1

Spark ignition

first stroke

BDC

TDC

second stroke
BDC
TDC

TDC
TDC
TDC

TDC
BDC

TDC

Exhaust Blow-down
BDC

BDC

BDC

Exhaust Stroke

BDC
TDC

TDC
TDC

TDC
TDC

overlap

Compression Ignition

SI

SI

TDC
BDC

BDC

SI

Spark ignition

TDC

BDC

BDC
slot
BDC

Scavenging
BDC

BDC

TDC

Compression Ignition

Scavenging

B Bore

S 2a
UP

U P 2 SN

cm

S B (revolutions per minute RPM

11

rpm

B
S

B
S B
square engine

B S under square

B S square
B S over square

under square
B

D a cos (r 2 a 2 sin 2 )
UP

U P dD / dt
UP

( ) sin [(1 cos / R 2 sin 2 )]

UP
2

r
a
Vd

BDC
Vd VTDC VBDC

TDC

11

rc

VBDC
VTDC

Vc VTDC
VC

clearance volume
VBDC Vd VTDC

rc

VC V d
VC

Vd ( ) B 2 s
4
NC

Vd N C ( ) B 2 s
4

in3 m3 Cm3

V Vc (B 2 / 4)( r a D)

cm
cm
Liter
m/s
kw
m/s
kw/Liter
Kpa

12

W Fdx PAp dx
P
Ap
x
Ap dx dV

dV

W Fdx PAp dx PdV

P-V

SI

w W /m
v V /m
w Pdv

13

specific work
part

WOT

SI
load
gross indicated work
indicated pump work

part load

WOT

Wnet
wnet wgross w pump

Wnet
wnet ( Area A) ( Area B)

brake work

wb wi wt

wb
wnet

wi

14

wt

m wb / wi Wb / Wi
Mean Effective Pressure

mep
mep w / v W / Vd
v vBDC vTDC

W
w
Vd

 15

TDC

TDC

BDC

TDC
TDC

TDC

 16

TDC
BDC

blow-down

BDC

P1 P6 P0
) w61 P0 (v1 v6

17

T2 T1 (v1 / v2 ) k 1 T1 (V1 / V2 ) k 1 T1 (rc ) k 1

P2 P1 (v1 / v 2 ) k P1 (V1 / V2 ) k P1 (rc ) k 1

q12 0
w12 ( P2 v2 P1v1 ) /(1 k ) R(T2 T1 ) /(1 k ) (u 2 u1 ) cv (T2 T1 )
v3 v2 v TDC

w23 0
Q23 Qin m f QHV c mm cv (T3 T2 ) (ma m f )cv (T3 T2 )
q 23 qin (u 3 u 2 ) cv (T 3T2 )
T3 Tmax
P3 Pmax

q0
T4 T3 (v3 / v4 ) k 1 T3 (V3 / V4 ) k 1 T3 (1 / rc ) k 1
P4 P3 (v3 / v4 ) k P3 (V3 / V4 ) k P3 (1 / rc ) k
w34 ( P4 v4 p3 v3 ) /(1 k ) R(T4 T3 ) /(1 k ) (u 3 u 4 ) cv (T3 T 4)

v5 v4 v1 v BDC
w45 0
Q45 Qout mm c v (T5 T4 ) mm cv (T1 T4 )
q 45 qout cv (T5 T 4) (u5 u 4 ) cv (T1 T4 )
P0

p5 p6 p0
w56 P0 (v6 v5 ) P0 (v6 v1 )

( t ) OTTO wnet / qin 1 ( qout / qin )

1 [cv (T4 T1 ) / cv (T3 T2 )
1 [(T4 T1 ) /(T3 T2 )

( t ) OTTO 1 (v1 / v2 ) k 1
r c v1 / v2
( t ) OTTO 1 (1 / rc ) k 1

18

K=1.35 SI
WOT

lb-ft

N-m

2 Wb (bmep)Vd / n

Wb
n

Wb (bmep)Vd / 2

Wb (bmep)Vd / 4

19

maximum brake torque MBT

CI
SI
MBT
N

hp
1hp=0.745kw=2545BTU/hr=550 ft-lb/sec
1kw= 1.341hp

KW

21

 21

Qin

FA

AF

CI

SI

22

sfc m f / W

mf

specific fuel consumption

bsfc m f / Wb
specific fuel consumption

isfc m f / W i

bsfc
1

 23

gm/kw-hr
SI

L/100km

lbm/hp-hr

24

Bore
B

stroke

over square
square
under or over square

3000rpm

WOT

1.025
100%
4%

86%
44300kj/kg
100kp

SI

8.6
AF=15

60 c

Vc

 25

mm

Qin

T3

 26

3000rpm

27

3000rpm

Deviations from the ideal cycles