Recognised as an IEEE (37.99-1990 ‘American National Standard (ANSD (eviion of| ANSVIEEE C3790-1060) IEEE Guide for the Protection of Shunt Capacitor Banks Sponsor Approved September 28, 1990 ‘Standards Board Approved February 26, 1991 American National Standards Institute Abstract: IEEE C37.99-1990, IEEE Guide for the Protection of Shunt Capacitor Banke, assists in the effective application of relays and other devices for the protection of shunt capacitors used in substations, It covers the protective considerations, along with recommended and alternate ‘methods of protection for the most commonly used eapaciter bank configurations, Capacitor bank design trade-offs are also discussed. This guide covers protection of filter tanks and very large EHV capacitor banks, but does not include a discussion of pole-mounted capacitor banks en distribution circuits or applieation of capacitors connected to rotating apparatus, Keywords: Bank connections, bus voltage, capacitor units, delta-connected banks, equipment. considerations, protection of banks, Y-banks, relaying methods. ‘The Insite of Elctriea! and Elestronice Baglacer, Ine. ‘sab East ch Street, Now York,NY 10017-2364, USA (© 2001 bythe Insite of Hlctrial and Rletrnics Bagiaeer, Ia. ‘Allright reserved, Published 160] Printed in the United Staten of Americ ISON 1880970718 rary of Congress Numbar 91.055206 [No por ofthis publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval sytem or other, ‘without the prior written persion of the publisher,IEEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Committees of the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Board. 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Such adop: tion does not assume any liability to any patent owner, nor does it} assume any obligation whatever to partien adopting the standards locuments.Foreword (This Foreword nots part of EEE C370 1900, IEEE Gull forthe Protection af Shunt Captcior Banks), ‘his revision of ANSI/IEEE C37.99-1980 incorporates a number of additions and changes. Some of the crore glificant changes were made in the sections dealing with the protection of very large ElIV Capacitor banks and HVDC filter banks. Other changes were made to bring this guide up to-date and ‘more in line with present-day requirements. spnis fulde was revised by the Shunt Capacitor Bank Protection Guide Revision Working Group of the Substation Protection Subcommittee ofthe Power System Relaying Committee of the IEEE Power Enh ‘neering Society. The working group membership at the time of completion ofthis revision was as follon ©.J. Cook, Chair HN aneree 4.8 Komisark Gc Par AA Bure Wc ethene EL Schule S Pconeaa RW Onnesrge Wet strung EL Dvorak TE Wiedman ite time thls guide was approved, the Substation Protection Subcommittee membership was as follows: J.B. Stephens, Chair RW. Dempsey, Vice Chair /Secretary 1K, Akamine LL Dvorak 2.0, Hudson, EA. Baumgarener SE Ger cba Epon RWollaas Seschte SP Conrad RE Ws Warton CS Cook TE Wiedman ih te time the IEEE Power Syatems Retaying Committee alloted and approved this guide, it had the following membership: J.B. Boyle, Chair AT. Ginliante, Secretary WE Feero RJ Fernandes Gree He Gritin A Gur Wi tase Ean 1 Bonn W Hirer LA Brite WH AA Darase D. Huddleston, tt HS Cainoun W Ingeson SW. Chak Je, H. Jones DM Chane EW Kallen SP conan 1 Keech C5 Goat 2 Ranidan ‘ALN Darlington ' Romisarek Dawson ‘C Kotheee Ww ‘Latham fr a i : re LR wi Ri 5 Nerina Td Ke ok stsecon 1. Introduction 2 References. 7 21 Standards References . 22 Related References 3, Basic Considerations . B.1 Capacitor Unit Ratings» 32 Arrangement of Capacitor Units. 33 Capacitor Bank Design . 34 Overvoltage on Remaining Capacitor Units . 4, Bank Connections 7 4.1 Delta-Connected Banks». 42 Grounded ¥-Connected Banks... 1.0. ss. 00.00 42.1 One Series Group Per Phase «=. 0....... 422 Multiple Series Groups Per Phase Single ¥. 4.23 Multiple Series Groups Per Phase —Double Y. 4.3 Ungrounded ¥-Connected Banks . 43.1 One Series Group Per Phase... 7 43.2 Multiple Series Groups Per Phase—Single ¥ ........... 43.3 Multiple Series Groups Per Phase—Double Y .....- 5, Other Considerations 5.1 Parallel Banks ...1.. 52 Neutral Grounding ... 6. Capacitor Bank Protection ..........++ ee 6.1 Capacitor-Unit Fusing (To Prevent Case Rupture)... 62 Bank Overcurrent Protection 63 Protection for Rack Fault (Are-Over Within the Capac Rack): 64 Bank Overvoltage Protection ....... 7. Unbalance Relaying Methods. 71 Introduction. 72 Inherent Unbalance and Other Errors a 73 General Unbalance Relay Considerations»... nt 74 Neutral Current Unbalance Protection Method, Grounded-¥ Bank... 7.5 Summation of Intermediate Tap Point Voltages Method, Grounded ¥ Bank. 76 Neutral Voltage Unbalance Protection Method, Ungrounded-Y Bank 77 Double-¥ Unbalance Protection Method ......-.. 78 Neutral Unbalance Protection Method with Compensation f ‘or inherent Unbaiance 79 Voltage Differential Protection Method, Grounded-Y Bank . 8, Protection of Very Large EHV Capacitor Banks .. 39 8.1 Very Large EHV Capacitor Banks .........1. 288 82 Volage Deena Unbalance Protection of Very Large Grounded:¥ Connected ‘ Capacitor Banks ..... : eee 82.1 Backup Capacitor Bank Unbalance Protection. 822 Alarm Levels . 83 Bank Overcurrent Protection. : 84 System Overvoltage Protection 85 Loss of Bus Voltage : 86 Capacitor Bank Breaker Failure ProtectionPicuRes ig 12 Special Protection Schemes for Very Large EHV Capacitor Banks... Fig 13 Typical Static VAR Generator Schematic : 7 Fig 14 Opening the Circuit to a Single-Phase Capacitor in One Fig 15 Varistor V/1 Curve Showing Voltage Turn-Up .......- Fig 16 One Line Diagram of 230 KV Station ....-..-. Fig 17 Single Point Grounded Bank with Single Bushing VT Fig 18 Single Point Grounded Bank with Two-Bushing VT .. at ao Fig 19 Grounded Y-Connected Capacitor Bank: Percentage of Allowable inherent Neutral Current Unbalance for Positive Detection of First Blown Fuse Versus Number of Capacitor Units in Parallel per Group and Number of Series Groups... Fig 20 Ungrounded ¥-Connected Capacitor Banke Percentage of Allowable Neutral Voltage for Positive Detection of First Blown Fuse Versus Number of Capacitor Units in Parallel per Group of Number of Series Groups on Fig 21 Ungrounded Double ¥-Connected Capacitor Bank Percentage of Aliowable Inherent Neutral Current Unbalance for Positive Detection of First Blown Fuse Versus Number of Capacitor Units in Parallel per Group and Number of Groups Fig 22 Grounded ¥-Connected or Grounded Double ¥-Connected Capacitor Banks: Neutral Current (also change in intermediate tap-point voltage) Versus Percentage of Capacitor Units Removed from Series Group -.-.....+---.e++e Fig23 Grounded ¥-Connected, 4, or Grounded Double ¥-Connected Capacitor Banke Voltage on Remaining Capacitor Units in Series Group Versus Percentage of Capacitor Units Removed from Series Group «..0-ss++sscssessesesneese Fig 24 Ungrounded ¥-Connected or Ungrounded Double ¥-Connected (neutrals lolated) Capacitor Bank: Voltage Between Capacitor Bank Neutral and Ground Versus Percentage of Capacitor Units Removed from Series Group - Fig 25 Ungrounded ¥-Connected or Ungrounded Double ¥-Connected (neutrals isolated) Capacitor Bank: Voltage on Remaining Capacitor Units in Series Group Versus Percentage of Capacitor Units Removed from Series Group - Battie Fig 26 Ungrounded Double ¥-Connected (neutrals tied together) Capacitor Banke Neutral Current Versus Percentage of Capacitor Units Removed From Series Group ...... Fig27Ungrounded Double ¥-Connected (neutrals tied together) Capacitor Banke Voltage Between Capacitor Bank Neutral and Ground Versus Percentage of Capacitor Units Removed from Series Group . at nee Fig 28 Ungrounded Double ¥-Connected (neutrals tied together) Capacitor Bank Voltage on Remaining Capacitor Units in Series Group Versus Percentage of Capacitor Units in Series Group. eet pairs ‘anes Table 1 ¥-Connected Capacitor Banks, Number of Series Groups . ce Table 2 Minimum Recommended Number of Units in Parallel per Series Group to Limit Voltage on Remaining Units to 110%, with One Unit Removed... --... Table 3 Summary of Shunt Capacitor Protection Methods «..2..0---. ss sssoo ‘Table 4 Limits of Short-Time Power Frequency Overvoltage at Subzero Temperatures ..., APPENDICES. Appendix A Symbol Definitions .. Appendix B Equations «2.2.0.0. 0... s ssc Appendix C Equations for Effect of Inherent Unbalances 2.2.2. 2s, Appendix D_Inrush Current and Frequeney for Switching Capacitor Bans . APPEND TARLES ‘Table BI 60 Hz Fault Current and Voltage with One Unit Shorted ... ‘Table CI_ Effect of Inherent Unbalance on Displacement Signal... 82secriox 8 10, uL. 12, 18, Bibliography ....... Protection of Filter Banks 9.1 Static VAR Control Filters 92 HVDC Converter Station Filters Capacitor Bank Equipment Considerations 10.1 Capacitor Bank Switching Devices 102 Inrush Control Devices 103 Surge Arresters... 104 Voltage Sensing Devices - 105 Current Sensing Deviees - 106 Surge Protection ..... 106.1 Surge Protection for Current Transformers 1062 Surge Protection of Voltage Transformers, Capsctor Coupled Voltage ‘Transformers and Resistance Potential Devices. 10.6.3 Surge Protection of Relay Systems Associated wit 107 Control Cables... ‘System Considerations . 111 Resonance . 112 Harmonies | 113 Telephone Interference .- Practices ie 121 Preparation for Initial Bnergizing. 12.11 Visual Inspection . 12.12 Testing of Individual 12.1.3 Testing of Relay Protection 12.14 Sensing Deviees ......... 12.15 Operational Test. 12.16 Special Recording .. 12.17 Initial Energzation . 12.18 Additional Tests... 122 Response to Alarm or Lockout » 1221 Inspection (after de-energizing bank). 12.22 Capacitor Unit Removal and Replacement 1223 Returning Bank to Service After Lockout . 12.24 Servicing Bank Following Alarm Condition Fig] ¥-Connected Capacitor Bank Showing Arrangement of Capacitor Units and Fig2 Basic Capacitor Bank Connections Fig3_ Methods of Neutral Grounding Fig4 Capacitor Bank Overcurrent Protect Fig5 Shunt Capacitor Bank Protection Methods, Single ¥-Connected Banks .- Fig6 Shunt Capacitor Bank Protection Methods, Double Y-Connected Banks - Fusing Options: Fig 7 Neutral Voltage Unbalance Protection Method, Ungrounded ¥.Connected Capacitor Fig8 Neutral Voltage Unbalance Protection Method, Ungrouné ig0__ Volage Diference Protection Methods, Grounded Y-Comected Capacitor Banks « Fig 10 Midrack Phase-to-Phase Areing Fault . Fig 11 Summation of Intermediate Tap-Point Voltage Protection Method ‘Bank with Compensation for Inherent Unbalance. Double ¥-Connected Capacitor Bank (Neutrals Isolated) with Compensation for Inherent Unbalance .IEEE Guide for the Protection of Shunt Capacitor Banks 1. Introduction ‘This guide has been prepared to assist in the effective application of relays and other devices, for the protection of shunt capacitors used in substations, It covers the protective considera tions, along with recommended and alternate methods of protection for the most commonly used capacitor bank configurations, Capacitor Dank design trade-offs are also discussed since bank design influences protection. This guide covers protection of filter banks and very large EHV capacitor banks. This guide does not include ‘a discussion of pole-mounted capacitor banks on distribution circuits or application of eapacitors connected to rotating apparatus. 2. References 2.1 Standards References. This guide may be used in conjunetion with the following publica tions: [1] ANSI C37.06-1987, Preferred Ratings and Related Required Capabilities for AC High-Voltage Gircuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis! [2] IRBE sta 18-1980, IEEE Standard for Shunt Power Capacitors (ANSI)? [3] IEEE sta 469-1988, IEEE Recommended Practice for Voice-Frequency Electrical-Noise ‘Tests of Distribution Transformers (ANSI). [4] BEE 037.012-1979 (R 1988), IEEE Applica- tion Guide for Capacitance Current Switching of AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a ‘Symmetrical Current Basis (ANSI), TANSI publications are avaiable from the Sales Depart sent, American National Standards Institute, 430 Broad stay, Now York NY 10013, IEEE publications are ave rom the Institute of le trical and Bictronic Engineer, Service Center, 446 Hoes ie, Peataway, A 08855 {5] IEBE C37.04-1979 (R 1988), IEEE Standard Rating Structure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis (ANSD. [6] TEEEC37.90-1989, IEEE Standard for Relays and Relay Systems Associated with Electric Power ‘Apparatus (ANSI). [7] NEMA CPI-1976, Shunt Capacitors. 2.2 Related References [8] Abdulrahim, M. J, Anderson, P. M., and Fouad, AA. “Inrush Currents in a Switched Parallel-Capacitor Bank” IEEE Conference Paper, SICP 66-101, New York, NY. [9] Cooper, J. Rand Zulaski, J. A. “Improved Protection System Increases Capacitor Bank Util ization," presented at the Pennsylvania Electric Association Relay Committee Meeting, Oct 27, 1972, Hagerstown, MD. [10] Davis, W. L. and Brinker, H. F. “Static Var System Control Line Voltage,” Electrical World, Jul 15, 1978, pp. 62-54, [11] Emmerling, B,J. and Zulaski, J. A. “Power Factor Capacitance Banks Guarded By Special Filter Scheme," Specifying Engineer, Oct. 1981, p. 68-82. [12] Greenwood, A.N, Kurtz, D.R, and Sofianek, J.C. "A Guide to the Application of Vacuum Cir- ‘cuit Breakers," EEE Transactions, vol. PAS 90, 1971, p. 1589. [13] Harder, J, E. “Selection and Protection of Current Transformers for Use in Shunt Capacitor Banks" IEEE Power Engineering Society Paper, AT6 335-0. [14] Harner, R.H. and Owen, R. E. "Neutral Dis- placement of Ungrounded Capacitor Banks Dur- ing Switching,” IEEE Transactions on Power NEMA publications are avaabe from th Nationa ac teeal Manufacturers Association, 2101 L ret, NM, Wash Ingo, De 20ze, (C379. 1900 Apparatus and Systems, no. 71 TP6T, Jul/Aug, 1971, pp. 1631-1638, [15] IEEE Power Engineering Society Switchgear Committee Report “Power Systems Transient Recovery Voltages,” 87TH0176-8-PWR. Presented. at the JEEE PES Winter Meeting, 1987, [16] Miler, D. F. “Application Guide for Shunt Capacitors on Industrial Distribution Systems at Medium Voltage Levels" IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol.IA-12, no.5, Sep/Oct. 1976, pp. 444-459, [17] Moore, A. H. “Application of Power Capact tors to Electrochemical Rectifier Systems," EEE ‘Transactions on Industry Applications, vol, A-13, no, 5, Sep./Oet. 1977, pp. 399-406, [18] Pratt, R.A, Olive, W.W, Whitman, B.D,,and Brown, N. W. “Two-Fuse System Protects Capaci tors” Electrical World, Jun. 1977, pp. 46-48, [19] Rogers, E.J. and Gillies, . A. “Shunt Capac itor Switching EMI Voltages: Their Reduction in Bonneville Power Administration Substations’ IBEE Transactions om Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. 98, Nov./Dec. 1974, pp. 1849 - 1860. [20] Sheppard, N. R. and Schultz, N. R. “Some Considerations in the Protection of High-Voltage Capacitor Banks," AIEE Transactions, vol. 75, pt. IH, 1966, pp. 686-604. [21] Steepes, D. B. and Stratford, R. P. “Reactive Compensation and Harmonic Suppression for Industrial Power Systems Using Thyristor Con- verters”” IEEE Transactions on Industry Appli- cations, vol. IA-12, no. 3, May/Jun, 1976, pp. 232-264, [22] Stratford, R. P. “Rectifier Harmonics in Power Systems," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. IA-16, no. 2, Mar./Apr. 1980, pp. 271-276. [23] Taylor, E.R. Jr, Whyte, LA, Brennan, M.B, and Bonk, J.J.