,

,
,


, 2014

.......................................................................................................................... 3
............................................................................................................................ 4
.................................................................................................................................. 6
1. ............................................................................................................................... 7
2. : ........................................................................................... 10
3. , :
........................................................................................................................... 15
3.1. .................................................. 15
3.2 ..................................................................................... 17
3.2.1 ....................................................................... 19
3.2.2 .................................................................................................... 19
3.3 ............................................................................................... 22
3.4 ............................................................................................... 24
3.5 ....................................................................................................................... 25
4. , ....... 27
4.1. .................................................................. 27
4.1.1 ........................................................................................................ 27
4.1.2 ................................................................................................... 30
4.2 ......................................... 36
4.3 ......................................... 39
5. ,
................................................................................................................................ 44
5.1 ................................................ 44
5.1.1 ........................................................................................................ 44
5.1.2 ................................................................................................... 55
5.2 ............... 63
5.2.1 ........................................................................................................ 63
5.2.2 ....................................................................................... 66
5.3 .............................................. 70
6. ,
........................................................ 75

7. : ,
.......................................................................................................... 81
........................................................................................................................... 85

1. (2007-2016) ................................. 12
2. , (2004-2012) 13
3. , (%, 2005-2013)........ 13
4. , (%, 1995-2008)* ................................ 27
5. , (, 1995-2008) .......................... 28
6. , (%, 1995-2008) .......................................................... 28
7. , , ..-15 (%, 1995-2008) ......................................... 29
8. , , .. (%, 1995-2008) .................................................. 29
9. , (%, 2003-2008) 31
10. , (%, 1995-2008) ............... 32
11. , (%, , 2003-2008)
................................................................................................................................................. 33
12. , (%,
1995-2008) .............................................................................................................................. 34
13. , (%, 2003-2008)
................................................................................................................................................. 35
14. , (%, 2003-2008) .................. 36
15. , (%, 20052008)........................................................................................................................................ 37
16. , (20042008)........................................................................................................................................ 38
17. , (%, 2003-2008) ........ 39
18. Gini, (1995-2008)............................................................. 39
19. Gini (x 100, 2000, 2007 -
.. ) ................................................................................................................. 41
20. S80/S20, (1995-2008) ..................... 42
21. S80/S20 (2000, 2007)................................... 43
22. , (, 2009-2013) ........................ 46

23. , (%,
2009-2013) .............................................................................................................................. 46
24. , (%, 2009-2013) ................................ 47
25. , (%, 20092013)........................................................................................................................................ 47
26. , (%, 2009-2013) ........................................................ 48
27.
(2008-2013). ............................................................................................................................ 49
28. , , ..-15, ..-27 (%, 2009-2013). ......................... 50
29. , , (%, 2009-2013) ........................ 50
30. ( , 2008-2013)53
31.
( , 2008-2013) ....................................................................................... 53
32.
(%, 2009-2013) ................................................................................................... 54
33. , (%, 2009-2013) .................. 55
34. , (%, 20092013)........................................................................................................................................ 56
35. , (%, 2009-2013)
................................................................................................................................................. 58
36. , (%, 2009-2013) ............ 58
37. , (%, 2007-2013) ............................. 59
38.
( , 2008-2013) ........................................ 60
39. , (%, 2009-2013) ............... 61
40. , (%, , 2009-2013)
................................................................................................................................................. 62
41. , (%, 20092013)........................................................................................................................................ 63
42. , (20092013)........................................................................................................................................ 65
43. , (%, 2009-2013) ................ 66
44.
2012-2013 ..................................... 69
45. Gini, (2009-2013)............................................................. 71
46. Gini (x 100, 2009, 2011, 2013) ..................................................... 72

