Se ee ‘ a ‘ ‘ Kot. 7, NO. 5, SEPT-0cT. 7470 Optimization of Airfoils for Maximum Lift J AIRCRAFT 400 Ronent H. Lizuecx® Douglas Aiveraft Company, Long Beach, Calif. Auues I. Onuenext University of Iinoie, Urbano, Ti “The proware dictstbution which provides t masiony Bit without separation fora monom clement siruil in an incorapressible Bow i determined sing exating boundars-ler theory End the calculus of varlationa. The airfoil piles coreespe fing necood-order alrfoll theory. "The rewults Indicate mex He ‘me en the order of 6.01, 1 aptirousm pressare distributions naggents that the eritial Much numbers should be on the order of 033. Nomenclature = sit chord fp 2 slo eeton it coisas; Co = 2/AnVote Gio = uppersurtace it ceefiiest Co AtHal section diag soe cent, Co ~ D/ieVa"e Cov = lowersuifuce ding woes Ce = wpperusface drag coeficint Co ~ pale Son uppee artnet the aici nel Pa? ‘podifed premire cneint Cy ~ (p — pa)/4el faneton Gepnes by Eqs. (12) and (19) ined by a. 8) ‘ined by Ba. (14) ‘and Hy 2. 14) ‘fd by Pa (8) State resre Ireesveam Meyvolés number, Rey = Vae/* ‘Reynolds number fired by Rasy = Vou/ ‘velacy on the afl sarace Garesas cordate Gee Pip. Band 4) siete Be Befined by 2 = el ‘elueof #9 art ening edge Stolle of sttck Khneratie wisest Sanehy fe = exndiion ative tong edze Seto uppersuitace FE Aierentatinn vith wesc: co y f E eanditiont chen Cp = Cente om sitll upper ace restrain conditions of Peeanangy (a Consltaxy tor Dongs) for many hed ss end suggetions In eddtion, sppresation x exprewed to the Bown ot Banal nsitanee in suppor of this research provided by he Boe Grit for Doctoral Dszertannns heroics *Sesior Engineer /Scintit, Aerodynamics Research Group; former Istractor atthe Universi of vot. Meme: ALA, TPrfemer, Anossutlal and Adtronanteal Bogineerng ing to these pressure distrbn= 1. Introduction AS sziiston cedure devo o decrine te ‘maximum le which may be earied by « menoclreent fief Well established bourdary-ler and sirfll analysis ‘methods are wed, and the Bow is assumed steady, two dimen- Sona, and ineorpresibe. "The problem can be divided into (xo elated subproblems: ‘the viseous peoblen af ebtsining «pressure disibuiion ‘which provides the maximum lit without separtion, and ‘he invised problem of determining the particelar ato Ashish conesjouds to die decked prestute distribution, ‘These twe probleme are coupled since a partislar pressure Aistibstion many not provide a physically posible or strue- ‘ually peectical iro. "The Lit conficett in terms of te pressure coeficiert is ye tate oF Joven [eT ers, shee the frestram i aligned with the x wis The lover ance convoetonbars oats wien Gy = 4 aM Teicsdyseplss legusia con eniy eovurota Sagepeet Solty baciopiage penta tees te coe Red by bomnaryisyer separation beau of the presure padenta: Ta addon, the preire ditibusior st be Conurua a to levding and ling otgn he raceere wil be to eatiniae the pesure detrton for Inna Tt while saving heme contrast, and thet oli the elt in orer fo ota an pcetable Sane. ion and Solution 2:1 Caneral Form of the Uppee-Serfuce Peesire Distribution Referring to Fg, 1, the upper-aufuce presure distribution will nally be taken to be made up af two base epiis 1) a region of aveleration from the lelingsge stagnation point Wo the masinntm velocky (C,a.) and 2) » presne recovery rexion from Cy we to the trailngeedge presire Cocficent Gye, Two cases Will be comidered a) a tuber Jent boundary layer over the entire upper surface and 8) = [mina boundary layer in tegion Lith instantancous tran tion at the point of masimam velocity to turbulent bound. any jer region 2.