hebrew Torah
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
By Jeff A. Benner
iii
Cover design by Jeff A. Benner.

Ancient Hebrew Torah, by Jeff A. Benner.
Published 2009 by Virtualbookworm.com Publishing Inc., P.O.
Box 9949, College Station, TX 77845, US. 2007, Jeff A.
Benner. All rights reserved. Any part of this book may be
copied for educational purposes only, without prior
permission.
Manufactured in the United States of America.
iv
Table of Contents
ABOUT THE ANCIENT HEBREW TORAH ............................................1
.............................................................................7
.................................................................................... 95
................................................................................ 167
........................................................................... 217
.............................................................................. 289
vi
About the Ancient Hebrew Torah

The Waw and Yud
Until 1947, the oldest manuscript of the Hebrew Bible
was the Codex Leningrad which is dated to around 1,000
A.D. With the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls in 1947
we now have manuscripts that are 1000 years older than
the Codex Leningrad. While the Hebrew texts from the
Dead Sea Scrolls (2000 years old) and the Hebrew text
from the Codex Leningrad (1000 years old) are very
similar, there are differences. One of the largest
differences is the vowels used for the text. Throughout
the Codex Leningrad vowel sound are represented by
dots and dashes placed above and below the letters. For
instance, the Hebrew word for 'no', as it appears in the
codex, is ( lo). The dot above the letter aleph is called a
hholam and represents the vowel sound 'o'. These dots
and dashes (called nikkudot, nikkud in the singular) were
created by the Masorites during the time the codex
Leningrad was written. The Dead Sea Scrolls, written
long before the Masorites, used the letter
(waw, vav in
Modern Hebrew) for the consonant 'w,' but also the
vowel sound 'o'. Throughout the Dead Sea Scrolls this
. In the Masoretic text the name

David is written as ( dawid). The dot, called the hhireq,
below the represents the 'i' sound. However, in the
Dead Sea Scrolls the name David is written as where
the letter ( yud) is used for the 'i' sound.
word appears as
From the vast amount of manuscripts unearthed in the

Dead Sea Caves it has been discovered that the letters
waw and yud (and to a lesser extent the letters hey and
aleph) were widely used as vowels. When and why they
were removed from the text and replaced with the
nikkudot appears to be a mystery. In the Ancient Hebrew
Torah all of the hholam and hhireq nikkudot have been
replaced with the letter waw and yud respectively in
order to attempt to restore the text to its pre-Masoretic
state. The reinsertions of these vowels will also aid in the
pronunciation of the text.
The Shin, Sin and Samehh

In the Modern Hebrew alphabet the letter shin ()
represents two different sounds, a "sh" and an "s". To
differentiate between these two sounds, a dot is placed
above the shin in different locations. For the "sh" sound,

the dot is placed on the right ( )and is called a shin and
for the "s" sound it is placed on the left ( )and called a
sin.
In most cases, words spelled with the sin ( )are more
closely related in meaning with words spelled with the
samehh (). In addition, Hebrew words in the Masoretic
text spelled with the sin ( )in some places, are also
written with a samehh in other places. For these reasons,
Hebrew words that are spelled with a sin ( )in the
Masoretic text, will be written with a samehh ( )in the
Ancient Hebrew Torah. As an example, in the Masoretic
text you will find the name
( yisra'el/Israel), but in
the Ancient Hebrew Torah it will be written as .
The Pictographic Script

Because the original manuscripts of the Bible are long
gone there is no way to know which Hebrew script was
used. We can make an educated guess that most of them
were written with the middle Hebrew script (also called
Paleo-Hebrew) while the older books may have been
written in the early (or pictographic) Hebrew script. The
Ancient Hebrew Torah employs the early Hebrew script for

the sole reason that this script is the foundation to all
later scripts. In addition, each pictographic letter
represents an object of action and provides the concrete
foundation to the words of the text.
Book Names
The Ancient Hebrew Torah uses the Hebrew names for
each of the books. ( bereshiyt) is Genesis;
( shemot) is Exodus; ( wayiqra) is
Leviticus; ( bemidbar) is Numbers and
( devariym) is Deuteronomy.
Chapter and Verse Numbers