“Statle Var Generator Application ‘and Protection Considerations, Capacitor Pro- tection Papers, May 1983, pp. 1-41. [24] “The Telephone Influence Factor of Supply System Voltages and Currents;" Joint Subeommit- tee on Development and Research, BEI Publica tion 60468. EEI and Bell Telephone System; New York, NY, 1960, [25] Tom, M. 0. “A Static Voltage Differential Relay for Protection of Shunt Capacitors,” AIEE Transactions, vol. 80, pt. III, Feb. 1962, pp. 1086 -1089. IEEE GUIDE FOR THE PROTECTION OF 8. Basic Considerations Relay protection of shunt capacitor banks requires an understanding of the capabilities and. limitations of the individual capacitor units and associated electrical equipment including: indivi: ual capacitor-unit fuses, bank switching devices, power fuses, and voltage or current sensing devices. Applicable standards for this associated electrical equipment are referenced as discussed. 3.1 Capacitor Unit Ratings. IEEE Std 18-1980 [2] specifies the standard ratings of capacitors designed for shunt connection to alternating cur- rent transmission and distribution systems. Some of the ratings most significant to the relay engi- ner are listed below: (Q) Capacitors should be capable of continu: us operation at up to 110% of rated ter- minal rms voltage, including harmonies, and at up to 180% of rated rms current, including fundamental and harmonic cur” rents, (2) Capacitors should give not less than 100% and not more than 115% of rated reactive power at rated sinusoidal voltage and fre. quency, measured at a uniform case and internal temperature of 26 °C. (3) Capacitors mounted in multiple rows and ters should be designed for continuous operation for a normal annual tempera: ture of 25 °C (as defined in the reports of the US. Weather Bureau) and for a 24 h average temperature of 40 °C during the hottest day expected at that location. (A) Capacitors should be suitable for continu ‘ous operation at up to 135% of rated reac tive power caused by the combined effects of (@) Voltage in excess of nameplate rating. at fundamental frequency, but not over 110% of rated rms voltage. (b) Harmonie voltages superimposed on the fundamental frequency. (©) Reactive power manufacturing toler ance of up to 115% of rated reactive power. Capacitor units are available in standard volt: ‘age ratings shown in Table 1 and in standard reactive power ratings of 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, and 400 kvar at most standard voltage ratings. 82 Arrangement of Capacitor Units. Substation type shunt eapacitor banks are commonly con: figured using one or more series groups ofSHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS parallel-connected standard-voltage capacitor units per phase. Each capacitor unit is typically protected by an individual fuse, externally mounted between the capacitor unit and the capacitor bank fuse bus, Also available are capac- itor units that employ internal fusible links on each capacitor pack or element, Use of this design can eliminate the need for external fuses altogether. Figure I(a) illustrates a typical capac itor bank utilizing conventional capacitor units with external fuses. Figure 1(b) Hlustrates a typical capacitor bank utilizing internally fused capacitor units. In general, banks employing internally-used capacitor units are configured with fewer capacitor units in parallel, and more series groups of units than are banks employing externally-used capacitor units, In internally fused capacitors, a fusible link is connected in series with each eapacitor pack or element. Fach capacitor unit is constructed with large number of packs or elements connected in, parallel, and with only a few groups of parallel packs connected in series. This construction is Just the opposite as that found in externally Tused capacitors, which typically employ a large number of series groups of packs or elements, with correspondingly fewer packs connected in Parallel per series group. With internally fused capacitors, when a capacitor pack or element fails, the current, through its individual fusible link, will be considerably higher than the normal current. This higher current will bow the fusible link, thereby isolating the failed pack or element. 3.3 Capacitor Bank Design. A capacitor bank of agiven siae and voltage rating may be made up ‘of a number of series groups of capacitors, as indicated in Table 1, and a number of parallel capacitors per series group. Use of eapacitors with the highest possible volt- age rating will result in a capacitor bank with the fewest number of series groups. This generally provides the simplest and most economical rack structure and the greatest sensitivity for unbal ance detection schemes. The available unbalance signal level decreases significantly as the number of series groups of capacitors is increased, or as the number of capacitor units in parallel per series group is increased, ‘The number of capacitor units in parallel per series group is governed by both a minimum and. a maximum limitation. The minimum number of ‘capacitor units per group is determined by over- voltage considerations upon isolation of one capacitor unit in the group. The general rule is eee, 37.90 1600 that isolation of one capacitor unit in a group should not cause voltage unbalance sufficient to place more than 110% of rated voltage on the remaining capacitors in the group. The value of 110% the maximum continuous overvoltage rat- ing of capacitor units per IEEE Std 18-1980 [2]. ‘The minimum recommended number of capac: itor units in parallel per series group, listed in Table 2, may linft the maximum capacitor unit, var rating that can be used for relatively small, banks. Moreover, it emphasizes the desirability of using capacitor units with the highest possible voltage rating and minimum number of series groups in order to obtain an adequate number in each group. ‘The maximum number of capacitor units that ‘may be placed in a parallel per series group is, governed by a different consideration, When a capacitor unit fails, other capacitors in the same parallel group will contain some amount of ‘charge. This charge will then drain off as a high: frequency transient current that flows through the faulted unit and its fuse. The fuse holder and. the failed capacitor unit should withstand this, discharge transient. ‘The discharge transient from a large number of paralleled capacitors can be severe enough to rupture the failed capacitor unit or the expulsion, fuse holder, which may result in damage to adja- cent units or cause a major bus fault within the ‘bank. To minimize the probability of failure of the ‘expulsion fuse holder, or rupture ofthe capacitor case, or both, the total energy stored in a parallel connected group of capacitors should not exceed 15000 J for al-film capacitor units (10.000 J for older capacitor units) at maximum peak voltage (rated voltage 1.1 - V2), For 60 Hz applications, the maximum recommended limit for parallel connected kvar per series group is 4650 kvar for all-film capacitor units (3100 kvar for older ‘capacitor units). Refer to NEMA CP1-1976 [7] Ifa capacitor bank having the minimum num: ber of series groups requires more than 4650 kvar per series group, capacitors of a lower voltage rating requiring more series groups and fewer ‘units in parallel per group may be a suitable sol tion. However, this may reduce the sensitivity of the unbalance detection scheme, or it may result. in the bank being removed from service for a ewer number of isolated capacitor units due to the voltage across the remaining units exceeding 110% of their rated voltage. Splitting the bank into two sections, as a double ¥, may be the pre- ferred arrangement and may permit a better unbalance detection scheme. Another possibilityeee, IEEE GUIDE FOR THE PROTECTION OF (379.1900 @ pod oot Dot “4 ) Fig ‘¥-Connected Capacitor Bank (a) Externally Fused Capacitor Units (®) Internally-Fused Capacitor Units 10SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS csr. 1960 ‘Table 1 ¥.Connected Capacitor Banks, Number of Series Groups" vane ‘Available Capacitor Voltages (KY per unit) Wi TW ne 1992 144 128 1228 1247 9.96 954 8.32 7.96 162 72 664 5000 2807 14 15) 20 2D 230 358888 345.0 199.2 10 1 6 HT 20.0 132.8 10 uo 1718 20 1610 929 7 wou 1380 19.7 4 6 8 6 8 10 uo 150 684 5 Piaecmeete tte) 0 690 398 2 ee 4 5 6 46.0 26.56 2 ‘ 45 19.92 1 2 a m9 M4 1 2 m9 188 1 0 1328 1 2 Ma 882 1 138198 : 132162 1 x 12 1 EST SEEEETent This tabie shows, fora particule ajstem voltage, the numberof series connected capacitors per phase of Y-connested bank that operates nea rated eapackor unt Vlage Table 2 Minimum Recommended Number of Units in Parallel per Series Group to Limit Voltage on Remaining Units to 110% with One Unit Removed Ungrounded ‘Groupe For’ ¥ Sections) 1 4 2 2 6 5 i 3 5 ° 5 4 o 10 3 5 ° 10 10 8 0 10 10 : 40 10 5 10 nt 5 10 i 10 10 i i 10 i Land over 11 it Is the use of current limiting fuses in a singleY configuration, 3.4 Overvoltage on Remaining Capacitor Units. ‘The overvoltage that occurs when an individual capacitor units isolated decreases as the number of capacitor units per series group is increased. For a given bank size use of larger individual unit capacitor kvar ratings decreases the number of capacitor units per series group and increases the overvoltage change due to isolation of asingle capacitor. Faure of additional capacitors is most likely to oceur in the same series group as the first falure, since these remaining capacitor units hhave the highest voltage stress. However, if two capacitors fail in the same phase but not in the same series group, the overvoltage percentage is less than that of two capacitors failing within the ‘same series group. 4, Bank Connections ‘There are five common capacitor bank connec- tions, The connection selected depends upon the best utilization of the standard voltage ratings of, capacitor units, fusing, and protective relaying. ‘Virtually all substation banks are connected in ¥. Distribution capacitor banks, however, may be connected Yor A.exe, (79.1900 ‘The various types of connections ilustrated in Fig 2 are: aa (2) Grounded Y (8) Grounded double Y (4) Ungrounded Y (B) Ungrounded double Y 4.1 Delta-Connected Banks. Delta-connected banks are generally used only at distribution vot: ages and are configured with a single series group of capacitors rated for line-to-line voltage. Wye. connected banks are less complicated and more economical, since A-connected banks require either two-bushing capacitors with a grounded rack or single-bushing units with an insulated rack The greatest use of A-connected banks is at 2400 V, since this isthe lowest standard capacitor voltage rating. Capacitor units for ¥ connection at 2400 V are not available as a standard unit size, With only one series group of units, no overvolt- age occurs across remaining capacitor units from, isolation of a faulted capacitor unit and, there fore, unbalance detection is not required for pro- tection, but may be used to detect the outage of units within the bank No zero sequence or third Basic Capacitor [EEE GUIDE FOR THE PROTECTION OF harmonic currents can flow in a A-connected capacitor bank Additionally, where one series group per phase is used, the individual capacitor fuses should be capable of interrupting the sys- tem short-circuit phase-to-phase fault current. ‘This often necessitates a current-limiting fuse. Such fuses are significantly more costly than expulsion fuses. 42 Grounded:¥ Connected Banks. Grounded-Y ‘capacitor banks are most commonly used for vot ages of 34.5 KV and above, and are composed of ‘wo or more series groups of parallel connected standard voltage capacitor units per phase, Figure 1 shows a typical bank arrangement. A umber of series group combinations are given in Table L. Grounded capacitor banks provide a low-Imped- ance path to ground for lightning surge currents land give some protection from surge voltages. Sometimes the bank may be operated without surge arresters, taking advantage of this self: protective feature. Grounded capacitor banks also provide a low-impedance path to ground for harmonic cur: rents, These harmonic currents may cause com- munication facility interference, if such elireuits Fig 2 yr Bank Connections (a) Delta (b) Grounded ¥ (c) Ungrounded Y (@) Ungrounded Double ¥-Neutrals (may or may not be tied) (©) Grounded, Double ¥ = 3) All Va a @ ©‘SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS parallel power lines, Additionally, an open phase produces zero sequence currents that may cause ground relay operation. Also, harmonic resonance could be a problem, When the neutral is grounded, recovery volt- ages encountered during switching are reduced, however, careful consideration should be given to the effect of inrush current on protective relay performance (see Section 10) and the method of grounding (see 5.2) 42.1 One Series Group Per Phase. As with A-connected banks, no overvoltage across re- maining capacitor units occurs from isolation of a faulted capacitor unit, and, therefore, unbal: lance relay protection is not required, Similarly, the individual capacitor fuses should be capable ‘of interrupting the system available fault current. 4.2.2 Multiple Series Groups Per Phase— Single Y. Grounded-¥ capacitor banks above 34.5 KV are commonly composed of two or more series groups of parallel connected capacitor uunits per phase, The presence of multiple series {groups of units limits the maximum fault current 50 that individual current-imiting capacitor fuses, are usually not required unless the parallel kvar ‘exceeds 4650 kvar. ‘4.23 Multiple Series Groups Per Phase— Double ¥. When a capacitor bank becomes too large for the 4650 kvar per group maximum for expulsion fuses, or is large enough to meet the ‘minimum units-per-group requirement as out lined in 32, the bank may be split into two Y sections. The characteristics of the grounded double-Y bank are similar to a single grounded Y bank, The two neutrals should be directly connected, with a single connection to ground. 43 Ungrounded Y-Connected Banks. Un grounded ¥ banks do not permit third harmonic ‘currents or large capacitor discharge currents ‘during system ground faults. The neutral, how: fever, should be insulated for full-line voltage, since it is momentarily at phase potential when the bank is switched, or when one capacitor unit fails in a bank configured with a single group of ‘43.1 One Series Group Per Phase. For sys ‘tems with line-to-neutral voltages corresponding tostandard capacitor ratings, Y-connected capac: itor banks with a single series group per phase ‘may be used. The capacitor bank neutral is usu ally not grounded in order to avoid the need for power fuses to interrupt system short-circuit fault current (see 6.1). This also requires that single-bushing capacitor units be mounted on an 13 tee, ‘car. 000 insulated rack However, if two-bushing capacitor ‘units with a grounded rack are used, the capaci- tor-unit fuse should be capable of interrupting system phase-to-ground fault current. If lower rated fuses are used, afault to the capacitor case may not be cleared by the capacitor-unit fuse and will require that the fault be cleared by the capac- itor bank overcurrent protective devices. Un- ‘grounded Y capacitor banks usually do not re ‘Quire current limiting capacitor-unit fuses since ‘current through a faulted capacitor units limited to three times normal phase current. However, ‘caution needs to be exercised when re-using a ‘bank of this type since faulted capacitors in dif: ferent phases could result in a phase-to-phase system fault. 9.2 Multiple Series Groups Per Phase— Single ¥. Wye banks with multiple series groups ‘may also be ungrounded. Such a bank cannot, in and of itself, provide any surge voltage protec- tion, and provides no path to ground for third harmonic currents. The entire bank, including the neutral, should be insulated for line over voltage. 