Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Εικόνα και Κοινωνία
Εικόνα και Κοινωνία
10
11
12
.
Howard S. Becker
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. Barthes,
,
(Barthes, 1979 1988),
(Barthes, 1984). ,
Michel Foucault
(. . Foucault, 1989). ,
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,
1960.
,
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.
1980,
.
15
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. ,
(Mitchell, 2002 Bal, 2003).
,
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)
.
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.
.
1970, Howard Becker (1974)
.
.
,
.
,
(image-based research)
,
,
Visual Sociology,
( 2002 Visual
Studies).
. , ,
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,
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16
,
. Jacob Riis Lewis Hine
,
Farm Security Administration
,
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, 1970
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17
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. , Boissonas,
Cartier-Bresson, ,
.
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,
, Nellys.
, Nellys
.
Farm Security Administration, ,
. , ,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
1 . (1994)
(2003), . 155-186.
18
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19
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20
21
22
23
24
,
,1
. , Roger Fenton 1855
(. 3.1). ,
Susan Sontag,
(Sontag, 2003:
27),
(Paschalidis, 1999: 124).2 , , Fenton
. , , ,
1 ,
,
,
(Burke, 2003: 28). ,
The Pencil of Nature William
Henry Fox Talbot (1844-1846).
, . Jeffrey (1981) . 10-27 Trachtenberg (1989) .
14 ...
2 (1999)
, .
Sontag (2003)
,
, . .
Peter Burke (2003), . 184-189.
,
(Far West), . Jeffrey (1981), . 48-61.
25
,
(Jeffrey, 1981: 50-51).
(1861-65). Mathew Brady3
(. . 3.2).4
George N. Barnard, Timothy H. OSullivan
Alexander Gardner.55
,
(Jeffrey, 1981: 56),
,
Ralph Waldo Emerson6
Walt Whitman.7
, , Solomon D.
Butcher 1880 (.
1.1-1.2).8
3 Mathew Brady ( 1844, 22 ),
1891
,
. Trachtenberg (1989) . 33-52.
4 O
, (Paschalidis, 1999:
124).
5 . Trachtenberg (1989) . 71-118 Jeffrey, (1981) . 52-56.
6 , Emerson 1841
,
(Trachtenberg, 1989: 29)
7 Whitman Mathew Brady, .
Trachtenberg (1989) . 60-70.
8 .
, 1890
( ).
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,
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26
,
,
Emerson Whitman.
1880 1930.
Jacob . Riis
. , 2003).
27
Lewis Hine,
. :
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.
.
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.
,
.
,
28
.
. (Howard, 1985: 22)
,
,
. Howard,
Riis . H
. , Hine
,
. H Howard
.
Jacob A. Riis (1849-1914)
O Riis, (Broecker, 1984),9
1849.10 , Jacob Riis
,
,
1866 1870, .
1870, 21 ,
,
.
1873,
. 1877 New York Tribune,
.
Associated Press. New York Sun
(1888), .
,
. How
9 ,
Brady .
Riis
,
, .
10 Jacob A. Riis Howard
(1985), Davis (2000), Broecker (1984), Yochelson (2001)
29
Eastman Kodak
(. Inglesby, 1990). Riis
.
12 .
How the ther Half Lives, o Riis
,
,
12 Documentary photography.
1930,
, Burke p
, (Burke, 2003:
28). 1930,
,
.
31
(tenements) .
,
.
Riis ,
,
,
,
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Riis,
(. 1.3), (. 1.4), (.
1.5), (. 1.6), (. 1.7)
Five Points (. 1.8).
Kay Davis (2003), Riis
32
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(. 1.9).
33
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,
.
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34
35
37
, (.
1.12). Mary Panzer,
.
.
.
Hine
,
. ,
, Hine
. (Panzer, 2002: 6)
Panzer, Elizabeth McCausland
Hine .
. []
,
(McCausland, 1940).
38
, Hine ,
1905
. Hine
.16 ,
,
. , Alfred
Stieglitz, ,
(Trachtenberg, 1989: 168).
1907, Hine
Pittsburgh,
.
16 . .. L. Hine, Photography in the School (1908)
Social Photography; How the Camera may Help in the Social Uplift (1909).
39
,
, (.
1.13). , ,
,
.
Pittsburgh
National Child Labor Committee,
Hine (Panzer, 2002: 24).
1908 National Child
Labor Committee (NCLC), .
.
40
, .
(. 1.14), (.
1.15) (. 1.16), (. 1.17),17
(. 1.18).
.
. ,
Hine ,
17 . Margolis (1998), Hine
.
41
, ,
,
(Panzer, 2002: 8).
1913 , Hine
,
NCLC.
. [
Riis] (Henny,
1986: 3),
.