The original texts did not include a numbering system for
the chapters ( paraq) or verses; these were added
later for ease of finding a particular passage within the
text. The Ancient Hebrew Torah includes the traditional
Hebrew Bible numbering system for the same reason.
The Ancient Hebrew Alphabet

Early
Modern
Name
Picture
Meaning
Aleph
Ox head
Strong, Power,
Leader
Beyt
Tent
floorplan
Family, House, In
Gimal
Foot
Gather, Walk
Dalet
Door
Hey
Man with
arms raised
Vav
Tent peg
Zayin
Mattock
Chet
Tent wall
Tet
Basket
Yud
Arm and
closed hand
Kaph
Open palm
Lamed
Shepherd
Staff
Mem
Water
Nun
Seed
Move, Hang,
Entrance
Look, Reveal,
Breath
Add, Secure,
Hook
Food, Cut,
Nourish
Outside, Divide,
Half
Surround,
Contain, Mud
Work, Throw,
Worship
Bend, Open,
Allow, Tame
Teach, Yoke, To,
Bind
Chaos, Mighty,
Blood
Continue, Heir,
Son
Samech
Thorn
Ayin
Eye
Pey
Mouth
Tsade
Quph
Resh
Shin
Tav
Man on his
side
Sun on the
horizon
Head of a
man
Two front
teeth
Crossed
sticks
Grab, Hate,
Protect
Watch, Know,
Shade
Blow, Scatter,
Edge
Wait, Chase,
Snare, Hunt
Condense, Circle,
Time
First, Top,
Beginning
Sharp, Press, Eat,
Two
Mark, Sign, Signal,
Monument
Bereshiyt / Genesis
1
1
2

3 4

5

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7
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8
1

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17
6

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15 16

17

=
18
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18
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1
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23 24
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11
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21

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12
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23

15
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13
1
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5
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10

11

24
12
13
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14
1

2

3
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5

6
7

8

9

10
25
11
12

13

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15
1

2

3

26
4

5

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8
9

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11
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16
1
2

27

3

4
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9

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17
1

2

3
28
4
5

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29
21
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18
1
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3
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11
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30
13

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19
1

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13
32

14

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18 19

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20
1
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3

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5

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7

8
34

9

10
11

12

13

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21
1
2

3
4

5
6
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35
8
9

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11
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24 25

26
36
27
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22
1

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37
9

10
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38
23
1
2

3
4

5
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7
8

9

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11

12 13

14
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18
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39

20

24
1
2

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5

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40

15

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26 27

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42

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66
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43
25
1 2

3

4
5
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14 15
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44
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26
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45

5

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46

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27
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47
5
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48

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49

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28
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50

13

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29
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51
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11 12

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52

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53
10
11
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54
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31
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55
3
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56
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57

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32
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58
3
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5

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59

21

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60

5

6
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9
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16 17

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34
1
2
61

3
4

5

6
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8

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11
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62

23

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35
1

2

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5

6
63

7

8

9
10

11

12

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23

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64
27

28
29

36
1 2

3
4
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6

7

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9 10

11
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65

18

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66
42
43

37
1
2

3

4

5
6
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8

9

10

11
12
13

14

67
15
16

17

18

19
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21
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33
68

34
35

36

38
1
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3 4
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6
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9

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12

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69

17

18

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39
1

2
70

3

4

5

6

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8

9

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11

12

13
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17
18

19

71
20

21
22

23

40
1
2

3
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5

6

7

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9
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11

12
72

13

14

15

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17

18
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21
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41
1
2

3

4

5
73

6
7

8

10

11
12

13

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20

21

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23

24
74

25

26

27

28
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30

31
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33
34
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36