43.3 Multiple Series Groups Per Phase— Double ¥. When a capacitor bank becomes too large for the 4650 kvar per group maximum for ‘expulsion fuses, and is large enough to meet the minimum units per group requirement as out lined in 32, the bank may be split into two Y sections, When the two neutrals are ungrounded, the bank has some of the characteristics of the ungrounded single-Y bank These two neutrals may or may not be tied together. As for any ungrounded Y bank, the neutral should be insu- lated from ground for the full line-to-ine voltage. 5. Other Considerations ‘The performance of the protection method can be inftuenced by the design of the capacitor bank ‘Therefore, protection begins with bank design (see 3.3). In general, hunt capacitor bank design requirements necessitate an increase in minimum, bank size with system voltage. The higher the sys tem voltage, the larger the bank investment and risk of costly damage. Although capacitors having larger kvar ratings may reduce the overall cost of the bank, they may also reduce the choice of dif- {erent capacitor combinations. 5.1 Parallel Banks. Where two or more ‘grounded ¥ banks are at the same location, the neutrals should be directly connected, with a sin. fle connection to ground. The design of the sub-exe, (39.1900 station ground grid, and the connections of the respective bank neutrals to the substation gris of prime importance. Improper grounding can result in neutral current transformer, voltage transformer, or control cable failures. Two meth- ‘ods of neutral grounding have been successfully used: single-point grounding and peninsula-type grounding (see Fig 3). With single-point grounding, the neutrals of all ‘capacitor banks of a given voltage are connected ‘together with insulated cable, or an isolated bus, and tied to the substation ground grid at only one point. This arrangement prevents high-frequency ‘currents, which flow between banks during back- to-back switehing, from flowing in the ground grid. Unfortunately, in the event of a nearby ‘ground fault, this arrangement does not elimi- nate those high-frequency currents that flow back into the power system via the substation ground grid. (GUIDE FoR THE PROTECTION OF ‘With peninsula grounding, one or more ground grid conductor(s) is carried underneath the capacitor rack of each phase of each group and. tied to the main station ground grid at one point at the edge of the capacitor area. All capacitor bank neutral connections are made to this iso- lated peninsula ground grid conduetor(s) only [19]. Although this arrangement allows the capacitor bank neutral potential (and associated current transformers and voltage transformers) to rise during capacitor bank switching, it does provide the lowest possible impedance between capacitor banks (see Fig 3). If single-point grounding is used, there will be substantial voltages (tens of KV) between the ends of the neutral bus and the single-point ground during switching, As a result, the primary to secondary insulation of neutral current trans- formers, or tap sensing voltage transformers, will be subjected to this voltage, increasing the possi- Fig3 Methods of Neutral Grounding (@) Single Point Grounding (b) Peninsula Grounding Phase Capacitor Groupe Substation Ground Gnd HN" Boe Single Point Capacitor Neutral Ground Capacitor Group Fence @ Capacitor bank neutral cables insulate, ted together land connected to station ground grid at ove point; al ‘Cauipment grounds connetted to station grovnd gid tor Grounding Conductors (Bare) 3thase Capacitor Groups Substation Ground Gnd BV Bur Cipaciter Group Fence 23 ) “ (Capacitor bank neutrals and all equipment grounds ted {ogether and connected to station ground gid at one ‘otnt; neutral lead routed beneath phase conductor,SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS bility of failure. Two bushing voltage transformers should be used with the primary connected to the capacitor bank neutral ‘This does not occur with peninsula grounding. since all equipment at the neutral tends to rise to the same potential. Peninsula grounding, coordi nated with control cable shielding and grounding, will hold common mode voltages, appearing on control cables in the control house, to safe levels. Single-point grounding and peninsula ground. ing are not compatible. All capacitor banks of the ‘same system voltage should use the same ground ing scheme in the same substation. When de-energizing a capacitor bank, the mag- nitude of voltage disturbances on the system is sreatly reduced by the presence of one or more Additional banks of comparable size connected to ‘the same bus. During a closing operation or a restrike, however, the transient inrush current through the switching device between the ener: Sized banks and the one being switched can be very large. These currents are oscillatory at very high frequencies. The peak eurrent may be on the order of 60 to 100 times the normal peak of the capacitor bank current, Such a high instantane ‘ous current can produce high forces in the in- terrupter of the switching device that may be damaging to the contacts or structure. Since the severity of parallel bank switching is ccaused by the very sudden high current, which initially is limited only by the very low resistance and inductance of the circuit between the banks, it can be reduced by the addition of inductance to the circuit. An inductance with a 60 Ha reactance of as little as % to 1% of the 60 Hz capacitive reactance of the banks, and placed in series with them, will greatly reduce both the rate of rise and the peak value of the inrush current that, in turn, sreatly reduces the severity of the switching de vice duty. Additional inductance may be obtained by increasing the length of the bus between the capacitor banks, or adding current-limiting reac- tors. The reactors may be of the wound type, or ‘may consist of magnetic cores surrounding the leads or bus. Preinsertion resistors or inductors (on the capacitor switching device will aso effec: tively limit the inrush current. 5.2 Neutral Grounding. The application of large shunt capacitor banks with switched parallel ‘banks in high-voltage transmission systems in volves a number of considerations, one of which is grounding. It is generally recommended that the neutral of capacitor banks be grounded only to systems that are effectively grounded. A 6 EE csr. 1680 ‘grounded capacitor bank neutral in an otherwise ungrounded system will allow phase-to-phase voltage to appear across two phases of the bank, 1m the event of a phase-to-ground fault in the remaining phase, ‘One of the main advantages associated with neutral grounding concerns the severity of the recovery voltage across the first pole to clear of a switch interrupting the charging current of a capacitor bank. The recovery voltage across the first pole to open consists of trapped charges on the capacitors and the variation in the 60 Hz volt: age ofthe system. Due to system parameters and. capacitor bank size, the recovery voltage can be approximately 2 times normal peak voltage when, the bank is grounded. On an ungrounded bank, the magnitude of the first peak of the recovery voltage can be as high as 3 times the peak system line-to-ground voltage when the bankis switched, Since recovery voltage is a most important fac: tor in determining the capability of a switching device to switch capacitive reactive power, it may be desirable, in terms of switch rating and cost, t0 ground the neutral of large shunt banks rated ‘above 100 kV. In fact, IEEE C37.04-1979 (5] and ANSI C37.06-1987 [1] require both the shunt capacitor bank and the system to be grounded at, voltage levels of 121 kV and above. The circuit breaker manufacturer should be consulted for application of a breaker if these conditions are not met While many shunt capacitor banks are directly connected to a high-voltage substation bus, ‘switched capacitor banks may be applied to ter. tiaries of power transformers that are connected. to the line, or possibly to the bus. Grounding the neutral of the wye-connected capacitor bank should be done with eaution. Since the 4 tertiary of the auto transformer represents an isolated source, grounding the capacitor bank neutral ‘would make this side of the transformer capaci- tive grounded. Overvoltages may be experienced during line-to-ground faults for certain ratios of XO/X1 depending on system, transformer, and capacitor bank parameters. In those situations where the neutral is grounded, the application should be specifically analyzed for proper appli- cation of surge arresters, bank configuration, and bank switching devices, 6. Capacitor Bank Protection To ensure availability of a capacitor bank for service requires reliable protection. This ensures(C3790.1000 ‘minimal damage to the bank in the event of a fault. The bank should be removed from the sys- tem before it is severely damaged, or before a fault is established on the system. When a single capacitor unit fails within a bank, the capacitor unit should be isolated without transferring prob: lems to adjacent units ‘The design of the capacitor bank protective system should reflect consideration of the infu ence of the following seven basic conditions: (1) Overcurrents due to capacitor bank bus faults; (2) System surge voltages; (8) Overcurrents due to individual capacitor unit failure; (4) Continuous capacitor unit overvoltages; (6) Discharge current from parallel capacitor units; (6) Inrush current due to switching; and (7) Arcover within the capacitor rack. ‘Table 3 summarizes the type of protection and preventive measures, Bus-fault and surge-voltage protection are conventional in nature. Capacitor unit overcurrent protection is obtained through proper fuse coordination. Capacitor manufactur- fers usually assist in this task, but a thorough ‘understanding by the user, of capacitor unit and bank fusing, is recommended. Consideration of ERE GUIDE POR THE PROTECTION OF discharge current from parallel capacitor units influences selection of fuse type. Unbalance relay protection is covered in detail in Section 7. Bach of the several types of faults or abnormal- ities should be considered when the protection for a shunt capacite~ bank is evaluated. 6.1 Capacitor-Unit Fusing. The first line of pro tection for a capacitor bank is the individual capacitor-unit fuse. The job of the fuse is to oper ‘ate in response to the failure ofa single capacitor unt, and remove the unit from service fast enough to prevent case rupture and damage to adjacent units, Removal ofthe faulted unit is important for protection of the remaining undamaged capaci ‘or units, and will allow the capacitor bank to remain in service. A proper fuse operation is desirable in order to minimize the chance of cas- ‘cading failure of additional capacitor units that may, in turn, lead to a major bus fault within the capacitor bank. Proper operation of an individual capacitor- unt fase depends largely upon the bank configu ration. In a large capacitor bank, the impedance of the other series groups of capacitor units in a particular phase leg will Umit the eurrent in a faulted capacitor unit. However, the energy stored in other capacitor units in the series group will Table 3 ‘Summary of Shunt Capacitor Protection Methods Bus faults relays (2) Power tases ‘Sytem surge voltages Surge arresters Overoarrents du to ind Continuous capacitor (1) Unbatance sensing with ‘of voltage relays for ¥ 0 ‘init overvoltagee Souble ¥ bani (2) Period visual fase inepection (2) Phase voltage relays (1) Supply breaker with overeureont Individual capacitor unit fuser ‘Type of Protection and Breventive Measures Conventions! methods apply. Grounded capacitor banks partial reduce surge voltages. Check a rating Coordination normally provided by eapecltor manufacturer ‘The various schemes used have some imitations and stability depends (On Denk arrangement and rating. Not suitable for unmanned betations For system overvoltage, Discharge current (1) Individual eapacttor unit fuses Coordination normally by expacitor from parallel capacitor (curren imtng type) ‘manufacturer ii (2) Soper bank design mit member of parallel eapacitor Trash current Switched or ixed impedance ‘To reduce inruth current, May not Isories with espattor bank be necessary if only a rngle bank Rack faults (1) Unbalance relaying Prompt relay action necesary to (2) Overcurrent relaying Tint foul damage,‘SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS discharge into the faulted capacitor unit; this discharge should be withstood by the faulted capacitor unit and its fuse, This limits the maxi mum number of capacitor units that may be Placed in parallel in the same series group when expulsion fuses are used. ‘The capacitor-unit fuse should be selected to: (2) Accommodate the maximum anticipated continuous capacitor-unit current, alow- ing for system overvoltage, capacitor-unit tolerance, and harmonic currents. (2) Withstand the transient outrush current from a healthy capacitor unit that oceurs when: (@) a nearby capacitor bank is energized (back-to-back switching); and (b) when an adjacent capacitor unit fails, (3) Operate as promptly as possible in re- ‘sponse to an escalating eapacitor-unit failure, and in all eases respond to a com: pletely shorted unit. (4) Protect the capacitor unit from case rup- ture in accordance with applicable case- rupture curves, In some instances, it may be difficult to select a capacitor-unit fuse that will meet all of these ‘objectives and, in such cases, trade-offs among the various eriteria should be made. Refer to the fuse manufacturer or the capacitor manufac. turer for specific fusing recommendations. Expulsion fuses have provided excellent capac. itor-unit protection for many years at relatively Jow costs. And when using such fuses, it is desir- able that the fuse link operate with failure of the fewest number of series packs shorted before complete capacitor-unit failure occurs. The exe, 790.1960 slower characteristics of the T-speed fuse link may permit use of a smaller ampere rating than that with the K-speed fuse link, Where fault cur- ‘rents are high, current-limiting fuses, with their higher interrupting ratings, an be used, but at higher cost. The large ampere ratings required with current limiting fuses, relative to the eapac itor-unit current, may make it difficult to achieve protection against case rupture for low-magni- tude faults. The combination of expulsion fuses, and currentlimiting fuses provides for both con. ditions. Where extremely large capacitor banks are required, it is recommended that double-Y ‘construction be employed in order to retain the use of expulsion fuses. For additional informa. tion on capacitor-unit fusing, refer to the fuse manufacturer, 6.2 Bank Overcurrent Protection. Protecting against a major fault, such as a line-t-line fault oF a line-to-ground fault, will generally require ‘some form of external protection for the capaci. tor bank, such as power fuses, circuit breakers, or circuit switchers with associated relay circuits (see Fig 4), For grounded-¥ capacitor banks, the Dackup protection need only respond to high: ‘magnitude faults. However, on an ungrounded Y Dank, aline-to-neutral fault will cause an increase in the line current, in the faulted phase, of only 3 times the normal phase current. Since capacitor ‘banks can operate indefinitely at current levels in excess of that based on rated kvar and voltage, the backup protection should allow 125% or 135% of rated current to be carried continuously. At the same time, the backup protection should iso: late the bank in the event of the three-per-unit Figs Capacitor Bank Protection (@) Using Phase Overcurrent Relays () Using Bank Fuses 17 @exe, (379-1000 phase current, It may be difficult to accomplish this protection with power fuses. If step switching is used with ungrounded Y banks, external protection can be even more diffi- cult to accomplish. The most economical protec- tion is usually provided by a power