BYZANTION Revos IyTemuTionas oes ETuors Byzantines Orgone de a Saceté beige tudes byzantnes TOME Lill (1983) to ota= 3 2 é oz} gag eo* 393 BSB 2 ‘THE BYZANTINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM Several ofthe Byzantine chronicles ané Consaine VI Posph rogenits give tas ground for ceasure agains the Emperor ‘Mice I 842-67 AD) thet he ordered the dananing othe enon system Wake gave waning inthe apa f ole ATID ‘movements on te extern font in Clie The story. whith robatiy only yer aginst hi. posta chad was busy Wil Sneath horse aces in whic he Won) when te tech eats tO thecty indatd tat an Arab aon had taken pose Sos otto Upset the eos forthe nxt dey he srmsned hath Bescon ‘Soul ot operate tencfarth “The amount of el gen by the Sources varie, but the fll strcunstanal acount ofthe stem Is given Oy the cone of PreudoSymeon cere to ence as "Pseudo Syec Tor eo veiene) The text ofthe fase in question io alow) ethan Ale & Qonlnin respnns myn, fist liv anton glia Et a sige a ‘Ses 2 oe sun wo nna Re 1 Tape aay 1 'G fapm fn lor hares, Seer ype BM Re Ti el ron oe Mie tn, 10. tee Pm Hane ai i PS bose uti nme a ay yoy a ay an Stain ye tat loys yf crm Ba ie lt eli ig era ob Bb ats an sty be Sot SD song ee, ‘ses eb nin be pi lw asm a Se Seis Mma, wien ba oy wile ly et to rots Tl Lyn Any Ape andr on ade un nap mle An, et rt Mauve al fas 6 pots Mi, Pisin Ain tne aay ak a ‘sn tating Spanos bt te pap. nes os Pond Moth ie coneae 3 omty inhanes teeae ‘Es be Th tas ids rag ‘ne rash tle pos Br eo th Piloper. wo deame bop of Thassos, cing ey fo te emperor Topi, mae oso wis whch woes wth ste Toe one he st pn he eres nCein aro Tats dhe eter ws kepn he Paes Tho ha mae om tem squat our what geo Si Friston fan Arab a al en ps ta aunt our if was war gas bor 2 if res er! an ‘thc habe mace ty reaengeilogur Sra tes inde yt the Benen wae meaty pase on om Ue frst ovln te he man othe hl Avs nd ‘othe of Mam Thence Roi :ton Mansions teil 2S" Xacti es he Pe seers So te emptor Mechel Was Sing hae rca Wat mh when the acon ince an Ars oh Ba oe the ‘eects sl fe ary he nex soma ach Leo te Pisopher s none abe tn te profesor aso known 4s the Mathematian. the oubtanding seni scholar ede, fSnlemporary of Phot He har ofen been stibuted wi te0 rr inveton ofthe fase deve, tah the hyali thone the ‘esha te with ss ids athe rtring lens and eile whch ovis sich an imprese stig forte Emperor a he Masnaite Pale. though hepresuaiy Roe hawt flo the instucons inthe west of Hero of Alan on Byral sed Inecanis, We ae. howeter.conamed hee with Leo's bese sam mere than Loo ll “he other soundest inte syste. in Theopbanes Consnuatis,Constatine Porphyrogenits Ue Corona) Sy 5, George Cedrens and Zonare te bie all have le ‘esl pra refltion no dou ofthe como ground of te Breanne shonits for much of thr stra No the See sides Poeso-Symeon meats et Leos he vente ot ‘Spor. snd in ech there ae sal aia inthe ares ‘avon ports, We shal looker atthe sures ane dflerenee rena tem wert i comes tthe report of what Mice! Id with beacons an t wht tine ey the mesa came hes {Constantine Porhyregentis©), beloe easing the Bena system sys the flowing helio it Cv Nae ea it a al Ua ne kcetch irae Retcemarea eae, uf Ayia evans ie Rf a a rt Boye Dau Lil UL 6 Pe ‘ori: Ir Es hiya He et mnt ee cm veer Ge rN bora. ‘ee NT as wa sete m1 a ty iio aero rba, seh ot is res are