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CHNG 2. TNH TOAN THIET KE CAC CONG TRNH X LY NC THAI

(TT)
3. PHNG PHAP X LY HOA LY
3.1 KEO TU - TAO BONG
3.1.1 C S
Kch thc hat (mm)
10
1,0
0,1
0,01
0,001
0,0001
0,00001

Loai hat
Soi
Cat
Cat mn
Set
Vi khuan
Hat keo
Hat keo

Thi gian lang (1 m)

1s
10 s
2 phut
2h
8 ngay
2 nam
20 nam

Keo tu tao bong

Tang kha nang tach loai cac chat ran l lng va BOD;
ng dung XL mot so loai nc thai cong nghiep.
3.1.2 Khuay Tron
Thiet b khuay tron can:
Tao s xao tron eu;
Phan tan nhanh hoa chat trong be.
Cac dang thiet b tron
Dang tnh
Khong co phan di ong de van hanh va bao dng
Mang chan/vach ngan at trong be
thay oi hng dong chay, gay xao tron d2
trong be.

TS: Nguyen Trung Viet

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

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H2 NT Chat keo tu
Chat keo tu

Nc thai
Vach ngan

Dan vao be
lang

Ca tran

Nc thai Chat keo tu

KHUAY BANG VACH NGAN
TS: Nguyen Trung Viet
TS: Tran Th My Dieu

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Khuay bang kh nen

Kh nen c thoi t bo khech tan nhung chm
Gay s xao tron d2 trong be.
Khuay c hoc
Dung canh khuay nh canh quat, chong chong, turbine,
Thi gian tiep xuc t 30 60 giay en 2 phut;
Nang lng can thiet: G = 100 en 1000 s-1

CD A v3
P=
2
Nang lng can thiet e chuyen ong canh khuay

Comment [G1]:

P : nang lng, N/s;

A : dien tch canh khuay, m2;
: khoi lng rieng cua chat long, kg/m3;
v : van toc canh khuay oi vi chat long, m/s;
CD: he so ma sat.
Gradient van toc sinh ra do a nang lng t ben ngoai vao the tch nc V:

P
V

G =
G
P

: gradient van toc, s-1;

: nang lng cung cap (N/s)
: o nht ong hoc cua nc (NS/m2)
: The tch be tao bong (m3)

Thi gian cung la thong so quan trong

G.t

t: thi gian lu nc;

G.t = 1x 104 - 1 x 105.
Van toc nc vao be = 0,6 m/s;
Van toc nc qua ca thong = 1m/s.

TS: Nguyen Trung Viet

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

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G va HRT trong thiet b keo tu- tao bong thng dung XLNT
Khoang gia tr

Qua trnh
Khuay tron (Keo tu)
Khuay tron nhanh thng dung trong x ly nc thai.
Khuay tron nhanh trong qua trnh loc tiep xuc.
Tao bong
Qua trnh tao bong thng dung trong x ly nc thai.
Tao bong trong qua trnh loc trc tiep.
Tao bong trong qua trnh loc tiep xuc.

HRT

G (s-1)

5 20 s
<15s

250 1.500
1.500 7.500

10 30 phut
2 10 phut
2 5 phut

20 80
20 100
30 150

3.1.3 Tao Bong

Khuay tron bang vach ngan hoac bang canh khuay.
Nang lng khuay tron G = 20 50 s-1,
Thi gian khuay t 30 60 phut.
o sau cua be tao bong co the chon nh o sau be lang.
3.1.4 Tapered Floculation

G (s-1)
V bong can
Tapperel Flocculation
Optimum

V bong can

t (s)

TS: Nguyen Trung Viet

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

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Qua trnh tao bong ly tng phai:

Tao bong nhanh ban au vi G tng oi cao;
Giam dan G e khong pha v bong can a hnh thanh.
3.1.5 Nang lng khuay tron
May Khuay Dang Chan Vt va Dang Turbine
(Propeller and Turbine Mixers)
Chay Tang (NR < 10) : P = k..n2.D3
Chay Roi (NR > 10.000) : P = k..n3.D5
NR : So Reynolds;
P : Nang lng can thiet (W);
k : Hang so;
: o nht ong hoc (N.S/m2);
: Khoi lng rieng cua chat long (kg/m3);
D : ng knh canh khuay (m);
n : Van toc (vong/s).
So Reynold

D2n

D : ng knh canh khuay;

n
: Van toc (vong/s);

: Ty trong (kg/m3);

: o nht ong hoc (NS/m2).