37
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39

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41
42

75
43

44

45

46

47
48

49
50

51

52

53
54

55

56

57

76
42
1
2

3
4

5
6

7

8
9

10
11

12
13

14
15

16

17
18
19
77

20
21

22

23
24

25

26
27

28

29
30

31
32

33

34

35

36

78
37

38

43
1 2

3

4
5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13
79
14

15

16

17

18

19
20

21

22

23

24
25

26
27

28
29

80

30

31
32

33

34

44
1

2

3
4

5

6
7

8

9

10

11
81

12
13

14
15

16

17

18

19
20

21
22

23

3
4

5

6

7

82

8
9

10

11

12
13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22
83

45
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

01

00

02

03

04
05

84
06

07

08

09

21

20

22

23

24
25
26

27

28

46
1
2

3

4
85

5

6

7
8

9
01
00
02

03
04
05

06
07

08

09
21

20

22
23
24
25

26
86

27

28
29

31

30

32

33
34

47
1

2

3

4

5
6

7
87

8
9

01
00

02
03

04

05

06

07

08

09

21

20
88
22

23

24

25
26

27

28

29

31

30

48
1

2

3

4
89

5

6
7

8
9

01

00

02

03
04

05

06

07

08

09
90

21

20

22

49
1

2
3
4

5
6

7

8
9

10

11

12
13

14
15
91

16
17
18 19
20
21
22
23
24

25

26

27
28

29

30

31

32
33

50
1
2
92

3

4

5

6
7

8

9
10

11

12
13

14

15

16
17

18
19
93
20

21

22

23

24

25

26
94
shemot / Exodus
1
1
2
3 4
5

6
7

8
9
10

11

12

13
95
14

15

16

17

18

19

20
21

22

2
1
2
3

4
5

6

7

8

96
9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18
19

20

21
22

23

24

25

97
3
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

98
15

16

17

18

19
20

21

22

4
1

2

4

5

99
6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13
14

15

16

17
18

19

20

21

100

22
23

24
25

26
27

28
29

30

31

5
1

2

3

4

5
6

7
101

8

9
10

11

12
13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22
23

102
6
1

2
3

4

5
6

7

8

9
10
11

12

13

14

15

16
103
17
18

19
20

21
22
23

24

25

26

27

28
29

30

7
1
2

3

4
104

5

6
7

8
9

10

11

12

13
14
15

16

17

18

19

20
105

21

22

23

24

25
26

27

28

29

8
1

2

3

4

5
106
6
7

8

9

10
11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22
107

23

24

25

26
27

28

9
1

2
3
4

5
6

7

8

9

108

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17
18

19

20

21
22

23

24

25
109

26
27

28

29

30
31

32
33

34

35

10
1

2

3

4

5

110
6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18
19

20
111
21

22

23

24

25
26

27
28

29
11
1

2

3

4

112
7

8

9

10

12
1
2
3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10
11

12
113

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20
21

22

23

24
25

26

114
27

28
29

30

31

32
33

34

35

36
37

38
39

40

41

42
43
115

44
45
46

47 48

49
50
51

13
1 2

3

4
5

6

7

8
9

10

11
116

12
13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20
21

22

14
1 2

3

4
117

5

6
7
8

9

10

11

12

13

14
15
16

17

18
19

118
20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

15
1

2

119
3
4
5
6

7
8

9
10

11

12 13

14
15

16

17

18
19

20

21

22

23

24
25
120

26

27

16
1

2
3

4

5

6
7

8

9

10
121

11
12

13
14

15

16

17
18

19
20

21

22

23

24

25

26
27

28
29
122

30 31

32

33

34

35

36
17
1

2

3

4
5

6

7
123

8
9

10

11

12

13
14

15

16

18
1

2

3

4
5

6

7

124
8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17
18

19

20

21

22

23

125

24
25

26

27

19
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12
126

13

14

15

16

17

18

19
20

21

22

23

24

25

20
1
2
3
4

5
127

6
7

8
9
10

11

12

13 14