‘Thus eases ara bare dstinguitt 2. Formul:eee Fe ig 1 Genel Sore fr uppet-surtace prema ditibe ‘i by the diferent state of the boundary layer at the start of ‘the presure fie region, 2.2 Sepamtion shape the pressure recovery’ region, Its neces sary to have a method for tering for boundaryslayor separ: tion. Stratford's paper! does this aad provides « basis for the precise determination of the entire presure recovery re- on, giving # esthbution which Just avolls seyarasion long Hts enti length. ‘Tho basis reslt i derived for pressure distribution of the form shown in Fig 2, where the Kuda yer itlen oe tare! over te nireregon ning C= @ = potter and the basic reall of Ref igiven by Reo= Vous (1) yy staf eae” Crlz/ze) = 9.49) (Reaad[(2/209"” — 1) ee : f @ For pressure recovery beyond C, = 4, Straiford suggests eg emsunt Yor yarameter Sli with se Sess ee nee TE fens rete eke Sgaced bytes gee oe Cihaje) = fa/erzd + 01), > 4) stare the constants a and bare chown to maich Cy and its terivative when Cy = 4. Equations (2) aod (8) define the Imminent separa presaure recovery dtrbution of Fig. 2 "The aitol problem saqulewea stagnation near X = O with the vebeliy morotenically ineressing to Ve at X = Xo 88 Siggested in Fig. 1. Scratford has provided twp staight- forward relations which mollly the previous rele to aceauot for am initial sion of favorable presure gradient where the boundary layer may be laminar or turbulent by wing a2 tftective origin zy in Eqs @) and (@). For a faronsble fradlens witha earbuleet Douadary byer,this.gives exe Fig: # Prony dition wre hy Stators Ref: 2) f 1M. LIEBECK AND A. 1. ORMSBEE ee ae 4. AIRCRAFT thisss for Soon. bd. abl the wn q lene Xo while fora laminar boundary lyer, I yihlt Carn mre m tt ott fol osama [NT Xn date fra that lenge. a tance trom tit eect ling edge or Which Exe. and (3) are based. Pee 23. Appleton of Stratford's Ress Siraton’s rat provides s presure ditbution which recover: a given prosure diference in the shortest posible distnce.” As apple! to the maximum lit problem, this ‘yung the BtetTord preset recovery at ‘ain matifications are neeesary, however, before it becomes sable in the present problem. ‘Defining the ecrvehtinal prosare coeticient as ©, = @ ~ pal WV and using Ea. (0), the ration 6 = OUTING, — N41 is obtained, Condition atthe tang alge sive (elFet =m = ifm =) © to that the reitin between C, an Cy maybe wten as Co = 1d Col - Cad = + Sindee rlted tothe fnatronn Reynokls number Rebs Vong. — (Gual\n bla ree mc ic For a given presure dtribution from ¥ = 0 te X = Xo, Enis Gand () may be considered as having the forms Nenkm bB1 Re.) Kes ky b> # for case mand coe , epmcivey, where A ad fy recone Stan For the saps wish fellows wil bs convenient to define» new independent warzble for Eqs (2) ad (8) as 27/5 whose vale atthe trailing edge is Z Gite 24 Propoved Upper-Surtace Pressure Disttbutlon 4 mre specie form forthe uppersuriace presi a eatin toy now be eamine! unig the Safer! datebu- {ion for the prewar meevery min, Figure 9 dicrbes the goed prone ttn fer us 30 ny favorable prewure gradient ronftap i asyuced forthe regen from 2 tots Em gat he Sttlrd etibton uuted from tm Keto =e Using He pelaton Xy = ioe [ime See ane ST -6 reanst HE ena an— Fig, 3 Proposed prose elistribution for airfoil upper ~ fetity Sith "nate tmunlagyee able (ot 8Ba, Ba. i emriten in terms the presare coefficient as win wf 1 foe)"e) Since Gp 2 Cy my asthe pressure distrivution from X = 0 19 Ko = Ne spyrontes » at oolop (Cp = com — Cyl then Yy->meard Be 1. “The diane from X = Xyto X = eis determined by the values of Z and Cy. ‘This san be demeostated