Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CNG BI GING
1
nhiu hay t hng ho khc trong trao i. Tuy nhin khi nim sc mua tin t khng
c xem xt di gc sc mua i vi tng hng ho nht nh m xt trn phng
din ton th cc hng ho trn th trng.
Mc ch ca chng ny l cung cp cho sinh vin nhng hiu bit khi qut v hai i
tng nghin cu ch yu ca mn hc ny l: tin t v ti chnh. C th cc ni dung
cn nm c sau khi hc xong chng ny l:
Bn cht v chc nng ca tin t
Cc hnh thi pht trin ca tin t
Khi nim v ti chnh v h thng ti chnh
1.1. nh ngha
Tin l bt c ci g c chp nhn chung trong thanh ton i ly hng ho, dch
v hoc hon tr cc khon n.
nh ngha ny ch a ra cc tiu ch nhn bit mt vt c phi l tin t hay khng.
Tuy nhin n cha gii thch c ti sao vt li c chn lm tin t. gii thch
c iu ny phi tm hiu bn cht ca tin t.
1.2. Bn cht
Tin t thc cht l vt trung gian mi gii trong trao i hng ho, dch v, l phng
tin gip cho qu trnh trao i c thc hin d dng hn.
Bn cht ca tin t c th hin r hn qua hai thuc tnh sau ca n:
Gi tr s dng ca tin t l kh nng tho mn nhu cu trao i ca x hi, nhu cu
s dng lm vt trung gian trong trao i. Nh vy ngi ta s ch cn nm gi tin khi
c nhu cu trao i. Gi tr s dng ca mt loi tin t l do x hi qui nh: chng no
x hi cn tha nhn n thc hin tt vai tr tin t (tc l vai tr vt trung gian mi gii
trong trao i) th chng gi tr s dng ca n vi t cch l tin t cn tn ti2. y
chnh l li gii thch cho s xut hin cng nh bin mt ca cc dng tin t trong lch
s.
hng ho thng thng ly hng ho c bit - tin t3. Ho t xut hin ln lt di hai
dng:
2.1.1. Ho t phi kim loi
Ho t phi kim loi l tin t di dng cc hng ho (tr kim loi). y l hnh thi c
nht ca tin t, rt thng dng trong cc x hi c xa. Trong lch s c rt nhiu loi
hng ho khc nhau tng c con ngi dng lm tin t. Trong cun Primitive
money ca Paul Einzig vit nm 19664, ng a ra nhng thng k kh th v sau v
nhng loi tin c xa m theo ng nhiu s trong vn cn c s dng cho n c
ngy nay. l:
Vng l mt loi hng ho c nhiu ngi a thch. Chng ta bit rng, vng
cha chc l kim loi qu him nht nhng nhu cu ca x hi v vng xut
hin rt sm trong lch s v ngy cng tng lm cho vng tr thnh mt th hng
ho rt hp dn, c nhiu ngi a thch. V vy, vic dng vng trong trao i
d dng c chp nhn trn phm vi rng ln.
Nhng c tnh l ho ca vng rt thun li trong vic thc hin chc nng tin
t. Vng khng b thay i v mu sc v cht lng di tc ng ca mi
trng v c hc nn rt tin cho vic ct tr. N d chia nh m khng nh
hng ti cht lng.
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C th ni chin tranh th gii ln th I v cuc khng hong kinh t th gii nm 1929 1933 l nguyn
nhn chnh a n vic p dng tin giy bt kh hon (tin giy khng c kh nng i ra vng) rng
khp cc nc.
phn bit hai loi tin ny, cc nh kinh t gi tin vng v tin giy c kh nng i ngc ra vng l
tin cng (hard money) cn tin giy khng i c ra vng l tin mm (soft money).
7
Trn thc t, NHT a tin ra lu thng bng cch mua mt lng chng khon hoc hng ho. Nh
vy lng tin a ra lu thng c m bo bng lng hng ho hay chng khon , n lt chng
khon li c m bo bi s hng ho m ngi pht hnh chng khon dng tin bn chng khon
mua. iu ny lm cho tin giy thc t c m bo bng lng hng ho nht nh. NHT c th thu
hi li tin giy in ra bng cch bn s hng ho hay chng khon m n nm gi. C s khc nhau gia
hnh vi mua ca cc ch th kinh t vi hng vi mua ca NHT. Vi cc ch th kinh t mua th s tiu
dng mt i, cn vi NHT th mua ri cn chuc li tin giy in ra. Nh vy, nu NHT m
bo rng s hng ho hay chng khon m n mua bng cch in tin giy c th bn i thu hi li s
tin giy n in ra th gi tr ca tin giy vn c m bo.
V pha chnh ph, ci li thy r nht ca tin giy l vic in tin giy tn chi ph
nh hn nhiu so vi nhng gi tr m n i din v c th pht hnh khng ph
thuc vo s lng cc hng ho dng lm tin t nh trc y.
Ngoi ra, chnh ph lun nhn c khon chnh lch gia gi tr m tin giy i
din vi chi ph in tin khi pht hnh tin giy. nhiu nc khon chnh lch
ny to ra mt ngun thu rt ln cho ngn sch. V d: Trc y, ng DMark c xem l ng tin d tr quan trng nht ca th gii sau ng la
M nn n c rt nhiu nc d tr. Theo mt cng trnh nghin cu ca Ngn
hng lin bang c lc , khong t 30 n 40% s lng ng D-Mark bng
tin giy c lu hnh ngoi nc v nm ngoi h thng ngn hng.
ng u, nhiu cng dn s dng ng D-Mark nh ng tin ca chnh nc
mnh. V v vy, trong nhiu thp nin, Ngn hng Lin bang c cho pht
hnh rt nhiu tin giy, nhiu hn rt nhiu so vi ngi c cn. Vic in ng
Mark em li mt khon li ln cho Ngn sch Lin bang. V d: nm 1996,
khon l 8,8 t D-Mark. Trong nhng nm c bit pht t, khon tin
chim ti 1/5 ton b thu nhp ca CHLB c.
9 Tin giy cng c nhng nhc im nh: khng bn (d rch); chi ph lu thng vn
cn ln; khi trao i hng ho din ra trn phm vi rng (chng hn gia cc quc gia
hay gia cc vng xa nhau), i hi tc thanh ton nhanh, an ton th tin giy vn t
ra cng knh, khng an ton khi vn chuyn; c th b lm gi; d ri vo tnh trng bt
n (do khng c gi tr ni ti v khng th t iu tit c s lng tin giy trong lu
thng nh tin vng).
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s h chiu ca ngi ch sc .
Hin nay 5 loi sc du lch c chp nhn ti Vit nam l American Express, Visa,
Mastercard, Thomacook, Citicorp, Bank of America.
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s dng hnh thc thanh ton bng sc, ngi gi tin vo ngn hng s phi m ti
khon sc (checking account). Ngoi ra, cc nc c h thng ngn hng v th trng
ti chnh pht trin, ngoi ti khon sc thng thng cn tn ti cc dng ti khon c
kh nng pht sc khc nh l: NOW accounts (negotiable order of withdrawal account),
super NOW account, MMDA (Money-market deposit account), ATS account (Automatic
transfer from savings account - ti khon loi t ng chuyn khon t ti khon tit
kim). Cc lnh thanh ton t cc ti khon ny cng c chc nng tng t sc.
Vic lu thng tin tn dng da trn c s vic lu thng sc cng c nhng hn ch
nht nh. Trc ht, vic thanh ton bng sc vn i hi mt khong thi gian nht
nh, l thi gian cn thit chuyn sc t ni ny n ni khc, thi gian cn thit
kim tra tnh hp l ca sc v.v..., do vy thanh ton bng sc s vn chm trong cc
trng hp cn thanh ton nhanh. Th hai, vic thanh ton bng sc dn n vic x l
cc chng t thanh ton v chi ph cho vic ny ngy cng tng gy tn km ng k cho
x hi. Chnh v vy, p ng s pht trin ca nhu cu trao i, thanh ton trong nn
kinh t, i hi phi c mt hnh thi tin t mi hon thin hn.
Z Khi chuyn sang phng thc thanh ton in t, tin trong cc ti khon ngn
hng c lu tr trong h thng my tnh ca ngn hng di hnh thc in t (s
ho). ng tin trong h thng nh vy c gi l tin in t (E-money) hoc tin s
(Digi money). Nh vy, tin in t l tin t tn ti di hnh thc in t (s ho).
Hai h thng thanh ton in t ln nht hin nay l CHIPS (Clearing House
Interbank Payment System H thng thanh ton b tr lin ngn hng) v SWIFT
(Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication). Cc h thng ny cho
php thc hin cc hot ng thanh ton in t gia cc ngn hng khng ch trong mt
quc gia m cn trn phm vi quc t. Ngoi ngn hng ra, cc qu u t trn th trng
tin t v chng khon, cc cng ty chng khon v c cc cng ty kinh doanh ngy nay
cng rt tch cc s dng h thng ny trong cc hot ng thanh ton, chuyn tin ca
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mnh.
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Khi thc hin chc nng ny, tin t ch ng vai tr mi gii gip cho vic trao
i thc hin c d dng do vy tin ch xut hin thong qua trong trao i m
thi (ngi ta bn hng ho ca mnh ly tin ri dng n mua nhng hng ho
mnh cn). Trong trao i, ngi ta i ly tin khng phi v bn thn n m v
nhng g m n s i c. Tin t c xem l phng tin ch khng phi l
mc ch ca trao i. V vy tin t thc hin chc nng phng tin trao i
khng nht thit phi l tin t c y gi tr (v d di dng tin vng). Di
dng du hiu gi tr c x hi tha nhn (nh tin giy), tin t vn c th
pht huy c chc nng phng tin trao i.
Th ba, vic s dng sc bng giy thanh ton lun mt mt khong thi
gian x l t lc k sc n lc ngi nhn sc rt tin. Ngi ch ti khon
sc rt thch iu ny v h vn c hng li i vi s tin m mnh
thanh ton nhng cha b tr khi ti khon. Vi tin in t, h khng c
c khong thi gian ny.
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Tuy nhin thc hin tt chc nng ny, i hi ng tin phi c tha nhn
rng ri, s lng tin t phi c cung cp lng p ng nhu cu trao i
trong mi hot ng kinh t, ng thi h thng tin t phi bao gm nhiu mnh
gi p ng mi quy m giao dch.
chp hnh c chc nng thc o gi tr, tin t bn thn n phi c gi tr.
Cng ging nh khi dng qu cn o trng lng mt vt th bn thn qu cn
phi c trng lng. Nh gii thiu phn bn cht ca tin t, gi tr ca
tin t c c trng bi khi nim sc mua tin t tc l kh nng i c
nhiu hay t hng ho khc trong trao i. Khi tin t cn tn ti di dng hng
ho (tin c y gi tr) th sc mua ca tin t ph thuc vo gi tr trao i
ca hng ho dng lm tin t vi cc hng ho khc. n lt gi tr trao i ca
hng ho tin t li ph thuc vo cung cu hng ho trn th trng vi t cch
l mt hng ho. Khi x hi chuyn sang s dng tin t di dng du hiu gi tr
(tin giy, tin tn dng v.v...) th gi tr ca tin t khng cn c m bo bng
gi tr ca nguyn liu dng to ra n (v gi tr qu thp so vi gi tr m n
i din) m ph thuc vo tnh hnh cung cu tin t trn th trng, mc lm
pht, vo tnh trng hng thnh hay suy thoi ca nn kinh t v c nim tin ca
ngi s dng vo ng tin . Chng ta s tm hiu r hn v cc nhn t ny
nhng chng sau.
15
The meter is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458
of a second.
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ton, n c ct tr li dnh cho nhng nhu cu giao dch trong tng lai. Khi
, tin c tc dng nh mt ni cha gi tr, ni cha sc mua hng qua thi
gian18.
Khi ct tr, iu c bit quan trng l tin t phi gi nguyn gi tr hay sc mua
hng qua thi gian. V vy, ng tin em ct tr phi m bo yu cu: Gi tr
ca n phi n nh. S khng ai d tr tin khi bit rng ng tin m mnh cm
hm nay s b gim gi tr hoc mt gi tr trong tng lai, khi cn n cho cc nhu
cu trao i, thanh ton. Chnh v vy m trc y lm phng tin d tr gi
tr, tin phi l vng hay tin giy t do i ra vng. Cn ngy nay, l cc ng
tin c sc mua n nh.
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Khi tm thi cha c nhu cu s dng tin t lm phng tin trao i v thanh
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Phn cn li sau khi trang tri cho cc chi ph trn l li nhun ca doanh
nghip.
Cc sn phm sn xut ra phi c thc hin gi tr trn th trng (tc l c em bn
trn th trng) trc khi c th em phn phi. iu cng c ngha l nhng sn
phm no sn xut ra m khng c th trng chp nhn (khng bn c) th gi tr
ca chng s khng c thc hin v do khng th em phn phi20. Vi s ra i
ca tin t, gi tr ca sn phm sn xut ra sau khi c thc hin s tn ti di hnh
thi tin t. Qu trnh phn phi v th c thc hin di dng phn chia khon thu
bng tin sau khi bn sn phm. Kt qu ca qu trnh phn phi ny l s hnh thnh cc
qu tin t trong x hi, bao gm qu tin t ca cc doanh nghip v qu tin t ca dn
c. Qu trnh phn phi ny c gi l phn phi ln u.
p ng nhu cu ca mnh, cc ch th trong nn kinh t li tip tc phn chia cc qu
tin t ca mnh v s dng chng, dn n vic hnh thnh cc qu tin t mi. Cc qu
trnh phn phi ny c gi l phn phi li (ti phn phi). Chng hn, qu tin t ca
doanh nghip c trch mt phn tch ly phc v cho ti sn xut m rng to nn
qu tch ly ca doanh nghip, phn cn li c chia cho nhng ngi ng gp vn
vo doanh nghip, to nn cc qu tin t ca cc ch th gp vn; Qu tin t ca dn
c c chia thnh qu tiu dng v qu tit kim. Phn qu tin t nhn ri ca cc ch
th kinh t ny (qu tit kim ca dn c, qu tch ly cha dng ca doanh nghip) s
c chuyn cho cc ch th kinh t c nhu cu chi tiu hoc u t vt qu qu tin t
ca mnh di hnh thc cho vay hoc gp vn. Mt phn qu tin t ca cc ch th
Qu tin t ca khu vc dn c.
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Hay cn gi l vn. Vn l biu hin bng tin ca gi tr ti sn. Ti sn tn ti di hai hnh thc l
hin vt (ti sn hin vt) v tin t (ti sn tin t), tng ng c vn hin vt v vn tin t. B phn vn
tin t c dnh cho mt mc ch nht nh c gi l qu tin t.
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5. H thng ti chnh
Trong nn kinh t, cc quan h ti chnh xut hin an xen nhau, lin h, tc ng rng
buc ln nhau trong mt th thng nht gi l h thng ti chnh. Cn c vo hot ng
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Ti chnh cng
(NSNN)
Th trng
ti chnh
Trung gian
ti chnh
Ti chnh
doanh nghip
Ti chnh h
gia nh
Vn
Nhng ngi c
vn/cho vay
- Cc gia nh
- Cc cng ty
- Chnh ph
- Nc ngoi
Nhng ngi
cn vn/i vay
Vn
Th trng
ti chnh
Vn
- Cc cng ty
- Chnh ph
- Cc gia nh
- Nc ngoi
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Tch ly l vic hy sinh nhu cu tiu dng hin ti cho nhu cu tiu dng trong tng lai vi hy vng vic
li li k hoch tiu dng s em li nhiu ch li hn.
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Vn
Vn
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CU HI N TP
1. mt vt c chn lm tin t th n phi tha mn nhng iu kin g? Hy
s dng tin vng v tin giy minh ha.
2. Cc iu kin tin cho qu trnh quc t ha ng tin mt quc gia l g?
3.
4.
5.
6.
Cung cp phng tin lu chuyn cc ngun lc qua thi gian, gia cc quc
gia v gia cc ngnh.
Cung cp phng tin thc hin vic thanh ton trong thng mi c thun
li hn.
Cung cp thng tin v gi c nhm h tr cho vic phi tp trung qu trnh ra quyt
nh.
Trung gian ti chnh ph bin nht l cc ngn hng, ri n cc cng ty ti chnh, cng ty bo him, cc
qu hu tr, cc cng ty chng khon, qu u t .v.v...
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7.
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1. Khi nim
Th trng ti chnh l ni din ra cc hot ng mua bn, chuyn nhng quyn s
dng cc khon vn ngn hn hoc di hn thng qua cc cng c ti chnh nht nh
(financial instruments).
Cc cng c ti chnh (financial instruments) ny c gi l cc chng khon
(securities). Chng khon l nhng tri quyn - claims (quyn c hng) i vi thu
nhp hoc ti sn tng lai ca nh pht hnh.
Chng khon bao gm hai loi: chng khon n debt securities l chng khon xc
nhn quyn c nhn li khon vn ng trc cho nh pht hnh vay khi chng
khon o hn cng nh quyn c i nhng khon li theo tho thun t vic cho
vay 26 v chng khon vn equity securities l chng khon xc nhn quyn c s
hu mt phn thu nhp v ti sn ca cng ty pht hnh.
Nhng ngi cn vn (thng l cc cng ty hay chnh ph) thng qua vic pht hnh
(bn) cc chng khon huy ng vn t th trng ti chnh. Cn nhng ngi c tin
(cc nh u t) bng cch mua cc chng khon cung cp cc khon vn cho cc nh
pht hnh. Nh vy cc chng khon l ti sn c i vi ngi mua chng nhng li l
ti sn n i vi ngi pht hnh ra chng. Ni mt cch khc, i vi nhng ngi cn
vn, chng khon l mt phng tin ti chnh huy ng vn p ng nhu cu vn
ngn hn hoc di hn, cn i vi nhng ngi d tin, chng khon l mt phng tin
u t hng nhng thu nhp nht nh.
Cng vi s pht trin ca hot ng ti chnh, ngoi chc nng lu chuyn vn t ni
tha n ni thiu, th trng ti chnh cn cung cp cc phng tin qun l nhng
ri ro lin quan n cc hot ng lu chuyn vn ny. Chnh v vy, bn cnh hai loi c
bn l chng khon n v chng khon vn, trn th trng ti chnh cn lu thng cc
cng c ti chnh c bit nhm p ng nhu cu qun l cc ri ro lin quan n khng
ch cc ti sn sn ti chnh m c hng ho v tin t. Cc cng c ti chnh c bit ny
c gi l cc cng c phi sinh hay chng khon phi sinh (derivaties). Chng khon
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Tc l to iu kin ngi nm gi chng khon c th bn chng khon thu tin v. Chng khon
cng d bn th tnh lng ca n cng cao.
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Vit nam, Trung tm giao dch chng khon l m hnh bc thp ca S giao dch chng khon.
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Vit nam, Trung tm giao dch chng khon cng c t chc di hnh thc mt cng ty nhng
thuc s hu nh nc.