47. S80/S20, (2009-2013) ..................... 73

48. S80/S20 (2009, 2011, 2013)......................... 74
49. , , , (% ,
2000-2012) .............................................................................................................................. 75
50. ,
(%, 2000-2013) ........................................................................................................... 76
51. ,
(27 -) (%, 2005-2013) .............................................................. 76
52. , (% , 2000-2012) .......................... 77
53. Gini , (20002013)........................................................................................................................................ 78
54. Gini ,
(27 ) (2005-2013)....................................................................................... 78

1. FGT (2009-2012) ................................................................. 51

2. ( , 2009-2012) ..................................................... 52
3. Sen (2009-2012) ....................................................................................... 52
4. , , (
) , (% ,
2008-2012) .............................................................................................................................. 67
5. , , (
) , (% , 2008-2012) ................ 67
6.
2012-2013 ........................... 70

1.

:
(FRAGMEX).
FRAGMEX

2013-2015
.
,

-.1



2009. : ,

, ,

( )
. ,
.
,
,

.


,
. 2

.3

. .
, ,

.
2
.
3


.

.

,
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: ,
,
1995 ( ) 2008,

2009-2013.
.
2007 2008,
2009,
3,1%.4

.
(
) , 2009
,

2008, , ,
.
,

2013. 2013
( ) 2012,
2012.



[. .]
2014 ( / 2013)
2015.

.
4

2008 0,2%
.

2009. 2008 7,8%,
1980 (European Commission, AMECO).

:

,
,
,
.
.
,

.
,
.
.

2. :

2009.
15,8%
. .

,
(300
129% 2009) (
14,7% 2008)
.
,
2010
1.000
.

. 2 2010
110 -
().
()
: ,
().

.

.


.
( ,
13 14
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11,2%
2013
.
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10

,
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.

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.



,
.

,
.
.

.
80
2010-2012
.
, .
,
2013,
. ,

,
. 130
2012
( [Private Sector
Involvement]),
5

. . Lyberaki & Tsakalotos 2002, Tinios 2005, Spanou 2008
Monastiriotis & Antoniades 2009.

11

106 ,
30 .


, ,

22% 10% 25
.
13,5 2013-2014 9,4
2013.

10
2,1% 2013,

.
25% 2008 ( 1).
1. (2007-2016)
6,00
4,00

3,5

3,7
2,9

2,00
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0,6

-3,1
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-4,00

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-7,1

-6,00

-6,4

-8,00
2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014*

2015*

2016*

*
: IMF, Staff report 1/2013

,
20 2008-2012 ( 2).

12

2. , (20042012)
20.000
18.000
16.000

6,00
4,00

14.000

2,00

12.000

0,00

(
)

10.000
8.000

-2,00

6.000

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4.000
2.000
0

-6,00
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(
)

: Eurostat

, 2013 27,3%,
67,5% ( 3).


,
.
3. , (%, 2005-2013)
35,00

80,00

30,00

70,00

25,00
20,00

60,00
50,00
40,00

15,00
10,00

30,00
20,00

5,00

10,00

0,00

0,00

(
)

(
)

(
)

(
)

: Eurostat

13

.
,
,

-
.

14

3. ,
:
3.1.
, .
,
,

.

, .

,
. ,

.

.
, .

.
.



.

, ,
, , ,
.
(UN 1995).

.

.

15

,
(Atkinson 1998, European
Commission and European Council 2004).

(Runciman 1966, Townsend 1979).


1,25 .


.
.
, ,
.
, .

.
.
,

.
,

/
.

, Leyden (Leyden Poverty Line, LPL),
(Subjective Poverty Line, SPL)
(Centre for Social Policy, CSP)
.




.
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.

16

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) .

.
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.

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.
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)
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3.2

.
,
.
( & 2010).

, (
)
(Meyer, Mok & Sullivan 2009).


,
( &
2010).

17

.

-
20082013, 2007 2011.

( )
.

60% ( ) .
, 40% 50%
( ) .
.


.

,
( & 2010, & 1998,
& 1998).



.

()
.
()
, , .


,
() ( & 2013).

.
,
.
,
.

18

.

.
3.2.1
,
,
.