ty ting Ea. (6) and writing Co nie 1 = (VA/Fa8) = 1 = Cou 1K and recalling that Cy is determined from Eas. (2) and (9) When t= (e/zal = 2. Zz represents the distance irom X= Xyw X = 6 for the artery rootap distribution, 9s can be seen hows Fg. 3 “The iftcoeficent forthe upper surface is given by one -[fred’)+ \uer-v forma: where, from Fig. the chord is ¢ = (ky + Z— D2y. second integral fa the previous equation represents the com Uribution to Ce. from the Stratford recovery portion of the pressure distribution. In this region, Cy is given by Eqs (2), @) aa (7) asa funetion of = 2/2,and the three param tees Beeg Cri and 2, Furthermore, from Fig. 8, 2 = W/o, = Gh =I) and de = a(X/2), therefore, feed) - fix Oy Cyritendds = «tox besomes 1) ay id (12) ‘The expresion for Cum — [f° Coal) + 2.0m, Red). 2-09 ay Equations (10) and (13) defive Cyy for case.» as» function of the presume dutsinuton from X'= Oto X = Xo and the parameters Z, Con and Rs, where Cy ws is given by Ba, (11). It remains to determine the optimum distritution and ‘als ofthe parameters, ‘The development of the equivalent of Eqs. (10) and (13) for cae b is quite similar to that of case a The proposed pressure distrbution for ease b is shown in Fig. 4. An. om Seblirary favorsbie woftop is assumed for the region from X = Oto X = X, however, in this cace the boundary layer in thi retion is"assurved to be lsmingr, Instantaneous framition at X = Xpis tssumed, and again the Stratford re cavery is jreseited from X = Xe 10K = The sine felationshipe for Crim Rem sad Cy ne apply bets to eae b ‘5 were disussed earlier for case a, and again Z, Cyn, and ‘agg are not speciéed at this tine. TE is convenient t9 rewnte Eq. (5) im the form Xy = Ieglhe) where by = (Rew)"4/82>1 Pig se) 42) a Cerne , 1 ica funelion of Reg only. ‘The existence of laminar ine sad ofa turbulent boundary ler fromX = Dto X=. pies an increase in the dl rg andy, accounts or this Se stowa ie Pig. 4. fap i depetien, on he presure dis- teibution from X = 016 X = Xn and has am effect en the distance Xyrhich is quite sino £0 kof eases. surface with boundary lay Xi and turhlent from’ hordlength for case b ig = (kids + Z = I)2q and the uppersuriace It cofiziet i Referring to Fig. 4, the Bison by, Coy [Lred2) + = Gabe = 0, cu) Janne e Ale, fom Fig. 4, rm Kf) and therfore fea’) = ix CyleCpigReadde = L(Z Cyne) (15) The functions, of Bas. (12) and (15) are sen to be identical, nd the exten foe Cre for ease is now given by eal) + 2) ee de = X=) 1» more cowaniontly defined by rewriting Eq. (14) a8 Ves nye & -)"4{2) om Equations (16 and (17) define Cx for case as function of the presure dstnbation from = 0 to X= Xpand the parameters 2, pig ned Reve ( 25 Application of the Caculin of Variations to Matimice Coe ‘The form ofthe eanations which specify C1. fr both eases, db sgesia the use of the eaeahus of variations to deter- ine the fanetion G(X) and the parameters Z, Cy 896 Rea which imaxinise Car Por given tales of Gor and Fig Bap, 10) and (18) of case mand Bas (16) al (7) af enseB defines problem ofthe form Maximise Hy): = [Sawant +20, sth the contin GUA) + J suns = 0 itis desired to God the furetion y(2) and the values tnd NY which maxirae the factional HY subject to the eux cas) awt RH. IEBECH.AND A. 1. oRSBEE Fig. 8 Optirour pressure distribution fer slrfoll upper ‘race, ase m ad ease b (a to neale). cznaait ea by Ea. (10 wha tn furl fi), J, GAKN), GON), ‘nd gy)" are known. Introducing the Lagrange multiplier 9, Bye (16) aad (10) may be combined in the form AyokN AL = {or tet date + se + xa ant fou. cand letting G.