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Thut ng Giao dch qua quy bt ngun t vic cc giao dch mua bn chng khon trc y hu ht
u c thc hin ti cc quy giao dch ca ngn hng.
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Nh vy khc vi trong S giao dch, ni m gi c chng khon c hnh thnh trn c s m phn
hoc ghp lnh, th th trng OTC gi c l yt sn v vic mua bn s ch xy ra nu tun theo nhng
mc gi ny.
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mun tranh th cho vay ngn hn khon tin ny. Ngn hng Citibank khi ang c nhu
cu vay 1 triu USD trong 1 tun. Ngn hng quyt nh s dng mt Repo vay ca
GM bng cch k hp ng bn cho GM 1 triu USD tn phiu kho bc m ngn hng
ang nm gi vi cam kt s mua li s tn phiu ny vi gi cao hn sau 1 tun. Nh
vy, thng qua hp ng mua li Repo ni trn, cng ty GM cung cp cho
Citibank mt khon vay ngn hn, li tr cho GM chnh l khon chnh lch gia gi bn
li tn phiu cho ngn hng sau 1 tun v gi mua tn phiu lc u. Trong trng hp
xy ra ri ro Citibank khng thanh ton c n cho GM khi n hn, 1 triu USD tn
phiu kho bc vn thuc s hu ca GM v cng ty c th bn trn th trng tin t
thu hi vn v. Nh vy 1 triu USD tn phiu kho bc (mt cng c c tnh lng cao
nht v an ton nht trn th trng tin t) c s dng lm vt th chp trong
Repo m bo kh nng thanh ton n ca Citibank v lm cho GM yn tm khi
cho vay.
Ngoi cc cng c ph bin trn, cc nc c th trng tin t pht trin (v d nh
M) cn c thm mt s cng c khc nh:
3.1.6 Qu lin bang (Fed Funds)
Qu lin bang l nhng khon vay n ngn hn (thng ch qua mt m) in hnh gia
cc ngn hng M. i tng vay y l nhng mn tin gi ca cc ngn hng ti
Cc d tr lin bang M36. Khi tin gi ca mt ngn hng ti Fed khng t n tng s
m Fed qui nh phi c, n s tin hnh vay t nhng ngn hng no c khon tin gi
ti Fed vt qu qui nh b p cho khon thiu ht ca mnh.
Th trng vay qu lin bang rt nhy cm i vi cc nhu cu tn dng ca ngn hng
khin cho li sut ca cc khon vay ny (gi l li sut qu lin bang) c xem l mt
phong v biu o mc cng thng ca th trng tn dng trong h thng ngn
hng. Khi li sut cao l lc cc ngn hng ang b sc p v vn, khi li sut thp l nhu
cu tn dng ca cc ngn hng thp.
3.1.7 la chu u (Euro dollars)
Nhng ng la M do cc ngn hng ngoi quc bn ngoi nc M hoc nhng
chi nhnh ca ngn hng M ngoi quc nm gi c gi l la chu u. Cc ngn
hng M c th vay nhng mn tin ny t cc ngn hng nc ngoi hoc t cc chi
nhnh ca ngn hng M nc ngoi khi h cn vn. ng la chu u ngy nay
tr thnh mt ngun vn ngn hn quan trng i vi cc ngn hng M (nm 1998 l
trn 100 t USD).
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Mnh gi ca tri phiu (Face value): L s tin ghi trn b mt ca t tri phiu.
Mnh gi ca tri phiu thng chnh l gi bn ca tri phiu khi pht hnh37, v
y cng l s tin m nh pht hnh phi hon tr li cho ngi s hu tri phiu
khi tri phiu o hn. Lut cc nc c th qui nh mnh gi ti thiu ca tri
phiu. V d: Ngh nh 144/CP qui nh mnh gi ti thiu ca cc tri phiu
pht hnh ra cng chng ti Vit nam l 100.000 v bi s ca 100.000.
Li tr cho tri phiu (Interest): Li tr cho tri phiu thng c qui nh theo
t l phn trm trn mnh gi. Li sut tri phiu c th c qui nh c nh
hoc th ni ln xung theo li sut th trng. Li thng c tr nh k hng
nm hoc mt nm hai ln. K hn tr li cng nh li sut tri phiu u c
qui nh rt c th trn t tri phiu.
Ngi s hu tri phiu (Bondholder): Bng vic mua tri phiu, ngi s hu
tri phiu cung cp cho nh pht hnh mt khon vay ng trc. Tn ca
ngi s hu tri phiu c th c ghi trn t tri phiu (nu l tri phiu ch
danh) hoc khng c ghi (nu l tri phiu v danh). Ngi s hu tri phiu
ngoi quyn c i li v vn khi n hn cn c quyn chuyn nhng tri
phiu cho ngi khc khi tri phiu cha ht hn.
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Tri phiu chnh ph thng di dng tri phiu kho bc. y l cc tri phiu do Kho
bc pht hnh b p thm ht ngn sch quc gia hng nm. Tri phiu kho bc trung
hn (Treasury note) c thi hn di 10 nm, cn tri phiu kho bc di hn (Treasury
bond) c thi hn trn 10 nm.
Cc tri phiu chnh ph l loi tri phiu mua bn mnh nht trn th trng vn cc
nc nn c xem l cng c n lng nht trn th trng vn.
Cc nh u t vo tri phiu chnh ph bao gm cc ngn hng (k c NHTW), cc c
nhn v mt s t chc ti chnh khc.
Ngoi tri phiu chnh ph, cn c cc tri phiu do cc c quan trc thuc chnh ph
pht hnh (Government agency bonds) v tri phiu ca chnh quyn a phng (Local
government bonds hoc Municipal bonds). Mt v d v tri phiu do cc c quan trc
thuc chnh ph pht hnh l cc tri phiu bo m bng khon cho vay th chp do
GNMA mt t chc trc thuc chnh ph M pht hnh (s c cp chi tit trong
phn tip theo). Cc chnh quyn a phng cng c th pht hnh tri phiu vay vn
cho chi tiu ngn sch a phng hoc u t cho tng cng trnh c th theo k
hoch, v d xy dng nhng cng trnh c s h tng v cng trnh phc li cng
cng. Loi tri phiu ny thng c nhng u i c bit nh tin li khng phi chu
thu. Tnh cht ca cc loi tri phiu ny cng gn tng t tri phiu chnh ph. Nhng
nh u t chnh l cc ngn hng, cc cng ty bo him v cc c nhn.
Ti Vit nam, ngoi tri phiu kho bc (thng c thi hn 5 nm), chnh ph cn pht
hnh cng tri quc gia. Cc cng tri ny thng c mc sinh li km, ch yu mang
tnh cht ng vin ngi dn gip nh nc bng cch cho vay vn. Ngoi ra, cc
ngnh ln ca Vit nam cng pht hnh tri phiu cng trnh ti tr cho hot ng u
t ca mnh, v d: ngnh nng lng pht hnh tri phiu cng trnh xy dng ng
dy 500 KV, tng cng ty bu chnh vin thng pht hnh tri phiu xy dng h thng
bu in
ZTri phiu cng ty (Corporate bond)
Tri phiu cng ty thng do cc cng ty c uy tn ln pht hnh. Nhng ngi nm gi
tri phiu tr thnh ch n ca cng ty v c quyn yu cu thanh ton li v vn khi n
hn38. Khc vi cc c ng, thu nhp ca nhng ngi nm gi tri phiu cng ty khng
ph thuc vo tnh hnh li nhun ca cng ty v h lun c u tin thanh ton li
trc cc c ng, k c c ng c phiu u i.
Cc tri phiu cng ty nhn chung c qui m giao dch nh hn so vi cc tri phiu
chnh ph, do vy m chng km lng hn. Ti cc nc pht trin, th trng tri phiu
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cng ty cng c qui m nh hn th trng c phiu cng ty (ti M th trng tri phiu
cng ty ch bng gn 1/5 th trng c phiu cng ty) tuy nhin tc pht trin ca n
li nhanh hn th trng c phiu cng ty nhiu nn trong tng lai tri phiu cng ty c
th s l mt ngun ti chnh quan trng hn so vi cc c phiu cng ty.
Nm gi tri phiu cng ty thng l cc cng ty bo him (c bit l cng ty bo him
nhn th), cc qu hu tr, cc cng ty chng khon v c cc c nhn.
Vic pht hnh tri phiu cng ty cha ph bin Vit nam. Ch yu mi ch c cc
ngn hng pht hnh tri phiu ngn hng vay vn t dn.
3.2.2. C phiu (StockUS/ShareUK Certificate)
C phiu l mt chng th hay bt ton ghi s xc nhn tri quyn (quyn hng li) v
vn - equity claim - i vi thu nhp v ti sn rng ca mt cng ty c phn.
C phiu c bn cht l mt cng c gp vn (equity instruments) v ch do cc cng ty
c phn pht hnh. Khi cn huy ng vn, cng ty c phn chia s vn cn huy ng
thnh nhiu phn nh bng nhau, gi l cc c phn (share/stock). Ngi mua nhng c
phn ny c gi l c ng (share/stockholder). Vi s c phn mua, cc c ng
c cp mt giy chng nhn s hu, giy ny gi l c phiu.
Vn m cng ty c phn huy ng c t vic pht hnh c phiu c xem l vn
thuc s hu ca cng ty. Nhng c ng khi mua cc c phn ca cng ty thc hin
vic gp vn cng ty kinh doanh v do vy tr thnh nhng ngi ng s hu cng
ty. T l s hu cng ty ph thuc vo s c phn m c ng nm gi. Do c phiu
c xem l giy xc nhn quyn s hu ca cc c ng i vi nhng c phn ny nn
Thi hn ca c phiu: Bng cch mua c phiu do cng ty c phn pht hnh,
cc nh u t cung cp vn cho cng ty hot ng. Tuy nhin cc c ng li
khng c php rt khon vn ny v tr trng hp cng ty ngng hot ng
hoc c qui nh c bit cho php c rt vn. Chnh v l do nh vy nn c
th coi c phiu c thi hn thanh ton vn bng thi gian hot ng ca cng ty.
Trn thc t, tr trng hp ph sn hoc kt qu kinh doanh qu ti t, cn ni
chung th cc cng ty s vn c duy tr hot ng mi mi, cho nn c th ni thi
hn ca c phiu l v hn. Mc d vy, cc c ng c php chuyn nhng
c phn m mnh nm gi cho ngi khc v bng cch c th rt li khon
vn m mnh u t vo cng ty c phn.
Quyn tham gia qun l cng ty: Quyn ny c thc hin bng cch cc c
ng bu ra mt Hi ng qun tr thay mt mnh qun l, iu hnh cng ty.
Cc c ng khng ch c quyn bu ra Hi ng qun tr (Board of Directors)
m cn c th tham gia ng c lm thnh vin ca Hi ng qun tr. S lng
phiu bu t l vi s lng c phn m c ng nm gi. Do vy nhng ngi
nm gi cng nhiu c phn ca cng ty th cng c nhiu kh nng tr thnh
thnh vin ca Hi ng qun tr. Ngoi ra, hng nm cng ty cn t chc i hi
c ng (Annual shareholder meetings) hp cc c ng li, bn v cc chin
lc hoc k hoch kinh doanh ln ca cng ty.
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Ch c chia li sau khi cng ty thanh ton li tr cho nhng ngi nm tri
phiu v c phiu u i42.
c hng quyn tham gia qun l cng ty cng cc quyn khc nhm duy tr
quyn qun l cng ty, nh: quyn bu c, quyn ng c vo Hi ng qun tr,
quyn u tin mua trc vi gi u i cc c phiu mi pht hnh.
Nhng c ng c nhiu c phn hoc nhiu uy tn c th nm quyn iu hnh cng ty.
Cn ni chung a s nhng ngi u t ch mua c phiu thng hng c tc hoc
bn i khi c phiu ln gi nhm hng chnh lch gi.
C phiu u i (Preferred Stock): L loi c phiu cho php ngi nm gi c phiu
c hng mt s u i hn so vi c ng c phiu thng. V d nh:
anhtuanphan@gmail.com
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Li nhun cng ty thu c trc tin dng tr tri tc, tip theo l tr c tc ca c phiu u i,
cui cng cn bao nhiu mi chia cho cc c ng c phiu thng.
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anhtuanphan@gmail.com
CU HI N TP
1. Th trng ti chnh l g? Hy nu chc nng v vai tr ca th trng ti chnh
i vi nn kinh t.
2. Phn bit th trng tin t v th trng vn.
3. Khi no nhng ngi i vay tm n th trng tin t? Hi tng t vi trng
hp th trng vn.
4. Khi no nhng ngi cho vay tham gia th trng tin t? Hi tng t vi
trng hp th trng vn.
5. Cc ch th kinh t no thng tham gia vo th trng tin t? Hi tng t vi
th trng vn.
6. K tn cc th trng b phn ca th trng tin t v phn bit chng.
7. Do cc cng ty khng tng thm c bt k ng vn no trong cc th trng
th cp nn cc th trng ny t quan trng hn th trng s cp. Hy bnh lun
kin ny.
8. Trnh by mi lin h gia th trng s cp v th trng th cp. C th trng
s cp v th cp trn th trng tin t khng?
9. Xc nh nhng giao dch no trong cc giao dch sau y c tin hnh ti th
trng s cp, ti th trng th cp:
a. Bn 100 c phiu ca cng ty Ree
b. Kho bc pht hnh tri phiu kho bc
c. u thu tn phiu kho bc
10. Ti sao sau khi bn c phiu hoc tri phiu cc cng ty vn quan tm ti bin
ng gi c phiu hay tri phiu ca cng ty mnh?
11. Trnh by nhng im khc bit gia th trng tp trung v phi tp trung.
12. C tn ti th trng tp trung v phi tp trung trn th trng tin t khng?
13. Tm hiu v iu kin i vi cc cng ty c gia nhp th trng chng
khon tp trung ti Vit nam.
14. Nu tn v phn bit cc cng c lu thng trn th trng tin t.
15. Sp xp cc chng khon sau y theo th t gim dn v tnh lng: tri phiu
cng ty, tn phiu kho bc, thng phiu, tri phiu kho bc.
16. Nu im khc bit gia c phiu v tri phiu.
17. Nu nhng nhn t c bn nh hng ti s bin ng ca gi c phiu, tri
phiu.
18. So snh gia c phiu thng v c phiu u i.
19. So snh quyn hn gia tri ch v c ng i vi mt cng ty.
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Chi ph giao dch l mt trong nhng cn tr chnh trong qu trnh lu thng vn trn th
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anhtuanphan@gmail.com
2.1. Vai tr ca trung gian ti chnh trong vic gim bt chi ph giao dch
cho mnh th khon tin li m cng ty phi tr vn th. Thc t th khng phi vy. Cc
hp ng n cng vn phi i din vi ri ro o c. Do khon li phi tr cho cc tri
ch l c nh nn nu cng lm ra li nhiu th ngi i vay cng li. Do , h c th s
tham gia vo cc d n ri ro hn nhm kim li ln khin cho ri ro nhng ngi cho
vay khng thu hi c vn cho vay s cao hn.
Nhng vn v thng tin bt cn xng ny c th gii quyt bng cch ngi cho vay
tng cng thu thp thng tin v ngi i vay thng qua vic mua thng tin hoc t chc
Cc trung gian ti chnh c kh nng gim c chi ph giao dch trong qu trnh lu
chuyn vn l nh vo tnh kinh t do quy m hot ng ln v tnh chuyn nghip cao.
Vi li th ngun vn huy ng ln, cc trung gian ti chnh c th gim chi ph giao
dch tnh trn mi ng vn. Chng hn trn th trng chng khon, chi ph mua
10,000 c phiu cng khng t hn chi ph mua 50 c phiu l bao. Do , cc trung
gian ti chnh nh cc qu u t khi mua bn chng khon vi khi lng ln trn th
trng s chu chi ph mi gii tnh trn mi ng vn u t thp hn nhiu so vi cc
nh u t ring l. Chng nhng th, nh vo quy m vn ln, cc trung gian ti chnh
c th a dng ho danh mc u t gim thiu ri ro m khng lm tng chi ph nhiu
nh cc nh u t ring l.
Chi ph qun l tnh trn tng ng vn cng gim ng k khi quy m vn u t ln.
Hot ng vi quy m ln to iu kin cc trung gian ti chnh u t vo cc h
thng my tnh t tin dng cho qun l v tin hnh hng triu giao dch m vn m
bo chi ph tnh trn mi giao dch mc thp.
Tnh chuyn nghip cng l mt yu t lm gim chi ph giao dch. Do chuyn hot ng
trong lnh vc tin t - ti chnh, cc trung gian chng nhng s c nhiu kinh nghim
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48
2.2. Vai tr ca trung gian ti chnh trong vic gim bt chi ph thng tin
Cc trung gian ti chnh chuyn hot ng trong lnh vc ti chnh tin t nn h c
trang b y hn nhng ngi cho vay n l c v kin thc v kinh nghim, nh
h c th thu thp v x l thng tin hiu qu hn, gip nh gi c chnh xc hn
mc ri ro ca cc d n xin vay, qua gim thiu c nguy c chn la i
nghch. Hn na h cng s c kh nng kim sot tt hn qu trnh s dng vn ca
ngi i vay, nh gim bt c nhng thit hi do ri ro o c gy ra.
Khng nhng th, cc trung gian ti chnh cn khc phc c vn ngi i nh xe,
do h ch yu cung cp vn thng qua cc khon cho vay trc tip ch khng thng qua
vic mua chng khon. Cc khon vay trc tip ny khng c mua bn trn th trng
nn nhng nh u t khc khng th li dng. Chi ph cc trung gian ti chnh b ra
mua thng tin v gim st hot ng ca ngi i vay nhm gim tnh trng thng tin bt
cn xng s em li cho h nhng li th m cc nh u t khc nu khng b tin ra th
khng th c c.
Vi trng hp cc hp ng vn, cc trung gian ti chnh c th khc phc nhng vn
nh ngi u thc v i l v ngi i nh xe thng qua cc qu u t mo
him. Cc qu ny huy ng vn t cc nh u t ring l ri s dng ti tr cho cc
doanh nghip c trin vng thc hin cc d n kinh doanh ca mnh di hnh thc gp
vn lin doanh. ngn nga kh nng pht sinh cc ri ro o c, cc qu ny s c
ngi tham gia vo b my iu hnh ca doanh nghip nhn vn gim st cht ch
tnh hnh thu nhp hay li nhun ca doanh nghip . Mt khc, c phn ca cc doanh
nghip cng khng c php bn ra cho ai khc ngoi qu u t. Do , qu u t
khng cn phi lo ngi v tnh trng ngi i nh xe na.
Tm li, vi nhng u th v quy m hot ng, tnh chuyn nghip v cc dch v ti
chnh c th (nh khon vay trc tip, u t mo him), cc trung gian ti chnh c
kh nng khc phc kh hiu qu nhng hn ch ca knh ti chnh trc tip, v do
ngy cng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic lu chuyn vn trong nn kinh t.