May Khuay Dang Mai Cheo (Paddle Mixer)
Van toc nh cua canh khuay: 0,6 - 0,9 m/s;
Van toc nay u e xao tron nhng khong lam v bong can.

FD =

C D A v 2p
2

P = FD vP =
TS: Nguyen Trung Viet
TS: Tran Th My Dieu

CD A v3p
2
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FD : Lc can (N);
CD : He so lc can cua canh khuay;
A : Dien tch cua canh khuay (m2);
vp : Van toc tng oi cua canh khuay trong chat long
(m/s), thng bang 0,7 - 0,8 van toc au canh;
P
: Nang lng can thiet (W).
May Khuay Dang Tnh (Static Mixer)
P = . Q. h
P : Nang lng tieu ton (kW);
: Khoi lng rieng cua nc (kN/m3);
Q: Lu lng (m3/s);
h : Ton that ap lc khi chat long chuyen ong qua thiet b (m)
May Khuay Bang Kh Nen (Pneumatic Mixing)

P = pa Va ln

Pc
Pa

P : Nang lng tieu ton (kW);

pa: ap suat kh quyen;
Va: the tch khong kh ap suat kh quyen (m3/s);
pc: Ap suat kh tai iem xa (KN/m2).
Bang 3.1 Gia tr k
Canh khuay
Canh chan vt, 3 canh, bc rang vuong
Canh chan vt, 3 canh
Turbin, 6 canh phang
Turbin, 6 canh cong
Turbin quat, 6 canh
Turbin, 6 canh dang mui ten
Mai cheo phang, 6 canh
Shrouded Turbin, 2 canh cong
Shrouded Turbin vi phan co nh

TS: Nguyen Trung Viet

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

Chay tang
41,0
43,5
71,0
70,0
70,0
71,0
36,5
97,5
172,5

Chay roi
0,32
1,00
6,30
4,80
1,65
4,00
1,70
1,08
1,12

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3.2 HAP PHU (ADSORPTION)

3.2.1 He thong thiet b hap phu
Co 3 loai he thong thiet b hap phu bao gom:
Khuay tron
Loc qua lp chat hap phu
Mot bac hay nhieu bac
Chat hap phu c cho vao bac 1: C C1
Tach chat hap phu bang thiet b lang hay loc
Nc thai c chuyen tiep sang bac th 2
Cho chat hap phu mi vao: C1 C2
Tiep tuc cac qua trnh nh vay cho en bac cuoi cung.
Lng chat hap phu cho qua trnh hap phu 1 bac

m=

V (C d Cc )
a

m: lng chat hap phu tieu ton

V: the tch nc can x ly
Cd, Cc: nong o au va nong o cuoi cua chat b hap phu trong nc thai
a: he so hap phu

Nong o chat o nhiem trong nc thai sau bac n

n

Cn =
.C d
V + k .m
k=

at C d C c
=
a Cd C p

k: he so phan bo:

at: gia tr hap phu rieng sau thi gian t

Cp: nong o can bang cua chat b hap phu

Lng chat hap phu b tieu ton tren moi bac

mn =

V
Cd

1
k
Cn

TS: Nguyen Trung Viet

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

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So bac can thiet

n = log Cd log

Cn
log(V + k .m) log V

Nong o chat b hap phu trong nc thai sau bac n

k .m
1C d

C kn =
n

k .m
1

V
Lieu lng chap hap phu a vao bac cuoi cung

.m n +1 .m = 0
Trong o:

k
V

n 1

k.C d
V.C n

Cd
Cn 1

So bac n = K 1

k .m

1 + C n log C n
log C d

K=
log(m V )k
Toc o loc phu thuoc vao nong o chat hoa tan, ~ 2 6 m3/m2.h
Chat hap phu dang hat co kch thc 1.5 5 mm

TS: Nguyen Trung Viet

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

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3.2.2 Tai sinh chat hap phu

Co 4 phng phap tai sinh chat hap phu
Giai hap phu bang hi nc bao hoa, hi qua nhiet, kh tr.
Trch ly
Tai sinh bang nhiet, 700 800oC trong ieu kien khong co Oxi
Phng phap sinh hoc oi vi chat b hap phu co the b oxy hoa sinh hoa

t=0

t=1

t=2

t=3

t=4

Ce

C0

C0
Ce = 95% C0
Gii han nong o cc ai cho phep
cua NT sau x ly

The tch nc thai a x ly

TS: Nguyen Trung Viet

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

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Phng trnh ng ang nhiet langmuir

X a.b.c
=
M 1 + a.c

X a.b.c
=
M 1 + a.c

x
m
c

: khoi lng chat b hap phu (mg);

: khoi lng chat hap phu (mg);
: khoi lng chat b hap phu con lai trong dung dch
trang thai can bang (mg/L);
a & b : hang so.