fuse, circuit, breaker, or circuit switcher in the line supplying all steps, rather than protection in the lines of each step. This is especially true if the switching deviees for the individual steps do not have suff cient interrupting capacity to protect the bank for line-to-line or line-to-ground faults, Consider an ungrounded-Y connected bank having only two steps. Ifthe backup protection is in the Line supplying both steps, it should carry 270% of the rated current of one step when both steps are in serivee. At the same time, it should remove both banks in the event of 300% of the rated current of one step. This would be a rela- tively difficult task for relays, and would be virtu- ally impossible for power fuses. When three steps are considered, the situation becomes impossible for relays as well If, on the other hand, each ‘capacitor bank step has its own unbalance relay protection, to detect the line-to-neutral fault, then the backup protection in the line supplying the entire installation need only detect and respond to high magnitude faults. ‘Time-overcurrent relays can be applied with normal settings without encountering false oper- ations due to inrush currents. Instantaneous relays, however, should be set high to override these transients, or have tuned circuits so that pickup increases with frequency. Successful oper ation has been obtained by setting instantaneous relays at 3 times the capacitor rated current. Where capacitor banks are switched back to back (that is, in parallel with other capacitor banks on the same bus) a setting of 4 times the rated capacitor bank current is commonly used for the instantaneous setting. This setting is used ‘regardless of the capacitor bank connection [20] 6.3 Protection for Rack Faults (Are-Over Within ‘the Capacitor Rack). With a capacitor bank of the usual construction, where the individual phases are well separated, an arc-over within the ‘capacitor bank will begin as an arc-over of a sin- ‘le series section, Such a fault produces very ttle hase overcurrent and, ifn unbalance relay pro: tection scheme is not provided, more and more series groups of the same phase can become involved until the instantaneous relay trips the bank or fuses clear, The total arcing time can be on the order of a few seconds, This is accompa: 18 IEEE GUIDE POR THE PROTECTION OF ried by heavy damage to the bank, including ‘many blown fuses and a few ruptured capacitor units. The nature of a capacitor unit rupture, without the appearance of very much case swell ing, is more typical of a high-energy type rupture than that due to merely 60 Hz fault current. This stored energy comes from the other units in the ssame parallel groups that have been subjected to a high overvoltage as a result of other groups being shorted. Instantaneous overcurrent relays are not effective for rack faults. ‘The main protection for an arc-over within the capacitor bank is provided by fast timing of the unbalance relay. An unbalance time delay of 0.3 to 08 second will provide good protection for rack faults and has had considerable use on power systems that are effectively grounded. The unbalance time delay, however, should never be less than the maximum clearing time of the capaeitor-unit fuse for a completely shorted capacitor unit. On resistance-grounded and ungrounded power systems, an unusually long unbalance time delay Is required to coordinate with the line relays, unless the unbalance relay scheme is of the type that does not respond to system voltage unbal- ance, As noted in 6.2, resistance grounded and ungrounded power systems would utilize un: grounded capacitor banks. Some of the types of unbalance relays for ungrounded eapacitor banks that do not respond to system voltage unbalance are shown in Figs 5(a), 6(a), 6(b), 6(4), 7, and 8, ‘The unbalance relays shown in Figs 9(a) and 9(b) also do not respond to system voltage unbalance, Dut they are used only for grounded capacitor banks, ‘The sensitivity of the unbalance-trip relay is determined on the basis of protecting the capaci- tor units from continuous overvoltages, as a result of individual fallure and resultant fuse ‘operation (see Section 7). When set on this basis, the resultant sensitivity is adequate to relay for the initial rack fault, assuming the initial fault is, across one series seetion of one phase Ifthe timing relay does not have a definite time characteristic, the 0.3 to 0.5 second time delay setting is made at the multiple of pickup corre- sponding to the initial rack fault. For a single ‘ungrounded-Y bank with an unbalance relay of. the type that detects neutral-to-ground voltage, the per-unit neutral-to-ground voltage, when one complete series section is shorted, is given bytSHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS where wumber of series sections per phase \eutral-to-ground voltage in per-unit of the applied line-to-neutral volts For a neutral current type of unbalance relay on a single bank with the neutral grounded through a current transformer, the initial rack fault, assuming one series section is shorted, is: where fy of normal phase current. An effective setting for the time-overcurrent (106) relay is 1.36 times the rated capacitor cur rent. This setting has had considerable use and does not false-trip for ungrounded-¥ banks; an eee, xr 1800 ‘occasional operation on grounded Y banks may give a warning of excessive harmonic currents. ‘Time-overcurrent relays of the short-time char- acteristic have ample time adjustment to ride through transients, while being capable of the faster timing to minimize damage from rack faults ‘To analyze the performance of overcurrent relays on rack faults that involve only one phase, the following formulas are useful: Single-grounded ¥, I = oF ‘Single-ungrounded Y, Double-ungrounded ¥, f= Figs Shunt Capacitor Bank Protection Methods, Single Y-Connected Banks (a) Summation of Line-to-Neutral Voltage Protection Method with Optional Line‘o-Neutral Overvoltage Protection, Ungrounded Y-Connected Capacitor Bank (b) Neutral Voltage Unbalance Protection Method, Ungrounded Y-Connected Capacitor Bank (©) Neutral Current Unbalance Protection Method, Grounded Y-Connected Capacitor Bank (@) Neutral Voltage Unbalance Protection Method, Ungrounded ¥-Connected Capacitor Bank Using Capacitor Voltage Divider Tee fae © 19ere, 390.1900 where 5.» number of series groups per phase F = number of series groups flashed over 1 = perunit ofnormal capacitor phase current Note On agrounded Ybank where P= 5, thecurtet the ‘Sse netopound au dy Tt-can be noted from the formulas that a TOC relay, when set at 1.35 times the rated capacitor ccurrent, cannot detect the initial rack fault (F=1) ‘on a single ungrounded ¥ bank that has more than two series groups per phase, nor on asingle- grounded Yanik that has more than three groups per phase. Also, on a single-ungrounded ¥ bank where S=2, and on a single grounded ¥ bank where $=3, the current, J, i 15 for the initial rack fault, thats 1.1 times pickup with aseting of 1.35 times rated capacitor bank eurrent, This [ERE GUIDE POR THE PROTECTION OF performance is marginal, however, and becomes useful only by using a short-time characteristic, and a low time-dial setting. Although the unbalance-trip relay is the most effective protection for arc-over of a series sec: tion, the neutral voltage type of unbalance relay (Fig5(b)) should not be relied upon for rack fault protection on capacitor banks where all three phases are not well separated, For example, con- sider an ungrounded-¥ capacitor bank with 2 series groups per phase, wherein all three phases are installed upon a single steel structure. The individual phases are stacked over each other so that the initial fault may occur as a midrack phase-to-phase fault, as shown in Fig 10, This fault does not cause an unbalance of the neutral voltage (or neutral current, if grounded) and, therefore, an unbalance relay does not respond, Fig 6 Shunt Capacitor Bank Protection ‘Methods, Double Y-Connected Banks (a) Neutral Current Unbalance Detection Method Ungrounded Double Y-Connected Capacitor Bank (b) Neutral Voltage Unbalance Protection Method, Ungrounded Double Y-Connected Capacitor Bank (Neutrals Isolated) (c) Neutral Current Differential Protection Method, Grounded Double Y-Connected Capacitor Bank (@) Neutral Voltage Unbalance Protection Method, Ungrounded Double Y.Connected Capacitor Bank (Neutrals Tied Together) [NOTE: Be careful with CT and PT polarity marks (#). They sometimes look Uke wire connections). 20‘SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS eee xz 1000 Lastn 1 i iw OT se “4 Figs NOTE: Compensating voltages system aero sequence voltage Neutral Voltage Unbalance Protection Method And a phase sited voltage of one phase Gagiseeded Hania voseced Capacitor Bank (Neutrals Isolated) Fig? With Compensation for Inherent Unbalance Neutral Voltage Unbalance Protection Method Ungrounded ¥.Connected Capacitor Bank ‘With Compensation for Inherent Unbalance 4 @ Fig9 Voltage Difference Protection Methods (a) Single Grounded ¥-Connected Capacitor Banks () Double Grounded ¥-Connected Capacitor Banks atexe, (279.1000 The initial fault may spread until it becomes severe enough to operate the time or instantane- ‘ous overeurrent relays up to 5 s later. However, by this time, there may be considerable damage involving all three phases. ‘The currents and neutral shift voltage can eas lly be computed for the initial rack fault. First, the Impedance of each phase to the new neutral point, the point of fault, is obtained. Ths results in a set of impedances, Y-connected, which are un- equal, Using a ¥-A transformation, the equivalent impedances can be found. The A currents are the line-to-line voltages divided by the A imped: ‘ances, The line currents can be computed from the phasor addition of 2 A currents. In this manner, the per-unit currents (of normal phase current) in Fig 10, with 2 series groups per phase, are: I= 10 Jy = 18 = 18 ‘The voltage drop from phase A to the former neutral, where the primary of the potential device is connected, is [a Za, which isthe same as before the fault. Therefore, there is no neutral shift. The IZ drops can be added from one phase to another and compared to the applied line-to-line voltage as a chock on the accuracy of the ealculations. Protection for rack faults on banks of this con- struction with two series groups per phase can Dest be obtained by using TOC relays having a short-time characteristic, a pickup setting of 135 times rated current, and a time setting of 0.2 s at 150% of tap value current. Fig10 Midrack Phase-to-Phase Arcing Fault 22 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE PROTECTION OF 64 Bank Overvoltage Protection. Lightning and ‘switching transient overvoltages may be curtailed with standard overvoltage protection equipment such as surge arresters. A capacitor bank gener: ally absorbs overvoltages since it acts temporarily fas a short cireult for step voltage changes. Over: voltages around capacitor banks are greatly reduced, but complete protection is not assured, ‘The overvoltage on a bank depends upon the length of line between the shunt capacitor bank land the point at which the transient voltage is ‘generated, as well as on the surge duration, ‘The capacitor bank may also be subjected to overvoltages resulting from abnormal system operating conditions. If it is felt that the over- voltage could be sufficient to damage the bank, overvoltage relays should be considered. Table 4 lists recommended short-term overvoltage limits, Table 4 Limits of Short Time Power Frequency Overvoltage at Subzero Temperatures Mltpying Petor Duration Tes Hated es Voge OBe 30 ibe Pd foe 23 anos 20 1603 uh 10 mn 3 200 min 135, NOTE: The sort time power frequency overvlage should be limited to the vues listed here a tuboro temperatares Higher mits may te permiasble with Toss severe condans Figit Summation of Intermediate Tap-Point ‘Voltage Protection Method S11 rE summation may ako be obtained by use ofa summingIeee SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS cor 1800 eae einer "ima Decora Pha Inatartanous Qvrolon — ‘ean roto @ 0) © Fig 12 Special Protection Scheme for Very Large EHV Capacitor Banks: (@) Funetional Diagram (b) DC Schematic (Primary Tripping) (©) DC Schematic (Backup Tripping) 23eee, 79.1900 IEEE GUIDE FOR THE PROTECTION OF ht Fig 13 ‘Typical Static Var Generator Schematic Fig Opening the Circult to a Single-Phase Capacitor in One Step (a) No Restrike (b) One Restrike 4exe ‘SHUNT CAPACITOR RANKS corso se 7 . Fig 15 Varistor V/I Carve Showing Voltage Turn-up Fig 16 One Line Diagram of 230 kV Station coos Fl Dg SEES Sante Pet Ground sean Ground ss. Fig 17 Single Point Grounded Bank with SingleBushing VT 25| — sed [hogs a anes Stoonday Grune Fig 18 Single Point Grounded Bank with TwoBushing VT 7. Unbalance Relaying Methods 7.1 Introduction. Removal ofa failed capacitor unit by its fuse results in an increase in voltage ‘across the remaining units within the group. A ‘continuous excessive overvoltage should be pre- ‘vented by means of protective relays that trip the bank switching devices to remove the bank from service. Failure to provide protection may lead to ‘one or more of the following situations: (1) Excessive damage to the capacitor bank (2) Adverse system effects () Spread of damage to adjacent equipme (4) Excessive period of unavailability of the damaged equipment (5) Possible undesirable discharge of dielectric Aiquid ‘Most installations will require an individual ‘engineering analysis to determine the best and ‘most economical scheme. The engineer will want to take the systems approach since bank design, fuse coordination, and selection of a sensing device will directly affect sensitivity and timing ‘requirements of the protection scheme. Selection ‘of the bank configuration and design should Include an analysis of the amount of inherent tunbalance that can be expected. Internally fused eapacitor units are subject to overvoltage across elements within the unit, as internal fuses blow and remove elements from a parallel group. The loss of capacitance in the unit will be reflected as unbalance in the bank, and cean be detected by schemes similar to those used. fon banks with externally-fused units. However, the degree of unbalance is less than that which ‘occurs with externally fused units, since the amount of capacitance removed by blown ele ments or pack fuses is less. Therefore, a more sensitive unbalance protection scheme is nor- mally required when internally-fused units are employed, This increased sensitivity can be achieved by use of protection methods that elim- inate the inherent system-voltage unbalance from the detection of the unbalance voltage. The most ‘commonly used bank configuration is the un- grounded double-¥. The protective equipment used with that configuration, with external fus ing, wll normally work satisfactorily with internal fusing as long as itis sensitive enough. Normally the capacitor bank supplier will determine and furnish the user with the required relay settings. 