D10 COMMITTEE ON PIPE AND TUBE

WELDING
INFORMATION ON-HAND, PROBLEMS
SOLVED, QUESTIONS ANSWERED

KNOWLEDGE IS POWER
NO MATTER WHAT LEVEL OF THE
INDUSTRY YOU WORK
THE D10 DOCUMENT COLLECTION HAS
THE INFORMATION YOU SHOULD HAVE
AT YOUR FINGERTIPS

MATERIALS & METHODS

COVERED
AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL
TITANIUM
ALUMINUM
CHROME-MOLY
LOCAL HEAT TREATING
ROOT PASS WELDING
MILD STEEL
COPPER TUBE

WELDING PROCESS
GTAW
SMAW
FCAW
GMAW
BRAZING

William F. Newell, Jr.

PE, IWE, Chair D10C
D10.4
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
FOR WELDING AUSTENITIC
CHROMIUM-NICKEL
STAINLESS STEEL PIPE AND
TUBING

AWS D10.4
to provide information which may
be used to avoid, or at least minimize,
difficulties in welding austenitic
stainless steel piping and tubing.

AWS D10.4 - Uses

Often overlooked
Excellent resource for:
Developing Corporate Procedures &
Specifications
Training Engineers, Supervision and Welders
General Reference Guide

AWS D10.4 - History

First published in August 1955 under
the title, The Welding of Austenitic
Chromium-Nickel Steel Piping and
Tubing. A Committee Report and
published as AWS D10.4-55T
AWS D10.4-55T was revised in 1966

AWS D10.4 - History

In 1979, a major updating of the
document was completed and published
as AWS D10.4-79, Recommended
Practices for Welding Austenitic
Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Piping
and Tubing. This version presented a
detailed discussion of the role of delta
ferrite in austenitic chromium-nickel
steel welds.

AWS D10.4 - History

In 1986, the document was expanded
and given an Annex which gives
recommendations for welding highcarbon stainless steel castings.
In 1992 and 1999, the document was
reaffirmed.

AWS D10.4 - History

The current document, ANSI/AWS D10.4M/D10.4:199X,
Guide for Welding Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Stainless
Steel Piping and Tubing has extended safety and health
information and provides information on super
austenitic stainless steels and flux cored arc welding.
Tables listing specific chemical composition ranges for
base metal and weld metal that fall under the jurisdiction
of other codes or documents have been omitted from this
revision. Where helpful, however, comparison data is
presented.

AWS D10.4 - Content

Base Metals & Weld Filler Metals
Ferrite
Welding Processes, Technique &
Problems
Dissimilar Joining
Inspection
Safety

AWS D10.4 Base Metals

Austenitic
300-series

Super Austenitic
4% & 6% Mo

High Carbon
HX Grades

Coming !
D10.18 (DRAFT)
Guide for Welding
Ferritic/Austenitic Duplex Stainless
Steel Piping and Tubing

Don Connell

Welding Engineer
Detroit Edison Company

D10.6
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
FOR GAS TUNGSTEN ARC
WELDING OF TITANIUM PIPING
AND TUBING

Applications for Ti Pipe & Tube

Where Ti is selected for its corrosion
resistance rather than its high strength to
weight ratio
Chemical processing
Petrochemical
Desalination
Power generation plants
Navy to replace Cu-Ni in seawater piping

Process-GTAW
Other processes may be used to weld Ti but
are not covered in this recommended
practice

Base Metals
6 grades commonly used for piping, all
single phase alpha
Ref: ASTM B337 (seamless & welded pipe)
& B338 (seamless & welded tubing)
Replaced by ASTM B861 and B862

Critical Factors in Welding

Cleanliness-proper means of mechanical
and chemical cleaning using acids and
solvents
Protection from contaminants at elevated
temperatures
Trailing shields
Root shielding
Chamber welding

Quality Control
Simple tests to check the process before
welding & the finished weldment
Describes how weld color is an indication
of weld quality

Other References
AWS G2.4 to be published this year
Addresses CP and Ti alloys, such as
Ti-6Al-4V
Helpful guide in base metal selection
Other welding processes included
Tables of reference documents

Tony Anderson
ESAB Welding & Cutting
D10.7
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
FOR GAS SHIELDED ARC
WELDING OF ALUMINUN AND
ALUMINUM ALLOY PIPE

 Copyright 2005 ESAB Welding & Cutting

Presented By: Tony Anderson, ESAB North America

The Number One Issue

Filler Alloy Selection
For Aluminum Welding
A Need To Up Date
This Information
<

>

Many Base Alloys And Base Alloy

Combinations Can Be Joined Using Several
Different Filler Alloys

Only one filler alloy may be optimum for a

specific application
When Choosing The Optimum Filler Alloy, the
End Use Of The Weldment And Its Desired
Performance Must Be The Prime Consideration.