, , Panzer ,
42
,
, (Panzer,
2002: 8). Hine
.
Hine NCLC 1917
.
, 1918-19 Hine ,
(Kaplan, 1988).
1919,
,
43
. (Panzer,
2002: 10),
.
(work portraits),
(.
1.19-1.20) (Hine, 1977),
.
,
Empire State
Building (. 1.21-1.22) ,
,
44
45
NCLC:
,
(. 1.22). ,
Hine :
,
(Trachtenberg, 1989: 166).
Hine Metropolis Fritz Lang
(1927) Charlie Chaplin (1936),
Lewis Mumford
(1930), : .
, ,
(Mumford, 1985: 29). Hine, ,
,
.
1929,
. ,
Hine,
The Survey,
Pittsburgh.
,
.
46
47
48
49
50
,
, 1930
Doris Ulmann, 1930
Roy Stryker. ,
.
, 1930
. 1929 ,
.
Ian Jeffrey (1981)
, Thomas Jefferson
Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt
(Jeffrey, 1981: 165).
,
Roy Stryker,
Resettlement Administration,
Farm Security Administration (FSA),
Franklin D.
Roosevelt. , FSA
. ,
(sharecroppers).
Look
o
51
,
.
.
. 1941, Stryker Office of
War Information. ,
.
,
Stryker
. Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange,
Russell Lee, Arthur Rothstein, Ben Sahn, Jack Delano, Maron Post
Wolcott, Gordon Parks, John Vachon Carl Mydans.
a Dorothea Lange.
1940, Hartley E. Howe
Survey Graphic ( The Survey
Lewis Hine) You Have Seen Their
Pictures,1
FSA,
. , Howe
.
,
, .
FSI
,
:
FSA:
,
, ,
.
1 Erskine Caldwell, You Have Seen
Their Faces (1937), Margaret Bourke-White.
52
(assignment). Stryker
,
,
. Howe
Rothstein
53
,
,
,
Stryker (Howe, 1940). ,
.
(. Butler, 1990: 31).
Suellen Butler
,
.
, ,
, ,
(Butler, 1990: 31).
FSA/OWI
,
. Howe
FSA
,
Walker Evans Ben Shahn.
(Howe, 1940). ,
,
,
.
Dorothea Lange
H Dorothea Lange (Dorothea Margaretta Nutzhorn) 1895
New Jersey.
. ,
1913 .
1918 , .
1920 Maynard Dixon.
, ,
1933
.
54
(. 2.1).
,
,
Lange , ,
. , ,
. Maynard Dixon ,
, Dorothea
(. Durden, 2001: 3). ,
Lange
The Gallery of Illustrious
Americans Mathew Brady (1850). Brady
12 ,
( C. Edwards Lester) :
, , , ,
.2 Brady,
, Lester,
, Trachtenberg (1989: 45).
Lange, ,
2 The Gallery of Illustrious Americans, . Trachtenberg (1989), . 4561.
55
.
Hine,
.
,
. ,
, (. .
2.1 2.2),
.
: . Lange
,
, (. 2.3).
,
.
57
.
.
Chinatown San Francisco
(. 2.4) :
(. 2.5).
1935, Roy Stryker
Lange FSA. H
58
. Lange
,
.
,
(. 2.6), (. 2.7),
(. 2.8)
, ,
FSA.
Lange
FSA: H
(. 2.9).
,
(Durden, 2001: 9),
, Hine (.
1.12) Riis (. 1.4).
59
(
3 [Durden, 2001:
9])
Lange o o .
3 O H.-M. Koetzle (Madonna
for a Bitter Age) (Koetzle, 2002: 29).
60
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61
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Lange ,
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62
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32 . .
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2.500
.
63
Hilton
Solomon D. Butcher (. 1.2).
,
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Butcher
.
(. 1.1). Hilton
.
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Hilton,
, .
(. 2.11) .
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64
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Roosevelt, Farm Security Administration,
.
FSA. Lange
.
(. 2.12).
.
.
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: . ,
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.
65
, .
Florence Thompson (Koetzle, 2002b: 29-30), Lange
.
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67
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Hine .
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2.500
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.
.
Roland Barthes studium
punctum. studium, ,
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, , ,
(Barthes, 1984: 42). studium , Barthes,
68
, ,
(Barthes, 1984: 42).
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studium ,
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.
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studium,
punctum punctum :
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. punctum ,
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(Barthes, 1984: 42-43)
O Barthes
punctum Lange. ,
,
,
,
. Lange
Florence Thompson;
.
. Barthes
69
, , ,
(Barthes, 1984: 57-58).
. : ,
( ) (Barthes,
1984: 53). William Casby
Richard Avedon Barthes, Florence
Thompson Lange. ,
,
,
(Barthes, 1984: 53).