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anhtuanphan@gmail.com
cc khon vay trc tip. Khng ch c vai tr quan trng trong knh ti chnh gin tip
cc t chc ny cn tham gia vo qu trnh cung ng tin cho nn kinh t.
Cc t chc nhn tin gi bao gm cc ngn hng thng mi (commercial banks)44 v
cc t chc tit kim (thrift institutions) nh cc hip hi tit kim v cho vay (savings
and loan associations), cc ngn hng tit kim (savings banks), cc qu tn dng.
3.1.1. Ngn hng thng mi (Commercial bank)
Ngn hng thng mi l loi hnh ngn hng xut hin u tin v ph bin nht hin
nay. Cc ngn hng thng mi huy ng vn ch yu di dng: Tin gi thanh ton
(checkable deposits), tin gi tit kim (saving deposits), tin gi c k hn (time
deposits). Vn huy ng c dng cho vay: cho vay thng mi (commercial loans),
cho vay tiu dng (consumer loans), cho vay bt ng sn (mortgage loans45) v mua
chng khon chnh ph, tri phiu ca chnh quyn a phng.
Ngn hng thng mi kinh doanh ch yu trong lnh vc tn dng ngn hn, tuy nhin
gn y nh ngun vn huy ng di do n bt u vn sang lnh vc tn dng trung
v di hn. Ngoi ra ngn hng thng mi cn cung cp cc dch v thanh ton qua ngn
hng v bun bn ngoi t.
Ngn hng thng mi d quc gia no cng u l nhm trung gian ti chnh ln nht.
y cng l cc trung gian ti chnh m cc ch th kinh t giao dch thng xuyn nht.
3.1.2. Cc hip hi tit kim v cho vay (Savings and Loan Associations - S&Ls)
Cc hip hi ny xut hin kh ph bin M t nhng nm 50. Ngun vn ch yu ca
cc hip hi ny l cc khon tin gi thanh ton, tin gi tit kim v tin gi c k hn.
Phn cn li (khong 20 - 30%) th vay t cc ngun khc v vay ca chnh quyn a
phng hay trung ng. Tin vn thu c ch yu cho vay bt ng sn (ch yu l
nh ) vi thi hn di. Thi k u, cc hip hi ny b gii hn trong cc khon cho
vay bt ng sn v khng c cung cp cc ti khon thanh ton. Nhng t nhng nm
80 tr i cc hip hi tit kim v cho vay c php cung cp cc ti khon thanh
ton, cho vay tiu dng v thc hin hng lot cc hot ng khc m trc y ch gii
hn cc ngn hng thng mi. Ngy nay, s khc bit v phm vi hot ng gia cc
hip hi tit kim v cho vay vi cc ngn hng thng mi hu nh khng ng k.
44
Cc ngn hng u tin ra i vo thi k Phc hng. Cc ngn hng c ngun gc t nhng ngi
i tin (money changers). T ngn hng bank c ngun gc t t banca trong ting ngha l ci
gh bng l ni nhng ngi i tin thng ngi tin hnh cc hot ng kinh doanh. Ngn hng ti
M thng c hiu l cc ngn hng thng mi, nhng c li l cc ngn hng a nng
(universal banks). Hot ng ca cc ngn hng ny bao trm ton b cc lnh vc ti chnh, tin t ch
khng hn hp nh ngn hng thng mi.
45
L hnh thc cho vay trong ngn hng cho ngi i vay vay mua bt ng sn, ngi i vay s
hon tr c vn v li cho ngn hng di dng cc khon thanh ton bng nhau theo nh k trong mt
khong thi gian nht nh (thng l trn 25 nm). Bt ng sn sau khi mua c s dng lm vt th
chp m bo cho khon vay ny.
50
M ngn hng tit kim tn ti di hnh thc cc ngn hng tit kim tng tr
(Mutual savings banks). Cc ngn hng tit kim tng tr ny thu ht tin vn bng
cch nhn tin gi v dng chng trc ht cho vay th chp. Nhng ngi gi tin
ng thi l ngi ch s hu cc ngn hng ny. Trc nm 1980, cc ngn hng ny b
hn ch cc khon cho vay bt ng sn, nhng ngy nay h c php pht hnh
cc ti khon tin gi c th pht sc di dng cc ti khon NOW hay Super NOW v
thc hin cc khon cho vay khc ngoi cho vay bt ng sn nh vay tiu dng, vay cho
sn xut nng nghip, cng nh cung cp cc dch v nh tn thc, pht hnh th tn
dng.
Vit nam khng c ngn hng tit kim ring bit, hu nh tt c cc ngn hng
thng mi u c b phn qu tit kim huy ng vn nhn ri trong dn c nhm
hnh thnh ngun vn chung ca ngn hng thng mi.
3.1.4. Qu tn dng
Qu tn dng c thnh lp theo hnh thc gp vn c phn v hot ng theo nguyn
tc tp th, t nguyn, hp tc v bnh ng. Cc thnh vin ca qu gp tin vo qu
di hnh thc mua cc th thnh vin (tng t nh c phiu) c mnh gi bng nhau.
Sau , h cng nhau bu ra ngi qun l. Cc thnh vin ca qu s c hng quyn
vay tin ca qu khi cn. Khi cn thm vn, qu li pht hnh thm th thnh vin v tip
nhn thm nhng thnh vin mi. Thng thng qu khng cho ngi ngoi vay tin.
Ngoi cho cc thnh vin vay, qu cng c th u t vo chng khon.
Vit nam, qu tn dng tn ti di dng cc t chc tn dng hp tc. y l t chc
kinh doanh tin t v lm dch v ngn hng, do cc t chc, c nhn v h gia nh t
nguyn thnh lp hot ng ngn hng theo Lut Cc t chc tn dng v Lut Hp
tc x nhm mc tiu ch yu l tng tr nhau pht trin sn xut, kinh doanh v i
sng. T chc tn dng hp tc gm ngn hng hp tc, qu tn dng nhn dn, hp tc
x tn dng v cc hnh thc khc46. Theo iu 64 Lut Cc t chc tn dng: T chc
tn dng hp tc c huy ng vn ca cc thnh vin v ca cc t chc c nhn
cho cc thnh vin vay. Vic cho cc i tng khng phi l thnh vin vay phi c
i hi thnh vin hoc i hi i biu chp thun v khng c vt qu t l ti a
do Ngn hng Nh nc quy nh.
M, cc lin hip tn dng (Credit Unions) cng c m hnh tng t nh qu tn
dng. y l cc t chc cho vay c quy m nh, c tnh cht hp tc x, c t chc
xung quanh mt nhm x hi c bit (v d cc nhn vin ca mt cng ty). Mc ch
ca cc lin hip ny l cho cc thnh vin vay vi mc li sut thp nht c th. H thu
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nhn vn bng cch bn c phn cho cc thnh vin v cc thnh vin ngoi vic c
quyn vay u i cn c hng c li t c phn m h mua. Cc khon vay t qu
ch yu phc v nhu cu mua hng ho tiu dng hn l mua nh. T sau nm 1980, cc
lin hip tn dng ny cng c php pht hnh cc ti khon tin gi thanh ton v c
thng phi chu li sut cao hn thng thng. Cc cng ty ti chnh loi ny c th do
cc ngn hng thnh lp nn hoc hot ng c lp di hnh thc cng ty c phn.
+ Cng ty ti chnh kinh doanh (Business finance company): Cng ty ti chnh
loi ny cp tn dng cho cc doanh nghip di cc hnh thc nh: Bao thanh ton
th thc hin cc khon cho vay bt ng sn ngoi cc khon cho vay tiu dng.
47
Ngoi hnh thc cho thu ti chnh hay cho vay thu mua, cc cng ty ti chnh ngy nay cn cung cp c
hnh thc cho thu vn hnh, c thi hn ngn. Trong hnh thc cho thu ny, cng ty ti chnh c trch
nhim duy tu, bo dng v cung cp mi vt liu cn thit my mc hot ng tt, khch hng thu ch
phi tr tin thu. Ph bin nht l cho thu vn hnh cc thit b vn phng nh my tnh, my
photocopy
48
iu 20 khon 11 Lut Cc t chc tn dng.
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iu 63 Lut Cc t chc tn dng.
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M l Department of Labor.
Hoc Old Age and Survivors Insurance Fund M.
53
V th mt s nc cn gi khon tin phi np l thu bo him x hi Social Security Taxes.
54
V d Vit nam t l ng gp vo Bo him x hi l 20% mc lng ca ngi lao ng trong
ngi lao ng ng 5% cn ch thu lao ng ng 15%.
anhtuanphan@gmail.com
Cc ngn hng u t h tr cho vic pht hnh chng khon thng qua cc hot ng:
Trc tin l t vn cho cc cng ty nn pht hnh c phiu hay tri phiu huy
ng vn, nu pht hnh tri phiu th nn pht hnh vi thi hn bao lu, li sut
ca tri phiu mc no?
Mt khi cc cng ty quyt nh xong v loi chng khon s pht hnh, cc ngn
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anhtuanphan@gmail.com
lng cao trn th trng tin t58 nh: Tn phiu kho bc, thng phiu v cc chng ch
tin gi ca ngn hng. Do cc chng khon m qu u t nm gi thng c thi hn t
hn 6 thng v nhng bin ng v gi tr th trng ca cc chng khon ny kh nh
nn cc qu u t ny cho php cc chng ch u t c hon vn vi gi c nh.
Li nhun t nhng thay i v gi tr th trng ca cc chng khon c tr cho
ngi u t di dng li sut. Do cc chng ch u t c hon vn vi mc gi c
nh nn cc qu ny cho php cc nh u t c k pht sc vi s tin phi cao hn
mc ti thiu do qu quy nh ( M mc ti thiu thng l 500 USD) thanh ton
t ti khon ca qu u t m ti mt ngn hng thng mi. Vi c tnh ny, cc
chng ch qu u t tng h th trng tin t c chc nng nh l tin gi thanh ton
ti ngn hng nhng li c hng mc li sut cao hn.
3.4.5. Cc cng ty qun l ti sn (Asset Management Firms)
Cc cng ty ny cn c gi l cc cng ty qun l u t (investment management
firms). Hot ng ch yu ca cc cng ty ny l qun l cc qu tin t tp trung nh
cc qu u t, qu hu tr hoc ti sn ca cc c nhn, doanh nghip hay chnh ph59.
Ti sn c
D tr tin mt:
Tng cng:
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59
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1.000.000
1.000.000
Ti sn n
Tin gi khch hng: 1.000.000
Tng cng:
1.000.000
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anhtuanphan@gmail.com
Nhm th hai bao gm nhng ngn hng cn li, khng c php pht hnh tin
m ch lm trung gian tn dng v trung gian thanh ton trong nn kinh t, c
gi l Ngn hng trung gian.
Anh, quyn pht hnh tp trung vo 10 ngn hng ln nht vo nm 1694, sau ch
c duy nht Ngn hng Anh (Bank of England) c quyn pht hnh tin vo nm 1844,
cc ngn hng khc c php pht hnh nhng trong gii hn ca o lut ngn hng
Anh 1844. Vo nm 1875, ti c c 33 ngn hng t nhn c thc hin nghip v
pht hnh, sau quyn lc ny c tp trung vo Ngn hng c vo trc chin
tranh th gii th nht.
Cho n cui th k XIX, hu ht cc nc chu u (tr Italia v Thu s), cng vi mt
vi nc thuc chu v chu Phi nh Nht bn, Java, Angiri hnh thnh ngn hng
pht hnh vi quyn lc v s u tin c bit t chnh ph. Tt c cc ngn hng ny,
vi nhng mc khc nhau, tng bc thc hin cc chc nng ca mt Ngn hng
trung ng: pht hnh tin, kim sot lu thng tin t, l ngn hng ca cc ngn hng
61
62
Ngi c vn
U thc
u t
Ngn hng
thng mi
Cho vay
u t
Ngi cn
vn
Thng qua vic huy ng cc khon vn tin t tm thi nhn ri trong nn kinh t, ngn
hng thng mi hnh thnh nn qu cho vay cung cp tn dng cho nn kinh t. Vi
chc nng ny, ngn hng thng mi va ng vai tr l ngi i vay va ng vai tr
l ngi cho vay.
Vi chc nng trung gian tn dng, ngn hng thng mi gp phn to li ch cho tt
c cc bn tham gia: ngi gi tin, ngn hng v ngi i vay, ng thi thc y s
pht trin ca nn kinh t.
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i vi nn kinh t, chc nng ny c vai tr quan trng trong vic thc y tng
trng kinh t v n p ng nhu cu vn m bo qu trnh ti sn xut c
thc hin lin tc v m rng quy m sn xut. Vi chc nng ny, ngn hng
thng mi bin vn nhn ri khng hot ng thnh vn hot ng, kch thch
qu trnh lun chuyn vn, thc y sn xut kinh doanh pht trin.
Chc nng trung gian tn dng c xem l chc nng quan trng nht ca ngn hng
thng mi v n phn nh bn cht ca ngn hng thng mi l i vay cho vay, n
quyt nh s tn ti v pht trin ca ngn hng. ng thi n cng l c s thc
hin cc chc nng khc.
4.2.2. Chc nng trung gian thanh ton
Ngn hng thng mi lm trung gian thanh ton khi n thc hin thanh ton theo yu
cu ca khch hng nh trch tin t ti khon tin gi ca h thanh ton tin hng
ho, dch v hoc nhp vo ti khon tin gi ca khch hng tin thu bn hng v cc
khon thu khc theo lnh ca h. y ngn hng thng mi ng vai tr l ngi th
qu cho cc doanh nghip v c nhn bi ngn hng l ngi gi ti khon ca h.
Ngn hng thng mi thc hin chc nng trung gian thanh ton trn c s thc hin
chc nng trung gian tn dng. Bi v thng qua vic nhn tin gi, ngn hng m cho
khch hng ti khon tin gi theo di cc khon thu, chi. chnh l tin
khch hng thc hin thanh ton qua ngn hng, t ngn hng vo v tr lm trung gian
thanh ton. Hn na, vic thanh ton trc tip bng tin mt gia cc ch th kinh t c
nhiu hn ch nh ri ro do phi vn chuyn tin, chi ph thanh ton ln, c bit l vi
cc khch hng cch xa nhau, iu ny to nn nhu cu khch hng thc hin thanh
ton qua ngn hng.
Vic cc ngn hng thng mi thc hin chc nng trung gian thanh ton c ngha rt
to ln i vi ton b nn kinh t. Vi chc nng ny, cc ngn hng thng mi cung
cp cho khch hng nhiu phng tin thanh ton thun li nh sc, u nhim chi, u
nhim thu, th rt tin, th thanh ton, th tn dng... Tu theo nhu cu, khch hng c
th chn cho mnh phng thc thanh ton ph hp. Nh m cc ch th kinh t
khng phi gi tin trong ti, mang theo tin gp ch n, gp ngi phi thanh ton d
gn hay xa m h c th s dng mt phng thc no thc hin cc khon thanh
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Cc ngn hng thng mi cho vay ra hon ton bng chuyn khon, khng cho
vay ra bng tin mt v khch hng khng c nhu cu rt tin mt, tin s dng
trong giao dch ch l tin tn dng.
anhtuanphan@gmail.com
Ngn hng A
Ti sn c
D tr:
Ti sn n
100.000
Ti sn n
D tr:
10.000
Cho vay:
90.000
Cng:
100.000
100.000
Gi s s tin cho vay ra (90.000 ) s c ngi i vay s dng thanh ton tin mua
hng cho bn hng ca h c ti khon tin gi ti ngn hng B. Khi , s tin ny s
hnh thnh mt khon tin gi mi ngn hng B l 90.000 .
Ngn hng B
Ti sn c
D tr:
Ti sn n
9.000
Cho vay:
81.000
Cng:
90.000
90.000
Ngn hng ny cng phi d tr theo qui nh l 10%, phn cn li c s dng cho
vay v s tin li hnh thnh nn khon tin gi mi ngn hng C.
Theo cng mt lp lun, nu tt c cc ngn hng u em cho vay tt c cc khon tin
gi nhn c sau khi d tr theo ng qui nh th cc khon tin gi s tip tc
c to ra ( cc ngn hng D, E, F...) nh sau:
60
D tr vt mc c hiu l phn d tr tin giy m cc ngn hng gi li ngoi phn d tr tin giy
theo qui nh ca NHTW. N bng tng d tr tin mt ca ngn hng tr i d tr bt buc.
65
100.000
66
Ngn hng
A
B
C
D
E
F
.
.
.
Tng cng
S gia tng cc
khon cho vay
+ 90.000
+ 81.000
+ 72.900
+ 65.610
+ 59.050
+ 53.140
.
.
.
+ 900.000
D = R 1 + (1 rd ) + (1 rd ) + (1 rd )
2
1
1
+ ... = R
= R
1 (1 rd )
rd
61
100.000
Cho vay:
900.000
Cng:
1000.000
1.000.000
hot ng thanh ton. Tuy nhin, nu xt trn phng din ton th h thng ngn hng
th s tin d tr khng ri khi h thng m tr thnh khon d tr ca mt ngn
hng khc ngn hng ny to ra cc khon cho vay mi v nh vy qu trnh to tin
li tip tc.
Trn y l m hnh to tin n gin vi hai iu kin nu ban u. Trong thc t,
kh nng to tin ca h thng ngn hng thng mi cn b gii hn bi t l d tr
vt mc v t l gi tin mt so vi tin gi thanh ton ca cng chng. Gi s mt
khch hng no vay bng tin mt chi tiu th qu trnh to tin s chm dt hoc
khch hng rt mt phn tin mt thanh ton th kh nng to tin s gim i v ch c
phn cho vay hoc thanh ton bng chuyn khon mi c kh nng to ra tin gi mi.
Cng tng t nh vy nu ngn hng khng cho vay ht s vn c th cho vay (ngha l
c phn d tr vt mc) th kh nng m rng tin gi s gim. Trong v d trn, ngn
hng A nu ch cho vay 80.000 , trong cho vay bng tin mt l 10.000 , cho vay
bng chuyn khon l 70.000 th tin gi mi to ra ngn hng B ti a ch l 70.000
. Mt khi tnh trng cng xy ra tt c cc ngn hng th h s m rng tin gi s
gim ng k. H s m rng tin gi y khi s l: mM =
67
1
vi rd l t l
c + rd + re
68
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70
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Cc ngn hng thm ch cn yu cu duy tr mt s d ti thiu trn ti khon. Trong trng hp trong
thi gian di trn ti khon khng c tin hoc c s d thp hn mc ti thiu qui nh th ngi ch ti
khon cn phi tr ph duy tr ti khon cho ngn hng.
70
Phi tr ph dch v thanh ton hay khng phi tr ph l tu vo qui nh ca ngn hng i vi tng loi
hnh dch v thanh ton.