<

>

Filler Alloy Selection Primary Characteristics

Weldability Or Freedom From Cracking

Strength Of Weld - Tensile Or Shear

Ductility Of Weld

Corrosion Resistance

Temperature Service

Match in color after anodizing

Post Weld Heat Treatment

<

>

Hot Weld Cracking

Hot Cracking On 2014 Base Alloy Plate

Adjacent To A Gas Tungsten Arc (GTA)
Welded 4043 Alloy Fillet
<

>

Weld Cracking - HOT

Choice Of Filler Metal

Lower Melting & Solidification Point - Molten
During Maximum Contraction Stresses
Smaller Freezing Zone

Avoid Critical Chemistry Ranges

Si 0.5% To 2.0%
Example: 4043 20% ( Electrode )
1100
80% ( Base )
Avoid Welding 5xxx Esp.. ( 5086, 5083, 5456 )
With 4043 Or 4xxx. Mgsi Eutectic Problems
Avoid Mg Range Up To 3.0% In Weld

<

>

Alloy Content vs. Crack Sensitivity

RELATIVE CRACK SENSITIVITY

0
Al - Cu
0
Al - Mg
0
Al - Mg2 Si
0
1

COMPOSITION OF WELD - PERCENT ALLOYING ELEMENT

<

>

Dilution Effect On Weld Composition

Base Plate 6061

Filler Metal 5356

20% Filler Metal

1.7% Mg

80% Base Metal

60% Filler Metal

3.2% Mg

40% Base Metal

<

>

Weld Strength - Groove Welds

The Heat Of Welding Softens the

Aluminum Base Alloy Adjacent To The Weld

In Most Groove Welds

the H.A.Z. of the Base Alloy Will Control
the As-welded Tensile Strength of the Joint

<

>

Heat Affected Zone

Non Heat Treatable

A - Weld Metal
As Cast Structure Of Base &
Filler Metal
B - Fusion Zone
Where Partial Melting
Of Base Metal Occurs
C - Anneal Zone
Where Base Metal Is Fully
Recrystallized - Full Soft
D - Partial Anneal Zone
Where Base Alloy Is
Recovered And Partially
Softened

A- 1200
11 0 0
B- 1000
900
800
C700
600
500
D- 400
300
E200
100
RT

E - Unaffected

<

>

-A

Heat Treatable
A - Weld Zone

-B

B - Fusion Zone

-C

C - Solid Solution Zone

Where Alloy Elements
Are Solutioned & Cooled
To Retain Solid Solution

-D

-E

D - Partially Annealed
Overaged Zone
Where Heat Has Caused
Precipitation And/or
Coalescence Of Particles
Of Soluable Constituents
E - Unaffected

Hardness Profiles of 6061-T6

Made At Three Heat Inputs

100

Hardness RE

90

580 J /cm
756 J/cm

80
70

1128 J/cm

60

AWS D1.2 MIN TENSILE

-O TEMPER

50
40
Distance From Weld Interface

<

>

Weld Strength - Fillet Welds

The Shear Strength Of Fillet

Welds Is The Significant Factor And
Is Controlled By The Shear Strength
Through The Weld Metal

5356 Produces Greater Fillet

Weld Strength In The As Welded
Condition Compared To 4043

<

>

Shear Strength

25000
5556

LBS. Per Linear Inch

Shear Strength

20000
5356
4643
5554
5654

15000

4043
10000
1100
5000

0
0

1/8

1/4

3/8

1/2

TRANSVERSE Fillet Size (Inch)

<

>

5/8

3/4

Shear Strength
Typical Shear Strengths Of Fillet Welds

Filler
Alloy

Longitudinal
Shear
Strength
( Ksi )

Transverse
Shear
Strength
( Ksi )