. .

.
, Eurostat (
) .
:
, 0,7
0,5 .
14 . Eurostat
,
0,5 0,3 .
,
,
.
Eurostat.
3.2.2

.


.

.
(q)
(n).
H

q
n

19

(
) . ,
60%,
60% .


(Sen 1976).


:

1 =1
=

(q),
, (),
y
, i , .

,
.
.


:
V=H

Sen (1976)
.
,
, , ,
,

. Eurostat

20

.6

Sen (1976)
. : ()
, () ()
.
.

, .
,
. ,
,
.
.
Sen Sen

:
= [ + (1 ) ]

Gp Gini ,
(1 - ). Gini
:

2 i 1 iyi
q

Gp

q i 1 yi
q

q 1
q

Sen
.

. Sen 0 1. S = 0
S = 1
.

. Eurostat : http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics
_explained/index.php/Glossary:Relative_median_at-risk-of-poverty_gap

21

Sen

( Takayama 1979 Kakwani 1980, Shorrocks 1995).
Sen Foster, Greer &
Thorbeke (1984). Foster,
Greer & Thorbeke (FGT)
(a). FGT :

1 q xi
FGT

n i 1

a = 0 . a = 1 FGT
a = 2


.
.

.
.

3.3

,
. ,

. ,

.

,

(Kahneman et al. 1999, Alesina et al. 2004, Stiglitz et al. 2009, OECD 2011).


,
.

Sen (1985),

22

,
.
.


.

,
,

(Silver 1994, Byrne 1999, de Haan 1998, Burchardt et al. 2002, Fischer
2011).


(EU-SILC)
(AROPE),

2020
20
2020.
AROPE
:7
1) ,
2)
3) .
Eurostat
EU-SILC

.

,
.

,

. Eurostat : http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics
_explained/index.php/People_at_risk_of_poverty_or_social_exclusion.

23

:
1. ,

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. .
AROPE
.
( 18 59
/ 18 24 )
, 20%
.
AROPE

,
.

3.4


(. Piketty 2014)
.


,
(Kuznets 1955)
(Okun 1975)
(.
Feenstra & Hanson 1996, Aghion & Williamson 1998, IMF 2007,
Krugman 2008).
,
(OECD 2013),
(Matsaganis & Leventi
2014).

24

, , ,
.

,

.

: ,
,
,
.
Gini,
0 ( ) 1 ( ).
:

Gini

1 n n
yi y j
2n2 y i 1 j 1

Gini
.
.

, .

S80/S20. S80/S20
20%
( )
20% (
).
.

3.5

FRAGMEX

. ,

25

,
, -

(SILC)8
(HBS)

, ,
, Prolepsis. Prolepsis


.

2003 .

,
.
.

26

4. ,


,
. ,

- .

4.1.
4.1.1
1990, 2000 2008

20% ( 4).
,
.
4. , (%, 1995-2008)*
25,00
20,00
15,00
10,00

5,00
0,00

* 60%
: Eurostat

60% ,

( 5).

27

.
5. , (, 1995-2008)
14.000
12.000
10.000
8.000

6.000
4.000
2.000
0

: Eurostat

. 6
: 30%
1990 23,9% 2005,
.
2000, ,
.
2008 24,7% 50%
75,3% .
6. , (%, 1995-2008)
35,00
30,00
25,00
20,00
15,00
10,00
5,00
0,00

: Eurostat

28

. 7

..-15.
7. , , ..-15 (%, 1995-2008)
25,00
20,00
15,00
-15
10,00

5,00
0,00

: Eurostat

, , ,
,
2000 ( 8).
8. , , .. (%, 1995-2008)
35,00
30,00
25,00
20,00
15,00
10,00

-15
-27

5,00
0,00

: Eurostat

29

.
& (2010), & (2010)
& (2010) 1994-2007 (
)
, ,


.9 ,
, , ,
10% 13%.
, ,
, 18%
20%.