71
Vn c nhng ti khon tin gi khng k hn m ngi gi khng c php pht sc, tuy nhin chng
khng ph bin bng cc ti khon tin gi khng k hn c tnh nng pht sc. V d chi nhnh ngn
hng Tokyo-Mitsubishi Bank ti H ni c mt dng ti khon tin gi khng k hn gi l Ordinary
deposit, ch cho php chuyn tin n hoc i t ti khon ny bng cc lnh chuyn khon m khng cho
php pht hnh sc thanh ton.
72
L do cm vic tr li lm nhm hn ch vic ngn hng thng mi dng tin gi dng ny u t hoc
cho vay vo nhng thng v c thi hn c nh, d gy ri ro v thanh khon cho h thng ngn hng v
c tnh ca loi tin gi ny l khng k hn. Mt khc, iu ny gip trnh c s cnh tranh thu ht
tin gi gia cc ngn hng s dn n vic nng cao li sut.
71
72
69
Tin gi c k hn di hnh thc pht hnh k phiu ngn hng. Trong hnh thc
ny, ngn hng ch ng pht hnh phiu n huy ng vn thng nhm cc
mc ch nh, v d u t cho mt d n... K phiu c pht hnh theo
hai phng thc:
o Pht hnh theo mnh gi: trong hnh thc ny ngi mua tr tin mua k
phiu theo mnh gi c ghi trn k phiu. Khi n hn ngn hng s
hon tr vn gc v thanh ton li cho ngi mua k phiu.
o Pht hnh di hnh thc chit khu: trong hnh thc ny ngi mua s tr
s tin mua k phiu bng mnh gi tr i khon li m h c hng.
Khi n hn, ngn hng s hon tr cho khch hng theo mnh gi ca k
phiu. Nh vy, trong trng hp ny, khch hng c tr li trc.
c. Tin gi tit kim (Savings deposit)
L khon tin dnh ca c nhn c gi vo ngn hng nhm mc ch hng li
theo nh k.
Tin gi tit kim c mc ch: l hnh thc tit kim trung v di hn nhm mc
ch xy dng nh . Nhng ngi gi tin ngoi hng li cn c ngn hng
cho vay nhm b sung thm vn cho mc ch xy dng nh . Mc cho vay ti
a bng s d tin gi tit kim.
L do phi tch ring tin gi tit kim ra m khng xp vo hai dng tin gi trn (tin
gi khng k hn v tin gi c k hn) mc d tnh cht ca chng rt ging nhau l v
y l tin tit kim ca cc tng lp dn c, l ti sn tch lu ca quc gia, c xem l
ngun vn ni lc ca t nc, cho nn cn c chnh sch u tin bo v82.
Hnh thc ph bin v c in nht ca tin gi tit kim l loi tin gi tit kim c s.
Khi gi tin, ngn hng cp cho ngi gi mt cun s dng ghi nhn cc khon tin
gi vo v tin rt ra. Quyn s ny ng thi c gi tr nh mt chng th xc nhn v
khon tin gi. Ngoi ra, cn c nhng hnh thc khc nh chng ch tit kim
(Savings certificates), tri phiu tit kim (Savings bonds).
Vit nam, tin gi tit kim bao gm ba loi sau:
Tin gi tit kim khng k hn77: y l loi tin gi tit kim m ngi gi tin
c th gi vo v rt ra theo nhu cu s dng m khng cn bo trc cho ngn
hng78. Ngn hng tr li cho loi tin gi ny nhng rt thp79.
Vn tin gi l ngun vn chim t trng cao nht trong tng s ngun vn ca ngn
hng thng mi, l ngun vn ch yu ngn hng kinh doanh. N phn nh bn cht
ca ngn hng l i vay cho vay. Chnh v vy ngi ta gi ngn hng thng mi l
ngn hng tin gi.
4.3.1.3. Vn i vay
Trong qu trnh hot ng, ngn hng cn c th vay vn t Ngn hng Trung ng83 hay
80
Anh cc ngn hng cung cp dng tin gi vo instant savings account cng c tnh cht tng t.
Li sut c hng cao hn tin gi trong checking account.
Loi tin gi ny gn ging vi tin gi khng k hn, ch khc l n lun c hng li, nhng i li
khng c hng cc dch v thanh ton qua ngn hng. Ngi gi tin dng ny l nhm m bo an
ton cho khon tin v d phng cho cc nhu cu chi tiu trong thi gian ngn ng thi li mun hng
mt cht li d thp.
79
Li sut c cng b theo thng, nhng c tnh li theo ngy.
Nu rt trc s phi chu pht nh ch c hng li sut khng k hn hoc thm ch khng c
hng li.
81
V d: Ngn hng Cng thng qui nh mc ti thiu ca cc khon tin gi tit kim k hn 3, 6, 12
thng l 100.000 hoc 10 USD. Tin gi tit kim khng k hn th mi ln gi ti thiu 1000.
82
V d: Cc NHTW thng buc cc ngn hng thng mi khi huy ng dng tin gi ny th phi mua
bo him cho chng; Hoc cc cng ty ti chnh khng c huy ng dng tin gi ny; Hay lut Vit
nam khng cho php cc chi nhnh ngn hng nc ngoi c php huy ng dng tin gi ny.
83
iu 48 Lut Cc t chc tn dng: T chc tn dng l ngn hng c vay vn ngn hn ca Ngn
hng Nh nc...; iu 57 khon 4: T chc tn dng l ngn hng c th c Ngn hng Nh nc ti
chit khu v cho vay trn c s cm c thng phiu v cc giy t c gi ngn hn khc c chit
khu.
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74
77
78
a. Vay t NHTW
Bt k ngn hng thng mi no khi c ngn hng trung ng cho php thnh lp
hot ng u hng quyn vay tin ti NHTW trong trng hp thiu ht d tr hay
qu thiu tin mt.
Ngn hng trung ng cp tn dng cho cc ngn hng thng mi ch yu di hai hnh
thc, l:
Vit nam hin nay, Ngn hng Nh nc Vit nam p dng ba hnh thc cp tn dng,
l:
Cc ngn hng thng mi c th vay t th trng ti chnh thng qua pht hnh cc
chng t c gi nh:
cc nc pht trin, ngn hng thng mi cn c th vay trc tip t cc cng ty:
84
75
e. Vay nc ngoi
Cc ngn hng thng mi cng c th tm kim ngun vn hot ng t vic pht hnh
phiu n vay tin nc ngoi. Do loi tin s dng trong thanh ton quc t hin nay
l USD cho nn vay tin nc ngoi thng vay bng USD.
Cc ngn hng thng mi M l nhng ngn hng i u trong vic vay tin ngoi
nc hot ng (t nhng nm 1940). l nhng khon vay mn la chu u
(Euro Dollars), tc l nhng khon tin gi bng USD thuc cc ngn hng nc ngoi
hoc nhng chi nhnh nc ngoi ca cc ngn hng M. Do khi , th trng vay ch
yu ca cc ngn hng M l chu u nn pht sinh thut ng la chu u (Euro
Dollars) ch cc khon vay USD t chu u ca cc ngn hng thng mi M. n
nhng nm 1960, cc ngn hng thng mi cc nc Nht bn, Php, c, Anh cng
86
76
pht hnh phiu n vay USD t nc ngoi khng ch chu u m cn lan sang cc
th trng giu c USD khc nh cc nc xut khu du la Trung ng, Nam M,
ng ... Tuy nhin thut ng la chu u vn tip tc c s dng kh ph bin
phn ln cc ngn hng trn th gii ch khon ti sn n ny.
ngn hng thng qua vai tr trung gian thanh ton ca NHTW.
+ Tin mt trong qu trnh thu: l khon pht sinh do quan h thanh ton vng lai
gia cc ngn hng, khi ngn hng ghi vo bn n nhng thc cht li cha nhn c
tin. V d mt t sc c pht ra t mt ti khon ngn hng A, c gi vo ngn
hng B v s tin sc ny cn cha n ngn hng B. T sc ny c coi nh l tin
mt trong qu trnh thu, n l mt ti sn C i vi ngn hng B v ngn hng B c
quyn i ngn hng A s tin v s tin ny s c thanh ton sau mt t ngy
(ngn hng B ghi c cho ti khon tin gi ca khch hng, ghi n ngn hng nhng
s tin cha n ngn hng nn phi ghi n vo ti khon i ng).
Ngoi tin mt, ngn hng cn gi cc chng khon ngn hn, c tnh lng cao c th
chuyn thnh tin mt nhanh chng khi cn nh tn phiu, thng phiu v.v...
Vn vay tr thnh mt ngun vn quan trng hn ca ngn hng trong thi gian qua.
M, nm 1960 chng ch chim 2% ti sn n ca ngn hng, trong nhng nm 90
chng vt 20%.
4.3.1.4. Cc ngun vn khc
cn 7%).
4.3.2.2. Nghip v cho vay
Hot ng cho vay 89 c xem l hot ng sinh li ch yu ca cc ngn hng trung
gian ni chung v ngn hng thng mi ni ring. Hot ng cho vay rt a dng v
phong ph. C th nu mt s loi hnh ch yu sau:
+ Cho vay ng trc: l hnh thc cho vay trong ngn hng cung cp cho
ngi i vay mt khon tin vay nht nh s dng trc. Ngi i vay ch phi tr li
vo lc hon tr vn gc. Cho vay ng trc c hai loi:
89
iu 79 Lut Cc t chc tn dng quy nh v gii hn cho vay i vi mt khch hng nh sau:
Khon 1, phn a: Tng d n cho vay i vi mt khch hng khng c vt qu 15% vn t c ca t
chc tn dng, tr trng hp i vi nhng khon cho vay t cc ngun vn u thc ca Chnh ph, ca
cc t chc, c nhn hoc trng hp khch hng vay l t chc tn dng khc. Cng theo iu ny, cc
ngn hng c php cho vay hp vn.
90
iu 52 Khon 2 Lut Cc t chc tn dng: T chc tn dng cho vay trn c s c bo m bng ti
sn cm c, th chp ca khch hng vay, bo lnh ca bn th ba; khng c cho vay trn c s cm c
bng c phiu ca chnh t chc tn dng cho vay.
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78
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Hnh thc cho vay ny thng ch c p dng cho nhng khch hng c kh
nng ti chnh mnh v c uy tn.
+ Cho vay chit khu: L cho vay di hnh thc Ngn hng thng mi mua li
cc thng phiu cha n hn tr tin vi gi thp hn s tin ghi trn thng phiu.
Khi n hn tr tin th Ngn hng s i ton b s tin ghi trn thng phiu ngi
tr tin thng phiu. Phn li ca ngn hng chnh l khon chnh lch gia gi mua v
s tin ghi trn thng phiu.
V d: Mt t lnh phiu c mnh gi l 10.000 USD
Thi hn ca lnh phiu l 3 thng
Li sut chit khu l 4%/nm
Vy Ngn hng phi b ra mt s tin mua t lnh phiu l:
79
10.000 4 3
= 9.900USD
100 12
Li sut chit khu c tnh ton cn c vo mc li sut trn th trng (interest
rate), chi ph thu tin thng phiu (collection fee), mc trt gi (lm pht d tnh expected inflation), ri ro khng i c tin thng phiu (Commercial risk - ri ro
thng mi).
Cn lu l tin li trong cho vay chit khu khng c tnh trn s vn m
ngi i vay c s dng nh cho vay ng trc m trn thc t li c tnh trn tng
li v vn gc. Trong v d trn, s vn ngi i vay c s dng l 9.900 USD nhng
tin li li c tnh trn tng li v vn vay, tc l 10.000 USD.
+ Tn dng u thc thu hay bao thanh ton (Factoring): l nghip v trong
cng ty factor - cng ty con ca ngn hng - cam kt mua li cc khon thanh ton
cha ti hn pht sinh t nhng hot ng xut khu, cung ng hng ho v dch v vi
gi chit khu. Cc khon n ny thng l ngn hn (t 30 n 120 ngy)91.
+ Cho vay thu mua (Leasing): cn c gi l tn dng thu mua, l hnh thc tn
dng trung, di hn c thc hin thng qua vic cho thu ti sn nh my mc, thit b,
10.000USD
Bao thanh ton c khng xp chung vi cho vay chit khu mc d cng l nghip v mua li cc
khon n v: i/ i vi chit khu thng phiu c s khng ch v hn mc cn vi bao thanh ton th
khng; ii/ ngn hng s qui nh danh mc cc giy t c gi c chit khu nhng vi bao thanh ton th
khng.
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xut hin nhng loi Ngn hng chuyn kinh doanh nghip v ny
v c gi l Acceptance house hay Acceptance banker.
Nghip v bo lnh92: L nghip v trong ngn hng ng ra cam
kt bng vn bn (gi l th bo lnh) rng s thc hin mt ngha v
thay cho ngi c bo lnh nu ngi ny khng thc hin c
ngha v . C nhiu hnh thc bo lnh nh bo lnh tham gia d
thu, bo lnh thc hin hp ng, bo lnh hon tr tin ng trc,
bo lnh thanh ton, bo lnh cht lng sn phm theo hp ng, bo
lnh hon tr vn vay...
+ Cho vay tiu dng: l hnh thc tn dng trong ngn hng ti tr cho nhu cu
tiu dng ca c nhn. Tn dng tiu dng thng di hnh thc cho vay mua tr gp
(tn dng tr gp) hoc cho vay qua vic pht hnh th tn dng.
Nghip v cho vay c xem l hot ng sinh li ch yu ca ngn hng thng
93
mi . N thng chim t trng ln trong cc khon mc thuc ti sn C ca ngn hng
(khong 70%).
4.3.2.3. Nghip v u t
L nghip v m Ngn hng thng mi dng vn ca mnh mua cc chng khon (cc
chng khon chnh ph v mt s chng khon cng ty ln - lut ca M khng cho php
ngn hng c php nm gi c phiu) hoc u t theo d n.
Vit nam, Lut cc T chc tn dng cn cho php cc ngn hng c dng vn iu
l v qu d tr gp vn, mua c phn ca doanh nghip hay ca cc t chc tn dng
khc.
4.3.2.4. Nhng ti sn c khc
l nhng vn hin vt nh tr s lm vic, my mc, trang thit b dng cho hot
ng do ngn hng s hu.
4.3.3. Nghip v trung gian
Nghip v trung gian l nghip v m Ngn hng thng mi thay mt khch hng thc
hin vic thanh ton hay cc u thc khc thu l ph. Nghip v trung gian ch yu
gm:
4.3.3.1. Nghip v chuyn tin Thanh ton h
92
iu 58 Lut Cc t chc tn dng: Khon 2: T chc tn dng c bo lnh vay, bo lnh thanh ton,
bo lnh thc hin hp ng, bo lnh d thu v cc hnh thc bo lnh ngn hng khc cho cc t chc,
c nhn. Khon 3: Ch cc ngn hng c php thc hin thanh ton quc t mi c thc hin bo lnh
vay, bo lnh thanh ton v cc hnh thc bo lnh ngn hng khc m ngi nhn bo lnh l t chc, c
nhn nc ngoi.
93
Nghip v cho vay ca cc ngn hng thng mi M nm 1990 to ra 60% thu nhp ca ngn hng.
82
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Cc NHTW theo m hnh ny l Ngn hng d tr lin bang M, NHTW Thu s, Anh,
Php, c, Nht bn98 v gn y l NHTW chu u (ECB). Xu hng t chc ngn
hng trung ng theo m hnh ny ang cng ngy cng tng ln cc nc pht trin.
Quc hi
NHTW
Chnh ph
Theo m hnh ny, NHTW c ton quyn quyt nh vic xy dng v thc hin chnh
sch tin t m khng b nh hng bi cc p lc chi tiu ca ngn sch 99 hoc cc p
lc chnh tr khc100. Mt khc, theo quan im dn ch c truyn ca chu u th mi
chnh sch phi c phc v cho quyn li ca cng chng v phi c quyt nh bi
quc hi - c quan i din cho quyn lc ca ton dn - ch khng phi mt nhm cc
nh chnh tr - chnh ph. Chnh v vy, NHTW do c vai tr ht sc quan trng ti i
sng kinh t nn khng th t di quyn chnh ph c m phi do quc hi kim
sot.
Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c cc NHTW c t chc theo m hnh ny u m bo
c s c lp hon ton khi p lc ca chnh ph khi iu hnh chnh sch tin t.
Mc c lp ca mi NHTW ph thuc vo s chi phi ca ngi ng u nh nc
vo c ch lp php v nhn s ca NHTW 101.
im bt li ch yu ca m hnh ny l kh c s kt hp hi ho gia chnh sch tin
t - do NHTW thc hin v chnh sch ti kho - do chnh ph chi phi qun l v m
mt cch hiu qu.
Khng c mt m hnh no c th c coi l thch hp cho mi quc gia. Vic la chn
mi quan h thch hp gia NHTW v chnh ph phi tu thuc vo ch chnh tr, yu
cu pht trin kinh t, c im lch s v s pht trin ca h thng ngn hng ca tng
nc. Tuy nhin, trong mt chng mc nht nh n cng b nh hng bi tro lu ca
98
NHTW Nht bn trc y trc thuc b Ti chnh, tc l thuc chnh ph. Nhng t thng 6/1998 vi
s ci cch ti chnh, NHTW Nht mi tch ra c lp hon ton vi chnh ph.
99
Thm ht ngn sch l cn bnh kinh nin ca cc chnh ph. Do vy, nu NHTW t di quyn ca
chnh ph, khi thm ht ngn sch xy ra, chnh ph c th buc NHTW in tin ti tr. iu ny d dn
n nguy c lm pht, gy tn hi ln cho x hi.
100
Khi NHTW trc thuc Chnh ph, chnh ph c th v nhng mc tiu chnh tr trc mt, chng hn
nhm gy n tng trc k bu c, khin NHTW theo ui cc mc tiu ngn hn thay v cc mc tiu
chnh sch di hn.
101
Tnh c lp ca NHTW i vi chnh ph th hin 3 yu t: nhn s, ti chnh, nghip v. Thc t
cho thy, s c lp ca NHTW i vi chnh ph cng cao th cc bin s v m (lm pht, tng trng
kinh t) s cng hot ng tch cc. Chnh v vy, cc quc gia ang c gng thc hin m hnh NHTW c
lp vi chnh ph.
86
th gii.
102
Tham kho iu 5 Lut Ngn hng nh nc v nhim v, quyn hn ca ngn hng Nh nc Vit
nam.
103
Tin do NHTW pht hnh y c hiu l tin giy. Ngoi tin giy, NHTW cn c th pht hnh
mt s loi tin kim kh vi t cch l tin ph, h tr cho tin giy thc hin chc nng tin t (chng hn
dng trong cc giao dch tr gi nh, gi in thoi, mua hng ti cc my bn hng t ng). Tin
kim kh ch chim mt t trng nh trong tng s tin pht hnh. Mt s quc gia nh M, tin kim kh li
do Kho bc pht hnh. D l tin giy hay tin kim kh th chng u c mt c im chung l ch c gi
tr danh ngha, tc l gi tr thc ca n (hay chi ph sn xut ra n) nh hn gi tr tin t m n i din
rt nhiu.