(K,2) = JUV) + 2O(K,N) ond NyediK al =f" + ane thie becomes AUVCahKMAL = [eI KA + BEEN AVELKND ‘The Fist variation of is 8 = @APIKE + OA/AGI8E, + @A/eayIa, (2) 3A = 019 noone n eetremum of The ‘secon! variation of A is on an soa) den an Bias Bos, an cd gash re ean {onote that onan extremum, the parish derivatives 6/01, 2H /06,, 90/20, 2/2100, « =) of Eqs (1) aod 2H te constants, aa the actu variation t accounted for by the variations (a, 26, (303,51, 0 + 1 ‘The varaton = gvea by we Futons 09 | gtk cn for arbitrary varationsy and 8K, and the variations BG and 30, ate given by 10, = OG/OKVK + OG/ONN (23) Wr WG/KK + EGY — aD for arbitrary variations 8K and BY. (Ging Bs. (20), (23), aed (24), Eg. (20) becomes fas mown [H vm] + a 2G , 20), , [ahaa , at = BE + BOG] [BAS Bar -0 29, 3. AIRCRAFT: Since i? muse vanish for every admissible set of variations ved BN, Ba. (25) bros ap inte the three eeparate R/O) 2G/0N + OR/DG) WN = 0 Cm) there Eq. (26) is the Esler equation for dy, Bq. (27) fs he transversality condition for 8K, aie Eq. (2) represents the ‘anithing of the derivative of H with respect to N. "Appling Ea (3) 10 Bae (10) and (of ate dyieis “1+ ROC) =o co) Ihich indicates that the solution C4(%) from X= 0 to X = Xeisa constant. Therefore, GX) = @sxsx since continuity mquizes Cy(Xi) = Cy at and thus, from Ey, (10), fy = 1 This means that'the only admissible 1 = 0, and therefore its not necemary to Tn order lor the previous solution to prox ‘idea manu ct Che it mes saky BP <0 wher ingiven by Eq (21). Since 87 = 0 and Bk, = 0, Eq. (21) reduces fo the two conditions 81 50) + May $0 @ ailpye so @ Referring 6 Be, G0), Sint My = BML 6) = UL 6 “This quantiy ik mvgaton since Cy is negation, and from 10) and (8), postive, Before apelyin Eas. (3) Eat GN Socuetine bc gptinunt ssh a HOF tee trsual problem, i wl be etvenlens to apply the previous roan Applcticn ef Eo, Qn) te Eas (10) and (17) of ese yaks Coat, -1+40-G)"=0 wo which gives ON = Can OSES) asin cas a, ard therefor the only admissible variation of i Hs My ~ 0, end thus, Ba, (27) need aot be sated. Re- {erring to Eq. (90) ance agnio fo Mw = PML — which is alwys nepative as in cases. ‘Refersing to Fg. 8, Cra may now be written in the form = HIG we kr + LE Coe Red i + Be = Y) toa) where ty = | for case a, and by is given by Eq. (14) for case BG, cava funetion of 2 i abtained from Ba. (11).48 = 1+ [Con DE + OVE = Cy aE Contd [Cp mil2,Prn Reade + WC Lankted VE + by = 1) (3) ‘The conditions of Eqs. (28) and (81) become Dez 0, me.fazrca 3OPTIMIZATION OF AIRFOILS FOR MAXINUM LIFT ae a ete 1 Fig ¢ Option aiofl prmare ditrbution according 448 conditions oo Z fer a maximum. Applisatin of Eqs. (i) te Ey. (3) yds an analytic esprstion for Z as a func Aion of Cyvand Rey This completes the variational analysis Tar sae Upper surlace ae ve ze ve re 30 10 00 00 200ms 0.0 {0004s 0908, ooo 0.06 091885, oon oon 00 ore 0.984 car 0.384 6 vers. 0975 0.0050 ons, 0.00121 oa oo 8.008 03st 08 08 rd Ouems (0. o o.a19 2.0908 On9 ° 5000 use 5.300 ° 0.870 0505 om 0 0.880 2.0308 0.380 t om ocars om 6 0.835 o.07a3 0.85, 6 orm oo ons 1 0.450 © toss 010 ote Ora ous or 6.1612 boat O18 Oat oss 820 Sis 0.400 O28 0625 0.1682 0.628 Oza 0.396 Uasst 0.306 0.2308, Disee 0.2005 Osgs o.378e Ona zat os 03008 030) 020 0-300 O38 0408 0.2 0-108 cee 0a ons 0-438 0308 0.404 om O40 can og o.304r ore oan a0 ons 0.340 ° 0309 2 3201 0.300 oan 0.3231 38 020 Ogu 080 oa Osa Og 9.199 Oa 0.395 09 oem 0.380 oi Otc: ous ba re Out 0 Y00 3011 0300 Doo 0.2961 6.4810 Domo U0 O.toau Sow oan Bieta Som tara, o-ea0 Doms oars 0.250 ows oan o.tice 000 Ors -t000 0.0m 0.2741 0.008 o'om3 (O.ar75 Bot toms 0 2810, Ooo 