Psychology Chapter 5:

Consciousness Expanding the Boundaries of Psychological Inquiry

The Biology of Sleep:

1. Sleep paralysis: State of being unable to move just after falling asleep or right
before waking up. It is caused by a disruption in the sleep cycle and is often
associated with anxiety or terror.
2. Consciousness: Our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, and our
mental perspectives.
Circadian rhythm: Cyclical changes that occur on a roughly 24-hour basis in
many biological processes. Melatonin triggers feelings of sleepiness and
increases after dark and regulates circadian rhythms.
3. Biological clock: Term for the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the
hypothalamus thats responsible for controlling our levels of alertness.
4. Rapid eye movement (REM): Darting of the eyes underneath closed eyelids
during sleep.
5. Non-REM (NREM) sleep: Stages 1 through 4 of the sleep cycle, during which
rapid eye movements do not occur and dreaming is less frequent and vivid.
6. REM sleep: Stage of sleep during which the brain is most active and during
which vivid dreaming most often occurs.
7. Lucid dreaming: experience of becoming aware that one is dreaming.
Disorders of sleep:
8. Insomnia: Difficulty falling and staying asleep.
9. Narcolepsy: Disorder characterized by the rapid and often unexpected onset
of sleep.
10.Sleep apnea: Disorder caused by a blockage of the airway during sleep,
resulting in daytime fatigue.
11.Night terrors: Sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming,
perspiring, and confusion followed by a return to a deep sleep.
12.Sleepwalking: Walking while fully asleep.

Dreams:

13.Freuds dream protection theory: Described dreams as the guardians of sleep

that require interpretation. The dream itself is manifest content while hidden
meaning is referred as latent content.
14.Activation-synthesis theory: Theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain
activation originating in the pons, which the forebrain then attempts to
weave into a story.
Neurocognitive Perspectives on Dreaming:
15.Neurocognitive theory: Theory that dreams are a meaningful product of our
cognitive capacities, which shape what we dream about.