72 Inherent Unbalance and Other Errors. In practice, the unbalance seen by the unbalance relay, due to loss of individual capacitor units, is somewhat different than the calculated value because of inherent unbalance. This inherent unbalance, which exists on all capacitor bank installations, is primarily due to system voltage unbalance, capacitor manufacturing tolerance unbalance, or both, The inherent unbalance may be in a direction such as to prevent protective 26SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS relay operation, as well as to cause false opera tion. The amount of inherent unbalance for var: ‘ous configurations, resulting from system voltage unbalance, capacitor manufacturing tolerance unbalance, or both, may be estimated by using ‘equations in Appendix C. A worst case estimate ‘can be made by assuming the unbalance errors to be additive. Figures 19, 20, and 21 indicate the allowable neutral unbalance for positive detection of the first blown fuse. The curves are based on the relay being set to operate at a point half way between the critical step and the next lowest step. The critical step is the step for which the tee, coz. t600 voltage applied to surviving capacitor units equals or exceeds 110% of rated voltage. Ifthe estimated inherent unbalance, as determined from equa- tions of Appendix C, exceeds the allowable neu- tral unbalance as determined from the curves or equations of Figures 19, 20, and 21, steps should be taken to compensate for the inherent unbal: Harmonic voltages can also influence the oper- ation of the unbalance relay unless proper filter- ing is provided. The third harmonic predomi- nates, although special applications such as arc furnaces can produce a wide variety of harmonic frequencies. Fig19 Grounded Y-Connected Capacitor Bank: Percentage of Allowable Inherent Neutral Current Unbalance for Positive Detection of First Blown Fuse Versus Number of Capacitor Units in Parallel per Group and ALLOWABLE NEUTARL CURRENT UNBALANCE— PERCENT OF NORMAL PHASE CURRENT NUMBER OF CAPACITOR UNITS Number of Series Groups 100 ® [en sel) 00 sb.00 36.00 a IN PARALLEL PER SERIES GROUP aexe, 379.1900 IEEE GUIDE POR THE PROTECTION OF ike 10 Tossa ALLOWABLE INHERENT NEUTRAL VOLTAGE UNBALANCE PERCENT OF NORMAL LINE-TO-GROUNO VOLTAGE ‘Soo —itcav 8.00 —zb.00 2.00 0.00 38.00¥0.00 NUMBER OF CAPACITOR UNITS IN PARALLEL PER SERIES GROUP: Fig20 Ungrounded Y.Connected Capacitor Bank: Percentage of Allowable Neutral Voltage Unbalance for Positive Detection of First Blown Fuse Versus Number of ‘Capacitor Units in Parallel per Group and Number of Series Groups In addition, secondary errors may be intro convenient visual means of locating the duced by sensing device tolerances, temperature defective capacitor unit. differences between capacitor units within the (2) Where possible, the unbalance relay should Dank, and partially deteriorated capacitor units be sensitive enough to alarm for the loss of that have not yet blown thelr fuses. ‘one unit within a group and trip and lock- ‘out on loss of sufficient or additional 73 General Unbalance Relay Considerations. capacitor units that will cause a group, General unbalance relay protection considera- ‘overvoltage condition in excess of 110% of tions are discussed below. rated voltage. (1) The unbalance relay should coordinate (8) The unbalance relay should have a time with the individual capacitor unit fuses delay short enough to minimize damage such that the fuses operate to isolate a ‘due to an arcing fault within the bank defective capacitor unit before the bank is structure, and prevent exposure of the sswitehed out of service, and thus provide a remaining capacitor units to overvoltage 8@ 1,25 9,75 PERCENT OF NORMAL PHASE CURRENT a,80 4 ALLOWABLE INHERENT NEUTRAL CURRENT UNBALANCE — 0,25 Fig21 Ungrounded Double Y-Connected Capacitor Bank: Percentage of Allowable Inherent Neutral Current Unbalance for Positive Detection of First Blown Fuse Versus Number of Capacitor Units in Parallel Per Group and Number of Groups in Series ‘conditions beyond their permissible limits. ‘The time delay should also be short enough to avoid damage tothe current transformer or voltage transformer, and relay system, for a single-phase or an open-phase con- dition. ‘The unbalance relay should have a time delay sufficient to avoid false operations due to inrush, ground faults on the line, lightning, switching of nearby equipment, ‘and nonsimultaneous pole operation of the energizing switch. For most applica tions, 05 s should be adequate. nee, csr. 1800 200 Te a | EE MSBEE of capeteoe nite to srmup Groupe Per Phase (@) The unbalance relay should be protected against transient voltages appearing on control wiring (see IEEE C37.90-1989 [6]). ‘The unbalance relay may require a filter to ‘minimize the effect of harmonie voltages. It should be recognized that the relay may not operate for excessive harmonic (reso- nant) currents, ‘The unbalance relay scheme should have a lockout feature to prevent automatic re- closing of the capacitor bank switching device in the event that an overvoltage trip hhas occurred. The unbalance relay trip cir- © @f (c37.98.1000 @ o ao) ay «aay aay cuit components should be coordinated, For example, the 0.2 A target and seal-in coil ofthe voltage relay has about 0 ohms ‘of impedance at 60 Hz The armature. closed current of a 120 V ac lockout relay ‘may not hold the seal-in unit operated, Where neutral unbalance due to system variations or capacitor manufacturing tol- frances is not negligible, a compensating ‘means should be provided to negate the effect of this unbalance, Careful considera tion of bank design may also remedy the problem, Before making changes, the load current of each phase and the capacitance (orload current) of each capacitor should be checked for indication of failure of a single capacitor pack within the can, The unbalance relay should be set taking this unbalance into account (see 78). Since most unbalance detection schemes ddo not measure overvoltage on the system, the unbalance relay should be set on the basis of maximum continuous system oper ating voltage. To allow for the effects of inherent unbal- ance, the unbalance relay alarm should be set to operate at one-half the level of neutral displacement, or neutral current, determined for the desired alarm condi. tion. The alarm should have sufficient time delay to override external disturbances, To allow for the effects of inherent unbal- ance, the unbalance relay should be set to operate at a level of neutral displacement, of neutral current, halfway between the critical step and the next lowest step. The critical step is the number of removed ‘capacitor units that will cause a group overvoltage in excess of the manufactur cr's recommended maximum continuous ‘operating voltage All neutral unbalance schemes detect an unbalance in the three phases. Overvolt- ‘age, caused by loss of an equal number of ‘capacitor units in one or more groups in each phase, will not be detected. In prac- tice, this is nota significant limitation, With grounded capacitor banks, failure of one pole of the switching device, or single phasing from a blown bank fuse, will allow zero sequence currents to flow in the sys- tem ground relays. Capacitor bank relay- ing, including the operating time of the switching device, should be coordinated with the operation of the system ground 30 [EEE GUIDE FOR THE PROTECTION OF relays. This may be several seconds for some devices. In an internally fused capacitor bank, the unbalance detection gives an indication of the total number of failed capacitor ele- ments. The actual number of failed ele- ‘ments will be determined by the settings of the relays. Individual failed capacitor elements can only be detected by a capaci tor measurement. A complete measure- ‘ment ofall units in a bank is recommended only when a relay trip has occurred, and. not as a part of the regular maintenance schedule. aay 74 Neutral Current Unbslance Protection Meth- od, Grounded-¥ Bank. Figure 5(c) shows a neu- tral unbalance relay protection scheme for a grounded-¥ capacitor bank. An unbalance in the capacitor bank will cause current to flow in the neutral. The amount of neutral current due to loss of individual capacitor units can be deter mined from Fig 22 or Eq 5 of Appendix B. The voltage on the remaining capacitor units can be determined from Fig 23 or Eq 1 of Appendix B, ‘The unbalance protective scheme consists of a current transformer, with rated 5 A secondary, connected from the capacitor bank neutral to ‘ground, A ct ratio providing a maximum of 10 A of secondary current for rated capacitor bank current in the primary will avoid excessive secondary currents when the capacitor bank is ‘energized or when only one or two phases remain, energized. For an electromechanical type relay, the current transformer secondary is loaded with an adjustable resistor, usually 10 to 25 ohms ‘maximum, and connected to a time delay voltage relay having a third harmonie filter for reduced sensitivity at frequencies other than 60 Hz. The current transformer loading resistor should be rated 200 W or higher to avoid damaging this resistor in the event that one or two phases of the capacitor bank switching device are open due to failure or misoperation ‘A typical voltage relay has 60 Hz pickup taps of 54,75, 125 and 20 V. The voltage relay operates a latching relay through a 52a contact on the ‘capacitor bank switching device to initiate open: ing of the capacitor switeh and block its closing Static-type voltage relays have much lower burden and can be more insensitive to harmonies than electromechanieal type relays, and thus have greater sensitivity. Therefore, lower value burden resistors can be used that will avoid satu: ration of the current transformer.SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS AAESULTING NEVTRAL CURRENT - PERCENT OF NORMAL PHESE CUMRENT CGNTERREDIATE TaP-PEINT VOLTAGE CHANCE ~ PERCENT HORREL TRP-FOINT YELTAGED csr99: 1960 Dh a0 CCRPACITER UNITS RENSVEO FROM ONE SERIES CROUP— PERCENT OF TOTAL NUMBER OF CAPACITOR UNITS PER SERIES GROUP Fig 22 Grounded ¥-Connected or Grounded Double ¥.Connected Capacitor Bank: ‘Neutral Current (also change in intermediate tap-point voltage) Versus Percentage of Capacitor Units Removed from Series Group. Each time the capacitor bank is energized, ‘momentary capacitor charging currents, in one phase and in the neutral current transformer, can approach the available ground fault value ‘Where a parallel bank is already energized, cur- rents can be on the order of thousands of amperes (8). Various undesirable effects have been re corded, such as spurious relay operations, relay failures, current transformer failures, charged substation fences, and ground mat problems, (The neutral connection between banks should not be through the ground mat.) However, for al small: to medium-sized single-bank installations, the neutral current unbalance protection method works quite well and is economical, If instan- taneous overcurrent relays are used, they should not operate on the initial inrush current. ‘To prevent protective equipment damage due to failure of the switching device, the latching or lockout relay should have contacts wired to the current transformer cable terminals to short out the current transformer secondary after it has operated. The current transformer loading resis- tor should be able to withstand the rapid heating,eee erse.1500 in the event of single phasing, until the unbalance protection voltage relay and lockout relay operate. "The voltage relay and current transformer load. ing resistor settings should be made to operate when the voltage across any capacitor exceeds 110% of rated voltage. NOTE: The relay detects only the unbalance inthe capacitor Sane ann supply voltage. However, this relay will not ‘espond to capackor overveage duc tos balanced tert ‘oltage above rominal The maximum normal est oa, ‘wth capacitor bank energed, shoud be considered. IEEE GUIDE POR THE PROTECTION oF 7.5 Summation of Intermediate Tap Point Volt. ages Method, Grounded-Y Bank. Figure 11 shows an unbalance voltage protection scheme for a grounded-¥ capacitor bank using capacitor tap-point voltages. An unbalance in the capacitor bank will cause an unbalance in the voltages at the tap point of the three phases. The tap voltage percent unbalance due to the loss of individual capacitor units can be determined from Pig 22 (or Eq 5 of Appendix B) by considering the verti- cal scale as Tap Voltage Percent Unbalance. The Fig 23 Grounded ¥-Connected, 4, or Grounded Double ¥-Connected Capacitor Bank: Voltage on Remaining Capacitor Units in Series Group Versus ‘Percentage of Capacitor Units Removed from Series Group 138.00 RESULTING OVERVOLTAGE — PERCENT OF CAPACITOR UNIT NORMAL VOLTAGE 1p4.00 oo woo eron——iB.00 Teme Te00 2.00 ah.00 CAPACITOR UNITS RENOVED FROM ONE SERIES GROUP ~ PERCENT OF TOTAL KUNBER OF CAPACITOR UNITS PER SERIES GROUP 82SHUNT CAPACTTOR BANKS voltage of the remaining capacitor units can be determined from Fig 23 or Bq 1 of Appendix B. ‘The unbalance protective scheme consists of three voltage sensing devices connected between the capacitor intermediate point of each phase and ground, and a time delay voltage relay with the third harmonic filter connected to the series- connected (broken A) secondaries of the poten- tial device. For an even number of series groups, a ‘midpoint tap is used. For an odd number of series ‘groups, the number of series groups between the ‘tap point and ground should be one less than the number of series groups between the tap point and the line. The voltage sensing devices may be voltage transformers, capacitor coupled voltage transformers, or resistive potential devices. The relay may include provisions to compensate for the tap point error voltages caused by inherent capacitor bank unbalance, fixed system voltage ‘unbalance, and potential device ratio errors. ‘The tap voltage percent unbalance can be determined from Fig 22 for isolation of capacitor Units in any series group of a capacitor bank hav- {ng an even number of series groups per phase, ‘The values are also valid for isolation of capacitor units in series groups located between the tap Point and the line of a capacitor bank having an ‘Odd number of series groups per phase. However, for isolation of capacitor units in series groups between the tap point and ground of banks with, an odd number of series groups per phase, the values from Fig 22 should be multiplied by the following factors: Total No. of Adjustment Factor Series Groups For Percent Tap Per Phase Unbalance Voltage 3 20 5 15 7 133 9 125 un 12 13 116 16 14 For banks having only three or five series ‘groups per phase, this may affect the coordina: tion of alarm and trip level settings. Loss of a second capacitor unit, in the same phase, but in a second series group on the opposite side of the potential device tap, has a compensating effect. on the overvoltage and may reduce the unbal: ance signal to ero. In practice, this is not a signif: icant limitation. 