15 16
17

18

19

20

21
22

23

24

25

128
26

21
1
2
3

4

5

6

7
8

9
10
11
12
13

14
15
16
17
18

19

20
21

129
22

23
24
25
26

27

28

29

30
31
32

33

34
35

36

37

22
1
2

130
3
4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11
12
13

14
15

16

17 18
19
20
21
22
23

24
131

25
26

27
28
29

30

23
1
2

3 4
5

6
7
8

9
10
11

12

13

14
15
132

16

17

18
19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32 33
133

24
1
2

3

4

5

6
7

8

9
10

11

12

13

14

15
16

134

17
18

25
1 2

3
4
5

7
8
9

10

11
12

13
14
15
16
17

18

19

20
135

21

22

23

24
25
26

27
28

29

30
31

32

33

34
35

36
37

136
38
39
40
26
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

137
14

15
16
17

18
19

20
21

22
23
24

25

26

27

28
29
30
31

32
138

33

34
35

36
37

27
1

2
3

4

5

6
7

8
9

10
11

139
12

13
14

15
16

17

18

19

20

21

28
1

2

3

4

5

6

140
7
8

9
10

11

12

13 14

15

16
17
18
19
20

21

22
23

24
25

26

27
141

28

29

30

31
32

33

34

35

36
37

38

39
40

41

42
43

142

29
1

2

3

4
5

6
7
8
9

10

11
12

13

14

15

16
17

18
143

19
20

21

22

23
24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31
32

33
144
34

35

36

37

38

39
40

41

42

43
44
45

46

30
1
2
3

4

145
5
6

7
8

9

10

11 12

13

14

15

16

17
18

19
20

21

22
23

146

24
25

26 27

28
29
30
31

32

33
34

35
36

37

38

31
1 2

3
4
5
6

7
147
8

9
10

11
12
13

14

15

16

17

18

32
1

2

3

4

148
5

6

7

8

9
10

11

12

13

14
15

16

17

18
19

20

21
149

22

23

24
25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33
34

35

33
1

150
3

4

5

6
7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14
15
16

17
151

18 19

20
21

22
23

34
1

2
3

4

5
6

7

8 9

10

152

11
12

13

14
15

16

17
18

19
20

21

22

23

24

25
26

27

28

153

29

30

31

32

33
34

35

35
1

2

3
4

5

6
7

9
10
11

154
12
13
14

15

16

17
18

19

20
21

22

23

24

25

26
27
28

29

30
155

31
32
33
34

35

36
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10
11
156

12

13

14

15

16
17

18
19

20
21
22

23
24

25
26

27
28
29
157

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37
38

37
1

2
3

4
5
6
7

8

9
158

10

11
12
13

14
15

16

17

18

19

20
21
22
23
24
25

26

27
159

28
29

38
1

2

3

4

5
6

7
8

9

10

11
12

13
14
15

16
160
17

18

19
20
21

22
23

24

25

26

27

28
29
30

31

161
39
1

2

4
5

6
7

8
9

10
11
12
13

14

15
16

17

18

19

162
20

21

22
23
24

25

26

27
28

29

30

31
32

33

34
35
36
37

38

39
163
40

41

42

43

40
1 2

3
4
5

6

7
8
9

10

11
12

13

14
15

16
17
164

18

19

20

21

22
23

24
25

26
27
28
29

30

31

32
33

34

35

36
37
38
165
166
wayiqra / Leviticus
1
1
2

3

4
5

6
7

8

9

10

167
11

12

13

14

15

16

17

2
1

2

3
4

5

6
7
8

9
168

10
11

12

13

14

15
16

3
1

2

3

4

5

6

7
8

9

169

10

11
12
13

14

15

16

17

4
1 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9
170

10

11
12

13

14

15

16
17

18

19
20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27
171

28

29
30

31

32
33

34

35

5
1
2

3

4

5
6

7
172

8

9

10

11

12

13

14
15

16

17

18

19
20 21

22

23

173
24

25

26

6
1 2

3

4

5

6
7

8

9

10
11

12 13

174

14

15
16
17
18

19
20

21

22
23

7
1 2

3

4

5
6

7
8
9

10
175

11
12

13

14

15
16

17

18

19
20

21

22
23
24
25

26
27
28
29

30
176

31
32

33

34

35

36

37
38

8
1 2

3
4
5

6
7

8
9

177

10
11

12
13

14
15

16

17

18
19
20

21

22

23

24

25

178
26

27

28

29

30

31

32
33

34
35

36

9
1
2

3

4
179

5

6
7

8

9

10

11

12
13

14
15

16
17

18

19