104
Di ch lu thng tin vng, tin giy c t do i ra vng theo hm lng vng qui nh trong
lut. Chnh v vy, khi pht hnh mt lng tin giy NHTW b i hi phi d tr mt lng vng tng
ng c th p ng nhu cu i t tin giy ra vng khi b yu cu.
Ban u, cc NHTW b yu cu phi d tr 100% d tr vng bo m cho s tin giy pht hnh. V
sau, do nhu cu pht hnh tin tng, hn na khng phi tt c tin giy u b yu cu i ra vng ng
thi nn t l vng d tr m bo c gim xung. Cui cng th yu cu d tr b xo b v NHTW
ch b khng ch v s lng tin giy c php pht hnh.
106
Thng l 1 thng.
107
NHTW ch tr li cho phn tin gi vt qu so vi qui nh.
87
88
105
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cho cc ngn hng trung gian v ton x hi, m bo vn lun chuyn nhanh chng
trong h thng ngn hng v phn nh chnh xc quan h thanh ton gia cc ch th
kinh t trong x hi. Mt khc, thng qua hot ng ny NHTW c th kim tra s bin
ng vn kh dng ca tng ngn hng trung gian, l c s c nhng kin ngh kp
thi.
2.1.3. Ngn hng ca chnh ph
L mt nh ch ti chnh cng cng, NHTW c xc nh ngay t khi ra i l ngn
hng ca chnh ph. Vi chc nng ny, NHTW c ngha v cung cp cc dch v ngn
hng cho chnh ph, ng thi lm i l, i din v t vn chnh sch cho chnh ph.
3 Lm th qu cho kho bc nh nc thng qua qun l ti khon ca kho bc
Tu theo c im t chc ca tng nc, chnh ph c th u quyn cho B ti chnh
hoc Kho bc ng tn ch ti khon ti NHTW. Hng ngy, cc khon thu ca nh nc
di dng thu, li nhun hoc khon thu khc c gi vo ti khon ny. NHTW c
trch nhim theo di, chi tr, thc hin thanh ton v cp vn theo yu cu ca kho bc
v s dng s d khi nhn ri tng t nh ti khon ca khch hng ti mt ngn
hng trung gian.
Cc khon tin gi ca chnh ph c th di dng vng, ngoi t, cc chng khon ca
cc t chc pht hnh khc c trong nc v nc ngoi. N chim t trng ng k
trong tng ti sn n ca NHTW v thng thng l cc khon n khng k hn108. V
th khon k gi ca chnh ph tr thnh mt ngun vn cho cc hot ng cho vay v
u t ca NHTW.
Tuy nhin NHTW khng phi l ni duy nht thc hin vai tr th qu cho chnh ph.
mt s nc, c bit l cc nc p dng m hnh NHTW c lp vi chnh ph th mt
b phn ln vn ca kho bc c gi cc ngn hng t nhn bi s hp dn ca li
sut tin gi. Mc d vy, phn ln cc nc NHTW t ra thch hp vi vai tr ny hn
c bi bn cnh vic gi v qun l ti khon cho chnh ph, NHTW cn thc hin chc
nng i l v cp tn dng cho chnh ph khi cn thit. Hn na m bo nguyn tc
qun l ngun d tr quc gia, kho bc buc phi gi vng, ngoi t v chng ch c gi
bng ngoi t ti NHTW.
3 Qun l d tr quc gia
D tr quc gia bao gm cc loi ti sn chin lc m bt k quc gia no cng phi d
tr cho nhu cu chi tiu trong nhng trng hp khn cp: vng, ngoi t, chng t c
gi ca nc ngoi. NHTW l t chc c giao nhim v qun l khon d tr ny. D
tr quc gia khng phi l loi ti sn tnh. V nguyn tc, NHTW ch cn gi cho d tr
108
90
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Lut Ngn hng nh nc Vit nam khng qui nh vic cho ngn sch nh nc vay b p bi chi
v thc t iu ny cng chm dt t nm 1992. Nhng ti iu 32, mc 3 qui nh NHTW c th tm
ng cho ngn sch chi tiu theo quyt nh ca chnh ph b p thiu ht tm thi, khon vay ny phi
c hon tr trong nm ti chnh.
110
Vit nam, hnh thc u thu chng khon chnh ph mi bt u t nm 1995, cn trc kho bc
pht hnh trc tip cho dn c.
91
92
109
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lc; hot ng ca cc trung gian ti chnh, c bit l cc t chc nhn tin gi,
c nh hng quyt nh n vic iu hnh chnh sch tin t.
Hot ng ca cc ngn hng lin quan n hu ht cc ch th kinh t trong x
93
Cc ch tiu khc
o Gii hn cho vay v bo lnh
o Cc phng php t bo him
H thng ch tiu lin quan n vic thc hin chnh sch tin t
H thng ch tiu lin quan n mc ch phn b vn tn dng cho cc mc tiu
u tin.
Qui ch v cp giy php: l cc qui nh v tht cht hay ni lng vic cp giy
111
Ch tiu CAMEL: + v vn (Capital); + v ti sn c (Asset); + v trnh qun l (Management); + v
hiu qu (Efficiency); + v kh nng thanh ton (Liquidity).
94
95
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112
Vit nam do th trng ti chnh cha pht trin nn mc tiu ny c thay bng mc tiu n nh h
thng ngn hng.
113
h gi ng ni t, NHTW can thip bng cch mua ngoi t vo lm tng cung ni t ra th trng
hi oi. iu ny ng ngha vi vic tng lng tin cung ng ra lu thng gy ra nguy c tng gi.
97
98
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khon ny c tnh lng cao, cho nn NHTW c th thc hin nghip v mt cch
nhanh chng v d dng. Hn na, th trng chng khon chnh ph c khi
lng giao dch ln nn c kh nng tip nhn mt lng ln nghip v ca
NHTW m khng lm gi trn th trng bin ng qu mnh, dn n sp th
trng. Vit nam do th trng chng khon chnh ph cha pht trin nn
NHNN pht hnh tn phiu NHNN iu tit vic cung ng tin t. Tuy nhin do
th trng loi tn phiu ny ch din ra gia mt bn l NHNN v mt bn l cc
NHTG nn hiu qu iu tit khng cao, ch ch yu tc ng vo d tr ca cc
NHTG.
9 C hai loi nghip v th trng m:
y Nghip v th trng m nng ng: l nghip v th trng m trong
NHTW ch ng tin hnh nghip v nhm tc ng ti khi lng tin trong
lu thng theo hng m ngn hng thy cn thit. Chng hn, NHTW thy
116
V d: tng d tr ca cc ngn hng trung gian, li sut ngn hn trn th trng lin ngn hng, hoc
li sut tn phiu kho bc.
115
Nu cc khch hng ca ngn hng (tc l cc ch th kinh t phi ngn hng c ti khon thanh ton ti
ngn hng) mua hoc bn chng khon vi chnh ph, cc khon tin gi ca h ti ngn hng s gim
xung hoc tng ln v do vy cng gy ra tc ng gim hoc tng d tr ca ngn hng.
Hot ng arbitrage li sut xut hin khi tn ti s chnh lch li sut gia cc cng c u t trn th
trng ti chnh, iu ny dn n vic cc cng c u t c mc li sut cao c mua nhiu hn, cn
cc cng c u t c mc li sut thp c mua t hn, kt qu l mc li sut ca cc cng c u t
sinh li hn gim xung cn mc li sut ca cc cng c u t t sinh li hn tng ln. Kt qu ca hot
ng arbitrage li sut l cc mc li sut trn th trng c xu hng bin ng theo nhau.
117
Tnh trng phi trung gian ho l tnh trng trong ngi gi tin s rt tin gi ngn hng mua
chng khon, kt qu l cc khon tin tit kim s chy thng n nhng ngi cn vn thng qua th
trng ti chnh m khng thng qua cc ngn hng na.
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100
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Hin nay d tr bt buc c qun l theo nguyn tc bnh qun. C ngha l mc d tr yu cu cho
mt thi k no (thi k duy tr) c xc nh cn c vo t l phn trm qui nh trn s d tin gi
bnh qun ngy trong thi k trc (gi l thi k xc nh). Thi k xc nh v thi k duy tr c th ni
tip nhau (Vit nam p dng cch qun l ny vi di thi gian l mt thng), c th trng nhau mt giai
on no hoc c th gn nh trng khp nhau. Cch qun l khc nhau c th nh hng n hiu qu
ca cng c d tr bt buc trong mt chng mc no .
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105
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108
Quantity of Money, M
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Mc tiu li sut
Nu NHTW chn mc li sut
mc tiu i* = y%, mc cu tin
t tng ng s l MD. Trong
thc t, mc cu tin dao ng
t MD' n MD''. t c
mc tiu li sut ti i*, NHTW
buc phi thay i mc cung
MS''
Interest Rate, i
MS
MS'
i'
i*
Interest Rate
Target, i*
109
110
Nc
Php
c
Anh
Nht
Vit nam
Cng c CSTT
D tr bt buc
Tn dng theo li sut
bin i
D tr bt buc
Chnh sch chit khu
Th trng m
Th trng m
D tr bt buc
Th trng m
D tr bt buc
Chnh sch chit khu
Th trng m
D tr bt buc
Chnh sch ti cp vn
Th trng m
Li sut
T gi
Hn mc tn dng
Mc tiu hot ng
Li sut th trng
lin ngn hng
Li sut th trng
lin ngn hng
Li sut th trng
lin ngn hng
Li sut th trng
lin ngn hng
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Mc tiu trung gian
Mc tiu chnh sch
n nh gi c
M3
T gi i vi DM
M3
n nh gi c
n nh gi c
M2, M3
Li sut th trng
lin ngn hng
M2 + CD
D tr ca cc
NHTM
M2
n nh gi c
n nh cc li sut
di hn
vic lm
n nh gi c
Tng trng kinh t
Cn bng BoP
n nh gi c
Tng trng kinh t
n nh h thng t
chc tn dng
119
Trn thc t cc nc u tin mc tiu tng trng s ch trng hn n mc tiu trung gian l li sut
cn cc nc u tin mc tiu n nh gi c (chng lm pht) s ch trng hn n mc tiu trung gian l
tng lng tin cung ng. Cn mc tiu trung gian l t gi hi oi ch c quan tm khi quc gia p
dng ch t gi hi oi c nh hoc th ni c iu tit.
111
120
L nguyn l trong nu rng: s bin ng tng ln hay gim xung ca li sut ngn hn s ko theo
s bin ng tng ln hay gim xung ca li sut di hn.
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mua t.
Khi NHTW m rng khi lng tin cung ng M, gi c phiu Pe c xu hng tng ln
lm tng ch s Q v nhu cu u t mi. Sn lng v th tng ln:
MPeQIY.
3.4.2.3. nh hng ti thu nhp thng xuyn ca cng chng
Mc tiu dng thng xuyn ca cc h gia nh ph thuc vo ngun thu nhp thng
xuyn v di hn. Mt b phn ca ngun thu nhp di hn l t ti sn ti chnh. Khi M
tng ln, gi c phiu tng ln lm tng ngun thu nhp di hn, kch thch tiu dng:
MPeti snCY.
3.4.3. Knh tn dng
khc phc tnh trng ri ro thng tin - mt ro cn ca th trng vn, nhng ngi i
vay tm n vi ngn hng. Tnh trng ny to nn mt knh truyn dn quan trng v
ph bin ca CSTT, c th hin hai gic : qua hot ng tn dng ngn hng v
qua s iu chnh bng tng kt ti sn ca cc khch hng.
3.4.3.1. Knh tn dng ngn hng
Cc khch hng l doanh nghip, c bit l doanh nghip va v nh thng thng qua
ngn hng tip cn vi th trng vn ni chung. CSTT c th tc ng n nn kinh
t thng qua hot ng ny theo c ch sau:
MTin gi ngn hngtin vayIY
Theo c ch ny, CSTT c th nh hng n nhu cu chi tiu ca cc doanh nghip va
v nh hn l cc doanh nghip ln - nhng ngi c kh nng tip cn vi th trng ti
chnh thng qua pht hnh cc chng khon c gi.
3.4.3.2. Thng qua tc ng iu chnh bng tng kt ti sn
1 nh hng n nguy c ri ro o c v la chn i nghch:
Khi gi tr bng tng kt ti sn ca doanh nghip b gim thp, ri ro o c v la
chn i nghch i vi hot ng cho vay ca cc ngn hng tng ln v cc doanh
nghip ny c ng c u t vo nhng d n c mc ri ro cao. iu ny, n
lt n lm gim mong mun cho vay ca ngn hng. T m gim chi tiu v tng
cu.
Nu NHTW thc hin CSTT m rng, gi c phiu tng ln, gi tr rng ca bng
tng kt ti sn tng, hn ch cc hot ng gy nn ri ro cho ngn hng. Vn cho
vay v th tng ln l l do dn n tng tng cu v sn lng: MPela chn
i nghch v ri ro o ccho vayY.
1 Thng qua ci thin tnh trng dng tin mt
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Chng 5. Lm pht
Lm pht l hin tng kinh t ph bin hu ht cc nc trn th gii ngy nay. N
tn ti c nhng nc pht trin ln chm pht trin, c trong thi k kinh t khng
hong, suy thoi ln trong thi k hng thnh. Lm pht mt mc nht nh c th l
mt bin php pht trin kinh t, lm tng nhu cu, thc y cc hng u t c li.
Song khi lm pht vt qua mt gii hn nht nh th n tr thnh cn bnh gy nhiu
tc hi cho s pht trin kinh t x hi.
1. Khi nim
1.1. nh ngha
Lm pht l vn khng my xa l, hu ht qung i qun chng u c th chng
kin hay tri qua thi k lm pht nhng mc khc nhau. Nhng hiu chnh xc lm
pht l g khng phi d. Ngay c cc nh kinh t hc cng c rt nhiu quan im khc
nhau v nh ngha lm pht.
9 Quan nim c in cho rng Lm pht l pht hnh tin vt qu s lng tin
cn thit trong lu thng. Tuy nhin nh ngha ny khng gii thch c hin
tng lm pht chi ph y (xut hin trn th gii t nhng nm 70 hoc Vit
nam nm 2005) do loi lm pht ny vn c th xy ra trong khi cung tin tng n
nh. Nu ch coi l lm pht khi s tng gi l kt qu ca vic tng mnh cung
tin th s dn n coi thng cc nguy c lm pht c th xy ra.
9 Mt quan im ph bin khc cho rng: Lm pht l hin tng tng ln ca mc
gi chung (mc gi bnh qun, mc gi tng hp) theo thi gian. Tuy nhin khng
phi mi s tng ln ca mc gi u ng lo ngi. Nu gi c ch tng tm thi,
trong ngn hn, chng hn nh dp gn Tt Nguyn n Vit nam, sau li
gim xung th l kt qu ca nhng bin ng cung cu tm thi, nhiu khi c
tc dng tch cc hn l tiu cc ti nn kinh t. Nhng trng hp nh vy m
coi l lm pht th s dn n s cng iu ho nguy c lm pht.
9 Cc nh kinh t hc theo trng phi trng tin hin i, ng u l Milton
Friedman nh ngha lm pht l hin tng gi c tng nhanh v lin tc
trong mt thi gian di. Theo trng phi ny, s tng ln ca mc gi chung mi
ch phn nh hnh thc biu hin ca lm pht, bn cht ca lm pht c th
hin tnh cht ca s tng gi : l s tng gi vi tc cao v ko di.
Chnh s tng gi cao v lin tc t thi gian ny n thi gian khc mi to ra
nhng tc ng c th ca lm pht. Cng v vy, ci gi l t l tng gi hng
thng m chng ta c th nghe trn i, bo hay v tuyn ch cho bit mc gi c
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Chng 5. Lm pht
I p = ip j d j
j =1
trong :
anhtuanphan@gmail.com
trong :
Ip
1 100 %
Gp =
I
p 1
Gp l t l lm pht (%)
Ip l ch s gi c ca thi k hin ti
Ip-1 l ch s gi c thi k trc
1.2.2. Phng php xc nh da trn ch s gim pht tng sn phm quc ni (GDP)
Ch s ny o lng mc gi bnh qun ca tt c cc hng ho v dch v to nn tng
sn phm quc ni. N c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
GDP danh ngha
100%
GDP thc t
trong : GDP danh ngha o lng sn lng theo gi nm hin ti, GDP thc t o
lng sn lng nm hin ti theo gi nm c chn lm gc.
T l lm pht sau c tnh trn c s cc ch s gim pht GDP tng t nh khi
tnh theo cc ch s CPI trn.
Ch s gi m pht GDP =
(d j =1)
j =1
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Chng 5. Lm pht
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chuyn b phn thu nhp cha dng n ngay t tin mt sang tin gi ngn hng,
kt qu l tn s n ngn hng rt tin mt mi ln cn chi tiu tng ln. Nh
vy lm pht d tnh tng ln lm cho chi ph qun l tin mt tng ln, chi ph ny
cn c gi l chi ph giy da ca lm pht d tnh.
y Lm pht cn nh hng ti cc ch th kinh t qua h thng thu. Mc thu nhp
danh ngha tng ln cng t l lm pht d tnh do ch s ho thu nhp, lm tng t
l ngi chu thu sut cao123. V chnh sch thu thng khng c iu chnh kp
thi v ph hp vi mc thu nhp nn thc cht nh lm pht m chnh ph c th
tng mc nh thu m khng phi tng mc thu sut. V nh vy, chnh sch thu
phn phi li mt phn thu nhp ca ngi ng thu, lm gim tc dng ca
phng php ch s ho trong iu kin lm pht c d tnh.
y Lm pht lm bp mo thng tin. Khi gi c bin ng lin tc, n gy kh khn
cho cc quyt nh lin quan n c cu tiu dng, tit kim, quyt nh u t...
Hn na, khi gi c thay i thng xuyn, n lm tng chi ph thc n tc l
cc tiu ph v ngun lc x hi cp nht vi nhng s thay i gi c.
2. Hu qu ca lm pht
Tc ng kinh t v x hi ca lm pht rt khc nhau tu thuc vo mc lm pht v
kh nng d on chnh xc s bin ng ca mc lm pht. Khi gi c c xu hng tng
ln t thi gian ny n thi gian khc, mi ngi u nhn thc c thc t v c
gng d on t l lm pht ca thi k ti. T l m mi ngi d on rng lm pht s
t ti gi l t l lm pht d tnh hoc t l lm pht c trng i. Nu d on ny
thng ng vi t l lm pht thc t th loi lm pht l lm pht c th d tnh
c. Ni cch khc lm pht c th d tnh c l loi lm pht m mc bin ng
bnh qun ca n c th c d on mt cch chnh xc. Ngc li, nu t l lm pht
trng i khng ging vi t l lm pht thc t xy ra th loi lm pht l lm pht
khng d tnh c - ng ngha vi khng kim sot c. Nhng nh hng ca lm
pht s khc nhau tu thuc l loi lm pht c th d tnh c hoc khng th d
tnh c.