1
1/m

o doc = 1/ab
1/b

1/c
Phng trnh ng ang freundlich

x = K.C1/n
x
=
log
m
m = logK +

1
n . logC

K & n: hang so.

V Du

TS: Nguyen Trung Viet

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

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Ket qua th nghiem hap phu t mo hnh dang me c trnh bay trong Bang VD1. Hay ve ng
ang nhiet Freundlich va xac nh cac hang so n, K, A. Biet the tch dung dch th nghiem trong
moi beaker la 500 mL va nong o chat b hap phu ban au la 100 mg/L.
Bang VD1 Ket qua th nghiem
Beaker
01
02
03
04
05
06
07

Khoi lng carbon (mg)

965
740
548
398
265
168
0

Nong o COD cua NT sau khi hap phu (mg/L)

3.5
5.2
8.0
12.0
20.5
33.0
100.0

Ap dung phng phap bnh phng cc tieu

a=

nxy - xy
nx2 (x)2

x2y - x xy
b=
nx2 (x)2
3.2 CONG NGHE THAM THAU NGC
3.2.1 Hien Tng Tham Thau
Trong mot he kn cha mot mang ban tham ngan cach hai vung khac nhau, moi vung eu cha
cung dung moi va chat tan vi nong o khac nhau. Mang ban tham co ac tnh ch cho dung moi
tham qua va ngan khong cho chat tan i qua mang. Sau mot thi gian nhat nh, o cao cua chat
long ben ngan co nong o chat hoa tan cao hn tang len va ben ngan kia giam i. Chat long c
van chuyen t ni co nong o chat hoa tan thap en ni co nong o chat hoa tan cao hn e can
bang nong o cua he. Hien tng nay c goi la tham thau. Hien tng nay ngc vi qua trnh
khuech tan phan t (la s san bang nong o chat tan t vung co nong o cao en vung co nong
o thap).
Neu goi ngan co nong o chat hoa tan cao la 1 va ngan co nong o chat hoa tan thap la 2, hoa
the cua dung moi trong hai ngan tach biet bi mang ban tham se c bieu dien nh sau:
1 = 10 + RT lna1 + V.p1
2 = 20 + RT lna2 + V.p2

TS: Nguyen Trung Viet

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

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Trong o a1 va a2 la hoat o cua dung moi. Do a2 > a1 nen 2 > 1. S chenh lech hoa the se dan
en dong chay cua dung moi t pha loang ti pha ac. Tai the can bang 1 = 2, ta co:
10 + RT lna1 + V.p1 = 20 + RT lna2 + V.p2 hay
RT.(lna2 lna1) = V.(p1 p2)
RT.(lna2 lna1) = V.
ai lng c goi la ap suat tham thau.
3.2.2 Ky Thuat Tham Thau Ngc
Nh a trnh bay tren, khi hai dung dch co nong o chat hoa tan khac nhau b ngan bi mot
mang ban tham th nong o chat tan cua dung dch ac se c pha loang bi dung moi van
chuyen qua mang t pha dung dch loang. Qua trnh ch dng lai khi nong o hai pha bang nhau.
Hien tng tham thau nay xay ra t ong theo chieu thuan. Neu ap at mot ap suat pha dung
dch ac th qua trnh van chuyen dung moi se b km ham lai, tang dan ap suat o cho ti khi
bang ap suat tham thau, qua trnh van chuyen dung moi se dng lai. Tiep tuc tang ap suat se dan
en hien tng van chuyen dung moi t pha dung dch ac sang pha dung dch loang, ngc
chieu vi hng ap suat tham thau. Hien tng nay c goi la hien tng tham thau ngc va
ap suat gay ra hien tng tham thau ngc c goi la ap suat ong lc. e hien tng tham
thau ngc xay ra, ap suat ong lc phai ln hn ap suat tham thau, toc o van chuyen dung moi
qua mang ty le thuan vi ap suat ong lc.
Trong ky thuat loc nc ngot t nc l hay nc man, ap suat tham thau cua dung dch ty le vi
nong o muoi NaCl vi gia tr tang tng ng khoang 0,691.10-3 at khi tang 1 mg/L. Ky thuat
tham thau ngc con cho phep loai bo cac chat hu c tan nh cac acid hu c, chat bao ve thc
vat, ngoai ra cung co the ap dung trong qua trnh lam mem nc.
Vat lieu che tao mang tham thau ngc co the la cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate,
polyamide, polyetheramide, polyetherurea. Mang cellulose acetate co ham lng acetate cang
cao th kha nang gi muoi cang tot, nhng kha nang tham nc kem.