20

21

22
23

180
24

10
1

2
3

4

5
6

7

8
9

10
11

12

13

14
181

15

16

17

18

19

20

11
1
2
3

4

5
6

7

8
9

182

10

11

12
13

14 15
16
17
18
19
20
21

22

23
24
25
26

27

28

29
30
31

32

183

33

34

35

36

37
38
39

40

41
42

43

44

45

46

47

12
1 2

184

3
4

5

6

7

8

13
1 2

3

4

5

6

7

8
9
185
10

11

12

13

14
15
16
17

18
19

20

21

22
23
24

25

26

27

28

186
29
30

31

32

33
34

35
36
37

38
39

40
41
42

43

44

45

46

47
48
187

49

50
51

52

53
54

55

56

57

58

59

14
1 2

3

4
5
188

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15
16

17

18

19
189

20
21

22

23

24

25

26
27

28

29

30

31

32

33 34

35
36

37
190

38

39
40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47
48

49
50
51

52

53

54
55 56
191
57

15
1 2

3

4

5
6

7
8

9 10

11

12
13

14

15

16
17

18

19
192

20

21
22

23

24

25

26

27
28

29

30

31

32

33

16
1
193

3
4

5
6

7
8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

194
19

20

21

22

23

24

25
26

27

28

29

30

31
32

33

34

195
17
1 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

196

16
18
1 2

3

4

5

6
7

8
9

10
11
12
13

14
15
16
17

18
19
20

21
22
197
23

24

25

26

27
28

29

30

19
1 2

3

4
5
6
7

8
9
10

11
198
12

13

14
15

16

17
18

19

20

21
22

23

24

25

26
27
28

29
30

31
199

32
33
34

35
36

37

20
1 2

3

4

5

6

7
8
9

10

200
11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20
21

22

23

24

25

26

201
27

21
1

2
3

4 5

6

7

8

9

10

11
12

13
14

15
16
17

18
19
202
20

21

22
23

24

22
1 2

3

4

5

6

7
8
9

10
11

12
13
203

14

15
16

17
18

19
20
21

22

23

24
25

26
27

28
29

30
31
32

33
204
23
1 2

3

4

5
6

7

8

9 10

11

12

13

14

15

16
205
17

18

19

20

21

22

23
24

25

26 27

28

29
30

31

32

33
34

206
35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

24
1 2

3

4
5

6
207

7
8

9

10

11

12
13 14

15

16

17
18
19
20

21
22
23

25
1 2

208
3
4

5

6

7
8

9

10

11

12
13
14

15

16

17

18
19

20

21
209

22

23

24
25

26
27

28

29

30

31

32
33

34
35
36

37
38

39
40

210
41
42
43
44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51
52

53

54
55

26
1

2
211

3
4

5

6

7
8

9
10
11

12
13

14
15

16

17

18
19

20

21
212

22

23
24

25

26

27
28

29
30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38
39

40
213

41

42

43

44

45
46

27
1 2

3

4
5

6

7

8

9
214

10

11

12

13
14

15

16

17
18

19

20
21

22

23

24
25

26

27

28
215

29
30

31
32

33

34

216
bemidbar / Numbers
1
1

2
4
5

6
7 8
9
10

11 12
13
14 15
217
16

17
18

19
20

21

22

23
24

25

26

27
28

29
30

31
32

33
218
34

35
36
37
38

39
40

41
42

43
44

45

46
47
48
49
50

51

52
219
53

54

2
1
2

3

4
5
6

7
8
9

10

11
12

13
14
15

16

17

18

220

19
20
21
22
23
24

25

26
27
28

29
30
31

32

33

34

3
1
2
3

4
221

5 6

7

8

9

10
11
12

13

14
15

16
17
18

19
20

21

22

23
24
25

222
26

27

28

29
30

31

32

33
34
35

36

37
38

39

40

41

42
223
43

44
45

46
47

48
49

50

51

4
1 2
3

4
5

6

7

8

9

224

10
11

12

13
14

15

16

17
18

19

20
21
22
23

24
25

26

27
225
28

29

30

31

32
33

34

35

36
37

38
39

40
41

42
43

44

45
226
46

47

48
49

5
1 2

3

4

5
6

7

8

9
10
11
12

13

227
14

15

16
17

18

19

20
21

22

23
24

25

26

27

228

28
29

30

31

6
1 2

3

4

5

6
7

8
9

10

11

12

13
229

14

15

16
17

18

19

20

21

22
23
24
25
26
27
7
1

2

3
230

4 5

6
7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14
15
16
17

18

19

20
21
22 23

24
231
25

26
27
28
29

30

31

32
33
34 35

36