ah Tolls i dln tmnt cay Ss "Sv nah el vere geo al bt spneee ‘st atuinan tir marca bdier ‘Nom since baying your ahr nl ings. you ave ey ‘sud ston fhe npr ary expense Ox te tthe Wet down fr ou tleapropste it Wests epi Tor your insrcibn norte str he expen tht how be emperor tole oan enemy vaso at pend ‘vai han yt of een an rs whih alse th ‘Tre nortan pot here hat the mesg tive a Constan Lope in ene lee ~ bi Alte the deta ofthe Beacon, ‘Consantins goes on ad some Saal of how the mesage Ws scl with anes seabed Consannee lent, 4 peerings 1 a eda not pp laps Bl a ak ‘fuss epee ie ei 2a sige ip 12 Band tntnea Ty Si Sts oe Fiero si stan noire aed ei ‘she enone, nnd Wo fe al Sneed tor depts pus Soh lp We, Poses (rr foes are yi The Enpeor went ots farm Pylon te Ino ily ands comands the rst tei ta om te ‘ranand an waned forte emperor at Py, When somone undies ofthe Hao Erp. te emperor wanes2 pares ‘To is we might ad that Theophanes Continua sya the ‘spotng ofthe message Was the duty of te sos a of of ‘he Imps Palace “Taophanes Connon says tht Misael ordered the beacons rhe Cy not to belt encore sos miners gy ‘reas geist) Skye (- Cedreno) ewe oper the he ‘nly curated the ghting of the bescons newest the capil esta ote oni exe 9 Ba yore el (Cairo hac Tis perags the ato the ta ess "sh astn an hs artthan te peortve scsout the Cronies Sehaly sugges. Zonas ako speak of a bin te Beane ‘otto “There ae wo aspects to the Becon Systm: 0 the beacons ‘henehes: the method ef aeration ofthe ystems, The re as en vege already, ut he inter sens ne ove bot sven mich hugh Fist however we should conse the Seah (ofthe sng of the Bescon es (0 Tae Beco The sary wasning 9sem consisted of ow of nine Beskons beginning a2 pur nthe Tarun moun whch commend 2 ‘ew ofthe roads and pases north of Tarts and ening at Con Stotnole right nent to te Paice on te Pho Waters Were ngage at eich beacon but the Ast to obvere totaly tie Devious beacon ss the cin atthe csermos ean the Araoe Uemeias were watched. At each endef chi, Loon tn ie sss and Contaptisopie in he wert Seley oF tmelese of Someson was kept th Wo aloes waked gehen soe Way "nd were capped with marks Wich inden cera mssgee “The cen of the beacon chain andthe sae of eth beacon were worked ut by Ramsay atthe ead of the I century. He ‘ised Loulon ona thousand fot peak above span oa town {eet above ss level na postion conan the ps a fonds 18) Decoys Cares SH. 19,429. bane te Clean Gates and Tyan. noth of Faustnoplis and ‘Sid har soins yf the ores of th te Tusk in of ‘Uruk at Pork Prstinoelis hs een sented ore vce) ‘ure arth as te now abendona vilage of agg Fro the ‘now known ceatguation ofthe rags tom Padua to Tyane ‘ne via Favtinopot one va Tyna, Louloe woul tr aye at between Fausinnpolis and Aguae Cale, whee both ond are ‘commanded and an Acab dvoid up the Tyna cute Would ot tuve ben mist Tiss the vew taken by tld He pits ou tat Ramsay esto Wil ot work sng Bot posse to ban the rcesy view to the eat Beacon which. with Raman. he aes os Hasan Dass (tcf ie). id peter Laon south of Faust ops Basak about ¢ mies north of Ca Ta 8 als om ‘251 of Pork butwern Gana and Gell on anoles peak {6500 fat higher which Hie above the ther rides of te Tauris In ts region and pote an eal iw over the road vou ‘he Gian Gates and north-west o Haan Dt the second Bescon, ‘Ruins of Byzanane own have ben