X L NH S

L mt mn khoa hc cn mi
m, bao gm cc vn c
bn:
H Thng x l nh
Cc vn c bn trong x l
nh

H Thng X L nh

Thu Nhn nh
Phn Tch nh
X L nh
Lu Tr nh

Thu Nhn nh
Thu Nhn qua Camera di dng cc tn
hiu tng t hoc s ha.
Thu nhn t v tnh qua cc sensor, nh,
trang c scan
Gm cc bc:
S ha (digitalizer)
Ly mu
S ha bng lng ha

Thu Nhn nh
Biu din mu, gm 3 thuc tnh
ch yu trong cm nhn mu:
chi (Brightness)
Sc thi mu (Hue)
bo ha (Saturation)

Thu Nhn nh
Tng hp mu v snh mu: theo
l thuyt 3 mu ca Thomas cc
mu c tng hp t 3 mu c
bn: , lc, l.
C th tng hp mu bng :
Mu X = x1 + x2 xanh + x3 l
x1 , x2 , x3 l cc h s tng hp

Thu Nhn nh
Cc phng php biu din nh:
M lot di
M xch
M t phn

Thu Nhn nh
Cc nh dng nh c bn
trong x l nh
nh
nh
nh
nh

IMG
PCX
TIFF
GIF

nh IMG
L nh en trng.
Header gm 16 bytes:
6 bytes u nh du nh dng
IMG: 0x0001 0x0008 0x0001
2 bytes tip theo cha di mu
tin
4 bytes m t kch c pixel
2 bytes s pixel trn mt dng nh
2 bytes s dng nh trong nh

nh IMG
nh c nn thnh tng dng,
mi dng gm cc gi, cc dng
ging nhau cng c nn thnh
mt gi, gm 4 loi gi:
Gi cc dng ging nhau
Gi cc dy ging nhau
Dy cc pixel khng ging nhau,
khng lp li v khng nn c
Dy cc pixel ging nhau

nh PCX
S dng phng php m lot di
RLE (Run Length Encoded).
File PCX gm 3 phn: header,
image data, bng mu m rng

nh PCX
Header: gm 128 bytes

1 byte: kiu nh dng

1 byte: Version s dng nn nh
1 byte: phng php m ha
1 byte: s bit cho mt im nh plane
1 word: ta gc tri trn
1 word: ta gc phi di
1 word: kch thc b rng v b cao nh
1 word: s im nh
1 word: phn gii mn hnh
48 bytes: chia 16 nhm mi nhm cha thng tin
thanh ghi mu
1 byte: gi tr lun l 0
1 byte: s bit plane nh s dng
1 byte: s bytes cho mt dng qut nh
1 word: kiu bng mu
58 byte: khng dng

nh TIFF
Gm 3 phn chnh: Header (IFH), IFD,
DE (bng mu m rng)
IFH (Image File Header):
1 word: kiu to tp trn my tnh
PC hay Macintosh. ( 4D4DH
Macintosh, 4949H PC)
1 word: version (gi tr l 42)
2 word: gi tr Offset theo byte t
u file n IFD

nh TIFF
IFD (Image File Directory): c th c
1 hay nhiu IFD cng tn ti trong
file
2 bytes: cha cc DE (Directory Entry).
12 bytes: cc DE xp lin tip
4 bytes: Offset ti IFD tip theo

nh TIFF
DE Directory Entry (bng mu m rng)
: gm 12 byte, chia lm 4 phn:
2 byte: du hiu m file c xy dng
2 byte: kiu d liu tham s nh

BYTE (1 byte)
ASCII (1 byte)
SHORT (2 byte)
LONG (4 byte)
RATIONAL (8 byte)

4 byte: s lng index ca kiu d liu

4 byte: ogffset ti im bt u d liu lin
quan ti DE

nh GIF
S dng thut ton nn LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch)
da vo s lp li ca nhm im, tng u th
khi s mu tng ln so vi cc kiu nh khc.
nh dng:
GIF Note
GIF Header
Global Palette
Header Image
Palette of Image 1
Data of Image 1
, k t lin kt
.
; GIF terminator

nh GIF
GIF note: c gi tr GIF87a, 3 k t u:
kiu nh dng, 3 k t sau: version
GIF Header: m t thng s ton b
nh
rng hnh rasier theo pixel 2 byte
cao hnh rasier theo pixel 2 byte
Cc thng tin v bn mu, hnh hin
th,
Thng tin mu nn 1 byte
Phn cha dng 1 byte

nh GIF
Global Palette:
Bit

Th t
byte

M t

Red

Gi tr mu theo index 0

Green

Gi tr mu xanh lc theo index

0

Blue

Gi tr mu xanh l theo index 0

Red

Gi tr mu theo index 1

Green

Gi tr mu xanh lc theo index

1

Blue

Gi tr mu xanh l theo index 1

..