37

38
39
40 41

42

43

44
45
46 47
232

48
49

50
51
52 53

54

55

56
57
58 59

60
61

62
63
64 65

66

67

233

68
69
70 71

72

73

74
75
76 77

78

79

80
81
82 83

84

85

86

87

234

88

89

8
1 2

3

4

5 6
7

8
9

10

11

12

13

14
15

235
16

17

18
19

20

21

22

23 24

25

26

9
1

2
3

4
5
236

6

7

8
9
10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21
237

22

23

10
1 2

3

4
5
6

7
10

11

12

13
14

15
16
238
17
18

19
20
21
22

23
24

25

26
27
28
29

30
31

32

33

34

35

36

239
11
1

2
3

4

5

6

7
8

9
10

11

12

13

14
15

16

17

240

18

19

20

21

22
23

24

25

26

27
28

29

30
31

32
241

33

34

35
12
1

2
3

4

5

6

7
8

9 10

11

12
13
14

15
242

16

13
1 2

3

4
5
6
7 8
9
10
11
12
13 14
15
16

17

18
19

20

21
22

243
23

24

25
26

27

28

29

30

31
32

33

14
1
2

3

4
244
5
6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17
18

19

20 21
22

245

23

24

25

26
27

28
29

30

31

32
33

34

35

36

37
38

39

246
40

41
42

43

44
45

15
1 2

3

4

5
6

7

8
9

10
11

12
13
14
247

15

16
17 18

19
20

21
22

23

24

25

26
27

28

29
30

31

32
33

248
34
35

36

37
38

39

40
41

16
1

2

3

4
5

6
7

8
9
249

10
11

12

13

14

15

16
17

18

19

20
21
22

23 24

25
26

27

250
28

29

30

31

32

33
34

35

17
1 2

3

4

5

6

7

251
8
9
10
11

12

13
14

15
16
17

18

19
20

21

22
23

24

25

26
27
252

28

18
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10
11

12

13
253
14
15

16

17

18
19

20

21

22
23

24

25
26

27
28

29

254
30

31
32

19
1 2

3
4

5

6

7
8

9

10

11
12

13

14
255

15
16

17
18

19

20

21

22

20
1

2
3

4
5

6

7 8

256

9
10

11

12

13
14

15
16
17

18

19

20
21
22

23
24

257
25
26

27
28

29

21
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10
11

12
258
13

14

15
16

17

18
19
20

21
22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30
31
32
259
33

34

35

22
1
2
3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10
11

12

260
13

14
15

16
17

18

19

20

21
22

23

24

25

26
27

28

29
30

261
31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39
40
41

23
1

2

3

4
262

5
6
7

8
9

10

11
12

13

14

15
16

17

18
19

20
21

22
23
24

263
25

26

27

28
29

30

24
1

2

3

4
5
6
7

8

9
10

11

264
12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19
20

21
22
23

24
25

25
1
2

3
4

5

6
265

7
8

9
10
11

12
13

14

15

16
17
18

19
26
1
2

3

4

5
266

6
7

8 9

10

11 12

13
14
15

16

17
18

19
20

21

22

23

24
25

26
267

27

28
29

30

31
32
33

34

35

36
37

38

39
40

41

42

43
44

268
45
46 47

48

49
50

51

52
53
54
55
56
57

58
59

60
61

62

63

64

65
269

27
1

2

3

4

5
6
7

8

9
10
11

12

13

14

15
16
17

270

18

19

20
21

22

23

28
1 2

3

4
5

6
7

8

9

10
11

271
12

13

14

15

16
17
18

19

20

21
22
23
24

25

26

27

28

29
30
31

272
29
1

2

3

4
5
6
7

8

10
11

12

13

14

15
16

17
273

18
19
20

21
22
23

24

25
26

27
28
29

30

31
32

33
34
35

36

274
37
38
39
30
1
2

3

4
5

6

7

8

9

10

11
12

13

275
14

15

16
17

31
1 2

3

4
5

6

7

8

9

10
11
12

13

14
276

15
16

17

18
19

20
21

22
23

24

25 26

27

28

29
30

31
32

277
33
34 35

36

37
38

39
40

41

42
43

44
45
46
47

48
49

50

51

52

53 54
278

32
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8
9

10
11

12

13

14

15

279
16

17

18
19

20

21

22

23

24
25

26
27
28

29

30

31
32

33

280

34
35
36

37
38

39

40
41

42

33
1

2
3

4

5
6
7

8

9

281

10 11
12
13
14

15
16
17
18
19
20
21 22
23
24
25 26
27
28 29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38