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Chng 5. Lm pht
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ph qun l hoc c th gin tip thng qua cc khon chi phc li x hi, tr cp
tht nghip tng ln v kt qu l gi c hng ho tng ln. Trong trng hp nhu
cu chi tiu vt qu kh nng thu ngn sch v c b p bng cc khon vay t
h thng ngn hng (bao gm NHTW v cc NHTG) th rt d dn n trng hp
lm pht cao v ko di.
y Chi dng ca cc h gia nh tng ln: c th do mc thu nhp thc t tng ln hoc
do li sut gim xung, c hai u c tc dng y tng cu ln v gy p lc i
vi lm pht.
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Chng 5. Lm pht
Price level
LAS
AD1
AS
AD0
A
P1
P0
P2
P1
P0
LAS
AD1
AD0
AS1
AS0
123
Real GDP
Price level
cho ti AS1 th dng li, khi mc sn lng quay tr v mc sn lng tim nng, gi
c tng ln ti P2.
Nu tng cu tip tc tng, im cn bng mi ca nn kinh t li c chuyn n B khi
tng cu dch chuyn t AD1 ti AD2. Mc gi c
LAS
AS2
v sn lng thc t tng ln, vt qu mc sn
lng tim nng. Qu trnh iu chnh lng c
AS1
AD2
di hn.
AD1
S tc ng qua li ca vic tng tin lng v
AD0
tng tng cu lm cho mc gi c b y ln trong
khi mc sn lng thc t c duy tr mc sn
Real GDP
lng tim nng chnh l bn cht ca lm pht cu ko.
anhtuanphan@gmail.com
AS1
do th trng lao ng tr nn khan him, do
yu cu i tng lng ca cng on hoc do
AS0
mc lm pht d tnh tng ln.
P1
P0
y S tng ln ca mc li nhun rng ca ngi
sn xut y gi c hng ho ln.
AD0
y Gi ni a ca hng nhp khu tng ln, c
th do p lc lm pht ca nc xut khu
Real GDP
hoc do gi tr ni t gim so vi ngoi t hoc
do nh hng ca khng hong... Nu cc loi hng ho v dch v nhp khu ny
c s dng cho nhu cu tiu dng th n s nh hng trc tip ti gi c ni a,
nu n c s dng nh u vo ca qu trnh sn xut th s lm tng gi thnh
sn xut v do tng gi.
y S tng ln ca thu v cc khon ngha v vi ngn sch nh nc, t nh
hng n mc sinh li ca hot ng u t, gi c tng ln l tt yu nhm duy tr
mc sinh li thc t.
Real GDP
124
Chng 5. Lm pht
Price level
P1
chuyn n AD1 vi mc gi tng ln P2. Ti mc
P0
gi cao hn, cc nguyn nhn lm tng chi ph li
AD1
xut hin, qu trnh iu chnh ca tng cung v s
AD0
p li ca tng cu c lp li, lm cho gi c
tip tc tng trong khi mc sn xut dao ng di
Real GDP
mc sn lng tim nng.
Tm li, vic phn tch nguyn nhn lm pht ch ra rng, gi c c th b y ln do
nhng t bin v pha cu hoc cc c sc ca cung, nhng s tng gi ch mang tnh
cht tm thi, nu khng c s tc ng ca cc CSTT lm tng tng cu. S tng ln
lin tc ca tng cu xut pht t l do duy nht l lng tin cung ng tng ln. V th
nu quan nim lm pht l s tng gi lin tc vi mc cao (hn 1% mt thng v
trong vi nm) th n lun lun l mt vn thuc v tin t.
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MD
125
M0
M1
Khi t l tht ngip tng cao hn mc tht nghip t nhin, tin lng chu sc p gim xung, to iu
kin h gi thnh sn xut, nh vy tng cung c iu kin phc hi.
125
126
126
124
Chng 5. Lm pht
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l lm tng t l lm pht do mc gi c tng ln ko di. Lp lun cng tng t: nhng ngi tiu dng
v cc nh kinh doanh khng th tng chi tiu ca h vt qu 100% GNP.
128
Trong trng hp mc sn lng tim nng ca nn kinh t thay i lm di chuyn ng tng cung di
hn, cng c th gy nn s thay i tng t trong mc gi c. Tuy nhin, s thay i ch a n tnh
trng tng gi tm thi, ch khng phi l mt s tng ko di ca mc gi c.
129
Cng nhn quyt nh i tng lng bi v hoc l (1) h mun tng lng thc t (lng tnh theo s
hng ho v dch v m h c th mua c), hoc l (2) h d on lm pht s ln cao v v vy h i
hi c tng lng danh ngha khng gim lng thc t.
127
128
127
Chng 5. Lm pht
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129
130
Chng 5. Lm pht
Nc
T l %
1,00
Australia
Canada
Php
1,50
0,75
2,95
Italia
Nht
Thu s
Anh
1,74
0,93
1,57
0,79
2,39
131
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Chng 5. Lm pht
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134
Chng 6. Li sut
Chng 6. Li sut
tr ngay khi ngn hng a tin vay cho khch hng. Nh vy li sut chit khu c tr
trc cho ngn hng ch khng tr sau nh li sut tn dng thng thng.
1. Khi nim
Li sut l gi c ca quyn s dng mt n v vn vay trong mt n v thi gian (1
thng hoc 1 nm). y l loi gi c c bit, c hnh thnh trn c s gi tr s dng
ch khng phi trn c s gi tr. Gi tr s dng ca khon vn vay l kh nng mang li
li nhun cho ngi i vay khi s dng vn vay trong hot ng kinh doanh hoc mc
tho mn mt hoc mt s nhu cu no ca ngi i vay. Khc vi gi c hng ho,
li sut khng c biu din di dng s tuyt i m di dng t l phn trm. Li
sut (interest rate) cng c xem l t l sinh li (rate of return) m ngi ch s hu
thu c t khon vn cho vay.
Din bin ca li sut c nh hng trc tip n i sng hng ngy ca mi ch th
kinh t. N tc ng n nhng quyt nh ca cc c nhn nh chi tiu hay dnh, mua
nh hay mua tri phiu hay gi tin vo mt ti khon tit kim. Li sut cng tc ng
n nhng quyt nh kinh t ca cc doanh nghip nh: dng tin u t mua thit b
mi cho cc nh my hoc gi tit kim trong mt ngn hng. Do nhng nh hng
, li sut l mt trong nhng bin s c theo di cht ch nht trong nn kinh t v
din bin ca n c a tin hu nh hng ngy trn bo ch.
2.1.4. Li sut ti chit khu: p dng khi ngn hng trung ng cho cc ngn hng
trung gian vay di hnh thc chit khu li thng phiu hoc giy t c gi ngn hn
cha n hn thanh ton ca cc ngn hng ny. N cng c tnh bng t l phn trm
trn mnh gi ca giy t c gi v cng c khu tr ngay khi ngn hng trung ng
cp tin vay cho ngn hng.
Li sut ti chit khu do ngn hng trung ng n nh cn c vo mc tiu, yu cu ca
chnh sch tin t trong tng thi k v chiu hng bin ng li sut trn th trng
lin ngn hng.
V hot ng ti chit khu cung ng ngun vn cho cc ngn hng trung gian nn thng
thng li sut ti chit khu nh hn li sut chit khu. Tuy nhin trong trng hp cn
hn ch kh nng m rng tn dng ca h thng ngn hng, nhm kim ch y li lm
pht hoc pht cc ngn hng trung gian trong trng hp vi phm cc yu cu v thanh
ton, ngn hng trung ng c th n nh li sut ti chit khu bng thm ch cao hn
li sut chit khu ca h thng ngn hng.
Ngn hng
Trung ng
2. Cc loi li sut
Li sut ti cp vn
2.1.3. Li sut chit khu: p dng khi ngn hng cho khch hng vay di hnh thc
chit khu thng phiu hoc giy t c gi khc cha n hn thanh ton ca khch
hng. N c tnh bng t l phn trm trn mnh gi ca giy t c gi v c khu
132
V d li sut tin gi tit kim k hn 24 thng ca VCB l 8.4%/nm cho cc khon tin gi di 50
triu, 8.52% vi khon tin t 50 triu n di 200 triu v 8.76% cho cc khon tin gi trn 200 triu.
135
Ngi
gi tin
Ngn hng
thng mi
Li sut tn dng
i vi cc ngn hng thng mi, hai loi li sut ny hnh thnh nn nhng khon thu
nhp v chi ph ch yu ca ngn hng.
Ngn hng
thng mi
Li sut tin gi
2.1.2. Li sut tn dng ngn hng: l li sut m ngi i vay phi tr cho ngn hng
khi i vay t ngn hng. Li sut tn dng ngn hng cng c nhiu mc tu theo loi
hnh vay (vay thng mi, vay tr gp, vay qua th tn dng), theo mc quan h
gia ngn hng v khch hng v ph thuc c vo s tho thun gia hai bn.
Ngi
vay tin
2.1.5. Li sut lin ngn hng: l li sut m cc ngn hng p dng khi cho nhau vay
trn th trng lin ngn hng. Li sut lin ngn hng c hnh thnh qua quan h cung
136
Chng 6. Li sut
Li sut thc tnh sau: l li sut c iu chnh li cho ng theo nhng thay
i trn thc t v lm pht.
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1 Quan h gia li sut thc v li sut danh ngha c phn nh bng phng trnh
Fisher134:
Li sut danh ngha = li sut thc + t l lm pht135
V c iu chnh li cho ng theo nhng thay i v lm pht nn li sut thc phn
nh chnh xc khon thu nhp thc t t tin li m ngi cho vay nhn c hay chi ph
thc ca vic vay tin.
S phn bit gia li sut thc v li sut danh ngha c mt ngha rt quan trng. Bi
l, chnh li sut thc ch khng phi li sut danh ngha nh hng n u t, n vic
ti phn phi thu nhp gia nhng con n v ch n, s lu thng v vn ngn hn gia
cc nc khc nhau. i vi ngi c tin, nh on bit c li sut thc m h quyt
nh nn gi vo ngn hng hay mang i kinh doanh trc tip. Cn i vi ngi cn
vn, nu d on c tng lai c lm pht m trong sut thi gian li sut cho vay
khng i hoc c tng nhng tc tng khng bng lm pht tng th h c th yn
tm vay kinh doanh m khng s l do c trt gi khi tr n.
1 Vi cc nc m khon thu nhp t hot ng tn dng phi chu thu th trong cng
thc tnh li sut thc t li sut danh ngha ngoi t l lm pht d tnh ngi ta cn
phi tr c khon thu thu nhp (li sut thc sau thu s bng i (1 - r) - e vi r l
mc thu thu nhp).
137
138
135
133
Chng 6. Li sut
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U LIBOR (London Interbank Offered Rate): li sut ca Lin ngn hng London136 cng
b vo 11h tra hng ngy ti London. y l li sut cho vay ngn hn (1, 3, 6, 12
thng), thng c s dng lm li sut tham kho trong cc hp ng tn dng quc t.
Ngoi ra cn c li sut NIBOR ca th trng NewYork, TIBOR ca th trng Tokyo,
SIBOR ca th trng Singapore.
Cn gi l cc ngn hng b tr London, gm 4 ngn hng ln: Barclays, Lloyds, National Westminster
v Midland. Chng kim sot khong 90% vic thanh ton b tr cc khon tin gi ngn hng Anh.
140
Chng 6. Li sut
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APR
EFF = 1 +
1
m
365
V hn
142
6.00000%
6.09000%
6.13636%
6.16778%
6.17998%
6.18313%
6.18365%
Chng 6. Li sut
1 thng
0,600 %
0,605 %
0,610 %
0,615 %
0, 621 %
0,625 %
0,630 %
0,635 %
0,640 %
0,645 %
0,650 %
0,655 %
0,660 %
0,665 %
0,670 %
nh k (VN)
3 thng
1,811 %
1,826 %
1,841 %
1,856 %
1,872 %
1,887 %
1,902 %
1,917 %
1,932 %
1,948 %
1,963 %
1,978 %
1,993 %
2,008 %
2,023 %
6 thng
3,654 %
3,685 %
3,716 %
3,747 %
3,778 %
3,809 %
3,840 %
3,871 %
3,902 %
3,933 %
3,964 %
3,995 %
4,026 %
4,057 %
4,088 %
nh k (USD)
3 thng
0,556 %
0,571 %
0,586 %
0,601 %
0,616 %
0,631 %
0,646 %
0,661 %
0,677 %
0,692 %
0,707 %
0,722 %
0,737 %
0,752 %
1 thng
0,185 %
0,190 %
0,195 %
0,200 %
0,205 %
0,210 %
0,215 %
0,220 %
0,225 %
0,230 %
0,235 %
0,240 %
0,245 %
0,250 %
6 thng
1,115 %
1,145 %
1,176 %
1,206 %
1,236 %
1,267 %
1,297 %
1,327 %
1,358 %
1,388 %
1,418 %
1,449 %
1,479 %
1,509 %
2. Trong bng li sut tin gi tit kim m ngn hng Sacombank cng b di y, li
sut lnh li nh k hng qu v cui k c th suy t li sut lnh li nh k hng thng
theo cng phng php nh bi trn khng? Ti sao? Ch ra mi lin h gia li sut tr
li u k v cui k.
Loi tin gi
I. C NHN
Tin gi thanh ton
(p dng t 19/04/2005)
Tit kim khng k hn
Tit kim c k hn
- 01 thng
- 02 thng
- 03 thng
- 05 thng
- 06 thng
- 07 thng
- 09 thng
- 11 thng
- 13 thng
Tr li cui k
(% / thng)
Tr li trc
(% / k hn)
0,250%
0,250%
0,570%
0,620%
0,680%
0,705%
0,710%
0,720%
0,740%
0,750%
0,760%
0,680%
0,685%
0,690%
0,700%
0,704%
0,705%
0,706%
0,570%
0,580%
0,590%
0,600%
0,610%
0,620%
0,630%
0,640 %
0,650%
1,22%
1,99%
3,40%
4,08%
4,79%
6,24%
7,62%
8,99%
143
- 15 thng
- 18 thng
- 24 thng
- 36 thng
0,770%
0,780%
0,790%
0,810%
0,707%
0,710%
0,715%
0,718%
0,660%
0,670%
0,700%
0,713%
10,35%
12,31%
15,93%
22,57%
C ri ro l kh nng nhn c s tin trong tng lai l khng hon ton chc
chn.
Tm thi ta ch xt nh hng t l do u tin, l ng tin qua thi gian s sinh li.
xc nh gi tr tng lai ca mt lng tin t hin ti, p dng cng thc sau:
FVn = PV (1 + i)n
trong (1 + i)n c gi l h s gi tr tng lai (future value factor). Nh vy, vi bt
k mt s tin ti thi im hin ti, xc nh gi tr tng lai ca n sau mt khong
thi gian n xc nh, vi mc li sut u t i cho trc, ta ch vic tnh h s gi tr
tng lai ri nhn s tin hin c vi h s ny.
1 C mt phng php tnh nhanh gi tr tng lai ca mt s tin hin ti gi l quy
tc 72. Quy tc 72 c pht biu nh sau: S nm cn thit mt s tin tng gp
144
Chng 6. Li sut
(1)
(2)
C (1 + i)
(1 + i) n+1 1
i
C th s dng hm FV trong Excel tnh nhanh hn. S dng cc thng tin trong bng
li sut tit kim tch lu ca Sacombank tnh th.
Ngc li, xc nh gi tr hin ti ca mt khon thu hoc chi trong tng lai, ta p
dng cng thc:
1
(1 + i )n
n
trong 1/(1 + i) c gi l h s gi tr hin ti (present value factor). Nh vy,
tnh gi tr hin ti ca mt khon thu trong tng lai, ta ch cn nhn s tin d tnh nhn
c vi h s gi tr hin ti. Phng php tnh gi tr hin ti nh vy c gi l k
thut chit khu cc lung tin (discounted cash flow analysis DCF analysis), li sut
c s dng trong php chit khu c gi l mc li chit khu (discount rate).
K thut chit khu cc lung tin c s dng kh ph bin trong nh gi mc sinh
li ca cc d n u t hay chi ph ca cc hot ng ti tr bng vn vay.
Mt trong nhng quy tc c s dng ph bin trong thm nh cc d n u t vn
dng n k thut chit khu cc lung tin l quy tc Gi tr hin ti rng (NPV
rule).
PV = FV
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(1 + i )
+ ... +
(1 + i )n1
(2)
1
i (1 + i )n
C th lp bng ri dng hm PV tnh trong Excel, s thu c kt qu sau:
n
i
PV
FV
PMT
Kt qu
360
1%
?
0
1,028.61
PV = -$100,000
PV =
b. Lp bng ri dng hm RATE tnh li sut ca khon vay ca ngn hng B, s thu
c kt qu sau:
146
Chng 6. Li sut
i
?
PV
-100,000
FV
0
PMT
-1,100
Kt qu
i = 0.8677%
Kt qu
PMT = $39,505.48
Gc tr
30,505
33,251
36,244
100,000
N cn li
69,495
36,244
0
n 1
(1 + i )
i (1 + i )n1
(1 + i )
PMT
555
Kt qu
PV = $30,022.76
v vy c th gi thit n = . V vy,
PV = Lim
PV = C +
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Suy ra: PV =
C
1
, do (1+i) > 0 nn khi n th 1/(1+i)n 0
1
i (1 + i )n
C 10.000
=
= 100.000 . Vy c phiu c gi t.
i
0,1
4. Gi tr hin ti v vn lm pht
Mt gia nh quyt nh gi tin trong 10 nm vi li sut c nh l 10%/nm dnh
tin cho con vo i hc. S tin cn hc ton b chng trnh i hc hin nay l 40
triu ng, vy gia nh cn phi gi bao nhiu tin. T l lm pht d tnh l 8%.
Trng hp, gia nh s dng tit kim tch lu th s tin cn ng hng nm l bao
nhiu?
Gi : i vi cc quyt nh ti chnh trong di hn, phi tnh n nh hng ca lm
pht. Nu b qua yu t ny nhiu khi s dn n nhng sai st ln. Chng hn, vi bi
ton trn, c th thy ngay l s tin cn gi vi li sut 10%/nm c c 40 triu sau
y 10 nm l 40.000.000/(1+0,1)10 15.421.732. Tuy nhin, trn thc t, sau y 10
nm, s tin cn ti tr cho ton b chng trnh hc i hc khng phi l 40 triu
na m phi tng ln, gi s l bng vi tc lm pht. Nh vy, s tin m gia nh
cn phi ti tr cho con mnh sau y 10 nm phi l 40.000.000x(1+0.08)10
86.357.000, tc l gp hn 2 ln s tin cn ti tr cho chng trnh hc hin nay. Nu
vy th gia nh s thiu rt nhiu tin nu ch gi khong 15,5 triu cho con. gii
quyt vn lm pht, c hai cch:
a. Chit khu theo li sut thc
Li sut thc xp x bng (10% - 8%)/(1+8%) 1,85185%. Chit khu s tin
40.000.000 v hin ti theo li sut chit khu thc l 2%, ta c s tin gia nh cn
dnh l:
40.000.000/(1+0,0185185)10 33.294.367
b. iu chnh s tin cn c trong tng lai theo mc lm pht ri chit khu theo li
sut danh ngha. Vy s tin cn ti tr cho chng trnh hc sau y 10 nm l:
40.000.000x(1+0.08)10 86.357.000
V s tin gia nh cn dnh l:
86.357.000/(1+0,1)10 33.294.362
Ch : Khi tnh li sut thc khng nn dng phng trnh Fisher v phng trnh ny ch
in
.