found he. Ramsay oes on {0 sy that i'ma Fave been captured or some tine at 782 A.D. a held un at eae 311; However, rm the campaigrs of HirialRash io 408 ay secouned by ‘Theophany it S robblethal Lulon was nos major pat at hades he ds ‘ot enon wih ote aptte places Me cet Ud ake one fad i then enjoyed ts lter mmporanes i sonatniion therfore may only dt alter R06, In Arte the place known ssLvia Cpe oe (Anata Sw poaegoon p10 anes nap ppt 1867 AA Cent tpg Abb 22 Mesut Sone nam aon a ‘Suter aecraty sce F Raw aoe Keane caneAtal evens it was bck n Byung hands not by them to Mami in 8320 We next her of fit AHL 245 (th apr, S50: March. 860), when the conemporsry Tabar whose county the lest gs that he inhabit preven thas owernor fom entering the ty Tor thity days. The Emer “Michel ihe se bogey-aan wn topped the beans working in ur Byzantine chonyes set them 9 Pttcan std hound snus to surende: Lowe to Bm. Thy awed the paca Tope Tor the town ui, on ecving thle Poy te surtendered him to Balke Geen 27th Febary td 27h March, 860 The envoy Was hen hen awe) and ipso. Ase "unsom the enpecr ofeted hand muskiman pesones, Then, ‘im AGH 246 (25t)Mren. 460 16t March, Bol) ay Arad en tryed at Constatinople Before lng Tabara fete ecu ‘his envoy.» eputlon aed ie capil rom Laon They ‘si tha hey wished Io adept Cstaniy and come overt the Emperor's ide. Meanie the Atub envoy was owed fo fur noni. Bat when te emperor heard tht Lon had ised hs Fatah envoy and suivendered tothe Araby he ened in egotinons betwen he nen of Lovlon andthe Arb ewoy. Thin ‘eed inte exchange of prisons already meronod thos Ce umber involved were the hun ripe hee This coxuted seta ao oy XN gp HEnree ce in SG Se, ni Fehon he Lac hy ha {Siena Tat 86. 13.0 6 B03 A Cores ts ‘a BG ee ae aa Hep paseo en i Std ne oes en Ses bat ay Bi Vat SLE ie meoree r wamne oH us er beween 27h Apia 25 May. 860 of bacen 24 Jy Sn 225d Aus ofthe Sve yar "asi has undestood this pasge to mean that Loutn Was ip Byzanume hands again n B60 aba tha the governor whom the inutiants prevented fom entering the place was te Byeabe fovernor However Tata does rot ay" that Lou fad SByranine governor, inde he imps that tere was an Ar feveror fo oud ave been et fron Taras) Faster the fact {har the deputation fem Loulon which bad stone Savon opulaion punted by Ue Aras) spoke of dese to spt rsa implies tba the ikabans were Must, oa nse mastery Aro subjects at he Use. The Emperor In seblng {pasion covey. a high-ranking logothete, anda promise of Imoney. war evenly aiming fo pth rom ihe Tsing at Loulon Souinet i rab mast ot is fot mite nthe en Took at tough Tabiris scent may have miseainly eombined to Sours. The sory makes best sense Ive see Ihe Sequence a ftows 4) The Ara envoy anves t Constniaape (i) The iatitans of Loulon reise te edit their fevemor beau they have nol Been pal) The send 9 fepuain to Constntnopic offering te Fores town othe EEmperoe and to acept Chistanuy. (iv The Emperor. Keeping tbe Arb envoy waiting the wie Sends a ego witha offer ef ane) if We ibis, wil aver oe pce oi (1 Tae men of Loui get pal bythe Arabs, acep ii Arab governor and handover te foam tothe Arabs (01 The Emperor then beprsaepotattons with che Arab eo¥oy a Cou and actangs for Masi prisoner tobe exchange For his togotete ‘This was done and Lovlon tenis in Ata anc We should hus so this & plated revolt against not the Byzanines but the Araby and should understand at Laon ws SI In Arab hands sn 83878600), OF cusses ry bave Ben6 > eran nd ymin tl eer oe an hs a ~ et reece fs sin poplin would spe» ed Sse of aes which had ext for some me epost the Bacon chin at pet Bae tae ‘er 2 ad pra ntl ning tee ofa 8. 