15% 18% (
)
23%.
4.1.2

,
- .
( 4)

.
,



.
,

( & 2010, & 2010).
, ,
9

(. Schonfeld 1965, Albert 1933, Hall & Soskice 2001, Schmidt 2002,
Amable 2003).
Gsta Esping-Andersen (1990), ,
.
, (Ferrera 1996).

30

,
.
.
9
.
,
(29,4% 2003), 2000
22,3% 2008.
(, )

.
16 . 2000
19,4%
2005 22,7% 2008. , 2000
16-24
2008
.

.
25 64
25-54 2006.
9. , (%, 20032008)
35
30
25
20
15

< 16
16 - 24
25-54
55-64

10

65

5
0

: Eurostat

31

. 2000

.
10


.

.
10. , (%, 1995-2008)
50,00
45,00
40,00

35,00
30,00
25,00
20,00
15,00
10,00
5,00
0,00

: Eurostat

, ,
2000
(
) (
) .

32

. 11
.
.

, ,
, 25%
30% -,

15%,
. ,
5%
6% 2003 2006 7% 2007
2008.
(,
& 2013, & 2010, &
2010).
11. , (%, ,
2003-2008)
35,00
30,00
25,00
20,00
15,00
10,00
5,00
0,00

-,

: Eurostat

, 12

. ,
.
33,4%
1990 20,3% 2008.

33

12. ,
(%, 1995-2008)
45,00
40,00
35,00
30,00
25,00
20,00
15,00
10,00
5,00
0,00

: Eurostat

.

,
(, &
2013, , & 2012, & 2010).


. ,
.
2004
(2004-2008),
10,0%
2004 7,7% 2008. (
)
. ,


.
,

34

,
.

.10 ,
& (2012), 40%
16 10%
. ,
,
.
,
,
2004.

( 13). 14%
,
2000.
,
,
,
.
13. , (%,
2003-2008)
18,00
16,00
14,00
12,00
10,00
8,00
6,00
4,00
2,00
0,00

: Eurostat

10

. Living Wage Research for KPMG, Structural Analysis of Hourly Wages and
Current Trends in Household Finances, 2013 Report, :
http://www.kpmg.com/UK/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/
Documents/PDF/Latest%20News/living-wage-research-october-2013-1.pdf Insight: The dark side
of Germany's jobs miracle, Reuters, 8 2012, :
http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/08/us-germany-jobs-idUSTRE8170P1 20120208.

35

14,


.
14. , (%, 2003-2008)
30,00
25,00
20,00

15,00
10,00
5,00
0,00

: Eurostat

4.2

.
,
, 2006
2008 ( 15). ( 0,5%
2007) ,

2006 2008. 2008 28,1%,
15 (21,6%)
27 (23,7%).

36

15. ,
(%, 2005-2008)
35,00
30,00
25,00
20,00
15,00
10,00
5,00

-27
-15

0,00

: Eurostat

16
.
,
, (12,7%
2008).
(

4,5% 2008 ,

5,2% 2008) .

37

16. ,
(2004-2008)
35,00

30,90
30,00

29,40

29,30

28,30
28,10

25,00

20,00

,




,
,



,

15,00

,
,

10,00

,
,

,

5,00

0,00

: Eurostat

,
( 17).
31%
2003 21,8% 2008.

38

, 16,9% 2003 11,2%

2008, .
17. , (%, 2003-2008)
35,00
30,00
25,00
20,00

15,00
10,00

5,00
0,00

: Eurostat

4.3

, ,
,

.
18. Gini, (1995-2008)
0,350
0,345
0,340
0,335
0,330
0,325
0,320

: Eurostat

39

18
,
1990, 2001 2003

,
.
19
(
2007,
),

. ,


.