0800 | ‘of the uyper-surace pressurr distribution with the param ‘eters Cyeand Rese eft unspecified this time 246 Final Form of Nnfoll Preenure Diatibutton ‘The vaatonal analysis provides an idealised presure dix trinutionot the om shows inFig 8. Addiioa sostsints ‘ot erapleyed inthe optiizatiog of the presere distbutios thes far ere necreare at tie stage 1) the fl must ‘ose at he trallog elge wihoat having negate ares, 2) Ue leading edge mt be rounded 10 permit operation ovat fn ange of attack range, and 3) the Kut condition muse be sated, Thee contains are acanmotated Oy pro ‘idng a lasge Site acceleration on the Upper surface hear the liding ee, and & moderate eoseortion on the lone? ‘pias marie aig ce horn in Bi Pora ee es (once Re ee ee ak teed hasty eno ed tates than on eit ree sure gradest at the kading and trlhg edt as indicated NFig 6,‘ appbeation of var presare varutins oer the leeing and teling edgco was done aber andi not part cf te vartinal ata. It expected, ower fit Ge eed fer nian hit weal te inde ofthe prewar gradiet to ‘ome marsmun lve rod iad go wear prewre Variation at hat val of the atin 3. Results Yale of the uppersurace lit enefcent C+. eakulited from Ba. (38) are shown in Fg. § for 1 < dew 10? and ‘205. The range of Rez ix obtained by varying Rewaxd vsing Ba). Cea is seen to increase with Re, and is sgndicently higher for ease b than ease 8. ‘The salu Coy has a song eect on Cia, snd this induencad te prom dare vied iz tarring the pararselers of the presre di tribution to obtain the sirfoll, Actually, the selection of Value of Cou involves a careful jadgient of boundar-tyer« as RH. LIEBECK AND A 1. ORMSOEE 7. AIRCRAFT. Alsfotl rometry and pressure distribution, tush ‘eat roaltop, Rew = 10%, eeotst the trang edge od mech work remains tobe doe in thisaren, ‘Weber's inverse alrall wlitiont was ued to obtain the profiles, Xi Xy and Chi were varied to obtain acceptable eatingedge geometry, ‘Chu and Xy were wed to control the aft portion ofthe aifol govmtey. Fors particular valve of Co inereasing Xs ented the thickness near the trling edge to decrease, ad thus, the desied value of 1 was that whieh jus eases the alo to eos. From Hig. & i f evileot that the fwest value of Gna is Gesived. It waa found that Ifthe valve of C,. was toofow, the airfoil dosed upstream cf the triling edge resulting in a refexed profile. Therefore, the minimum alowabl Value of Cyu was considered wo be ‘hat wliere tbe profie wo» not reestd, and for practical pur- posws it was eoesidared. desirable to maintain n ressorable ‘R@penese distribution over the aft portion of the profile, "Figures 9-14 presnt the prof stapes cbtsined and their responding fresure dstrbutloos. Values of Cs, Co, Con and Coraregiven foreach, A lat of exoedinates for the siroil of Fig 12 is given in the Table 1. These were ob- tained by iterating from the profle predicied by the Weber thoory using the ‘Netmann potentalow progam? sass direct solution in order to obtain a mere precise profil ‘Tas exist pressure distribution corresponding to this shape is also shown in Pig. 13. ‘The drag soelicbnts were ealeulted wing the relation given hy Thwalles Io Ref. 3. Tho boundary layer was talcen ‘ts laminar over the entre lower surface forthe laminar root- top arf, end turbult forthe turbulect roflop airoi. Ivaakdition, the drag for the alzfoi of Fig. 13 bas been cxleu- lated ing’ Uhe Douglas turbulent boundary-layer program? 