1+
Vi trng hp dnh bng tit kim tch lu th cng c hai cch tnh.
Cch th nht, chit khu theo li sut thc:
cho kt qu gn ng, nn dng cng thc tnh li sut thc y ir =
148
Chng 6. Li sut
i
1.85185
PV
0
FV
-40,000,000
PMT
?
Kt qu
PMT 3,611,000
Tuy nhin, s tin 3,6 triu l gi tr ti thi im hin ti, cc khon tin ng trong cc
nm tip theo phi m bo gi tr thc vn l 3,6 triu, tc l s tin danh ngha phi
ng trong cc nm s l:
0
3,611,000
1
3,611,000 x (1+8%)
= 3,899,880
2
3,611,000 x (1+8%)2
= 4,211,870
10
3,611,000 x (1+8%)10
= 7,795,878
Cch th hai, chit khu theo li sut danh ngha nhng s tin cui cng phi c iu
chnh theo lm pht trc khi tnh:
40.000.000 x (1 + 8%)10 86.357.000
n
i
PV
FV
PMT
Kt qu
10
10
0
-86,357,000
?
PMT 4,925,912
Lu : D s tin phi ng nh k trong hai cch khng ging nhau nhng s tin nhn
c cui cng l nh nhau. Cch tnh th hai cho bit mt s tin c nh phi ng
hng nm, do vy phi tnh ton s tin phi ng tng nm nh cch 1. Nhng cch
tnh 1 linh hot hn, khi lm pht cc nm sau thay i th c th iu chnh s tin phi
ng nh k sc mua ca n lun bng sc mua ca 3,6 triu ng vo nm u tin.
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149
F
l gi tr hin ti ca khon thu nhp tng lai F.
(1+ i *)n
thay F = P(1+i)n th ta c P =
P(1 + i) n
suy ra: i* = i
(1 + i*)n
F
(1 + i*)n
P=
FP
FP
FP
FP
FP
1
+
+
+ ... +
= * 1
2
3
N
* N
1 + i * (1 + i*)
(1 + i*)
(1 + i*)
i
(1 + i )
Vi P, FP v N bit trc th c th gii phng trnh tnh i*. Tuy nhin do vic tnh
ton phc tp nn ngi ta thng s dng Excel hoc s dng my tnh b ti c gii
phng trnh nh vy.
2 Tri phiu coupon (Coupon bond) - Li c tr nh k hng nm, ht hn tn dng
th tr nt gc:
K hiu FV l mnh gi tri phiu, C l s tin coupon hng nm (C = FV x ic - vi ic l
li sut cng b trn tri phiu gi l li sut coupon), N l s nm ti ngy mn hn tri
phiu, PB l gi mua tri khon coupon ti thi im hin ti. Vy:
PB =
C
C
C
C
FV
C
1
+
+
+ ... +
+
= * 1
2
3
N
N
1 + i * (1 + i*)
(1 + i*)
(1 + i*)
(1 + i*)
i (1 + i * )N
+ FV
(1 + i * )N
Trng hp mua tr gp
Chnh l gi ca hng ho trong trng hp mua tr gp
150
Chng 6. Li sut
C
PC
C
C
C
+
+
+ ... + ...
1 + i * (1 + i*) 2 (1 + i*)3
1
hay: PC = C ( x + x + x + ...) vi x =
i * +1
2
1
1 x
C
1) =
i*
v x<1 nn 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ... =
nh vy PC = C (
1
1+ i *
im th v ca cc tri phiu cngxn ny l c th thy ngay khi PC tng th i* gim v
ngc li.
Mt s tri khon coupon ngy nay c thi hn tnh n khi o hn cn di ng k (20
nm tr ln) th c th tnh gn ng li sut hon vn nh cch tnh ca cngxn cho d.
1
F
(1 + i*) N
hay i* = N
F
1
Pd
F
F Pd
1 =
. Nh vy li sut hon vn bng t
Pd
Pd
151
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C + Pt +1 Pt C Pt +1 Pt
= +
Pt
Pt
Pt
Trong :
RET
t sut li tc do lu gi tri khon t t n t+1
Pt
gi tri khon thi im t
gi tri khon thi im t+1
Pt+1
C
tin li thu c trong thi gian lu gi tri khon
hiu r hn, hy xem v d sau:
Mt tri phiu c mnh gi 1000 USD c li sut coupon l 10%/nm, thi hn 5 nm.
152
Chng 6. Li sut
Li sut
hon vn
Gi ban u
(= mnh gi)
Li sut hon
vn nm tip
theo
Gi nm
tip
theo
140
C
Pt
Pt +1 Pt
Pt
RET
phiu c mua
ban u
30
20
10
5
10%
10%
10%
10%
1000
1000
1000
1000
20%
20%
20%
20%
503
516
597
741
10%
10%
10%
10%
- 49.7%
- 48.4%
- 40.3%
- 25.9%
- 39.7%
- 38.4%
- 30.3%
- 15.9%
2
1
10%
10%
1000
1000
20%
20%
917
1000
10%
10%
- 8.3%
0
+ 1.7%
+ 10.0%
153
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cc khon thu nhp t tri phiu l c nh nn gi tri phiu s phi gim xung
li sut hon vn ca n tng ln. Nh vy nu li sut tng ln gy ra s gim
ng k trong gi tri phiu th d ngi u t vn nhn tin li, t sut li
tc ca anh ta vn c th m, tc l b thua l. R rng l li sut th trng tng
ln khng phi bao gi cng l mt tin tt lnh i vi cc nh u t.
3 K hn thanh ton ca tri phiu cng di th s thay i v gi do li sut thay i
cng ln. iu ny gii thch ti sao gi v t sut li tc ca cc tri phiu di hn
bt nh hn gi v t sut li tc ca cc tri phiu ngn hn. Do vy, nhng tri
phiu di hn khng c coi l nhng ti sn an ton vi li tc chc chn qua
mt thi gian lu gi ngn.
is the future value, or a cash balance you want to attain after the last payment is
made. If fv is omitted, it is assumed to be 0. If fv is omitted, you must include the
pmt argument.
Type is the number 0 or 1 and indicates when payments are due. Set type equal to 0 or
omitted if payments are due at the end of the period, 1 if payments are due at the
beginning of the period.
3. Hm FV dng tnh gi tr tng lai (future value)
FV(rate,nper,pmt,pv,type)
Rate is the interest rate per period.
Nper is the total number of payment periods in an annuity.
Pmt is the payment made each period; it cannot change over the life of the annuity.
Typically, pmt contains principal and interest but no other fees or taxes. If pmt is
omitted, you must include the pv argument.
Pv
is the present value, or the lump-sum amount that a series of future payments is
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Chng 6. Li sut
Typically, pmt contains principal and interest but no other fees or taxes.
Pv
is the present value, or the lump-sum amount that a series of future payments is
worth right now.
Fv
is the future value, or a cash balance you want to attain after the last payment is
made. If fv is omitted, it is assumed to be 0 (the future value of a loan, for
example, is 0).
Type is the number 0 or 1 and indicates when payments are due.
5. Hm RATE dng tnh li sut chit khu:
RATE(nper,pmt,pv,fv,type,guess)
Nper is the total number of payment periods in an annuity.
Pmt is the payment made each period and cannot change over the life of the annuity.
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Fv
is the future value, or a cash balance you want to attain after the last payment is
made. If fv is omitted, it is assumed to be 0 (zero), that is, the future value of a
loan is 0.
Type is the number 0 (zero) or 1 and indicates when payments are due.
7. Hm FVSCHEDULE cho php tnh gi tr tng lai ca khon vn gc ban u theo
phng php li ghp nhng li sut thay i qua cc nm:
FVSCHEDULE(principal,schedule)
Principal
is the present value.
Schedule
is an array of interest rates to apply.
Nu gi P l s vn gc ban u, i1, i2, i3,, in l cc mc li sut trong n nm u t.
Nu i1 = i2 = i3 = = in = i th FVn = (1 + i ) v c th dng hm FV tnh.
n
Typically, pmt includes principal and interest but no other fees or taxes. If pmt is
omitted, you must include the fv argument.
Pv
is the present value - the total amount that a series of future payments is worth
now.
Fv
is the future value, or a cash balance you want to attain after the last payment is
made. If fv is omitted, it is assumed to be 0 (the future value of a loan, for
example, is 0).
Type is the number 0 or 1 and indicates when payments are due.
Guess is your guess for what the rate will be. If you omit guess, it is assumed to be 10
percent. If RATE does not converge, try different values for guess. RATE usually
converges if guess is between 0 and 1.
6. Hm PMT dng tnh s tin phi tr nh k trong khon vay tr gp:
PMT(rate,nper,pv,fv,type)
Rate is the interest rate for the loan.
Nper is the total number of payments for the loan.
Pv
is the present value, or the total amount that a series of future payments is worth
now; also known as the principal.
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Guess
do not need to provide guess for the IRR calculation. If guess is omitted, it
is assumed to be 0.1 (10 percent).
IRR is closely related to NPV, the net present value function. The rate of return
calculated by IRR is the interest rate corresponding to a 0 (zero) net present value.
Hm IRR c dng khi cc dng tin vo ra xy ra cch nhau nhng khong thi gian
bng nhau, nu khng cch nhau nhng khong thi gian bng nhau th phi dng hm
XIRR.
9. Hm NPV gi tr hin ti rng ca mt d n u t s dng mt li sut chit khu
nht nh. NPV dng th c ngha l d n ny nn u t v ngc li.
Rate
NPV(rate,value1,value2, ...)
is the rate of discount over the length of one period.
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Chng 6. Li sut
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157
141
i vi cc nc ang pht trin, trong b phn vn vay t nc ngoi cn c vn vay pht trin chnh
thc do chnh ph cc nc pht trin cp cho cc nc ang pht trin. B phn ny khng chu nh
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Chng 6. Li sut
cng c tng ln, do lm tng cung vn vay (ng cung vn vay dch
chuyn sang phi) v ngc li. V d: li sut c d tnh l cao hn trong
tng lai s lm gim nhu cu mua cc cng c n di hn ca cc ch th kinh
t144, v th m ngun cung vn di hn gim xung. Li tc d tnh ca cc dng
ti sn khc thay i cng c th dn n s thay i trong cung vn vay. Chng
hn, mt s tng ln ca lm pht d tnh s lm tng gi ca cc ti sn hu hnh
v do vy s lm gim li tc d tnh ca vic cho vay so vi mua cc ti sn hu
hnh. Kt qu l cung vn vay gim xung.
LD - Lng cu vn vay
L - Vn vay
Ti sn v thu nhp: Trong giai on ang tng trng kinh t, thu nhp v do
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159
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Chng 6. Li sut
Tnh hnh ngn sch chnh ph: V chnh ph cc nc hin nay c xu hng ti
tr cho thm ht ngn sch bng i vay nn tnh trng thm ht ngn sch ca
chnh ph s tc ng ti nhu cu vay vn ca chnh ph v do tc ng n
nhu cu vay vn ca nn kinh t. Thiu ht ngn sch chnh ph ln hn lm tng
nhu cu vay vn v lm cho ng cu vn vay dch chuyn sang phi.
s h xung. Tuy nhin trong thc t th li sut cn bng trong nhng iu kin nh vy
thng tng ln, tc l ng cu vn vay dch chuyn nhiu hn ng cung vn vay
(do hiu ng tng cung vn vay t tng ca ci din ra chm hn hiu ng tng cu vn
vay do nn kinh t tng trng nhanh).
Trong thc t, khi nghin cu v li sut ngi ta khng nghin cu t gc cung cu
vn chung chung m thng ngi ta tm ra loi li sut no c nh hng ln nht ti
xu hng bin ng ca li sut trn th trng ri t tp trung nghin cu n. V
d: M tp trung vo li sut tri phiu cn Vit nam tp trung vo li sut ngn hng.
i1
i2
MD
M1
M2
Thu nhp: Thu nhp tng ln s lm tng nhu cu nm gi tin giao dch v
lm ni ct tr gi tr, do lm cho lng cu tin tng ln v ng cu tin
dch chuyn sang phi. Lp lun tng t vi trng hp thu nhp gim s c s
dch chuyn ca ng cu tin sang tri.
LS1
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Chng 6. Li sut
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Chng 6. Li sut
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tng hay gim cung tin s tu thuc vo vic cc nh hoch nh chnh sch quan tm
n nhng din bin ca li sut trong ngn hn hay di hn.
Trn y l hai m hnh c bn thng c cc nh kinh t s dng khi d bo v li
sut. iu cn lu khi s dng hai m hnh Khun mu tin vay v Khun mu a
thch tin mt xc nh li sut cn bng l: m hnh Khun mu tin vay xc nh
li sut cn bng trn th trng cc cng c n (cc khon vay) trong khi m hnh
Khun mu a thch tin mt xc nh li sut cn bng trn th trng tin t. Tuy
nhin do c mi lin h cht ch gia hai th trng ny nn li sut trn hai th trng c
xu hng t cn bng vi nhau146. V vy, vic xc nh li sut bng m hnh no cng
a n cc kt qu tng ng.
Ngoi ra cng cn lu l trong cc phn tch trn chng ta cn cha tnh n yu t t
bn ngoi quc gia tc ng n li sut trong nc trong iu kin nn kinh t m nh
tnh hnh li sut quc t, tnh hnh cc ngun ti tr ca cc c nhn, t chc, chnh ph
nc ngoi, tnh hnh u t t bn ngoi hoc u t ra bn ngoi.
i2
i1
Tc dng Ba tc dng
tnh lng
cn li
Thi gian
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nhm c ng), Public Corporation (c phn c pht hnh rng ri). Cc cng ty c
phn M thng c phn ui, ng sau tn cng ty, l ch Inc. (vit tt ca t
Incorporated). Anh, loi hnh Private Corporation thng c ui Ltd. (vit tt ca ch
Limited) cui tn cng ty (v d Shell UK Ltd.), cn Public Corporation c gi l
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Cch phn loi ny gip nh qun l bit c 1 cch tng qut tnh hnh ti sn c nh
ang c dng cho sn xut kinh doanh, cn tim tng hoc ng a ra cc bin
php khai thc.
1.2.1.2. Ti sn c nh v hnh (intangible fixed assets): Xut pht t yu cu hch ton
chi ph, hch ton kinh doanh m ti sn c nh cn bao gm ti sn khng c hnh thi
vt cht nh chi ph thnh lp doanh nghip, chi ph bng pht minh sng ch... Phn vn
b ra ny gi chung l ti sn c nh v hnh. Nh vy ti sn c nh v hnh l ti
sn c nh khng c hnh thi vt cht, th hin 1 lng gi tr c u t chi tr
nhm c c cc li ch hoc cc ngun c tnh kinh t m gi tr ca chng xut pht t
cc c quyn hoc quyn ca doanh nghip. Khon chi ph no khng ng thi tho
mn 2 iu kin c coi l ti sn c nh th c hch ton thng hoc c phn
b dn vo chi ph kinh doanh.
Ti sn c nh v hnh c chia thnh cc nhm nh sau:
Bng pht minh sng ch: Gi tr bng pht minh sng ch c xc nh bng
chi ph doanh nghip phi tr cho cc cng trnh nghin cu, sn xut th c
Cn c vo hnh thi biu hin v tnh cht s hu, c th chia TSC thnh 3 loi:
1.2.1.1. Ti sn c nh hu hnh (tangible fixed assets): l ti sn c nh c hnh thi
vt cht, c chia thnh cc nhm nh sau:
My mc, thit b.
Phng tin vn ti, truyn dn thng tin, in, nc, bng truyn ti vt t, hng
ho.
Thit b, dng c qun l nh my tnh, qut, thit b kim tra cht lng...
Ti sn c nh hu hnh khc.
Ti sn c nh hu hnh cn c th phn loi thnh:
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nh nc cp bng pht minh sng ch hoc doanh nghip mua li bn quyn pht
minh sng ch t ngi s hu chng.
Chi ph nghin cu, pht trin: ch th sn phm mi, ci tin cng ngh...
tng sc cnh tranh. i vi nhng doanh nghip ln y l cng vic thng
xuyn, bi v h c vn u t v chu c ri ro nu khng thnh cng.
Chi ph li th kinh doanh (thng mi): Xut hin khi mua li 1 doanh nghip
khc. Ngoi s tin tr bng gi tr thc t ca cc ti sn hu hnh, doanh nghip
phi tr thm 1 s tin bi s thun li ca v tr a l, danh ting ca doanh
nghip (uy tn mt hng, s tn nhim i vi bn hng)...
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Tin
Nguyn vt liu
Thnh phm
Bn thnh phm
Thi hn cho thu t nht phi bng 60% thi gian cn thit khu hao ti sn
thu.
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Tin mt ti qu hnh thnh do doanh nghip s dng phng thc thanh ton
bng tin mt.
Phi thu ca khch hng: L tin bn hng ho, dch v cha thu c, nhng
c khch hng chp nhn thanh ton v tnh vo doanh thu bn hng trong k,
k c trng hp cp tn dng thng mi ngn v di hn.
Tr trc cho ngi bn: Ch tiu ny phn nh s tin tr trc cho ngi bn
m cha nhn c sn phm ti thi im bo co. Thng doanh nghip ng
trc trong 2 trng hp:
o Cn n nh ngun nguyn vt liu, hng ho.
o Doanh nghip t mua my mc, thit b sn xut kinh doanh. S tin tr
trc m bo thc hin hp ng ca bn mua.
Cc khon phi thu khc nh: cc khon phi thu v bi thng vt cht c
quyt nh bi thng, cc khon phi thu v li u t ti chnh...
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Tm ng cho ngi lao ng: L khon tin hoc vt t do doanh nghip giao cho
ngi lao ng thc hin nhim v sn xut kinh doanh hoc gii quyt cng
vic no c ph duyt.
Chi ph tr trc (chi ph i phn b): L chi ph thc t pht sinh c lin
quan n hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca nhiu k hch ton nn cha th tnh
ht vo chi ph sn xut kinh doanh trong k pht sinh m c tnh cho c hai
hay nhiu k tip theo nh chi ph mua cc loi bo him, cc loi l ph tr mt
ln trong nm, chi ph sa cha ln ti sn c nh... Ch tiu ny trong bng tng
kt ti sn phn nh s tin thanh ton cho mt s khon chi ph nhng n
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mang tnh cht vay n nn c th phi k qu 100% nu ngn hng khng tin
tng vo ngi m L/C.