40

19. Gini (x 100, 2000, 2007 .. )

36,80
36,00

35,40
34,00

34,30
33,00

31,90
32,00

32,60
32,00

32,20
30,00

31,30
30,00

-15

30,30
29,00

***

30,60
29,00

29,00

27,60
29,00

32,20

2007
2000

26,60
28,00

**

27,00

29,80

25,60
26,00

30,40

25,00

25,30
25,00

26,20
24,00

26,20
24,00
23,40
24,00

*
*

22,00

0,00

5,00

10,00

15,00

20,00

25,20

25,00

30,00

35,00

40,00

: * 2001, **2003, ***2000: EU-25, 2007: EU-27

: Eurostat

S80/S20 ( 20).

41

/ Gini.
S80/S20
5,9
2008.
20. S80/S20, (1995-2008)
6,60
6,40
6,20
6,00
5,80
5,60
5,40
5,20

: Eurostat

S80/S20
. ( 21)
2007 (

).

, .

42

21. S80/S20 (2000, 2007)

6,50
6,40

6,00
5,80

5,50

5,50
5,40

6,40

5,30
5,20

5,50

4,80

4,70

4,80
4,70

***

4,50

-15

4,50

5,30

5,00
4,90

2007

3,90
4,20

2000

4,40
4,10

**

4,00
4,10

3,50

3,40

3,30
3,40

4,90

3,80

3,50
3,40

3,30

3,30

3,00

0,00

1,00

2,00

3,00

3,70
3,70
3,70

4,00

5,00

6,00

7,00

: * 2001, **2003, ***2000: EU-25, 2007: EU-27

: Eurostat

43

5. ,


,
.

,
,

.

, ,

-
.

5.1
5.1.1

2010

. Leventi et al. (2010)
2009 2010.
- EUROMOD11

.
2010 2,4%
2,7 , 23,1%.

, .
& (2013)
EUROMOD,
EU-SILC 2010 ( 2009)
.
( 60%)
2013
11

EUROMOD -


- .. .

44

Leventi et al. (2010) 22,3% 19,4% 2009.

2009-2013
. ,
,
.
.

18 29
( 7 ).

65 ,
, . ,
,
/ ,
.
.
60%
2009 ( )
& (2013)
44% 2013.
:
2013 71,9% 55%
2013 .
0-17 18-19
( 23,4% 19,6% 2009 48,6% 50,8%
2013). ,

. ,

,
14% 2013, 2,2% 2009.
,
.

.
, 2009 ( 2008 ,
, ),
2010
2013 13.974 2010 ( 2009)

45

9.303 2013 ( 2012) 11.963

2010 8.371 2013.
22. , (, 2009-2013)
16.000
14.000

12.000
10.000
8.000
6.000

4.000
2.000
0

: Eurostat

33,4% 30% .

9,6% 2011, 15,5% 2012 13% 2013.
8,2%, 13,4% 12% .
23. ,
(%, 2009-2013)
10,00
5,00

5,79 6,44

3,47 4,06

0,00

-5,00
-10,00

-8,18
-9,65
-13,40

-15,00
-15,44
-20,00

: Eurostat

46

-12,00
-12,86

,
2010 2013
19,7% 23,1%,
. 15%.
24. , (%, 2009-2013)
25,00
20,00
15,00

10,00

5,00

0,00

: Eurostat

. 50%,
12,4% 2010 16,6% 2013 40%
7,3% 2010 11,1% 2013, 33,9% 52%
. ,
,

40%. 40%
2013 (
60%), ( 2009) .
25. , (%,
2009-2013)
25,00
20,00
15,00
10,00
5,00
0,00

(40%

)

(50%

)

(60%

: Eurostat

47

,

.
26. , (%, 2009-2013)
35,00
30,00
25,00
20,00
15,00
10,00
5,00
0,00

: Eurostat

26
2010 2013: 23,4% 32,7%.
,

.


.

. ,
( ),
,

.

( )
.
(60%
2008
2007, ).12
12

2008 2009,
Eurostat. , ,
- 2013,
2009.