65 te tan Wondrous have teen worn be aid net hve Sopp hem However. esa Se hae este tty spin wat eevee Leon ea Byaamine tags The reason fo: ft sopping te yc bet sso ave be ecu ne pan eur ek sues by tones wort nde te sce Misca yene "igo ton hs naman ior ule en ley ‘choement. A prude explnaon for tie aston of he teens be und in ihe be iy of Fea oe he Ars atPoen 83 perhaps thre wong ek te ed fc herp lntlgece of A avemensfr te apay intents ofthe ay of the spl wich es ipl Cer {hose Geamstancs Mics] may meme hate need The {esos ah cp whch what wre of te wore tee {tin oendoSjeen ei) fe not oh pete te CGhepurouafvn ore may have aben ese frase And pt imo cla serge The dene of heater cul be {ted te Anson ary Te Bae vdeo ee ring sues on the roms snc Laon vanced ial i 0877 whe ne Seppo eed tla he ‘Nab gover of Tamu again Bch the) hal na ted fam iti a eg ae tora a opr toa anh uri Thebtaing ‘Bilerico pre noi Ek {cor ia can ean gin 8 Bane Le nit are ES ce aan {Meo Lae WL tet WS, aos lh ‘Sees mut be wrng tte. he avs nds a es evens hc nr i 1 roan ty wanna sO oo money ohm, he ie enue it had been exproprited by the Trans, themselves i ele. The story isin To ALA. Who fomments that the Jost of Loulon to the Byzanins Wis the ‘Seon of Tarsus baie at le a ibone the enemys filet snd the Romar eld make no sly hy land or sea sihout tring son fom ths fossa being immediatly Herald 1 the rats, Though Loulon can hardly have ben a fokout post os, ‘We here hae cidene tat the Arabs somehow mae ss the [eacon stem in everse ("According to Ramsey Lolon ws tl Under Byzantine conte. 900s remained ao tthe Takis Conquest ia the Lae sleventh coma ‘A forthe saond beacon be ented es gydag fl as Haan Dag. ata height of 10673 feat above he la o Lykaonia to he north-west of Lovin. Howeves might fave hon pected Tha te releance would be tthe we know Mount Ares. rey Dad. volcano stunding 12 868 fae shove wea level by ‘Casea Nata Kayser. Ts north ores! of Loulon a Ramsay evenly exch i as bens 2 bea isin the wrone “reo for a mesage wavelig fo Consantnape. Ye deasion oes ct mate $0 much as eae and sped of sing for ths arose I cou be tat the exesfen rishi i inde 20) teth fom ane of Mount Argnevs woule mean tat the ira end umet hou 12, Likewse the ours of darks were dvds sto {2 ngh hours fom suet 0 Se of ino oor wach These hou sald ih lengh cording to theme of yea. By ho | Paso Symean ea he frst hoor afer sun by dy) oe afer se iby ig ‘ue modern hour sytem rly the temporey ur ste fo ‘vo dys inthe yea oly th equine fateh 21s. Saber 2rd, when the periods from suns to sue a roam se 1 ‘soe ech au hl he period from ene nson the hex Each Pig. stnrie wo suse and sel tonite, divided a teve 'o fcr ap hour The day house the righ Ros te hence eq {and the two serie of tte form ‘ogee Te twonoee ‘tual hour ‘The provion of watts det Hot help decide any beter stb iy or nit temporary hous se mest Nigh esse ‘eit may acer more protble with wateraacks, na gh the Sui could note aad ond thie byes fo ul Yet Say i dese aways sine apd water lock wou be ead ot 4 djl Yo a