What is Wavelet Analysis ? And...what is a wavelet...? VV oh Sine Wave Wavelet (db10) A wavelet is a waveform of effectively limited duration that has an average value of zero.Need for Compression: > Transmission and storage of uncompressed video would be extremely costly and impractical > Frame with 352x288 contains 202,752 bytes of info. > Recoding of uncompressed version of this video at 15 frames per second would require 3 MB. One minute> 180 MB storage. One 24-hour day>262GB > Using compression, 15 frames/second for 24 hour> 1.4 GB, 187 days of video could be stored using the same disk space that uncompressed video would use in one day.Discrete Wavelet Transform: > The wavelet transform (WT) has gained widespread acceptance in signal processing and image compression. > Because of their inherent multi-resolution nature, wavelet-coding schemes are especially suitable for applications where scalability and _ tolerable degradation are important > Recently the JPEG committee has released its new image coding standard, JPEG-2000, which has been based upon DWT.Compression Example: A two dimensional (image) compression, using 2D wavelets analysis. The image is a Fingerprint. FBI uses a wavelet technique to compress its fingerprints database.Result Original Image Compressed Image iii RANMA EES pees Threshold: 3.5 a a Zeros: 42% a ie Retained 2 2 energy: | | 99.95% mo! ane ete Tw AUS Keys om) 3Construction: > We can construct discrete WT via iterated (octave- band) filter banks > The analysis section is illustrated below: [ Lat-@ vevela Lave tn He Ly m |-Gd} evelConstruction by ICs 256416217 DRAM ‘FIELD STORE) ORAM, MANAGER, WAVELET DiGtTA iciraL, FILTERS, . Host uo CcOMPONEN becimatoR, fue PORT VIDEO 10 AND INTER AND FIFO POLATOR ON-CHIP RENSFORM BUFFER ‘A wawelet-processng chip from Analog Devices offers video-compression ratios as great as 350-10-1.Visual Comparison fa) (b) (a (a) Original Image256x256Pixels, 24-BitRGB (b) JPEG (DCT) Compressed with compression ratio 43: 1(c) JPEG2000 (DWT) Compressed with compression ratio 43:1Performance: » Peak Signal to Noise ratio used to be a measure of image quality . >The PSNR between two images having 8 bits per pixel or sample in terms of decibels (dBs) is given by: PSNR = 10 log,9(s*5) -mean square error (MSE) > Generally when PSNR is 40 dB or greater, then the original and the reconstructed images are virtually indistinguishable by human observers .Implementation Complexity: »The complexity of calculating wavelet transform depends on the length of the wavelet filters, which is at least one multiplication per coefficient. > EZW, SPHIT use floating-point demands longer data length which increase the cost of computation. > Lifting scheme>a new method compute DWT using integer arithmetic. >» DWT has been implemented in hardware such as ASIC and FPGA.Advantage Future video/image compression > Improved low bit-rate compression performance > Improved lossless and lossy compression > Improved continuous-tone and bi-level compression Transmission in noisy environments » Robustness to bit-errors > Progressive transmission by pixel accuracy and resolution > Protective image securityDisadvantages: The cost of computing DWT as compared to DCT may be higher. The use of larger DWT basis functions or wavelet filters produces blurring and ringing noise near edge regions in images or video frames » Longer compression time » Lower quality than JPEG at low compression ratesApplications: » Image communications and image data base > Video-surveillance systems. > High Quality videos with smaller size. » All the areas in which storage is matter of concern. > Application in denoising.2-D WT Example aa Boats image WTin 3 levelsWT-Application in Denoising Boats image Noisy image (additive Gaussian noise)WT-Application in Denoising Boats image Denoised image using hard thresholdingConclusion: > Wavelet-based coding provides substantial improvement in picture quality at low bit rates. > Interaction of harmonic analysis with data compression, joint source channel coding, image coding based on models of human perception, scalability robustness, error resilience, and complexity are a few of the many outstanding challenges in image coding to be fully resolved and may affect image data compression performance in the years to come.