48

27.
(2008-2013).
50,00
45,00
40,00
35,00
30,00
25,00
20,00
15,00
10,00

5,00
0,00

: Eurostat

25
2010 2013 ( 18% 2010 44,3%
2013).
,


2012 60%
2007.
.
2010

15 .. 27
( 28).

49

28. , , ..-15, ..-27 (%, 2009-2013).

25,00
20,00
15,00
10,00
5,00

EE-15

-27

0,00

: Eurostat

2013 ..-15 ..27 7,5 7,6

.
15, 1995,
.
29. , , (%, 2009-2013)
35,00
30,00
25,00
20,00
15,00
10,00

-15
-27

5,00
0,00

: Eurostat

.
, ..-15 ..-27,
,
2010 2013 9,3% .
2010 ..-27
(23,4%).

50

, , 2009,
.

, Foster, Greer & Thorbecke (FGT).
FGT
a,
. ,
0, FGT (0)
. a = 1, FGT (1) ,

. , FGT (1)

. a = 2, FGT (2)
,
.
.13
1,
2,4%.
,
,
. ,

, .

.
1. FGT (2009-2012)

(a)

2009

2010

2011

2012

a=0

0,197

0,200

0,214

0,231

a=1

0,063

0,060

0,071

0,087

a=2

0,045

0,031

0,039

0,054

: ,
, 2009-2012.
13

- 2012 ( 2011)
- 2013 .

51

, 1
,
.

. 2
2009 2012. ,
2010 2011
2012. 25,4%.
2. ( , 2009-2012)
2009
248,26

2010
235,31

2011
268,01

2012
311,34

: ,
, 2009-2012.

Sen.
3, 2009-2012
, 2011 3,6
.
.
3. Sen (2009-2012)
2009
0,06555

2010
0,05830

2011
0,07203

2012
0,09470

: ,
, 2009-2012.

,
.

2008 2013.

(HBS)
,
. ,
2008 2013. 30,
30.000 2008.
28% 21.668 .

52

30. ( , 20082013)
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30.000
25.000
20.000
15.000
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0
2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

: , HBS, 2008-2013

.


.
.
31.
31.
( , 2008-2013)
60.000,00
50.000,00
40.000,00
30.000,00
20.000,00
10.000,00
0,00
1o 2o 3o 4 5o
2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

: , HBS, 2008-2013

,

.
.

53

30% ,

15%.

( 32).

,
.



.
.


.
,
.
32.
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2013

2012

5
4

2011

3
2

2010

1o

2009
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-6,0%

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: , HBS, 2008-2013

54

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5.1.2


.
, ,
( 33).
.

16-24
2013
.
16 ,
2010,
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2009 2011,
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15,1% 2013
.
, ,
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) .
33. , (%, 2009-2013)
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25-54
55-64
65

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: Eurostat

( 34).

55

, 2011.
,
,
2009 2013,
46,4% .

2009 2011, 2012 2013.

2013, .
2013



.
,
.

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2012,

.
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,
.
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(%, 2009-2013)
50,00
45,00
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5,00
0,00

: Eurostat

56

(Eurofound)
,
( ,
,
)
(Zafiropoulou et al.
forthcoming). ,

(
) (Zafiropoulou et
al. forthcoming).
,

(EU-SILC),
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) 7,6% 2008
9,4% 2012.
.

. .
2013,
,
13%.
.
, 35,
,
2013
.

57

35. , (%,
2009-2013)
18,00
16,00
14,00
12,00
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8,00
6,00
4,00
2,00
0,00

: Eurostat

, ,
,
,
,
( 36). ,


2013 27% 13,8% ,
10,7% 5,8% .
36. , (%, 2009-2013)
35,00
30,00
25,00
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15,00
10,00
5,00
0,00

: Eurostat

58

.

. ,
,


.
( 37) 2009.
, 2010
. , ,

, ,

.
37. , (%, 2007-2013)
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)

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(%

0,00

: Eurostat

/
( 38).
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)
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59

(27,3%),
(24,2%).
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50.000
45.000
40.000
35.000
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25.000

20.000
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5.000
0

: , HBS, 2008-2013

,
. , ,

.