Lange ,
.
punctum , ,
.
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, ,
Stryker
Barthes
(impressif),
(Barthes, 1984: 55).
studium
punctum. ,
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punctum
70
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Barthes 1950,
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,
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,
(. Bauman, 1990).
.
Lange FSA 1939.
.
1942 Roosevelt
71
.
. 110.000
.
War Relocation Authority (WRA),4
4 , ,
Scott Hicks
(Snow Falling on Cedars, 1999),
72
73
Valley,
(1956-1957).
Dorothea Lange 1965.
75
76
77
78
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,
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Nellys,
,
,
,
,
.
, Nellys
. ,
79
,
.
,
Nellys
1925-1939.
.
,
,
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- (1899-1998)
(Nelly's) 1899
. 1920 ,
.
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.
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, Nelly's
.
,
80
3.1. Near East Relief, Orphans from the interior of Asia brought to Marathon in Greece by the Near East
Relief looking in wonder at the mountains and the sea, as it is the first time they have seen either, George Grantham
Bain Collection.
()
(Trichon-, 1990: 35).
,
, Barthes (Barthes, 1988: 32).
Trichon-,
(1990: 35). T 1
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1 . ,
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,
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81
,
Dorothea Lange , 1933.2
,
, .
,
Nelly's ,
,
.
1930, Life
Speaking of Pictures. Greeks still look like their forebears.
, ,
1930,
Edward Steichen (3 1938):
Steichen,
, ,
: . (Nelly's, 1989:
298)
,
2 Nelly's
(1990),
(Nelly's, 1989).
Nelly's: 1920-1940,
1985 (. Paralaxis, 1985).
3 Nelly's
(. 150-151),
298.
, Nelly's
.
,
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.
82
(bromoil),
Nelly's .
20 , 1910
. Franz Fiedler
Nelly's
(Nelly's, 1989: 90). bromoil
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Nelly's , Near East Relief4
.
Nelly's
. , Near East,
1915
,5
4 Trichon- (1990: 37)
American Womens Hospital.
, 22,
.
5 Near East Relief Near East Foundation, .
84
1730
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,
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(. 3.1),
.
http://www.neareast. org.
85
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Near East Relief
.6
,
Nelly's Near East Relief.
,
. ,
(
1920),
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:
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,
. (Nelly's, 1989: 7980)
, Nelly's
17 ,
2 3 . Matthias Harder
(Harder, 2001: 24).7 ,
(. 3.2)
6
20062007 ,
22 ( , 2006).
7 . (2002), :
:
,
.
, Nelly's.
87
1729
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2006: 112.
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89
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100
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9 , Boissonas
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. (1994: 170-172). ,
. (2007),
Walter Hege, Hugo Erfurth,
. [. Nelly's
101
Nelly's Boissonas
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Marie-Therese Duncan (. , 2001:
162). , Paiva Nelly's
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.
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1925.
102
103
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Steichen, Isadora Marie-Therese
Duncan (1921).16 , ,
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Nellys
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Steichen Paiva.
107
.
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.
Nelly's . ,
.
,
1925-1935,
.
(, 2001: 170).
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Nikolska. ,
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Nellys ).
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108
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Nikolska
.
Paiva (, Steichen
Isadora Marie-Therese Duncan ,
),
.
, ,
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Nellys.
,
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(. 3.13)
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Nikolska.
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Nellys
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110
3.16. Nellys, .
.
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,
111
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Paiva Nikolska.
, Nellys
,
(, 2004: 45).
,
. ,
.
Nellys .
.
In Greece .17
,
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.
In Greece Nikolska
,
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.
,
Nellys ,
,
.
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112
3.17. Nellys,
, 1939.
113
18 (. 3.16):
...
,
. . (...)
, .
(Nellys, 1989: 111).
Nellys
,
1939, Life.
(. 3.17)
,19
.
, ,
,
.
, ,
. In Greece
1937
(. 3.18).
, . Doris,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
18 In Greece (- 1937)
.
19 In Greece
(-, 1937).
114
115
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,
, ,
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,
,
4 Nellys,
. , , Paiva
Nikolska ,
, .
,
.
, , ,
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,
116
. Nikolska
,
.
(Nellys, 1989: 278-279).
, ,
.
, M. Doris,
, . ,
. :
,
,
.
117
1939, , Nellys
.
Life (Nellys, 1989: 112 276-277).
...Greeks still look like their forebears,
, ,
.
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How I Learned Not to Be a Photojournalist (1996).
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. 5-14. J. Prosser
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Rouch
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,
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, 1960,
,
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,
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. (Banks, 2001: 115)
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Michael Ball Gregory Smith, Analyzing
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204
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