4, Conchusions ‘The family of optimum upper-surtace pressure distrbu- tions effectively represent the maximum arouat of lift whieh Fig.10 Aifottyeometey aod pressure diteibution, turbo Heat rooftop, Ren = 5 % 10. Fig. 11 Alefil scometey and peessuredisteibution,turbu- tot rooftopy Rew = 0 % 10%. ray be carried by the upper surfaze of + monoelement sir without separation, Since the Stmtford theory on which they were developed has been verified experimentally in Ref. 2, such distbutiors and performance Would appear to be able ueder actual ight sonditions. The sitoll profiles obtained using the Weber theory are, of course, only approximate. ‘They do, however, indicate that the preposd optimum presure distributions prove frallste ale sections. ‘The leading adgs ascoeration re- ‘ions requced for lhe airfoils of Fig. 9-14 caused more of 2 edition in the it eoefieient than was expected, particularly for the acfois of case a. This is probably a resale of wing the Weber method for computing the aioll profile, ant therefore stnper leadingsngesoeelentions should be assepl- fable wher more aceurate inverse techni e i employed. On the ether Land, the lowersurface acceleration reziot proved to be quite reasonable fn fis Hear form. Attempts fo increase the ft cnaficent by assuming mor arbitcary forms fad lo provide any significant improvement. ‘The ead of isereasing Hit eowffitest with Heyuokis ‘number it as expecied. Compressibility induced aparation iets have not bevn dinetly considered. However, ince the loud has been spread over the maniroam chordie di tatee posible, the aitils should have relatively bigh enical ‘Mach ounbers at the design condition, ‘Theoretical preview ‘ion of the drag concionte i somewha® speculative beease fof the special form of the pressure distributions, Neverthe. es the ageeriert between the results cbiained wing ‘Thivaites meted and the Deuglastarbulest boundary-layer progam for the ail of Fig. 13 suggests that these roms ay’ Be relic, Tn this analy, seperation has not been permitted any- where on the aol As'a reault, the drag eveficests pre ited theoretcelly by Thales! formula are quite lw, and scometey and presnure diatributfon, lanl ‘oat attapy Rew = 10Sata Fig. 18 Alrfal gsometry and prosare distribution, faml- ther rooftop, Ren = $ 510. thus, he ais provide » hich L/D at high Cx. Sach perma tay "te" partcsy tcl in for Ssanc, Vaiot, lang extrance, and raorporee Sight pp Moot Ga th ster and Ce ou cael defaed tr tha wl af the It cofichene hen the slope of thee ‘qurve equels sero, and almost all airfoils are partially sepa ‘Std ats prt "Thercore since hs ben sho tat Couhana atone ci on Goa fn ponte baby dongs Sse wih ited sparta th lige, gre Cal hghendt counts could te otiaied”Netarals Shee moe opted applatione wil aque the ne tomoftevedry-aye thieknes ec, prey mea he “Apliued exesan a wok il be to py an eset. exletsion ofthis wok wl be to apply anes invention tobe the pros Tusilallow mare rec defn of eding ao Ualbgeige snot wd ng. tpsove te parfomanet The ruling tvalatd inn eaperinenal pope UPLIMAALIUN UF Aue Cius FUN MAALMUSE Labt as ‘< Fig. 14 Atefll goowetey and premure dieribation, lake ‘et rosftop, Ree = 10 5 10 References + Sinn, 3 8 “The Praicion of Separaionot Be Tb lat eadaty Lape” Sawa Pad eden Wo * Sieaforh 8.8, “4s Expwrizetl Row ih ero Sa Pe oa Tivoghos ta Regi of Pere Rs: Jota of Fld Meseman Vl 5,158 Tate Bye, Incomprante Aere mie Ono 180 + Weber Py "ite cceuoa atte Precis Dect on hs Sarr ol The Canara Wins snd he Dade Wings ith Given Pram Distiin,” Rat Na” Sah Foe 158 ‘eveonte Resets Coa hoy Ena THies J Tnsed Ba AMG, Ae of Posnat Flow Aai,Afgtrary Boles" Pope inthe Awonntial i etal by, Kaceruan, Wo & Pra Pres ci on. sonal be campus Aut Bendy tae Beats acpi etn atts orn baie 158 Byngcn Ton, Ses doe foe