.
,

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,
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.

.

60

(Christopoulou &
Monastiriotis 2014),
.

.
,

( 39).
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70,00

60,00
50,00

40,00
30,00
20,00
10,00
0,00

: Eurostat

(.
10 ),
2009 2012
66%.
,
,
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,

, ,
2010
.

2013,

61

,
,
.

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, ,
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.

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15 . ,
2010 2012,

. 2013
,

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o,

-,

: Eurostat
14

62

5.2

5.2.1

2000 ( 15)
. 2009 (
2008), 2010 2013 AROPE ,
27,6% 35,7% ( 41).
20,1% 23,1% ( 24), ,
(
,
),
. , ,

2007, ,

(
). ,


.
41. , (%,
2009-2013)
40,00
35,00
30,00
25,00

EE-27

20,00

EE-15

15,00

10,00
5,00
0,00

: Eurostat

42
.

63

.
AROPE

12,7%
2009 8,1% 2013 ( 43). ,

5,3% 2009 7,2% 2013,
,
, (
4,7% 2009 7% 2013). ,

, 0,8% 2009 5,2%
2012.

64

42. ,
(2009-2013)
40,00

34,60
35,00
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30,00

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,

,

25,00

,
,

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5,00

0,00

,
,

: Eurostat

65

( ,
).
( 43).
23% 2009 37,3% 2012,
11,2% 2009 20,3% 2013.
/
.
43. , (%, 2009-2013)
40,00
35,00
30,00
25,00
20,00

15,00
10,00
5,00

0,00

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5.2.2

.
,
,

.

66

, Prolepsis.

, ,
, (
, )
(SILC).

. ( 4)

.
,
14,1%
2012 7,1% 2008.
4. , ,
( ) , (%
, 2008-2012)
2008
7,1%

2009
7,6%

2010
7,9%

2011
9,2%

2012
14,1%

: Eurostat

,
,

( 5). 2008, ,
29,74%
.
2009 2010, . 2012
,
.
5. , ,
( ) , (% , 20082012)
2008
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2009
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2010
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2011
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2012
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: ,
, 2009-2012

Prolepsis. Prolepsis 2012

67

.
.
.
,
,



.


.
2012 34 6.272
2012-2013 162 25.349 2013-2014
406 61.876 .

.
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(Deitchler et al. 2011). 18
(
,
,
..).
0 18,
.
:
: (
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( 13-18).

68

, ,
.
162 25.349
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. 64,2%
( 44).
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15 2012
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. 48,4%
, (
) 17,1%
, ( 6).
.

50%.
44.
2012-2013

: , Prolepsis

15

Household Food Insecurity, 2011-2012. Statistics Canada,

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-625-x/2013001/article/11889-eng.htm#n2)

69

6.
2012-2013

(
)

34,0

50,5

35,0

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.



,

.

5.3

.
, 2009 2010
2008 ( 18), 2011, 2012
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1990 ( 0,346).
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,
,

70

2009 .
2011,
,
2010 2011
.
45. Gini, (2009-2013)
0,350
0,345
0,340
0,335
0,330
0,325
0,320

: Eurostat

(
46). ,
, 2011
2013 2009. , 2011
, , 2013 Gini
, .

, 2011 2013.
, , , 11
30%,
.