sured for an partion lke this one wih Te ‘wovons where the rit ne een Te no god If the sel he seals were seat ls fs, ond, tempocary bows ‘he exact tine ofthe sgal reat to our einai how sem wih sete eql hous would vary wih the ne of pace Jn pummer athe nude of Lovlon + dy-ineterporry hos SST 13 of euiocta ne lng whe igh owas ny 4 naa ats wane st a ‘mints By midwiner te pesos are reverse aight hours 1" 1D fog and a aay one 47" In Constatnepe the soreponding Sure are 18 [5 nd 43". The nel defence here of the higher aide fy vee and a half degre of Constantinople. ‘Any mechanical clock hs to be made Co messoe thse ifeing our lengths The anes old ths wih wate-Sock nthe Ip ro reson to suppom that the knowlege. was fos toe Byzanines. was. however ute complcned (ut would no be Impose to have a Water ck shew both ad igh Hours ‘ontneous, sine the Fengih of bout as lo change on he temporry sem at net and sore (Pseudo Symon seats ‘tony twelve pore messes, evidently wea Gang nly ‘eat day or niht for maybe bi as te sei). We soul lo oethat wasn hou of ength not eta #S mates an ot ‘or tan 35 minutes which Constantine Porhyrogents tes 1y:ds su de forthe tal tansaiion tine of the mens “Thestheloptesof running the wa inten are non sime ‘hey might sem a ist sig fhe two cocks were made shew ‘arable day outs they would Beth ave t bestia toton nis ach dy oat inti no aay ely tdetermine wih ‘corny fiom observation in poor weather If hey were fo chew ‘ght hour the sre tng Would have to be done tse. wih the same problems It a stmple mater tose» wate lack rom the shadow on a sun-ail which i a unerogy acute aS ‘maker bas coasraced the da but i one rege he te with Drecsion and he sun cannot be ued bersse i Mot tof no fonger the sky. oeloud obcures the as no single one, AE Sd comment a Soman ari 198) pp 398308 Ba ons naa is Seat fe Weis Seals eeetes Vad te oT Rey ee ones2» vernon ower If the speénasshewed no the estomary temporary hours bot our quinoa! hours. system nin ured by Helenstic atroromers in snail) the lob ty. The two éloks ae sto run on asp twen-four hour sate (> 12) ‘na checked atte sare ae daly agulnt a sud whenever Tossle bth end the bacon chan Of couse this docs eat Sha the messages me sen at varying tne vee to Svea Sane trang othe eson of eat ‘Attar way of Sebeonsing Sess Which marked tempo ay ours Would be forthe Lotion commande tae a Tee practice tine or praca tie each dy when be It hs bacon ‘dhe sana Wat relyed wo the spi. The clock woul then te 21a ie Pharos. This dos uot however, sen 0 be ow the the Goals reacuon tothe beacoe if @ td ra ecard day gual would have made fra ret eal of ay Sore ling in Anatol Pseudo Syne’ acount Goes. awe ect the sae fal oat ne Speans of nab beacons odin Towa to sean ps 289 ‘We might now Took again tte tne of dy wien Micha! revel the sage or "Art rad” If we seta th seats dave Ferd hs cera and net merely ven tp os loos rencerna of an alarn mene then arsorcne to Tene CConinuaas his be message or ovr | cater ony ‘rao iexpet thi phrase exacy. Does ean Beloe or afer al arknes ad fallen? suspect he ore I wl e We es the time of ea at eich the even tok pice Pocus. Syieon cf spr. yp 285286 erin arate the hee ace lta announces the bite af Michal iepimatson Conse a hough ese evens were coanecdand ey be ‘pear to take pace ln September However, this ws hen ti Inditon” year ean. and Peso Symer's chronology to ‘elie lean. pp, 288-238) hath these te ata my be comet we ctnet pice any st inthe The thr sources for Ue sory do not spay one of ye However, foking 8 (0 So. Gis. Ge Rs Su on Hen Londo. 