33 eee care 1900 7.6 Neutral Voltage Unbalance Protection Meth- od, Ungrounded-Y Bank. Figure 5(b) shows a ‘neutral unbalance relay protection scheme for an ‘ungrounded-¥ capacitor bank. Unbalance sens ing is accomplished by means of a potential sens ing device connected between the bank neutral and ground. An unbalance in the capacitor bank will cause voltage to appear at the bank neutral with respect to ground. The amount of neutral voltage due to the loss of individual capacitor units is determined from Fig 24 or Eq 14 of Appendix B, The voltage on the remaining capac- itor units ean be determined from Fig 25 or Eq 10 of Appendix B. ‘The unbalance protective scheme consists of a time delay voltage relay with the third harmonic filter connected across the potential device sec- ‘ondary. The voltage sensing device may be a volt- age transformer, capacitive potential device, or resistive potential device. The voltage sensing device should be selected for the lowest voltage ratio attainable, while still being able to with- stand transient and continuous overvoltage condi- tions in order to obtain the maximum unbalance detection sensitivity. However, a voltage trans former used in this application should be rated for full system voltage, since the neutral voltage ‘can be expected to rise to as high a8 25 per unit during switching. Under these conditions, a de- rated voltage transformer will be driven into deep saturation (14) With 3 or more series groups, the change in neutral voltage obtained from the secondary of a voltage transformer, rated for full system voltage, is very small. A voltage transformer of lower voltage rating and ratio can be used to obtain a usable relay voltage if the primary is gapped. Flashover of the primary gap will ground the capacitor bank neutral, short out the voltage transformer, and prevent operation of the over- voltage relay. Protection for this condition can be obtained by using a residual current relay con: nected to line-current transformers, of to a neutral-current transformer in series with the neutral-voltage transformer and voltage trans- former gap, ‘The use of an underrated resistance potential device, with secondary voltage limiter, ean permit relay operation with an open phase to the capaci: tor bank. The resistive potential device should be capable of withstanding this avervoltage con- dition. If switch failure could result in continuous volt- ‘age exceeding the relay rating (single phasing {due to blown main fuse), operation of the lockout(5.901900 . ae g 0 F SP me + L Seem Py fo of unite removed RESULTING NEUTRAL-TOGROUND VOLTAGE PERCENT OF NORMAL CINETO.GROUND VOLTAGE sbloo” woo ec00 IEEE GUIDE FoR TH: PROTECTION OF NUMBER OF SERIES GROUPS PER PHASE 00 18.00 ‘CAPACITOR UNITS REMOVED FROM ONE SERIES GROUP PERCENT OF TOTAL NUMBER, ‘OF CAPACITOR UNITS PER SERIES GROUP Fig 24 Ungrounded Y-Connected or Ungrounded Double ¥-Connect (Neutrals Isolated) Capacitor Bank: Voltage Between Capacitor Bank Neutral and Ground Versus Percentage of Capacitor Units Removed from Series Group relay should de-energize the voltage relay. Ifchat tering of the seal-in unit is a problem when used (on ac, a lockout relay contact can bypass the vot age relay contact. "Another scheme, shown in Fig 6(d), consists of standard capacitor units connected in series to form a voltage divider. A conventional inverse time voltage relay is connected across the grounded end capacitor. This grounded end ‘capacitor isa low-voltage unit, 2400 V or less, and sized to provide the desired unbalance voltage to the relay. If single phasing of the capacitor bank is a possiblity (blown primary fuse), and the volt- age of the neutral relay exceeds its short-time rating, some means of limiting this voltage should be provided. Ifthe voltage exceeds the continu- ‘ous rating of the relay, a lockout relay contact should short out the relay through a resistor. Without a transformer for isolation, the relay is connected directly to the capacitor bank ground,SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS 1p4.00 196.00 198.00 130.00 RESULTING GVERVOLTAGE— PERCENT OF CAPACITOR UNIT NORMAL VOLTAGE 90.00 300 Ps 3s A) + So. of series groups CAPACITOR UNITS REMOVED FROM ONE SERIES CROUP— PERCENT OF TOTAL MUNBER OF CAPACITOR UNITS PER SERIES GROUP Fig 25 Ungrounded Y-Connected or Ungrounded Double ¥-Connected (Neutrals Isolated) Capacitor Bank: Voltage on Remaining Capac Units in Series Group Versus Percentage of Capacitor Units Removed from Series Group A capacitor voltage divider may also use a car- rier coupling type of capacitor with a low-energy static relay. Figure 6(a) shows a neutral unbalance relay protection scheme using 3 line-to-neutral voltage transformers with their secondaries connected in broken 4 to an overvoltage relay. This scheme has the advantage of not being sensitive to system voltage unbalance. Also, the unbalance voltage to the overvoltage relay is 3 times the neutral shift voltage, as obtained from Fig 24. For the same voltage transformer ratio, there is a gain of 3 in sensitivity over the single neutral-to-ground volt- age transformer scheme. NOTE: Volage transformers should be rated for ne totine vote 7.7 DoubleY Unbalance Protection Method. Figure 6 shows four methods of providing unbal: ance protection for double-¥ banks. Schemes (a) and (b) are ungrounded and use either a current transformer and overcurrent relay, or a voltage transformer and overvoltage relay connected between the two neutrals. The effect of systemexe, (96.1960 voltage unbalances are avoided by both schemes, both unaffected by third harmonic currents or voltages. The current transformer or voltage transformer should be rated for system voltage. ‘The amount of neutral current due to the loss of individual capacitor units, in a bank of two ‘equal sections, can be determined from Fig 26. ‘The neutral current is one-half that of a single grounded bank of the same size. However, the current transformer ratio and relay rating may be selected for the desired sensitivity, since they are not subjected to switching surge currents or single-phase load currents, as with the grounded neutral scheme. IEEE GUIDE FOR THE PROTECTION OF ‘The neutral voltage shift can be determined from Fig 24 in the same manner as for a single-Y bank of the same rating as one section of the double-Y bank Although a low-ratio voltage transformer would be desirable, a voltage trans former rated for system voltage is required for the ungrounded neutral and, therefore, a high turns ratio should be accepted, The resulting unbalance signal voltage may be very small. In Fig 6(c), the neutrals ofthe two sections are ‘grounded through separate current transformers to a common ground, The current transformer secondaries are cross-connected to an overcur- rent relay so that the relay is insensitive to any Fig 26 Ungrounded Double Y-Connected (Neutrals Tied Together) Capacitor Bank: Neutral Current Versus Percentage of Capacitor Units Removed from Series Group ty = 200 Sore of wetse te aseup RESULTING NEUTRAL CURRENT PERCENTOF NORMAL PHASE CURRENT woo 8.00 [NUMBER OF SERIES GROUPS PER PHASE ‘CAPACITOR UNITS REMOVED FROM ONE SERIES GROUP PERCENT OF TOTAL NUMBER OF CAPACITOR UNITS PER SERIES GROUP‘SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS 8 fae geese 8 ame» 228 Semen | + wm ot utes tx ror Sh se of sari trope RESULTING NEUTRAL TO-GROUND VOLTAGE PERCENT OF NORMAL LINE TO.GROUND VOLTAGE 00 00 1B. ee x79. 1900 NUMBER OF SERIES GROUPS PER PHASE 00 ‘capactTOn UNITS REMOVED FROM ONE SERIES GROUP PERCENT OF TOTAL NUMBER OF CAPACITOR UNITS PER SERIES GROUP Fig 27 ‘Ungrounded Double Y-Connected (Neutrals Tied Together) Capacitor Bank: Voltage Between Capacitor Bank Neutral and Ground Versus Percentage of Capacitor Units Removed from Series Group outside situation that affects both sections of the capacitor bank in the same manner. The current transformers can be subjected to switching tran: sient currents and, therefore, require surge pro: tection. They should be sized for single-phase load currents if this i a possibility. The relay does not require a harmonic filter. The unbalance cur rent can be determined from Fig 22, and the overvoltage on remaining capacitor units can be determined from Fig 23. In Fig 6(4), the neutrals of the two-capacitor sections are ungrounded but tied together. A volt- age transformer, or potential device, is used to measure the voltage between the capacitor bank a7 neutral and ground. The relay should have a harmonic filter. The amount of neutral-to-ground voltage derived due to the loss of individual capacitor units can be determined from a curve of Fig 27, or from the equations in Appendix B. The voltage on remaining capacitor units can be determined from the curves of Fig 28, or from the equations in Appendix B. 7.8 Neutral Unbalance Protection Method with Compensation for Inherent Unbalance. The trend in recent years has been toward larger and. larger capacitor banks at transmission voltage levels, The neutral unbalance signal due to theeee, crie800 138.00 199.00 RESULTING OVERVOLTAGE— 198.00 PERCENT OF CAPACITOR UNIT NORMAL VOLTAGE IEEE GUIDE FOR THE PROTECTION OF ) pea 0016.00 25.00 24.00 CAPACITOR UNITS RENOVED FROM ONE SERIES GROUP— PERCENT OF TOTAL NUMBER OF CAPACITOR UNITS PER SERIES GROUP Fig 28 ‘Ungrounded Double Y-Connected (Neutrals Tied Together) Capacitor Bank: ‘Voltage on Remaining Capacitor Units in Series Group Versus Percentage of Capacitor Units Removed from Series Group. loss of 1 or 2 individual capacitor units, for these very large banks, is such that the inherent unbal- ance can no longer be considered negligible. Ungrounded banks can be split into two equal banks as illustrated in Fig 8. This bank configura tion inherently compensates for system voltage lunbalances because the neutral current or volt: ‘ages are sensed differentially. However, the effects of manufacturers capacitor tolerance will affect relay operation unless steps are taken to com: ppensate for this error. The equations in Appendix C may be used to estimate the possible effect of the inherent capacitor bank unbalance. ‘To compensate for this fixed unbalance, itis Necessary to generate an equal and opposite phasor to be surumed with the fixed inherent ‘capacitor tolerance unbalance phasor, to yield a null or zero signal output. The inherent unbal- ance at the neutral of the capacitor bank still exists, but the relay is no longer responsive to this, fixed unbalance component. ‘A phase-shifting network with amplitude and phase adjustment is used to generate the com: pensating phasor. The input for the phase shifter, should be bus derived to reduce the effect of nom- inal system voltage changes. The output of the‘SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS phase shifter, along with the inherent unbalance signal, are summed by means of transformers or a summing amplifier. It may not be possible or desirable to go to a split bank arrangement, depending on the indi- vidual circumstances of the application. For compensation of system voltage unbalance on single, ungrounded banks, use is made of the fact that the voltage appearing at the capacitor bank neutral due to system unbalance is the zero sequence component. A zero sequence compo: nent can be derived utilizing three voltage sensing devices with their high-side ¥ connected from line-to-ground, and the secondaries connected in a broken A (see Fig 7), Very often, the voltage transformers are already available for station relaying, and all that is needed are low-voltage isolation transformers to derive the broken A, ‘The difference voltage between the neutral unbal: ance signal due to system unbalance and the broken delta output of the voltage transformers is then adjusted to zero by means of an amplitude control, Once this adjustment is made, the effect of system voltage unbalance will be compensated for all conditions of system unbalance. The remaining error appearing at the neutral due to ‘manufacturer's capacitor tolerance, can be com- ppensated for by means ofthe phase shifter circuit previously described. 7.9 Voltage Differential Protection Method, Grounded Bank. A means of compensation for inherent unbalance in grounded-Y capacitor banks is illustrated in Figs 9(a) and 9(b) for a single-¥ connected bank and a double-Y con: nected bank, respectively. This approach is, in essence, three single-phase voltage differential relays for each bank, as applicable. ‘A signal responsive to the loss of individual ‘capacitor units is derived by comparing capacitor bank tap voltage with the bus voltage. The capac- itor bank tap voltage is obtained by connecting a voltage sensing device between the lowest paral- lel group (or groups) of capacitors and ground. ‘The bus voltage is usually available, Initially, he voltage levels are adjusted to be equal, assuming that all capacitors are good and no fuses have ‘operated. Therefore, the initial difference signal between the capacitor bank tap voltage and the bus voltage signals is zero, and the capacitor tol erance and initial system voltage unbalance is compensated, If the system voltage unbalance should vary, the relay system is still compensated, since a given percent change in bus voltage results in the same percent change on the capacitor ieee, car90. 1800 bank tap. Any subsequent voltage difference between capacitor tap voltage and bus voltage ‘willbe due to unbalances caused by loss of capac- ltor units within that particular phase (see Fig 9(a)). Loss of capacitor units in each phase is detected independently [9], [25] ‘The sensitivity of this method is high and is used, in particular, for high-voltage banks, or banks that consist of alarge number of individual capacitors. 8. Protection of Very Large EV Capacitor Banks: 8.1 Very Large EHV Capacitor Banks. A very large EHV capacitor bank is generally defined as fone having more than 15 capacitor units in paral- lel per series group, and applied at system volt- ages of 845 KV and higher. Figure 12 illustrates a typical protection scheme. This section describes the special protection schemes applied to very large EHV capacitor banks, beyond what is de- seribed in Section 6 and listed in Table 3 8.2 Voltage-Differential Unbalance Protection of Very Large Grounded-Y Connected Capacitor Banks. The advent of very large grounded Y- ‘connected capacitor banks at voltages of 345 kV and above has created the need for a protective device sensitive enough to detect the loss of a single aled capacitor unt, without being affected by variable system voltage unbalance. Protective relay schemes that can compensate for inherent capacitor bank voltage unbalance, and fixed sys tem voltage unbalance, were covered in Seetion 7. Most of these protection methods cannot com: pensate for variable system voltage unbalance and are, therefore, not useful for very large EHV capacitor banks, where the effects of variable sys- tem voltage unbalance cannot be ignored. For very large EHV capacitor banks, the loss of a sin- ale capacitor unit produces a voltage unbalance ‘that issmall compared tothe variable system volt- age unbalance, making detection ofa single failed capacitor unit very dificult (see Figs 8(a) and 9(b)).The voltage differential relay, Device 60Vin Fig 12, compares the output of the capacitor banks tap-point voltage monitoring device against the output of the corresponding bus voltage (phase-to-ground) monitoring device for each Phase. With this method, imerent variable sys tem voltage unbalance is readily compensated.ere, 760.1000 8.2.1 Backup Capacitor Bank Unbalance Pro- tection. For very large EHV capacitor banks, ‘a backup capacitor bank unbalance protection scheme may be used. An overvoltage relay, Device 59N in Fig 12, is connected to a voltage trans- former (VT) that measures the voltage across a low-voltage capacitor unit in the eapacitor bank neutral. Device 59N is set to detect and alarm for the removal of a specified number of capacitor tunits that produce 105% or less of rated voltage as described in 732. A second or redundant overvoltage relay (not shown) can be used, if desired, for a second alarm, and can be st to trip after a suitable time delay of several hours. The degree of redundancy and required sensitivity affects the cost and, therefore, requires engineer ing as well as economic judgment. ‘The overvoltage relay mentioned above should ‘be equipped with a 60 Hz narrow bandpass filter to avoid false operations due to harmonic cur- rents. A third-harmonic-blocking filter may not prevent all false operations of this relay. 822 Alarm Levels. In cases where an un: planned trip and lockout of the capacitor bank ‘can adversely affect the system, it may be desir- able to have two alarm levels. The first alarm level is selected to respond to the isolation of a single capacitor unit, serving as an alert for scheduling ‘maintenance. The second alarm level, accompa: nied by a time-delayed trip after several hours, will warn system operators of an impending lock. ‘out, This time delay is intended to allow the user to de-energize the bank in an orderly fashion, Normally, the capacitor bank voltage unbalance relay would be set to trip when the remaining capacitor units in the affected series group of units are exposed to more than 110% the rated ‘capacitor-unit voltage. However, capacitor manu facturers may permit even greater overvoltages for a few hours. 