1100

7.5

7.5

2319

16.0

16.0

4043

11.5

15.0

4643

13.5

20.0

5183

18.5

28.0

5356

17.0

26.0

5554

15.0

23.0

5556

20.0

30.0

5654

12.0

18.0

<

>

Fracture Characteristics
Heat - Treatable Alloys
Ratio =

Notch Tensile Strength

Tear
Resistance

Tensile Yield Strength

Unit Propagation
Energy In.-lb. / In3

1.6

1600

1.2

1200

0.8

800

0.4

400

Base Metal
Filler Alloy

2219 2219 6061 6061 6061 7005 7039

2319 2319 4043 4043 5356 5356 5180
Aged

<

>

Ttear Resistance

Ratio

2.0

Corrosion Facts As Welded

Alloy 7075-T6 Welded With 5356 Filler

-849mv

-876mv

-900mv

-810mv

Post Weld Heat Treated and Aged

-810mv

-810mv

-840mv

-806mv

Note: Fusion Zone Mechanical Properties Not Restored to PreWeld Properties

<

>

Color Match After Anodize

Rating Scale: A - B
Ratings Scale Measures Uniformity Of Color
Comparing Base Alloy And Weld Metal
After Anodizing.

Either There Is A Good Or Reasonable Match

Or There Is Not.
A Blank Space Indicates No Reasonable Match.

<

>

Color Match After Clear Anodize

Base Metal: 6061

6061

6061

6061

6061

WELDED WITH 5356

<

WELDED WITH 4043

>

Post Weld Heat Treatment

Filler Alloys Have Been Developed

Which Will Respond To Postweld
Heat Treatment.
4643 Was Developed For Welding The
6xxx Base Alloys, Has Additions Of
Mg And Is Less Dependant On
Dilution Of The Base Alloy To
Achieve Desired Composition.
Filler Alloys For Welding Castings Have
Been Developed With Chemistries
Which Will Respond To Post Weld
Heat Treatment.

<

>

 Copyright 2005 ESAB Welding & Cutting

Conclusion
Filler Alloy Selection For Aluminum
Can only be made after a full analysis of a
welded components performance
requirements
Should involve the consideration of
metallurgical effects (changes in crack
sensitively) when combining base alloy
chemistry with filler alloy chemistry
Can substantially influence the strength
and performance of a welded component

<

>

William F. Newell, Jr.

PE, IWE, Chair D10I
D10.8
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
FOR WELDING OF CHROMIUMMOLYBDENUM STEEL PIPING
AND TUBING

AWS D10.8
provide recommendations for welding
chromium-molybdenum steel pipe and
tubing to itself and to various other
materials. Subjects covered in detail are
filler metal selection, joint design,
preheating, and postheating.

AWS D10.8 - Uses

Often overlooked
Excellent resource for:
Developing Corporate Procedures & Specifications
Training Engineers, Supervision and Welders
General Reference Guide

AWS D10.8 - History

First presented in 1961 as a Committee Report
by the AWS Committee on Piping and
Tubing.
Revised in 1978 and became a
Recommended Practice
Subsequent revisions/reaffirmations in 1986
and 1996

AWS D10.8 - Content

Base Metals
Weld Filler Metals
Joint Design & Preparation (purging)
Preheating
Post Weld Heat Treatment
Repair/Maintenance of Service Exposed
Material
Safety

AWS D10.8 Base Metals

C-Steel
C-Mo
1-1/4Cr-Mo
2-1/4Cr-Mo
5Cr-Mo
7Cr-Mo
9Cr-Mo (Standard Grade Only)

AWS D10.8 Filler Metal

Recommendations
Process
AWS Classification Options [C, CrMo
& Ni-base]
Similar v. Dissimilar

AWS D10.8 Priorities !

Preaheat w/recommendations
Interpass
Post Weld Heat Treat
w/recommendations

Pending !
D10.08 (DRAFT)
Removing information on 9CrMoV
(P91)
Removing References to Standard
Welding Procedures

Coming !
D10.21 (DRAFT)
Guideline for Welding Advanced
Chromium-Molybdenum Steel
Piping and Tubing
P91, P911, P92, P122, T23

Dan Ciarlariello
Mannings USA
D10.10
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
FOR LOCAL HEATING OF
WELDS IN PIPING AND TUBING

Definition of Heat Treatment

Heat Treatment is generally defined as
heating to a suitable temperature then
cooling at a suitable rate of a solid metal
or alloy in a way so as to obtain specific
conditions and/or properties by
changing the physical, chemical and/or
mechanical properties of the steel, metal
or alloy

Methods Of Localized Heat

Treating
Electrical Resistance
Induction
Combustion / Flame
Quartz Lamps
Exothermic Kits.

