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Review - 2 - LTE Physical Layer Overview - 01162011
Review - 2 - LTE Physical Layer Overview - 01162011
Peter Wang
OUTLINE
LTE requirements & features
LTE Requirements
Peak bit (not data) rate
100 Mbps DL/ 50 Mbps UL within 20 MHz bandwidth (i.e., SISO)
Up to 200 active users in a cell (5 MHz)
Less than 5 ms user-plane latency condition (i.e., single user with single data
stream)
Mobility
Optimized for 0 ~ 15 km/h
15 ~ 120 km/h supported with high performance
Description of contents
TS 36.1xx
TS 36.2xx
Physical layer
TS 36.3xx
TS 36.4xx
TS 36.5xx
Conformance testing
OFDM (1/3)
OFDM (2/3)
OFDM essential concept: Subcarrier spacing ( f) = 1/Tu
OFDM (3/3)
High spectrum efficiency
Inter-OFDMsymbol-interference caused
by Multipath Delay Spread
Inter-carrier-interference caused by
Doppler Frequency Spread
High Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)
caused by multiple frequency harmonics
UL SC-FDMA reduces PAPR, but of more
signicance - particularly for the amplier
is the Cubic Metric (CM)
Protocol Architecture
DL
UL
PUCCH: Transmit ACK/NACK, CQI, SR
Cell Search
Cell search: UE acquires time and frequency synchronization with a cell and detects
the cell ID
Based on BCH (Broadcast Channel) signal and hierarchical SCH (Synchronization Channel)
signals.
P-SCH (Primary-SCH) and S-SCH (Secondary-SCH) are transmitted twice per radio
frame (10 ms) for FDD
Cell search procedure
Decode BCH
UE Measurements (1/4)
In cellular networks, when a mobile moves from cell to cell and performs cell
selection/reselection and handover, it has to measure the signal strength/quality of
the neighbor cells.
In UMTS, a UE measures Carrier RSSI, CPICH RSCP, and CPICH Ec/No on preamble.
UE Measurements (2/4)
3GPP TS 36.214 V9.2.0
Definition
Reference signal received power (RSRP), is defined as the linear average over
the power contributions (in [W]) of the resource elements that carry cellspecific reference signals within the considered measurement frequency
bandwidth.
For RSRP determination the cell-specific reference signals R0 according TS
36.211 [3] shall be used. If the UE can reliably detect that R1 is available it may
use R1 in addition to R0 to determine RSRP.
The reference point for the RSRP shall be the antenna connector of the UE.
If receiver diversity is in use by the UE, the reported value shall not be lower
than the corresponding RSRP of any of the individual diversity branches.
diversity branches.
Applicable for
RRC_IDLE intra-frequency,
RRC_IDLE inter-frequency,
RRC_CONNECTED intra-frequency,
RRC_CONNECTED inter-frequency
UE Measurements (3/4)
Definition
Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) is defined as the ratio NRSRP/(EUTRA carrier RSSI), where N is the number of RBs of the E-UTRA carrier RSSI
measurement bandwidth. The measurements in the numerator and
denominator shall be made over the same set of resource blocks.
E-UTRA Carrier Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), comprises the linear
average of the total received power (in [W]) observed only in OFDM symbols
containing reference symbols for antenna port 0, in the measurement
bandwidth, over N number of resource blocks by the UE from all sources,
including co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel
interference, thermal noise etc.
The reference point for the RSRQ shall be the antenna connector of the UE.
If receiver diversity is in use by the UE, the reported value shall not be lower
than the corresponding RSRQ of any of the individual diversity branches.
Applicable for
RRC_IDLE intra-frequency,
RRC_IDLE inter-frequency,
RRC_CONNECTED intra-frequency,
RRC_CONNECTED inter-frequency
UE Measurements (4/4)
RSRQ is not suitable for LTE measurement. We use RSRP and s/Iot measurement defined in TS
36.133 to determine the intra frequency cell delectability.
An intra frequency cell is considered to be detectable if: RSRP|dBm > -124 dBm for Bands 1, 4, 6,
10, 11, 18, 19, 21, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 and RSRP s/Iot -4 dB,).
s: Received energy per RE (power normalized to the subcarrier spacing) during the useful part of the symbol,
i.e. excluding the cyclic prefix, at the UE antenna connector.
Iot: The received power spectral density of the total noise and interference for a certain RE
(power integrated over the RE and normalized to the subcarrier spacing)
as measured at the UE antenna connector.
CPICH RSCP: Received Signal Code Power, the received power on one code measured on the Primary CPICH.
UMTS FDD carrier RSSI: The received wide band power, including thermal noise and noise generated in the receiver,
within the bandwidth defined by the receiver pulse shaping filter.
CPICH_Ec/No: The received energy per chip divided by the power density in the band. If receiver diversity is not in use
by the UE,
the CPICH Ec/No is identical to CPICH RSCP/UTRA Carrier RSSI.
A
C
A
C
A
C
A
C
D
F
Conclusions
LTE Requirements and Key Features
Reference
[1] 3GPP LTE http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm.
[2] 3GPP TR 25.892; Feasibility Study for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for
UTRAN enhancement (Release 6)
[3] S. Sesia, et.al. LTE-The UMTS Long Term Evolution- from Theory to Practice, John Wiley &
Sons Ltd. (Good book on PHY layer concept)
[4] H. Holma, et.al. LTE for UMTS OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access, John Wiley & Sons
Ltd. (Good book on System Architecture concept)
[5] H.G. Myung, Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE. http://hgmyung.googlepages.com/scfdma.pdf
[6] P. Wang, et. Al. RF Pattern Matching Performance in LTE, Polaris Wireless internal report,
April 17, 2010.