Ch tiu cc khon cm c, k cc, k qu ngn hn phn nh gi tr ti sn cn
ang cm c, k cc, k qu ngn hn. Trng hp t cc ging nh k qu,
ch khc l ti sn t cc khng gi ngn hng m giao cho bn kia cm gi,
thng ch p dng trong cc hp ng dn s.
Cc loi ti sn lu ng k trn (tr loi ti sn lu ng khc) l nhng mt xch trong
vng tun hon ca ti sn lu ng nn thng khi ti sn lu ng ny tng ko theo
ti sn lu ng khc gim. S bin ng ca mi loi ti sn c doanh nghip theo
di bng cch m cho n mt ti khon. Chng hn khi thu c tin ca khch hng
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bng chuyn khon th khon phi thu c th l phi thu ca khch hng gim, ng thi
ti sn dng tin v c th l tin gi ngn hng tng ln; khi hng mua c nhp kho th
ti sn l hng mua ang i trn ng gim, ng thi nguyn vt liu tn kho tng;
xut tin mua nguyn vt liu th ti sn l tin gim, hng mua ang i trn ng tng.
Cch phn loi ti sn lu ng nh trn c ngha trong vic xc nh c cu d tr cc
ti sn lu ng (k c d tr bng tin v di cc khon phi thu) hp l m bo
qu trnh sn xut kinh doanh c din ra lin tc, ng thi khng ti sn lu ng
d tr qu mc gy lng ph vn v gip a ra bin php qun l ph hp vi tng loi.
Chng hn thnh phm ng nhiu do tiu th chm, doanh nghip cn a ra bin
php nh h gi, khuyn mi... vi khon phi thu th n c khch hng tr n kp thi.
1.2.2.5. Vn lu ng thng xuyn cn thit
Trong phn nghin cu ni dung ca ti sn lu ng chng ta c bit: sn xut
kinh doanh din ra lin tc, doanh nghip lun c 1 lng ti sn lu ng d tr thung
xuyn. Vn lu ng u t vo ti sn lu ng d tr thng xuyn gi l vn lu
ng thng xuyn cn thit.
Vn ny cn c u t t ngun vn di hn, t ngun vn t c, vay di hn ngn
hng hoc t ngun vn tn dng thng mi thng xuyn ca ngi cung cp. Nu
dng ngun vn vay ngn hn d dn n tnh trng b ng. Hu qu l gy chm tr
thanh ton lm mt uy tn doanh nghip, thiu nguyn vt liu cho sn xut, thiu hng
bn, c khi b l c hi kinh doanh...
Vi ti sn lu ng khng thng xuyn cn thit, thng c nhiu cc doanh nghip
hot ng thi v th ch cn ngun vn u t ngn hn l vay ngn hn ngn hng hoc
bn hng. Doanh nghip s b ng vn khi ht thi v.
Qua phn tch trn ta thy xc nh vn lu ng thng xuyn cn thit v la chn
ngun vn u t ph hp l bin php nng cao hiu qu s dng ti sn c nh.
Khi lng vn lu ng thng xuyn cn thit c tng hp t 3 loi vn lu ng
thng xuyn cn thit trong cc khu d tr sn xut, tiu th v d tr trong thanh
ton. Nhn t c bn nh hng n khi lng vn lu ng thng xuyn cn thit l
quy m sn xut kinh doanh, cng ngh ch bin, chu k cung cp nguyn vt liu, chu
k cung cp thnh phm, hng ho...
1.2.3. Cc loi ti sn u t ti chnh
Ngoi hot ng chnh c bn ca doanh nghip phi ti chnh l sn xut, thng mi,
dch v (gi chung l sn xut kinh doanh) th doanh nghip cn dng 1 phn vn kinh
doanh u t ra bn ngoi gi l u t ti chnh. Li nhun ca hot ng u t ti
chnh c hnh thnh t bn ngoi doanh nghip nh li c phn, li lin doanh...
u t ti chnh nhm:
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u t chng khon.
Gp vn lin doanh vi doanh nghip khc hnh thnh doanh nghip lin
doanh hoc gp vn hp doanh vo 1 doanh nghip khc di dng hp ng hp
tc kinh doanh.
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9 Li cha phn phi: phn nh s li hoc s l cha c quyt ton hoc quyt
ton ri nhng cha phn phi vo 2 ngun vn v cc qu trn v cha tr li
cho ngi gp vn.
9 Chnh lch gi, gm c 2 loi:
o Chnh lch nh gi li ti sn, ch yu i vi ti sn c nh trong 2
trng hp sau:
Khi gi c ti sn b bin ng, thng do lm pht hoc tin b
khoa hc k thut nhm bo ton vn.
Khi gp vn lin doanh, c phn bng ti sn m c s chnh lch
gia gi tr cn li ca ti sn ghi trn s k ton vi gi tr thc t.
o Chnh lch t gi: Do nguyn tc hch ton k ton l ch ghi s k ton
bng ng ni t v chuyn i theo t gi thc t ti thi im pht sinh
nghip v kinh t c s dng ngoi t nn khi t gi thay i dn n
chnh lch gi tr ti sn, ngun vn c gc ngoi t. Nu t gi tng th
chnh lch t gi dng v ngc li. Ch tiu chnh lch gi phn nh
chnh lch do nh gi li ti sn hoc do thay i t gi cha c x l.
Ch tiu li cha phn phi v chnh lch gi m m th khi x l s lm
gim ngun vn kinh doanh, nu dng th lm tng ngun vn kinh
doanh; ng thi gi tr ca cc loi ti sn lin quan nh gi li ti
sn v iu chnh t gi cng gim, tng tng ng.
Ch tiu li cha phn phi v chnh lch gi ch tn ti tm thi khi cha x l, nu m
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Khng phi khon chi no ca doanh nghip cng c coi l chi ph. Cc khon chi
khng lin quan n qu trnh to ra thu nhp nh chi ng h, t thin khng c coi l
chi ph. Chi khen thng, phc li, m au, chi s nghip cng khng c coi l chi
ph.
Nghin cu chi ph c ngha trong vic tnh ton ng kt qu kinh doanh (li, l),
trnh hin tng li gi l tht do khng hch ton y chi ph. ng thi gip tnh
gi thnh sn phm t pht hin nguyn nhn dn n chi ph bt hp l c bin
php khc phc v xc nh gi c.
Doanh nghip phi ti chnh gm c 2 hot ng l sn xut, thng mi, dch v (gi
chung l sn xut kinh doanh) v u t ti chnh. Do cn c vo loi hot ng, chi
ph ca doanh nghip phi ti chnh gm c chi sn xut kinh doanh, chi ph hot ng ti
chnh v chi ph bt thng.
1.4.1. Chi ph sn xut kinh doanh
Xt theo nguyn nhn pht sinh hay ni dung kinh t ca chi ph, c 8 yu t chi ph sn
xut kinh doanh nh sau:
1. Chi ph nguyn vt liu (trong doanh nghip sn xut, dch v), hng ho mua vo
(trong doanh nghip thng mi). tit kim chi ph nguyn vt liu cc doanh
nghip thng xy dng cc nh mc tiu hao.
2. Chi ph dng c sn xut kinh doanh.
3. Chi ph khu hao ti sn c nh hay chi ph hao mn ti sn c nh.
4. Chi ph nhn cng: gm tin lng, tin cng147, cc khon c tnh cht tin lng
nh ph cp, tr cp v cc khon ng gp bo him x hi, y t do doanh
nghip chu.
5. Chi ph dch v mua ngoi: l chi ph tr cho t chc, c nhn bn ngoi v cc
dch v c thc hin theo yu cu ca doanh nghip nh: in, nc, in
thoi, u thc xut nhp khu, bo him...
6. Chi ph tip th nh qung co, khuyn mi...
7. Thu v cc khon np ngn sch nh nc khc, tr thu thu nhp doanh nghip
v thu s dng vn ngn sch nh nc, v y l nhng khon ly t li nhun.
8. Chi ph khc nh li vay, chi ph tip khch, hi ngh, cng tc ph...
Doanh nghip c 3 b phn lm vic, l b phn sn xut, bn hng v qun l doanh
nghip. Cn c vo a im pht sinh, tng ng c 3 loi chi ph l chi ph sn xut,
bn hng v qun l doanh nghip. Hai loi chi ph sau gi l chi ph ngoi sn xut.
phc v qun l chi ph, mi loi chi ph ny li c chia tip theo ngun gc pht sinh.
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Chi ph bn hng hay chi ph tiu th: l chi ph pht sinh trong qu trnh
tiu th sn phm. Cn c vo tc dng, chi ph bn hng chia thnh 2
loi:
Chi ph lu thng: l nhng chi ph lin quan ti bo qun, ng
gi, vn chuyn, bc xp, bn hng.
Chi ph tip th: l nhng chi ph gn lin vi vic y mnh kh
nng cnh tranh, m rng th trng nh chi ph gii thiu sn
phm (qung co, tham gia hi ch, cho hng), bo hnh, khuyn
mi, hi ngh khch hng.
Xt v ni dung kinh t, chi ph bn hng gm c cc ch tiu: chi ph
nhn vin (nhn vin bn hng, vn chuyn, bo hnh...), khu hao ti sn
c nh (ca hng, kho, phng tin vn ti...), bao b, dng c (o lng,
tnh ton...), dch v mua ngoi... khu bn hng.
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thnh sn phm gim, hoc cc hot ng u t ti chnh hiu qu hn. Li nhun tng
gp phn c bn tng hiu qu kinh doanh. Mc tiu kinh doanh l thu li nhun, c li
nhun mi tr li c cho ngi gp vn v m rng quy m kinh doanh, hin i ho
thit b, y mnh nghin cu pht trin.
Mun nng cao li nhun cn tng doanh thu v gim gi thnh sn phm tng li
nhun thu c trn 1 n v sn phm. Mt trong cc bin php tng doanh thu l h gi
thnh sn phm, qua ta thy h gi thnh sn phm l vn quan trng. Phng php
phn tch ti chnh s gip tm ra cc bin php thch hp trong tng thi k nng cao
li nhun v hiu qu kinh doanh.
Li nhun ca doanh nghip c 3 loi, trong li nhun thu t hot ng sn xut kinh
doanh l quan trng nht. Sau y l cch tnh cc loi li nhun:
1.5.2.1. Li nhun hot ng sn xut kinh doanh c xc nh tng bc nh sau:
1. Trc ht cn tnh doanh thu thun (thc)
DT thun = Tng DT - Cc khon gim tr v thu gin thu pht sinh khi bn hng
Tng doanh thu l s tin ghi trn ho n bn hng, ho n thanh ton dch v.
T khi khch hng chp nhn thanh ton cho n khi thu c tin c th xy ra 1 s
khon gim tr lm gim s tin thu c so vi ho n. Cc khon gim tr gm c:
9 Chit khu bn hng do khch hng thanh ton trc thi hn tho thun gi l
chit khu thanh ton.
9 Hng bn b tr li do vi phm hp ng nh giao hng khng ng phm cht,
khng ng quy cch...
9 Gim gi hng bn, gm 3 nguyn nhn:
o Bt gi l khon gim tr trn gi bn thng thng v l do mua vi khi
lng ln, tnh theo 1 t l no trn gi bn, c thc hin ngay sau
tng ln mua hng.
o Gim gi l khon gim tr trn gi tho thun v l do hng km phm
cht, khng ng quy cch theo quy nh trong hp ng.
o Hi khu l khon gim tr tnh trn tng s khi lng hng ho thc
hin vi 1 khch hng trong 1 thi gian nht nh.
Thu gin thu khu bn hng l thu tiu dng thu khu bn hng do ngi tiu
Mc d cha thu c tin nhng vn c tnh vo doanh thu v nu s tin hng bn chu m khng
tnh vo doanh thu s gip cho doanh nghip khng phi np thu ngay i vi phn tin hng bn chu ,
dn n ng thu, trong khi doanh nghip vn c hng tin li t vic bn chu. Hn na, vic tnh
c khon n tin hng vo doanh thu nh vy cn m bo cng bng cho doanh nghip s dng hnh thc
bn hng thanh ton ngay. Trong trng hp nhng khon n tin hng sau ny khng thu c th s
chuyn thnh nhng khon phi thu c kh nng kh i v c tnh vo chi ph trong k.
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tin nhn ri khng sinh li. (Net working capital 149 management and short-term
finance).
Nghin cu v Ti chnh doanh nghip l nhm gii quyt tt cc vn c bn nu trn.
Mc tiu cui cng m ti chnh doanh nghip hng ti thng qua vic gii quyt cc
vn trn c th tm tt mt cu To ra cc dng tin vo ln hn cc dng tin ra,
qua lm tng gi tr cho doanh nghip. Ni cch khc, cc nh qun tr ti chnh phi
la chn v thc hin cc d n u t sao cho lung thu nhp to ra t cc d n phi
ln hn chi ph b ra huy ng vn ti tr cho cc d n, qua lm gia tng gi tr
ca cc khon u t ca cc ch u t vo doanh nghip.
Cn lu l hot ng ti chnh trong doanh nghip c chia lm hai nhm hot ng
c bn l kim sot (controller) v ngn qu (treasurer). B phn kim sot c nhim v
theo di cc chi ph sn xut kinh doanh, k ton ti chnh, thanh ton thu v qun tr
thng tin ti chnh (l nhim v ca cc phng K ton ti v ti doanh nghip). B phn
ngn qu c nhim v qun l tin mt (cc lung vo, ra), qun l cc hot ng tn
dng (cho vay v i vay) ca doanh nghip, lp k hoch ti chnh v u t. Ni dung
qun tr ti chnh doanh nghip tp trung ch yu phn qun l ngn qu ny. Do vy,
mc ch quan tm ca qun tr ti chnh doanh nghip s khng ging vi k ton qun
tr. Qun tr ti chnh quan tm nhiu hn ti vn thi im din ra lung tin (timing
of cash flows) do tn ti yu t gi tr thi gian ca ng tin v ri ro lung tin (risk of
cash flows) v s lng v thi im lung tin nhn c khng th chc chn.
Ba ni dung c bn ca ti chnh doanh nghip c th m t tm tt nh sau:
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3.2.3. Vn thi gian v chi ph: Trong phn tch ti chnh vn d tnh lung tin
rt quan trng. V v vy ngi ta chia thi gian thnh hai loi l ngn hn v di hn.
Trong ngn hn, cc iu kin sn xut (my mc), mi trng (thu, cc cam kt theo
hp ng) c gi nh l khng thay i, ch c cc nhn t nh chi ph lao ng,
nguyn vt liu l c php thay i. V do vy cc chi ph lin quan n lao ng,
nguyn vt liu th c coi l chi ph kh bin, cn cc chi ph lin quan n sn xut,
mi trng nh thu, li tri phiu c coi l chi ph bt bin. Cn v mt di hn, th
mi chi ph u thay i. Vic phn chia ny c nh hng rt quan trng n lp k
hoch kinh doanh cng nh phn tch lung tin. Tuy nhin, trong bo co kt qu hot
ng kinh doanh li phn chia cc chi ph khng theo ngn v di hn m theo chi ph
lin quan n sn xut (tc l cc chi ph s tng ln khi m rng sn xut) v cc chi ph
lin quan n mt thi k (v d cc chi ph qun l hnh chnh). V nh vy c chi ph
kh bin v chi ph bt bin u bao hm trong phn chi ph sn xut m khng c
phn bit ring ra.
Lung tin t hot ng kinh doanh (operating cash flow): l lung tin thu c
t tin bn hng ho, dch v v cc hot ng kinh doanh hp php khc. Lung
tin ny phn nh c chi ph tr thu, nhng khng bao gm cc chi ph lin quan
n u t nh chi cho mua ti sn c nh v thay i trong vn lu ng thun
(tc l khng tnh n phn u t thm ca doanh nghip vo vn lu ng v
vn c nh).
Do khu hao khng to ra lung tin nn phi cng li khu hao vo thu nhp
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Do khi tnh EBIT, khu hao c coi l mt loi chi ph nn b tr ra khi thu nhp ca doanh
nghip.
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Cash
Net working capital
, Net working capital to total assets =
Current liabilitie s
Total assets
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Total debt
Total equity
Total assets
Total equity
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EBIT + Depreciation
Interest
chnh s dng l Thi gian thu n trung bnh khng nn vt qu thi gian phi thanh
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V hng lu kho c hch ton theo chi ph nn phi s dng chi ph ca hng bn
tnh ch khng c dng doanh thu bn hng.
Trong chng mc doanh nghip vn m bo cung ng hng cho hot ng bn hng,
ch tiu ny cng cao cng chng t doanh nghip qun l hng tn kho hiu qu.
bit thi gian tn kho trung bnh ca cc hng ho, ta s dng ch tiu sau:
Day in inventory =
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Net income
,
Total operating revenue
financial leverage lun thi phng ROE. Tuy nhin, thc t, iu ny ch xy ra khi ROA
(gross) ln hn li sut ca cc khon vay.
EBIT
Total operating revenue
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Net income
Total operating revenue
EBIT
Total operating revenue
ROA(gross) =
trong :
Dividend l gi tr c tc trong ln thanh ton gn y nht c bnh qun ho theo
nm.
Market price l gi c th trng hin ti ca mt c phiu ph thng.
Market - to - Book Value =
Ch l gi tr ghi s ca c phiu (Book value per share) c tnh bng cch ly tng
gi tr vn ch s hu chia cho tng s c phiu do vy khng phi l gi tr ghi s
ROE = Profit margin x Asset turnover x Equity multiplier = ROA x Equity multiplier
Nh vy s khc bit gia ROE v ROA l do financial leverage to ra. Nh vy
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Net income
ROE =
Total equity
TI SN
A. TI SN LU NG V U T TI CHNH
NGN HN
I. Tin
1. Tin mt ti qu (gm c ngn phiu)
2. Tin gi Ngn hng
3. Tin ang chuyn
II. Cc khon u t ti chnh ngn hn
1. u t chng khon ngn hn
2. u t ngn hn khc
3. D phng gim gi u t ngn hn (*)
III. Cc khon phi thu
1. Phi thu ca khch hng
2. Tr trc cho ngi bn
3. Phi thu ni b
- Vn kinh doanh cc n v trc thuc
- Phi thu ni b khc
4. Cc khon phi thu khc
5. D phng cc khon phi thu kh i (*)
IV. Hng tn kho
1. Hng mua ang i trn ng
2. Nguyn liu, vt liu tn kho
3. Cng c, dng c trong kho
4. Chi ph sn xut, kinh doanh d dang
5. Thnh phm tn kho
6. Hng ho tn kho
7. Hng gi i bn
8. D phng gim gi hng tn kho (*)
V. Ti sn lu ng khc
1. Tm ng
2. Chi ph tr trc
3. Chi ph ch kt chuyn
4. Ti sn thiu ch x l
5. Cc khon cm c, k cc, k qu ngn hn
VI. Chi s nghip
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