39
40

41 42
43
282
44
45
46
47

48
49

50
51

52

53
54

55

56

34
1 2

3

4

5
283
6

7
8
9

10
11

12

13

14

15
16
17

18
19

20

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29

284
35
1
2
3

4

5

6

7

8

9
10
11

12

13

14

15

16

17
285
18

19
20

21

22
23

24

25

26
27

28

29

30

31
32

33

34

286
36
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10
11

12

13
287
288
Devariym / Deuteronomy
1
1

2

3

4

5

6
7

8

9

10
11

289
12
13
14
15

16

17

18
19

20
21

22

23

24
25

26
27
28
290

29
30

31

32
33

34
35

36

37

38

39

40
41

42

43
44

45
291

46
2
1

2 3
4

5

6

7

8

9

10
11

12

13
14

15
292
16

17 18
19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26
27

28

29

30

31

32

33
293
34

35
36

37

3
1

2

3

4

5
6

7
8

9
10

11

12
294

13

14

15
16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23
24

25

26

27
295
28

29
4
1

2

3

4
5

6

7

8

9

10

11

296
12

13

14

15

16

17

18
19

20

21

22

23

24
25

26

297

27

28

29

30

31

32

33
34

35
36

37

38

39

40

298

41
42

43

44
45

46

47

48
49

5
1

2
3

4
5

6

7
8
299

9

10
11

12
13
14

15

16

17
18 19 20
21

22

23

24

25

26
300

27

28

29

30
31

32

33

6
1

2

3

4
5

6
7

8
301
9
10

11

12
13
14
15

16
17

18

19
20

21

22

23

24

25

302
7
1

2

3
4

5

6

7

8

9

10
11

12

13

303
14

15

16

17

18

19

20
21

22

23

24

25

26

8
1

304
2

3

4

5
6
7

8

9

10

11

12
13

14
15

16
17
18

305
19

20

9
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10
306

11

12

13
14

15
16

17
18

19

20

21

22
23

24
25
307

26

27

28

29

10
1

2

3

4

5

6

7
8

9

10

308

11

12

13
14

15

16
17

18
19
20

21

22

11
1

2

3

4
309

5
6

7
8

9

10

11

12

13

14
15
16

17

18

19

310
20
21

22

23

24

25

26
27

28

29

30

31

32

12
1

311

2

3

4
5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13
14

15

16
312
17

18

19
20

21

22
23

24
25

26

27

28

29

30

313
31

13
1

2
3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12
13
314

14

15
16

17

18

19

14
1
2

3 4

5
6
7

8

9

10
315
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19 20
21

22
23

24

25

26

27
28

29

316
15
1 2

3
4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12
13

14

15

317
16

17

18

19

20

21

22
23

16
1

2

3

4

5

6

318
8

9

10

11

12

13
14

15

16

17
18

19

20

21

22
319
17
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13
14

320
15

16

17

18

19

20

18
1

2
3

4
5

6

7
8
9

321
10

11
12

13
14

15
16

17
18

19

20

21

22

19
1

2

3

322
4

5

6

7
8

9

10

11

12
13

14

15

16
17

18

19
20
323

21

20
1

2
3

4
5

6

7