Appendix
* If 4x4 MIMO is used, then the peak data rate would be 4 x 100.8 Mbps = 403 Mbps.
* If 3/4 coding is used to protect the data, we still get 0.75 x 403 Mbps = 302 Mbps as data rate.
HSPA
HSDPA / HSUPA
HSPA+
LTE
384 k
14 M
28 M
100M
5.7 M
11 M
50 M
Latency
round trip time
approx
150 ms
100 ms
50ms (max)
~10 ms
3GPP releases
Rel 99/4
Rel 5 / 6
Rel 7
Rel 8
Approx years of
initial roll out
2003 / 4
2005 / 6 HSDPA
2007 / 8 HSUPA
2008 / 9
2009 / 10
Access
methodology
CDMA
CDMA
CDMA
OFDMA / SCFDMA
Max downlink
speed
bps
Details
100 (SISO), 172 (2x2 MIMO), 326 (4x4 MIMO)
50 (QPSK), 57 (16QAM), 86 (64QAM)
All packet switched data (voice and data). No circuit
switched.
1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20
FDD and TDD
Mobility
0 - 15 km/h (optimised),
15 - 120 km/h (high performance)
Latency
Spectral efficiency
Access schemes
OFDMA (Downlink)
SC-FDMA (Uplink)
LTE system information is one of the key aspects of the air interface. It consists of the Master Information Block
(MIB) and a number of System Information Blocks (SIBs). The MIB is broadcast on the Physical Broadcast Channel
(PBCH), while SIBs are sent on the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) through Radio Resource Control
(RRC) messages. SIB1 is carried by "SystemInformationBlockType 1" message. SIB2 and other SIBs are carried by
"SystemInformation (SI)" message. An SI message can contain one or several SIBs.
1.
The MIB is the first thing a UE looks for after it achieves downlink synchronization. The MIB carries the most
essential information that is needed for the UE to acquire other information from the cell. It includes:
The downlink channel bandwidth
The PHICH configuration. The Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel carries the HARQ ACKs and NACKs for uplink
transmissions
The SFN (System Frame Number) which helps with synchronization and acts as a timing reference
The eNB transmit antenna configuration specifying the number of transmit antennas at eNB such as 1, 2, or 4,
which is carried by CRC mask for PBCH
2.
SIB1 is carried in a SystemInformationBlockType1 message. It includes information related to UE cell access
and defines the schedules of other SIBs, such as:
The PLMN Identities of the network
The tracking area code (TAC) and cell ID
The cell barring status, to indicate if a UE may camp on the cell or not
q-RxLevMin, which indicates the minimum required Rx Level in the cell to fulfill the cell selection criteria
The transmissions times and periodicities of other SIBs
SIB2 contains radio resource configuration information common for all UEs, including:
The uplink carrier frequency and the uplink channel bandwidth (in terms of the number of
Resource Blocks, for example n25, n50)
The Random Access Channel (RACH) configuration, which helps a UE start the random access
procedure, such as preamble information, transmit time in terms of frame and subframe number
(prach-ConfigInfo), and powerRampingParameters which indicates the initial Tx power and
ramping step.
The paging configuration, such as the paging cycle
The uplink power control configuration, such as P0-NominalPUSCH/PUCCH
The Sounding Reference Signal configuration
The Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) configuration to support the transmission of
ACK/NACK, scheduling requests, and CQI reports
The Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) configuration, such as hopping
3.
4.
SIB3 contains information common for intra-frequency, inter-frequency, and/or inter-RAT
cell reselection. This information does not necessarily apply to all scenarios; please refer to
3GPP TS 36.304 for the details. The basic parameters include:
s-IntraSearch: the threshold for starting intra-frequency measurement. When s-ServingCell
(i.e., cell selection criterion for serving cell) is higher than s-IntraSearch, the UE may choose
not to perform measurement in order to save battery life.
s-NonIntraSearch: the threshold for starting inter-frequency and IRAT measurements
q-RxLevMin: the minimum required Rx level in the cell
Cell reselection priority: the absolute frequency priority for E-UTRAN or UTRAN or GERAN or
CDMA2000 HRPD or CDMA2000 1xRTT
q-Hyst: the hysteresis value used for calculating the cell-ranking criteria for the serving cell,
based on RSRP.
t-ReselectionEUTRA: the cell reselection timer value for EUTRA. t-ReselectionEUTRA and qHyst can be configured to trigger cell reselection sooner or later.
5.
SIB4 contains the intra-frequency neighboring cell information for Intra-LTE intrafrequency cell reselection, such as neighbor cell list, black cell list, and Physical Cell Identities
(PCIs) for Closed Subscriber Group (CSG). CSG can be used to support Home eNBs.
6.
SIB5 contains the neighbor cell related information for Intra-LTE inter-frequency cellreselection, such as neighbor cell list, carrier frequency, cell reselection priority, threshold used
by the UE when reselecting a higher/lower priority frequency than the current serving
frequency, etc.
(Note that 3GPP states that LTE neighbor cell search is feasible without providing an explicit
neighbor list. Since the UE can do blind detection of neighbor cells in LTE, the broadcast of LTE
neighbor cells is optional.)