SCULPTURE

Sculpture
is a three-dimensional form
constructed to represent a
natural or imaginary shape.

Types of sculpture

Free-standing
(sculpture on the round)
is one which can be seen
from more than one position
e.g., statues of saints in
Catholic churches

Relief sculpture
is one which the figures
project from a flat
background

Kinds of relief sculpture

Bas relief
is one in which the forms are
slightly raised.
e.g., coins and medals

High relief
are those whose figures
project to the extent of half
their thickness or more, so
that they are almost round.

Types of sculpture

Mobiles
(kinetic sculpture)
are made of strips of metal,
glass, wood, or plastic,
arranged with wires and
hung where they can move.

Methods in sculpture
making

Carving
is a subtractive process
it involves removing
unwanted portions of the raw
material to reveal the form
that the artist has visualized.
materials used: wood, stone,
ivory, etc.

Modeling
is an additive process
it means building the form
using highly plastic material
such as clay or wax.
an armature is used as
skeleton for the form

Casting
is a complete process
it begins with the production
of a negative mold, usually
ceramic material
a faithful negative
reproduction is created

Fabrication
is an additive process
it employs any method of
joining or fastening, such as
nailing, stapling, soldering,
and welding
the artist builds his form
piece by piece

Materials of sculpture

Stone
limestone and sandstone are
relatively porous and easy to
carve.

Granite and basalt

stones of volcanic origin are
difficult to chisel.

Marble
easier to carve than granite
because it is softer.

Jade
Is a fine colorful stone.

Wood
is lighter and softer to work
with than stone.

Ivory
comes from the tusks of
elephants and wild boar

Metals
copper, brass, bronze, gold,
silver, and lead

Plaster
is finely ground gypsum or
burned limestone

Clay
used for ceramics and
sculpture since the
earliest times

Clay
terra cotta baked clay or
clay fired at a relatively
high temperature
porcelain is made from
mixed clay containing a
generous amount of kaolin
and feldspar

Clay
porcelain is made from
mixed clay containing a
generous amount of kaolin
and feldspar

Glass
hand-blown glass is produced
without the use of molds and
machinery

Plastics
transformed by chemical
processes from organic
materials like wood, natural
resins, and coal

Luminal sculpture
Are electronic devices
cathode tubes, photoelectric
cells, etc.
newest materials for
sculpture