71

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35,20
35,10

34,20
34,20
35,40

34,40
33,50
33,10

33,70
34,50
33,00
30,20

30,70
31,10
31,40

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30,40
30,90
30,50

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30,50
30,80
30,50

30,10
30,80
29,90

29,20
29,50

29,70
29,00
29,10

29,90
29,80
28,80

2011

32,40

2009

25,10
25,80
27,20

27,50
27,80
26,90

25,40
25,80
25,90

24,60
25,20
25,10

24,90
24,40
24,80

28,00
26,80
24,70

0,00

: Eurostat

2013

27,00
27,40
27,50

72

33,00
32,40

32,50
31,90
31,50

*2012

37,50

5,00

10,00

15,00

20,00

25,00

30,00

35,00

40,00

Gini
S80/S20 ( 47). ,
2009 2010, S80/S20 2011
2012 2013
1990.
47. S80/S20, (2009-2013)
6,80
6,60
6,40
6,20
6,00
5,80
5,60
5,40
5,20
5,00

: Eurostat

Gini
( 48).
..
.
, ,
2009 2013,
2011, 2013 2009.
2011
2013.

73

48. S80/S20 (2009, 2011, 2013)

6,30
6,50

6,30

6,40

6,00
5,80
4,60

5,20

5,70
5,60

4,90
5,00
5,00

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5,00
5,10
5,00

-15

4,90
5,10
4,90

4,30
4,40
4,60

4,60
4,50
4,50

4,30
4,40

2013
2011
2009

4,90

4,50
4,60
4,40

4,10
4,10
4,20

*
4,20

4,70
4,60

3,60
3,80
4,00

3,70
3,60
3,70

3,60
3,70
3,70

3,50

4,20
3,90

3,40
3,50
3,50

0,00

74

6,60

5,30
5,30

: Eurostat

7,10

6,00
5,70
6,00

*2012

7,40

1,00

2,00

3,00

4,00

5,00

6,00

7,00

8,00

6. ,


,
,

.

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,
( &
2010, & 2010).
.
. 49
.
2000-2007 ,
24,2% 17
27,2%
3 .
49. , , ,
(% , 2000-2012)
35,00
30,00
25,00
20,00

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15,00
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5,00
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16

. ..
.

75

,
.
2000
20
( 50).
50.
, (%, 2000-2013)
60,00
50,00
40,00
30,00
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(


)


(


)

: Eurostat

.
51.
, (27 -) (%, 2005-2013)
50,00
45,00
40,00
35,00
30,00
25,00
20,00
15,00
10,00
5,00
0,00

: Eurostat

76

(


)

(


)

2005 2008
27 42,9%.

16,5%, 26,4 ,

( 51).

,
( ,
) (
2000 2008). 27 -
.. 2005-2008
, , 9,3
,
.

,

,
( & 2010).

,
( 52) ,

.
52. , (% , 2000-2012)
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30,00
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15,00

10,00
5,00
0,00

: Eurostat

77

.
30%
.
53. Gini ,
(2000-2013)
0,700
0,600

Gini

0,500
0,400
0,300
0,200
0,100
0,000

Gini

(


)
Gini

(


)

: Eurostat

, 27
40%,

( 54).
54. Gini ,
(27 ) (2005-2013)
0,600
0,500

Gini

0,400
0,300
0,200
0,100
0,000

: Eurostat

78

Gini


(

)
Gini


(

)

,
.


( 49). , 2006 2007,

.
2008
. 2011
2012
31,2% .

.
.
, ,

. ,
, 2008 2009

, 2010 ,
, .
( 2005) 2009
57,94 55,08 2008 51,84 2007. 2010
55,55
52,36 49,75
2011 2012 ,
2005.
, , ,

,
.

, ,
( 50),
27
2011,
( 51).
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79

( 53) ,

( 54).

80

7. : ,


,
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, :

.
2000
(
),
.


- .

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,
,

.

, ,

.
2000
.

(
).

17

,
( )
. ,

,
.

81

,
:

,
2010, 2011
2012.

23,1% 2012.
15% 2008.

(40%), 2010
2012.
, .

2007,
44,3% 2012
60%
2007.

,
.

FGT Sen

.

.
.
,


.

.
16 24 ,
, ,

82

,


.

2012 35,7%
.
10
15.

20,3%
2012.

, . 2011 50%
,
,
Prolepsis


.
.
,
,
.

.
.

,
:

83

:
.
.

,


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,
,

.

84

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