8

9

10
11

12
13

14

324
15

16

17
18

19

20

21
1

2
3

4

5

6

7

8

9
325

10
11

12
13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20
21

22
23

326
22
1
2

3

4

5

6

7
8

9

10
11
12
13
14

15
16

17

18
19
327

20
21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

23
1
2
3
4

5

328

6

7
8

9
10

11

12

13
14

15

16
17

18
19

20
21

22

23
24

329
25

26

24
1

2
3

4

5

6
7

8

9

10

11
12
13

14

330
15

16
17

18

19

20

21
22

25
1

2

3

4
5

6
7

8
331
9

10
11

12
13
14
15

16
17
18

19

26
1
2

3

4

5
332

6
7

8

9
10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19
333

27
1

2

3

4

5

6

7
8

9

10

11
12

13
14
15

16
334
17
18
19

20
21
22

23
24
25
26

28
1

2

3 4

5
6
7

8

9

10

11

335
12

13

14

15

16
17
18

19 20

21

22

23
24

25

26
27

28
29

336

30

31

32

33

34
35

36

37

38
39

40

41
42
43
44

45

46
47
48

337
49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

338

64

65

66

67

68

69

29
1

2
3

4

5

6

7

8
339

10

11

12

13
14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

340
23

24

25

26

27

28

30
1

2

3

4

5
6

7

8

9
341

10

11

12

13
14
15

16

17

18

19

20

31
1
2

3
342

4

5
6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15
16

343

17

18

19

20

21

22
23

24

25
26

27

28

29

344
30

32
1
2

3
4

5
6
7

8

9
10

11

12
13

14

15

16
17

18
19
20
345

21

22

23 24

25

26
27

28
29
30

31
32

33
34
35

36
37
38

39

40

41

42

346
43

44

45
46

47

48
49

50

51

52

33
1
2

3
4
5

6
7

347
8

9

10

11

12

13

14
15
16

17

18
19

20
21

22
23
24

25
26
27

28
348

29

34
1

2

3
4

5
6

7
8

9

10
11

12

349
350
351
352

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Ancient Hebrew

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Cover design by Jeff A. Benner.

Ancient Hebrew Torah

ABOUT THE ANCIENT HEBREW TORAH ............................................1

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

About the Ancient Hebrew Torah

Modern Hebrew) for the consonant 'w,' but also the

Ancient Hebrew Torah

vowel sound 'o'. Throughout the Dead Sea Scrolls this

. In the Masoretic text the name

From the vast amount of manuscripts unearthed in the

The Shin, Sin and Samehh

Ancient Hebrew Torah

above the shin in different locations. For the "sh" sound,

the Ancient Hebrew Torah it will be written as .

The Pictographic Script

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah employs the early Hebrew script for

Chapter and Verse Numbers

Ancient Hebrew Torah

The Ancient Hebrew Alphabet

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah

Ancient Hebrew Torah