TS: Nguyen Trung Viet

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

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3.3 TRAO OI ION

3.3.1 NGUYEN LY TRAO OI ION

SO32
SO32
SO32
SO32
SO32
SO32
2
SO
2 3

SO3

Lp hap phu (lp co nh):2 lp

- lp ion ben trong;

H+
H+

H+
H

H+

H+

H+
Lp khuech tan (lp co the chuyen ong)

- lp trai dau.
Khi chat trao oi ion gap chat ien giai
Tac dung trao oi;
Tac dung nen ep:
* Nong o muoi trong d2
lp khuech tan b nen ep
ion ngc dau lp khuech tan thanh cua lp hap phu
pham vi hoat ong cua lp khuech tan tr nen nho.
3.3.2 TNH NANG CHAT TRAO OI ION
TNH NANG VAT LY
Mau sac : hi tham;
Hnh thai : vien tron;
C hat : 20 40 mesh
Hat ln

toc o trao oi cham;

Hat nho

ton that ap lc ln;

Hat khong eu

TS: Nguyen Trung Viet

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

bt tac khe, tr lc tang, troi hat nho khi ra.

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Ty trong
Ty trong kho that =

Khoi lng kho thc

The tch thc cua hat nha

Ty trong am that =

= 1,6 g/ml

Khoi lng nha am

The tch cua hat nha am

(1,04 1,3 g/ml)

Khoi lng nha am
Ty trong am bieu kien = The tch ong cua nha am
(0,60 0,85 g/ml)
o n
o lien ket cang nho o n cang ln;
Chat trao oi cang de ien ly o n cang ln;
Dung lng trao oi cang ln o n cang ln;
Nong o chat ien giai cang ln ap suat tham thau
o n .
o hydrat cua ion co kha nang trao oi cang ln

lp ien tch kep b co lai

ban knh hydrat ln

o n cang ln:

Cation acid manh: H+ > Na+ > NH4+ > K+ > Ag+
Anion baz manh: OH- > HCO3- ~ SO42- > Cl R-Na R-H the tch tang 5%
Qt trao oi va hoan nguyen n, ngot v hat.
Tnh chu mai mon: am bao ton that < 3 7%/nam.
Tnh hoa tan.
Tnh chu nhiet:
Cationit: chu c nhiet o > 1000C.
Anionit kiem manh: ~ 600C.
Anionit kiem yeu: ~ 800C.
Tnh dan ien
Kho: khong dan ien.
Am: dan ien tot.

TS: Nguyen Trung Viet

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

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TNH NANG HOA HOC

Tnh thuan nghch.
Tnh acid, baz.
Tnh trung hoa, thuy phan
RSO3H + NaOH RSO3Na + H2O
RCOONa + H2O RCOOH + NaOH
Tnh la chon:
ien tch ion cang ln

cang de b trao oi.

So th t nguyen t ln

ban knh hydrat nho

de T

Tnh la chon cua cationit:

Fe3+ > Al3+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ ~ NH4+ > Na+ > Li+
(Thch hp /v d2 nc co ham lng muoi khong cao)
D2 am ac

anh hng cua ion:

* Cation acid manh R-SO3-:

Fe3+ > Al3+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ ~ NH4+ > Na+ > H+ > Li+
* Cation acid yeu R-COO-:
H+ > Fe3+ > Al3+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ ~ NH4+ > Na+ > Li+
Tnh la chon cua anionit:
OH- > SO42- > NO3- > Cl- > HCO3Dung lng trao oi
Tong dung lng trao oi.
Dung lng trao oi can bang.
Dung lng trao oi lam viec.
3.3.3 NGUYEN LY TRAO OI THAP CO NH
Nc cha Ca2+ trao oi vi RNa
Lp mat hieu lc lp lam viec - lp CT cha lam viec

TS: Nguyen Trung Viet

TS: Tran Th My Dieu

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