19961 we Heo sa wun m roveh dat mere are some gueines avable. Fast sf te ‘este bour reckoning wa ie fo the becom loc and iy were wing the igh syns de doa ign hour | afer ‘Spm, halfway between mieday and midnight) would. it we ‘sume that ie Loulon pram at T pm arrive at he Pharos Shout Bp having taken fst ost one quot how ‘asic at rey interval of 7-8 minutes making 9866 mites in al The time of vison np Evin. mst be Beto mah fet nd so would be no ner han around dank, "Tae Arabs ae Rrowa ta have made their raids aoe 26 astern enter repay a tye wt tes fe eur sping. Summer and winter. Te seg vid aay an from mid-May 10 Iniddune. when susset at Contantinople fall Wotwse bout TIO pm. and 31 ps the summer ae cat on mayo mnidSeptmbe when the sunsets buwaen about 720 py abd ‘bout € pm sth Wwnr rad, which Were much let Comin, ‘wee athe end of February and inte st hal of March when Sunes beac about $1 pm. sng sbout 6 pa The prod ST dusk ray be taken vee Ke bela suet nd whe Ue Boron i no lange visible by releto anligh 9. At Consent. ope te endo evening twilight comes a 825 pam in mid-May. [Sachsiustat £81 pm one Is an fall 8-3 pid July and 706 pm, a the atn euine, Seper 23. Atte tnd of Februcy tk about 626 pm. a by the spring einen, March 2150 apn st 7.08 pm Catiy the evens ots cantot have otcurred dusing a wg a6 Would te Wel and uly ark Oy Bp Theos hey tne would be ring sping of ety strsmer i om 8M tte July iste at the et Us eo he at Hat hs eo probly tok lace ‘mau 8 + 31°90" mi epee ee Dn ssc #0 oth} Getta on‘Tye tn of Lo haa distin vanage ove previous seme 'n that vee aero messages can Be sem ne por of ony the ven by TaeudSyion. mst, mere hve fd hadantae forthe comvwander af Loui. He hao Wat tat hat heey if elve meses eould go bay and twelve by ight oe a whole day if wesages Went ony By diy oly by ah before he could send word to the ebigee. Tt emy acs er ur I almost whol yay hae to ps ere an cal for appropri up. Obvioy. wih good neligaee Sources ian Ars leader had his wits bout hin he cold ve Such ee ta the Byzantine commana st Louon eo nt pet his mesge tansmited I Lolon were csc to sy ae ‘Mer hour | bt before the next hor Ino cst me cols ft through to Constantinople However tb jis posible that BreadoSyicn ma) ein to ndesand tat te sony 1) invasion dae) (2) Ware (GI general arson Gnade) (er event unspected low, nd hat tebe mesages were spread ove the Ff the hous Mkomise, Ths"nvson” comes at hours [5,9 "war at 61D, ‘nan at 3.7. Te and te oer tseage a #13. Ths Would ‘ave avoid sicumstance whereby the Loulon commando wie espero ser the ap for a. ytd nt et the mesage DTT very may haus ‘We woah fiat however 10 ttn othe ours, Cleat al {get some exten erated, but he sso n rede Sy eon ‘he mow deed or the mst part af the deserpion othe bene System hs hat frm the foundation for mush he preeing ‘rgumentFscinating ath actunt wes beware ote a "hat his eon a whole, based on ate manly ee ‘ours: fy the period In qb Theophoee Conan he ‘an one. The chronology of Pseudo Symeon known fo te eres eronalogy is wrong nine ine out fe. a hes Fie the sent ge be sso by mare seen" inthe words of Romi Jenkins 7 ~ though