83 Bank Overcurrent Protection. Two sets of three very-inverse nondirectional time-overcur: rent relays with instantaneous attachments, Devices 50/51 in Fig 12, are used to provide primary and backup protection for the capacitor bank for phase faults, as well as ground faults. A single non-directional time-overcurrent relay, with an inverse time-current characteristic, De- vice 51N in Fig 12, and connected in the neutral of the current transformers associated with the phase-overcurrent relays, may be used. This relay should be very sensitive and have a very low burden. A solid-state relay may be necessary to obtain the desired sensitivity and low burden. IEEE GUIDE FOR THE PROTECTION OF The low burden for the overcurrent relay, Device SIN, is suggested so that ifa ground fault ‘occurs on the busin the substation, the discharge of high-frequency eurrents will nt impose a high voltage on the secondary of the current trans- formers to which the protective relays are con- nected. Moreover, the time-overcurrent relay, Device 51N, should be set on a low tap (for exam pile, 0.1 A) to provide very fast clearing for ground, faults of low magnitudes, These faults normally would not operate the phase-overcurrent relays. ‘The high-frequency outrush current into an external ground fault will not operate the 51N ground relay, however, the unbalanced capacitor bank load current due to the external fault may besufficient to cause this relay to pickup, thereby tripping the capacitor bank. To prevent this inadvertent tripping, a normally closed contact of an overvoltage relay, Device 59R, (set to pick up at 16 V secondary) is connected in series with the trip circuit ofthe ground relay, This voltage relay prevents bank tripping for faults involving high values of ground current. Its important that the time-overcurrent relay be properly coordinated ‘with the overvoltage relay. The overvoltage relay should open its contact before the time-overcur: rent relay closes its contact. It is also important. that the time-overcurrent relay resets before the overvoltage relay, 84 System Overvoltage Protection. For very large EHV capacitor banks, it is advisable to install overvoltage relays on the bus capacitor- coupled voltage transformers (CCVT), or bus VT to de-energize the bankif the bus voltage exceeds, predetermined levels. Three relays, Devices 59B in Fig 12, may trip the bank switching device instantaneously for extreme overvoltage condi- tions. It may be desirable to time delay operation, of Device 598 to prevent nuisance tripping of the capacitor bank due to transient overvoltages. A. \ime-delay overvoltage relay may be used in liew of the instantaneous overvoltage relay and sepa rate timer. 8.5 Loss of Bus Voltage. Undervoltage relay, Device 27B in Fig 12, connected to the bus VT, will detect the loss of the supply bus voltage and will trip the capacitor bank switching device. Trip- ping of the undervoltage relay is delayed by the 62UV timer to prevent de-energization of the Dank for transient undervoltage conditions such as might occur when a source-side switching device operates to clear a fault and then auto- matically recloses. The undervoltage relay should‘SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS be set such that the relay will not operate for voltages that require the capacitor bank to be placed in service. 8.6 Capacitor Bank Breaker Failure Protection. Ifthe capacitor bankis connected to the bus by & cireuit breaker or circuit switcher that is used for both protecting the bank and switching the bank in service, a breaker-fallure scheme may be pro: vided to remove the bank from the system in the ‘event that the bank’s switching device fails to ‘operate correctly fora fault within the capacitor bank. The breaker-failure protection scheme is initiated by auxiliary relay 62X (or 62Y)in Fig 12, which starts the breaker-falure timer, ifthe fault hhas not been cleared by the time the breaker- failure timer has timed out, other devices in the substation willbe tripped by the breaker failure protection scheme to clear the capacitor bank and its switehing device from the system. The capacitance switching capability of these other devices should be considered. 9. Protection of Filter Banks 9.1 Static VAR Control Filters. Static VAR Gen- erators (SVG) are being used as replacements for synchronous condensers applied to reduce trans- fent-voltage flicker in arc furnace circuits, They are also being used by an increasing number of utilities to rapidly supply leading or lagging VARS on transmission systems [23]. Figure 13 ilus trates a typical SVG schematic Static VAR Generators usually include a number of internal circuits that protect the SVG in the event of a variety of unique malfunctions, A representative list of such malfunctions is shown below: (2) Loss of power; (2) Loss of line voltage; (8) Loss of synchronism; (4) Overvoltage on switeh; (5) Overcurrent in switch; (6) Unequal current division in switeh; (7) Unequal current division in eapacitor bank; (8) Overcurrent in capacitor banks; (8) Incorrect water temperature; (10) Inadequate water flow; and (11) Incorrect water purity. ‘Some of the protective capabilities of the SVG control circuitry are used for both tripping and alarm. For example, the incoming line circuit 41 exe, cargo 1000 breakers may have phase and ground inverse- time overcurrent protection and the reactor bank and capacitor bank switching devices may have instantaneous and inverse-time overcurrent and overvoltage protection. Operation of any of these devices will trigger the static-var-system control, resulting in an alarm and trip, Additionally, the static-var-system control itself, will produce an alarm and trip situation for a number of condi: tions. These are loss of de control power, loss of gate pulse, emergency trip, instantaneous over: ‘current, time overcurrent, line undervoltage, and loss of reference [10]. Certain other protective functions may only require an alarm. From the thyristor section, alarms are initiated for maximum air tempera: ture, minimum air flow, dirty filter, or standby blower rotating in the opposite direction (due to the backdraft damper being open). Within the statio-var-system control, an alarm may be init ated when there is loss of one de power source, loss of one line-driver pulse, loss of one gate ‘river pulse, or loss of one fiter-capacitor unit. In general, failures can be divided into two main classes; (2) Failures or malfunctions that require that the entire SVG system be disconnected from the line; and (2) Failures or malfunctions that require only part of the SVG system be removed from ‘operation. Capacitor banks, switched by conventional ‘means, but used as an integral part of the SVG, can be protected by using the unbalance protec. tion methods as described in Section 7. In addi- tion, the capacitor banks may be tripped as a result of a station overvoltage condition, Similar protective relay schemes can be applied to thyristor-switched capacitors, modified where required by the switching function. Capacitor ‘unbalance protection is still employed in these latter schemes, but the switched capacitor banks are usually of a lower voltage than discussed above, and are not grounded. Harmonic problems have been solved by adding inductance in series with the capacitor bank, ‘thus creating an L-C filter to divert the dominant ‘harmonic currents from the distribution system, [11}. This precludes amplification of the harmon: ies, and the possibility of destructive currents, of those frequencies oscillating between the capacl- tor banks and the power system. In a majority of SVG applications, a trans- former is used to connect the relatively low- voltage thyristor to the high-voltage supply lines.exe, (3 9.1900 Differential protection of this transformer, the ‘SVG, and the low-voltage bus are often provided. Backup protective relaying for the SVG is usually provided just like any other apparatus on the power system. A first consideration is whether to trip the entire SVG in the event of an internal fault, or to arrange for a number of protective zones within the SVG. For example, a failure in one of the ‘harmonic filters may only require tripping that branch, provided that particular harmonic cur- rent, flowing in the external system for a period ‘of time, does not cause additional problems such as resonance with the remaining filters. ‘Also, consideration should be given for backup protection. Since the SVG control provides the basic protective functions for all components of the SVG, including the auxiliaries, backup protec: ton for electrical faults in the main components should be sufficient. Basically, this is 60 Hz fault current protection for phases and ground. As previously stated, this may require individual protection subsystems to obtain desired sensitiv- ity and to provide flexibility in system operation. Any relays used, of course, should be coordinated ‘with the SVG's control system's protective func: tions. Finally, the protection engineer might examine the characteristics of the SVG to determine if they could adversely influence the protective relaying existing in the utility system external to the SVG. ‘The most obvious and unique characteristic of the SVG is the generation of harmonic currents In general, the low level of harmonics passed into the power system (normally about 4% maximum fas a composite of all harmonics) should not, influence the protective relaying. However, spe- cific cases may need to be examined, especially ‘those where harmonics are used for either re straint or operation of the relay. For example, transformer differential relays use harmonic re- straint to prevent operation during inrush condi tions, In terms of operating current, a minimum ‘75% second harmonic content is’ required to restrain some relays. (In these relays, however, the majority of applications use 15% minimum.) "This is more than the SVG would produce in the transformer for the typical case. [tis unlikely that any existing relaying system will operate falsely ‘due to harmonics generated by the SVG with proper filtering. ‘The SVG can be applied to control each phase independently. If operated in this mode, phase ‘currents may be unbalanced, thus producing nega- a IEEE GUIDE POR THE PROTECTION OF Live sequence currents. Some percentage of nega tive sequence current will appear in generators and, if itis high enough, it may be detected by negative sequence relays. It may be prudent, therefore, to check the magnitude and distribu- tdon of unbalance currents for typical operating conditions if this control mode is used. 9.2 HVDC Converter Station Filters. All HVDC converter installations need a reactive power supply. Reactive power from power capacitors is ‘the most economical, and they can act as a shunt filter with the addition of tuning reactors at a ‘modest additional cost. These filters, which are connected to the ac side of the HVDC converter station, are typically tuned for the Lith and 13ch harmonic, plus a high-pass filter [21]. Older ‘schemes also require filters tuned for the 5th and 7th harmonic. Protection of the filter banks is accomplished by using the same protection methods as for shunt capacitor banks. However, the filtering requirements for the unbalance relays can be more demanding, Voltage of the filter capacitors should be rated high enough to allow for the effect of the har- ‘monic current flowing in the capacitor bank [22] Capacitor voltage rating is the arithmetic sum of the fundamental and harmonie voltage across the capacitor yi) + ly XH) voltage rating of the capacitor fundamental current current of the harmonic to which it is tuned = fundamental reactance 2X, = reactance of the harmonic to which itis tuned Where both power factor correction capacitor banks and thyristor power supplies are used on the same power system, the capacitor banks may resonate with the system inductance at harmonic frequencies generated by the thyristors. The resulting amplification of system harmonic volt- ‘ages and currents can create detrimental effects ‘on the power system, as well as in the station ‘equipment, Capacitor banks and capacitor unit fuses may fail when excessive harmonic currents, oscillate between the capacitor bank and the power system.SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS 10. Capacitor Bank Equipment Considerations 10.1 Capacitor Bank Switching Devices. Capac- itor switching devices require special attention since more severe switching duties exist for the Interruption of shunt capacitor banks than for other forms of switching The various devices that, may be used for capacitor switching include the following. Circuit Breakers _Interrupter Switches Air ou ‘Air-magnetie SF on Vacuum, SF Vacuum Reference should be made to IEEE C37.04-1979 [5], ANSI C37.06-1987 [1], and IEEE C37.012. 1979 (R 1988) [4] for rating and application information. All capacitor switching devices should be ap- plied within their maximum voltage, frequency, and current ratings, including transient inrush current and frequency. Since capacitors can be ‘operated continuously at up to 10% above the capacitor rated voltage, the switching device should have at least this voltage rating. The current rating of the switching device should include the effects of system overvoltage 2.10), capacitor-unit tolerance (1.05 to 1.15), and harmonics (1.05 for ungrounded capacitor bank, 1.10 for grounded eapacitor bank). It is usually considered adequate to use a total mul- Liplier of 125 for ungrounded operation, and 1.35 for grounded operation. Most switching devices are derated, for capacitor switching duties, to a ‘value well below their continuous current rating ‘An important consideration involving applica- tion of cireuit breakers or circuit switchers for capacitor switching is the transient overvoltage that may be generated by restrikes during the ‘opening operation. At current zero, the eapacitor is left charged to nearly full peak line voltage. Very little recovery voltage appears across the switching device contacts at this instant and the capacitance-current arc is usually interrupted at the first current zero after the switching device contacts open. After interruption, the normal frequency alternation of the voltage on the source side of the switching device results in a recovery voltage across the open contacts, ¥ cycle later, approaching twice the peak line voltage (refer to exe coro. 1000 Fig 14(a)). If a breakdown were to occur at Te in Fig 14(b), the capacitor voltage immediately attempts to equalize with the system voltage, but the circuit is oscillatory and, at the first peak of the transient, the eapacitor voltage will overshoot by an amount nearly equal to the difference between the two voltages immediately prior to the restrike. Ifthe current is interrupted at the first high-frequency current zero (Ty), the tran- sient voltage peak is trapped on the capacitor bank The recovery voltage reaches a value greater than that following the first interruption, but the contacts have moved farther apart, and the build up of dielectric strength may prevent additional restrikes, If the gap between the open contacts breaks down less than 4 cycle after a current zero, the amplitude of the voltage oscillation will’ not exceed the normal transient voltage that occurs when the bank is first energized. This is defined as a relgnition rather than a restrike, In Fig 14(b), the restrike is shown to occur a full % cycle after current interruption, This is the worst possible condition for the first restrike because the recovery voltage has reached its maximum and the resultant surge voltage