Electrical Resistance

Inductive Heating

Combustion / Flame

Quartz Lamps

Reasons for Localized Heat

Treating
Bake Out
Preheating and Inter-pass
Temperatures
Post Heating
Post-weld Heat Treatment

Comparison of Heating
Processes

Induction - Resistance
Attribute
Yes
Yes
Applicability to bake-
out
Applicability to

Yes
Yes
preheat/inter-pass
Applicability to
postheating

Yes
Yes
Applicability to
PWHT

Yes
Yes

Advantages and disadvantages of

heating processes
Advantages

Induction Heating

High heating rates

Ability to heat a narrow band adjacent to a region
which has
temperature restrictions

Disadvantages

High initial equipment cost.

Equipment large and less portable.
Limited ability to create control zones around the
circumference.

Advantages and disadvantages of

heating processes
Advantages

Electrical Resistance

Ability to continuously maintain heat from welding

operation to PWHT
Good ability to vary heat around the
circumference

Disadvantages

Elements may be damaged during welding

Quantity of heaters required on thicker
components

High Frequency Induction

heating
Uniform product quality
Increased surface wear-proof
characteristics
Increased material fatigue strength
Minimum strain due to local surface
hardening
Very localized heating

Why Preheat?

Reduce the level of thermal stress.

Compensate for high heat losses.
Minimize the rate of weld hardening.
Reduce porosity.
Reduce hydrogen cracking.
Improve the microstructure.

Typical Preheat Set-up

Boiler Tube Welds

Wireless Thermocouple
Transmission

AWS D10.11
Walter J. Sperko, P.E.
Sperko Engineering
Services, Inc.
Guide for
Root Pass Welding
of Pipe Without Backing

AWS D10.11 Keywords

Root pass welding, pipe, gas
purging, consumable insert, gas
tungsten arc welding, gas metal arc
welding, shielded metal arc welding

AWS D10.11 Introduction

This publication was intended to be a
how to guide in the use of open root
and consumable insert welding
techniques for root pass welding of
groove welds joining metal pipe.

AWS D10.11 Introduction

Joint designs, fitting techniques, consumable
insert configurations, filler and base metal
combinations, purging, and welding
processes are discussed. This publication
made no provision for joints which include
backing rings

AWS D10.11 Introduction

This standard is a best practices guide to
making high-quality pipe butt welds where
backing cannot be used
Welders should have excellent reasons for
deviating from what this standard
recommends

AWS D10.11
What is Root Pass Welding?
Lets look at some root passes. . . .

AWS D10.11
A single-vee Butt weld between two
pipes

AWS D10.11
Root pass on a Socket Weld

AWS D10.11
Root pass on a Double Vee-Groove
Weld

AWS D10.11
All of these Root Passes are on backing

AWS D10.11
Take away the Backing Strip and you
have a weld without backing. . . .

Welding without Backing

You now have a pool of liquid metal

hanging in space suspended between
the ends of two pipes. . .

Welding without Backing

Torch

Blast the arc force through the root opening and

melt the edges of the metal, then fill the opening
with filler metal

Welding without Backing

Electrode

Blast the arc force through the root opening and

melt the edges of the metal, then fill the opening
with filler metal

Effect of Included Angle

LARGE included angle makes it easy to

get the electrode close to the root and
easy to direct the arc into the root.

Effect of Included Angle

included angle holds the electrode

away from the root and makes it difficult
to direct the arc into the root.
SMALL

Full Root Penetration

Continuous metal surface from

one member across the weld
to the other member

Forces on the weld pool?

Longitudinal Section of a pipe joint

Forces on the weld pool

Gravity

Longitudinal Section of a pipe joint

Forces on the weld pool

Surface Cohesion (wetting) between the

weld pool and the solid metal

Longitudinal Section of a pipe joint

Forces on the weld pool

The arc must melt both edges of the root face and the weld

pool must fill the gap without becoming too large

Longitudinal Section of a pipe joint

Forces on the weld pool

If the weld pool becomes too large, the surface cohesion

forces are overcome. The result is root concavity or dropthrough.

Longitudinal Section of a pipe joint

Parts of a Groove Weld Joint

Design
Root Face (Land)

Parts of a Groove Weld Joint

Design

Root Opening (Root Gap)

Root Opening vs. Root Face

Thick Root Face

Thin Root Face

Small Root opening ; Incomplete Penetration

Proportional Root opening ; Complete Penetration

Excessive Root opening ; Root concavity or burn-through

Root opening - Root face thickness relationship

1/8

Root Face
Thickness

3/32
1/16

1/16

3/32
Root Opening

1/8

Cleaning
Cleanliness is important in all welding,
but it is especially important in root pass
welding.
Contamination affects wetting which
affects bead shape.