no etact des are valved hoe Given ine mature of Penn Symes Work some caution must be ‘served for des of the Beacoas,nouy the inventors ame. {tothe gyn. and the Bour cos, whi don apps noe sources Novertales. PseoceSycon may hare be Bina he ort lnformaton witht confson or aition, Ye some Serutny into the chvonlogy uf PseideSymeon' coun ineviabeLoulon, al recapture orn th. Arab some Known date was again tos by the Byzantines #520) Leo the Matiematcis is sid by: Pasdo-Symcon to have devised the sac tlagraph for the emperor Thoophius, who ascended the ‘hone in October 82 and edt $43)'So Leb mas have put i ie io effect tween 829 and 852 (8) Ks gute posible that PaeudoSymgon or is source is hare contig two pees of ‘rience. one which gave the deta of he beso Sete ad inventor, and anther wich canine! the yupor aga the emperor Michal The fact that Pseudo Syrncons ates ae fen ‘wrong doesnot imply that hs snformation on the dal of the ‘Wenig ree han fe beso pte hd ben any good it ‘wovld have bon put bck no aetion by Bas afer the espns {of Login in #762 There no lar evdece of hat haproned er 87677. and the oe ofthe cronisen al writen nthe tenth ‘leven and wen cenates hough Ie acament 80 Weald have teen ole) ig sh a to make the bacon tarp sem thing of te past. Caraily Consarine Porpyrogert, wring {her Core various ines befor he fe 959 0) speaks ‘fi assomathing ne employed in hs dys hg sini of ‘let supp 2611 ithad been a elicientsyiem ve may sk ‘why wast nein ute ring te vlan ofan empeve ike ime. 30 130 Boar es apes IRB. 8h 9.son on anigue races? Pehaps te awe shat was too Sonpler to work eflestivay of unambiguous perhaps the Inucons woe lost o thre were men tine to nn aie cua cere. Prob t was no longer nest) oe ae ‘cy waring sem Equal se experienc ofthe Eng a Sewed. sch wspsem mnt have ben soa 1 mann ‘Ando. though appears simple at sige Byzanine Early Warning Stem scone many oft ete pasty sont what tine ste the lke sed and the, ogre frequency of mesages i doe. howe, sour wel iis te cis of Lao fo hve use he dnp pena of onan mela o compensa for rey ita the ait May ad ‘sn bi to persuade he Emperor Tapio loan hm Leo for Wile os hed wane, perbaps he wold ave fart ove fe im than jst goomers Perrone, Cambie, Pip Parton My thanks ae duet the flowing persons for reading cats fis arti ane ofenag vase sévees Dre) D. Howand Jomton, Profesor C. Mange, Dr}. Shepard MN. Wiston osrsceinr he sone aise wa wri the vlune of he eb pers ‘smn ey tlds Rese cag. tn Can has pared ata ine Bans bra HW Hanged Kapri ‘on lgand Mt esl Vico, 1981) he foming teens uy Iw be ade mo he above are: Loon Sereda 2.15 wa rt mentioned ar bahia BP) Sap. 1 Ua Shaman n 82 p28 ISuendeta te Byes #77 BY. ean De lrg 14. Hasan Da pany el pp To Agia 397825 pra lan tony Haan “ae waver ny wate see » ‘hor thatthe naan of Lolo xp sone governor er note ema 0 spe cinerea mesa 30 MU ree a eee aa meee beeen eee teeter pS her ere See es Sou ae eee ee ee yan acne miei Seah amen see Se een teat ere Tenia dete ess oaa pcre etme Altos unt Ghpo/ Mara witht an inning ey at Donan? Spiizoay hen tees god sei oe et lander te Se of Marmara rol shrnig ee ones sae 35:SSkm (aoa 2235 mel wha at rouey ea the sane mine se te Olyaon/ Mona fo he aa he ‘vison the sacl ave ban by gh We ef catechins yy {35 ase from Réamion to Mu. 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