can, ‘theoretically, reach three times normal line-to ground crest voltage. In actual practice, it seldom exceeds 2% times normal. Additional restrikes ean produce higher crest voltages, and the sudden voltage changes and high frequency oscillations may produce other relatively higher voltages else where on the system, Therefore, it is desirable to limit restrikes, or the voltage phenomenon result- Ing from them, in order to protect the entire system. Under special circuit arrangements, it may be possible for some switching devices to interrupt the transient current eaused by a prestrike when energizing a capacitor bank. The resulting tran- sient, when the contacts close, ean produce overvoltages In a station where large capacitor banks are connected to a common bus, it may be prudent to verify that the transient capacitor discharge cur. rent into a nearby fault does not exceed the capa- bility of any circuit breakers or circuit switchers connected to the bus. The peak discharge current of an individual capacitor bank for a 60 Hz sys- tem is ta son, [Se 1s (EREDpeak discharge current, amperes farads hhenrys (total inductance, capacitor bank to fault) Vu, = line-to-tine voltage, kV ‘Transient inrush currents through a switching deviee, in addition to involving the contact capa- bility, ‘may also cause secondary flashover of bushing current transformers (BCT). The voltage developed in the secondary circuit is propor tional to the frequency and magnitude of the transient inrush current: BCT secondary __ transient current (crest) voltage (crest) “ “BCT ratio X current transformer burden reactance (at 60 Hz) transient frequency ‘system frequency [NOTE: The current transformer bardenrestanceis the sum ofthe reatances of the curren transformer, ead, ad the ay. x ‘The switching equipment manufacturer should be consulted if the dl/dt or crest values of the inrush currents exceed the limits specified in Tables 1A through 8A of ANSI C37.06-1987 [1] 102 Inrush Control Devices. The energizing of ‘a capacitor bank will result in a transient inrush current. The magnitude and frequency of this Jnrush current isa function ofthe applied voltage (Point on the voltage wave at closing), the capac: tance of the cireuit, the inductance ofthe eireuit, the intial charge of the capacitor bank at the Instant of closing, and the damping ofthe circuit due to closing resistors or other resistance in the circuit. See Appendix D for inrush current calcu lations. The transient inrush current t0 a single io lated bank s less than the available shortcircult ‘current atthe capacitor location. Since a switch. ing device should meet the momentary current requirement of the system, transient inrush cur- rent is nota limiting factor in applying switching devices on isolated capacitor banks However, the ‘momentary rating of other switching devices not intended for fault current interruption should be checked. When capacitor banks are switched backto: back (one or more energized when another is [EEE GUIDE FOR THE PROTECTION OF ‘connected to the same bus), transient currents of high magnitude and high frequency may flow between the banks on closing of the switching device, or in the event of a restrike on opening. ‘The oscillatory current is limited only by the impedance of the capacitor banks and the cireuit between them. The transient current usually decays to zero in a fraction of aeyele ofthe power frequency. The component supplied by the power source is usually so small that it may be neglected, ‘The magnitude of inrush current, and its sub- sequent effects to a switched capacitor bank, may be greatly reduced by use of series reactors, or a capacitor switching device furnished with prein- sertion resistors or inductors. When used for daily switehing of back-to-back capacitor banks, the life of the switching device contacts can be extended by increasing the inductance between ‘banks. This lowers the inrush current below the ‘maximum allowable level to reduce contact ero- sion. However, for a given reduction in transient current, the preinsertion resistor is more effective in reducing the transient overvoltage. ‘The phenomenon of inrush to a single switched shunt capacitor bank, and to a bank switched back-to-back with a parallel energized bank or ‘banks, has been discussed in 5.1. Ina given appli- cation, the currents and voltages associated with inrush to a capacitor bank may precipitate unde- sirable resonant effects with other parts of the system, induce hazardous surges in station con: trol cable, and cause interference with communi ‘cation facilities in the area. Closing resistors or inductors on the bank switching device, or current-limiting reactors Installed in series with a switched capacitor bank, will serve to alter the frequency of the inrush transients, and reduce the magnitude of the transients. The reactors applied should have a sufficiently high baste impulse level (BIL) rating so that gaps or surge arresters, required for reac: tor protection, will not short out the reactors ‘during energization of the capacitor bank. In back-to-back switching applications, the addition of even a minimal amount of inductance between banks will significantly reduce the mag nitude of inrush currents flowing from the ener sized bank‘) to the bank being energized, Grounded-¥ shunt capacitor banks, as well as other substation equipment capable of generat- ing or transmitting high-frequency transients to the ground mat, should be installed as far away as practical from the control building and cable trenches,SHUNT CAPACITOR BANS 10.3 Surge Arresters, Lightning surges and the switching of capacitors can result in significant system overvoltages. In regions where the light ning activity is high, or in applications where the capacitor bank is switched many times daily, surge arresters may be applied at the capacitor bank to limit these transient overvoltages. The ability of the surge arrester to dissipate energy that results during capacitor switching opera- tions is of particular importance to assure proper surge arrester selection. Prestrike and/or re- strikes in the capacitor bank switching device _generally cause the highest transient overvoltages, particularly for isolated banks. Significant tran- sient overvoltages can also occur at the capacitor bank due to surge magnification of resonant circuits on the power system associated with ‘switching of a remote capacitor bank, cable, or transmission line. Metal-oxide type surge arrest- cers are generally better than silicon-carbide type arresters because they usually have a higher ‘energy duty for the same arrester rating, and typically absorb less energy per transient event. 104 Voltage Sensing Devices. Ifa voltage trans- former, capacitor-coupled voltage transformer, ‘or potential device, connected from the bank neutral to ground, is used for unbalance detec: n, it should be capable of withstanding switch ing surge voltages of 0.5 to 24 times system ;phase-to-neutral voltage without saturation [14] At higher system voltages, higher ratio voltage transformers are required, The use of these higher ratio VTs can make the neutral voltage unbalance detection methods become very insensitive. Spe I relaying techniques may be required (see 78) 10.5 Current Sensing Devices. A reasonably conservative voltage rating for the neutral cur. rent transformer to withstand the surge voltages appearing at the bank neutral is 0.2 times the system line-to-ground voltage [18]. However, CTs rated 0.1 of system voltage have been applied without trouble. On small banks, these CTs are often wound primary types with low ratios. Dur ing switching, the bank neutral transient voltage rise can stress the insulation across the CTs ‘wound primary. It ean also stress the insulation between the case, which is usually grounded to a local support structure, and the secondary wind- ing due to the fact that the secondary neutral is usually grounded at the remote end (ie, at the relay location) for safety reasons, Although the voltage stress between the grounded case and the 45 exe, 379011990 secondary winding could be eliminated by ground- ing the secondary circuit at the CT location, this {is not recommended. To do so would impress the bank transient potential rise on the secondary cable and present hazardous voltages at the relay location. Generally, the secondary winding ean withstand these short duration transients with: out difficulty. Also, coupling of this transient voltage to the secondary cable can be greatly reduced by routing the cable closely parallel to the primary ground conduetor down to the ground mat and then closely paralleling the ground mat conductors en route to the relay location. In special instances where excessive neutral transient. voltages are encountered, it may be necessary to insulate the transformer ‘case from the local ground to allow connection of. ‘one side of the secondary winding to the trans former case. This approach will eliminate the stress between the secondary winding and the core and will increase the stress between the pri mary winding and the core. However, the primary Insulation can generally be expected to be more robust than the secondary insulation, To protect the primary winding insulation of a wound primary CT, it is common practice to install a rod gap of Ya to téc in. connected directly across the primary terminals. This will limit the voltage impressed across the winding and prevent primary turn-to-turn breakdown. A low-voltage surge arrester (varistor) should be ‘connected across the secondary terminals to pro- tect the secondary winding from turn-to-turn breakdown. This device should be insulated from local ground, again to avoid impressing the bank transient potential on the secondary circuit. The surge arrester should be chosen to limit the CT secondary voltage to coordinate with the secon: dary circuit insulation voltage rating, Nonsimultaneous making and breaking times of the three poles ofthe capacitor bank switching device may allow full phase current to flow in the neutral current transformer and relay during the switching time. This current can flow for an indef- initely long period of time if one or two poles of the bank switching device fail to operate. For this reason, itis important to select the ratio of the neutral current transformer to result in a secon- dary current of not more that 104 with full capacitor line current in the primary. 10.6 Surge Protection. The transient current circulating in a capacitor bank during switching ‘is accompanied by an electromagnetic field that ccan induce transient overvoltages in associatedEE, 90.1000 apparatus, control systems, and cables. This sec- tion will discuss the techniques that experience has shown to be effective in minimizing the effects of these transients, It is well documented that the switching of ‘capacitive currents produces transients that are ‘markedly different from those produced by other power system switching operations [12]. In the cease of capacitor bank switching, the differences (2) Highly damped, non-oscilatory, transient- current pulses are produced when pre- insertion resistors are employed in the bank switching device. Peak currents range from 1000 to 3000 A. The rise time is about Is and the fall time is about 600 us. Initial dl/dt is about 3000 A ys. ‘When the main contacts of the capacitor bbank switching device close, shorting the pre-insertion resistor, oscillatory transient currents carrying a frequency of 1000 Hz to 20000 Hz, a peak current of 1000 to 2500 A, and a subsequent dl/dt of about 100 A/us are produced. If resistor pre-insertion is not employed, the transient will be oscillatory at frequen- cies in the range of 1000 to 20 000 Hz and. ‘the initial d1/at will be about the same as with resistor pre-insertion; 1000 A/s. However, the peak current will be much eater. A typical value is 25000 A crest ‘Similar transient current components can be superimposed on 60 Hz fault current waveforms for faults in the bank, for bus faults in the station, and for close-in line faults. pre insertion inductors are utilized, peak transient currents are generally less than 3000 A. The oscillatory frequency is on the “order of several hundred hertz. The maxi ‘mum dI/dt is, therefore, less than 10 A/us, One source [3] has pointed out that additional very high-frequency switehing transients of sev- eral megahertz (due to traveling waves on the capacitor bank bus) will also be produced and superimposed on the transients already described. ‘This is similar, if not identical, to the transients generated by switching a length of HV bus with a disconnect switch. The rate of change of the current, dl/dt, is a Useful indicator of the potential for inducing interference in nearby control circuits. @ @ @ NOTE: Athough switching with preinserton resistors re > Fy) (E48) Approximation of Bq 5 yields for F; = 1 and and P>> Fy vw Wary + 107 ly = (a9) 182. Equations for Ungrounded Y Banks Va = ae (Bq 10) tara ESB (&q11) Va = ites ?-F) (ea12) ava = ME Va = spas Ry bam (@q13) Pains = Fy 2AGS=2) (&q 15) BS. Equations for Ungrounded Double ¥ Bank with Neutrals Tied Together In = Jo. BSP ASR, (Bq 17)= a Vis Fy 1168-5 Yuo = Gg(p¢F,) BF, (B18) Pgs = Fy ESRB) (eq 19) Table BI 60 Hz Fault Current and Voltage with One Unit Shorted _ Voitage on Bach Remaining Group in Seree ‘With Faulted Group (Eq 20) (Eq 21) (Eq 22) (Eq 23) Double Ungrounded ws = Ear (Eq 25) the current the system lneto ground fault curet. ae = ckvar +10? _ 2.65 kvar Cet ye ye F Energy = CV? = 2.65 X kvard (W's) 2.65 X kvar J (Ws) (fa26) V = msv eanAppendix C Equations for Effect of Inherent Unbalances (Refer to Appendix A for symbol definitions.) Table C1 is intended as a rule of thumb for on the displacement. signal of various. bank determining the effect of inherent unbalances protection schemes. ‘Table Cl Effect of Inherent Unbalance on Displacement Signal ‘Shunt Capecitor tect of Capacitor fect of System Voltage Ellet of System Voltage Bank Configuration ‘Manufacturing Tolerances" Magnitude Changes Phase Angle Change V9 (ein 2) v = PV (in 2) vary Ve Grounded ¥ with Neuteal Curent a Sensing (AV ie )Pevarw PoE ute (PoP aE Ungrounded ¥ AC+Vi8 with Neutral Potentist = Vg = “>cYH@. Benri = AV ue aga mo = 2% Yue = 26m $) V0 Ungrounded Double ¥ wrth Neutral Differential Potential Sensing y= so Ungrounded Double ¥ swith Nevtrat Differential Potential Sensing Avan = 0 Vw Grounded ¥ with Differential Potentiat Eencing Avra = 0 Avie = 57THIS PAGE WAS BLANK IN THE ORIGINAL‘Appendix D Inrush Current and Frequency for Switching Capacitor Banks D1. Energizing an Isolated Bank imax (A) = 1.41 VTgeoT, vE ae eat FE uvi.-10 /B = 190 / eat ton) =, /He 108 an Vise D2. Energizing a Bank with Another on the Same Bus teat) = 99 /E War req Ui *T2) Co bank capacitance (uF) Ls system inductance (uH) f system frequency (Hz) eq total equivalent inductance per phase between expacitor banks (i!) 1, toad current of capacitor bank being ‘switched (A) WV, finetorine voltage (kV) K¥ig line to-ground voltage (KV) 59 kvar, 8g kVA of capacitor bank being switched h load current of capacitor bank already energized (A) var, 3p KVA of capacitor bank already energized, jigmax peak current without damping (actual value about 90%) vere kvar, + kvary Ig symmetrical rms short circuit cur- rent (A) NOTE: Above expressions for inrush current apply ‘nly for energizing ancharged capacitors Ifeapactors ite charged, at during retrke serous an interrupting ‘etch, the invush eurent may be twice these values. D3. Typical Values of Inductance Between Capacitor Banks (ANSI/IEEE C37012-1979) Rated Inductance ‘Typical Maximum per Phase Capacitor Bank Voltage of Bus Inductance avy (unite) (aH) 15.5and 0.214 5 below 38.0 0.238 5 48.3 0.256 10 725 0.256 10 121.0 0.261 10 145.0 0.281 10 169.0 0.268 10 242.0 0.285 10