...

nh GIF
Header of Image:
Cc Bit

Th t
byte

M t

00101100

K t lin kt nh (*)

Cn tri nh

2,3

Pixel bt u nh tnh t tri hnh hin th

Cn nh trn

4,5

Pixel cui nh bt u tnh t n trn

hnh hin th

rng nh

6,7

Chiu rng nh tnh theo Pixel

cao nh

8,9

Chiu cao nh tnh theo Pixel

MI000pixel

10

Khi bit M = 0: s dng bn mu tng

th
M = 1: s dng bn mu cc
b
I = 1: nh dng nh theo th t
lin tc
I = 1: nh dng nh theo th t

nh GIF
Palette of Image 1
Data of Image 1: chui cc gi tr c
th t ca cc pixel mu to nn nh
GIF terminator: cung cp tnh ng
b cho u cui ca nh GIF

Tch chp
Khi nim bt bin trt: mt h thng gi l
bt bin trt nu dch chuyn u vo th
cng to nn mt dch chuyn tng ng ca
u ra.
Tch chp c tnh cht lin quan n bin i
Fourier: bin i Fourier ca mt tch chp
bng tch n gin cc bin i Fourier ca cc
tn hiu .
F[H(x,y) X I(x,y)] = F[H(x,y)] . F[I(x,y)]

Trong k thut ngi ta gi H l nhn chp,

nhn cun hay mt n

Tch chp
Hm tnh nhn chp vi thut ton dng trong moi trng hp
cn tnh tch chp, vit bng C:
void Nhanchap(){
int sum=0;
int Lc=(w+1)/2;
int col;
int row;
for(int i=1;i<=N;i++)
for(int j=1;j<=N;j++){
sum=0;
for(int k=1;k<=w;k++)
for(int l=1;l<=w;l++){
col=i-k+Lc;
row=j-l+Lc;
if(col!=0 && col<=N)
if(row!=0 && row<=N)
sum+=imageIn[col][row]*H[k][l];
}
imageOut[i][j]=sum;

}
}

X L v Nng Cao Cht Lng nh

Cc k thut tng cng nh
Khi phc nh

Cc k thut tng cng nh

iu khin mc xm
Gin tng ph
Gim nhiu
Lm trn nh
Ni suy
Phng ij
Ni bin

Lc
Lm trn nhiu bng lc tuyn tnh, lc
trung bnh v lc di thng thp.
Ty loi nhiu m ta p dng b lc thch
hp
Lc trung bnh c trng s chnh l thc
hin chp nh u vo vi nhn chp H:
1 1 1
H = 9 1 1 1
1 1 1

Lc
Lc thng thp:
1 b 1
H = 1/(b + 2)2 b b2 b
1 b 1
Lc ng hnh (Homomorphic filter):
..

ng dng c bn mt s hm Java
trong vic x l nh
S dng class BufferedImage trong java, class
cung cp vic qun l nh trong b nh, cc
phng thc lu tr, x l, v nhn pixel.
Mt bufferedImage c mt ColorModel v mt
Raster d liu nh.
ColorModel biu th mu biu din ca cc pixel
Raster thc thi cc chc nng:

Th hin nh
Bo tr nh trong b nh
H tr to nhiu nh con t mt b m d liu nh n
Cung cp cc phng thc truy cp cc pixel nh

c nh
load mt nh t file nh ta s
dng code:
BufferedImage img = null;
try {
img = ImageIO.read(new File(imageSource"));
} catch (IOException e) { }
imageSource l ng dn n file nh cn c
Khi class BufferedImage s nhn nh dng nh nh
phn m rng hoc cc thng s c trng ca nh v tin
hnh gii nn theo nh dng nh.

X l nh c bn
S dng cc option ca
BufferedImage class:
LookupOp:
ConvolveOp: s dng convolution kernel
lm khng gian tnh ton output pixel
bng cch nhn input pixel vi kernel,
kernel l cc ma trn.
RescalesOp: thc hin thay i t l trn
tng pixel nh ngun bng cch nhn
pixel vi gi tr mu bi mt nhn t t l
ri cng vi offset.