Purging

Purging
A purge is required for stainless and
nonferrous piping systems (except
aluminum) if a smooth root surface is to
be obtained.
Standard describes how to set up for
purging
Purging time

Purging
The following oxygen limits are
recommended:

For carbon and low alloy steels: 2%(20,000 ppm)

For stainless steels: 1/2% (5000 ppm)
For nickel alloys: 1/2% (5000 ppm)
For titanium and zirconium alloys: 1/4% (2500
ppm)

Purging
Welding technique for Open Root
Welding Technique for Consumable
Insert
Maintaining purge during welding

Fitting and tack welding

Size, spacing, feathering ends
Root spacing depends on process to be
used.
Inspection after fit-up. This is the most
important step in pipe welding

GTAW
Tungsten size, shape of end
Grinding methods

GTAW Joint design and fit up

GTAW

Purge containment
Arc initiation
Keyhole technique
Wire feed techniques
Orientation of torch and filler

GTAW

GTAW

GTAW
Walking the Cup
Welding with zero root opening
(autogenous welding)
Welding in different positions
Using consumable inserts

Consumable Inserts

1/32 maximum mismatch

Class 1 Insert, formerly the EB (Electric Boat) or
A type insert.

Consumable Inserts

1/16 maximum mismatch

Class 2 Insert, formerly the J type insert.

Consumable Inserts

1/16 maximum mismatch

Class 3 Insert, formerly the Grinnell or flat
insert.

Consumable Inserts

SMAW
Cellulosic Electrodes (EXX10, EXX11)
Low Hydrogen Electrodes (EXX15,
EXX16, EXX18)
Rutile electrodes (E6013)

GMAW
Joint design
Fit-up
Welding parameters

Fill Passes
Use any suitable process
Dont melt through the root

Aluminum

Tungsten type, shape of tip

Shielding gas cups, lenses
Power supplies
Techniques
Recommended joint design

Aluminum

Machine and Automatic

Not much said

Summary
AWS D10.11 gives very specific
recommendations about techniques
that have proven successful in making
pipe welds without backing
Recommendations should be familiar to
welders supervision
Recommendations should not be take
lightly

Alan Beckett
D10.12

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
FOR WELDING
MILD STEEL PIPE

D10.12
Welding Mild Steel Pipe
This document provides
recommendations for the welding of
mild steel pipe such as A106 type. This
material is found in many scopes of
work, and extensively in commercial
building construction.
A106 material is often used as a starting
point for welder training.

Covered Processes

SMAW
GTAW
GMAW
FCAW

D10.12
A Document for All Reasons
As with other D10 documents, you will find
excellent attention to detail presented in a
manner for all to understand.
For these reasons D10.12 is a welcome
addition to your library or a valuable resource
for training.

MICHAEL LANG
AWS/CWI/CWE

United Association
of Plumbers & Pipefitters
D10.13
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
FOR BRAZING OF COPPER
PIPE AND TUBING FOR
MEDICAL GAS SYSTEMS

What is Medical Gas Piping?

There are many perceptions of Medical
Gas Piping but the facts are:
Cleanliness is entirely dependant on
installation practices
Poor installation can produces
conditions that harbor bacteria and
diseases
These systems are not cleanable
These are life critical systems

Purpose
The governing document for all Medical
Gas Piping is NPFA Code 99C which
dictates the methods and installation
practices that shall be used in system
construction
However this document does not cover
actual brazed joint construction or
the tools and practices needed for
system construction

Important Notes
D10.13 is a Recommended Practice
developed to work with NFPA 99C.
All recommendations have been used in
actual jobsite conditions with a 100%
success rate
The use of these practices have
produced consistent profitable results

Needed Equipment
Use and Care
Torch Selection
Tube Cutting
Purge Monitoring

Consumables

Pre Braze Joint Cleaning

Pre Braze Chemical Cleaning
Post Braze Cleaning
BCuP Brazing Alloys
Bag Brazing Alloys

Something you will only find in

D10.13
The only document that provides joint
heating and filler metal application
methods.
These methods continually produce a
99% acceptance rate in accordance
with ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel
Code Section XI.

And Purging Methods

Purging is possibly the most important
component to internal cleanliness. This
document provides methods and
parameters for the use of oxygen
analyzers.
We also provide purge timing matrix
charts for estimating purge times for
long runs of piping. These charts should
be used in conjunction with an O2
analyzer.

Proven Success
You Can Trust
D10.13
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES FOR
BRAZING OF COPPER PIPE AND
TUBING FOR MEDICAL GAS
SYSTEMS

BECOME A COMMITTEE MEMBER FOR

DETAILS CONTACT Brian McGrath at
bmcgrath@aws.org
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