Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng

Khoa Cng ngh thng tin 1

Nhp mn tr tu nhn to

Logic v t (bc 1)
Ng Xun Bch

Ni dung
Logic v t
Suy din vi logic v t

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

Ni dung
Logic v t

o
o

c im
C php
Ng ngha

Suy din vi logic v t

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

c im ca logic v t
Logic mnh

Kh nng biu din gii hn trong phm vi th gii cc s kin

Logic v t

o
o
o
o

Cho php m t th gii vi cc i tng, cc thuc tnh ca i

tng, cc mi quan h gia cc i tng
i tng: mt ci bn, mt ci cy, mt con ngi, mt ci nh,
mt con s,
Tnh cht: ci bn c bn chn, lm bng g, c ngn ko,
Quan h: cha con, anh em, bn b (gia con ngi), bn trong,
bn ngoi, nm trn, nm di (gia cc vt),
Hm: mt trng hp ring ca quan h, vi mi u vo ta c
mt gi tr hm duy nht
http://www.ptit.edu.vn

C php ca logic v t (1/4)

Cc k hiu

o
o

Cc k hiu hng: a, b, c, An, Ba, John,

Cc k hiu bin: x, y, z, u, v, w,
Cc k hiu v t: P, Q, R, S, Like, Friend,

Cc k hiu hm: f, g, cos, sin, mother, husband,

o
o
o

Mi v t l v t ca bin ( 0)
V t khng bin l cc k hiu mnh
Mi hm l hm ca bin ( 0)

Cc k hiu kt ni logic: (hi), (tuyn), (ph nh), (ko

theo), (ko theo nhau)
Cc k hiu lng t: (mi) , (tn ti)
Cc k hiu ngn cch: du phy, m ngoc, ng ngoc

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

C php ca logic v t (2/4)

Cc hng thc (term)

L cc biu thc m t i tng, c xc nh quy nh sau

Cc k hiu hng v cc k hiu bin l hng thc

Nu 1 , 2 , , l hng thc, v l mt k hiu hm bin th
(1 , 2 , , ) hng thc

Mt hng thc khng cha bin c gi l mt hng thc c th

(ground term)
Hai hng thc bng nhau nu cng tng ng vi mt i tng

Father( John) = Mike

Cng thc nguyn t (cu n)

Biu din tnh cht ca i tng, hoc quan h gia cc i

tng, c xc nh quy nh sau

Cc k hiu v t khng bin (mnh ) l cng thc nguyn t

Nu 1 , 2 , , l hng thc, v l v t ca bin th
(1 , 2 , , ) cng thc nguyn t
http://www.ptit.edu.vn

C php ca logic v t (3/4)

Cng thc

c xy dng t cng thc nguyn t, s dng cc kt ni logic

v cc lng t, theo quy nh sau

Cc cng thc nguyn t l cng thc

Nu v l cc cng thc, th cc biu thc sau l cng thc

( ), ( ), (), ( ), ( )

Nu l cng thc v l bin th cc biu thc sau l cng thc

, ()

Mt s quy c

o
o

Cc cng thc khng phi cng thc nguyn t gi l cng thc

phc hp (cu phc hp)
Cng thc khng cha bin gi l cng thc c th
Khi vit cng thc ta b i cc du ngoc khng cn thit

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

C php ca logic v t (4/4)

Lng t ph dng ()

o
o

M t tnh cht ca c mt lp cc i tng, m khng cn lit

k cc i tng ra
( (, ))

Lng t tn ti ()

Cho php to ra cu ni n mt i tng no trong mt lp

i tng, c tnh cht hoc tha mn mt quan h no
(() (, 301))

Literal

o
o

L cng thc nguyn t hoc ph nh ca cng thc nguyn t

(, ), (, )

Cu tuyn

o
o
8

L tuyn ca cc literal
() (, )
http://www.ptit.edu.vn

Ng ngha ca logic v t (1/3)

Minh ha

L mt cch gn cho cc bin i tng mt i tng c th,

gn cho cc k hiu hm mt hm c th, v cc k hiu v t
mt v t c th
ngha ca cng thc trong mt th gii hin thc no

Ng ngha ca cu n

Trong mt minh ha, mi cu n s ch nh mt s kin c th,

c th ng (True) hoc sai (False)

()

Ng ngha ca cu phc

c xc nh da trn ng ngha ca cc cu n v cc kt ni
logic

,
, (, )
http://www.ptit.edu.vn

Ng ngha ca logic v t (2/3)

Ng ngha ca cu cha lng t

o

Cng thc l ng nu v ch nu mi cng thc nhn c

t bng cch thay bi mt i tng trong min i tng
u ng

Cng thc l ng nu v ch nu mt trong cc cng thc

nhn c t bng cch thay bi mt i tng trong min
i tng u ng

V d: Min i tng {An, Ba, Lan}, ng ngha ca cu ()

c xc nh l ng ngha ca cu
() () ()

V d: ng ngha ca cu () c xc nh l ng ngha
ca cu
() () ()

Cc khi nim cng thc tha c, khng tha c,

vng chc, m hnh, tng t logic mnh
10

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

Ng ngha ca logic v t (3/3)

Cc lng t lng nhau

o

C th s dng ng thi nhiu lng t trong cu phc hp

(, ) (, )
(, )

Nhiu lng t cng loi c th c vit gn bng mt k hiu

lng t
, (, ) (, )

11

Khng c php thay i cc lng t khc loi trong cu

,

Mi ngi u c ai yu

(, )

C ai m tt c mi ngi u yu

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

Cc cng thc tng ng

2. () ()
1.

3.

4.

(() ()) () ()
6. (() ()) () ()
5.

12

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

V d (1/2)

Dch cc cu sau sang logic v t

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.

13

An khng cao
An v Ba l anh em
Tt c nh nng u thch mt tri
Mi cy nm u c c
Khng c nm no c c
Ch c ng 2 nm
Mt s hc sinh vt qua k thi
Tt c hc sinh u vt qua k thi tr mt bn
Hai anh em phi cng cha cng m

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

V d (2/2)

Cu logic v t
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.

14

()
(, )
(() ())
(() () ())
(() () ())
, (() () () (
) (() () ( = ) ( = )))
(() ())
((() ()) (
))
, ((, ) , ((, ) (, )
(, ) (, ))
http://www.ptit.edu.vn

Ni dung

Logic v t
Suy din vi logic v t
o
o
o

15

Quy tc suy din

Suy din tin v suy din li
Suy din s dng php gii

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

Cc quy tc suy din (1/5)

Suy din vi logic v t kh hn logic mnh do cc

bin c th nhn v s gi tr
o

Cc quy tc suy din cho logic mnh cng ng vi

logic v t
o

Khng th dng bng chn l

Modus ponens, modus tollens, ph nh ca ph nh, nhp

v/hoc, loi tr v/hoc, php gii

Ngoi ra:
o

16

C thm mt s quy tc suy din dng cho cc lng t

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

Cc quy tc suy din (2/5)

Php th (substitution)
o
o
o
o

Trc khi xem xt cc quy tc suy din, ta nh ngha khi nim

php th, cn thit cho nhng cu c cha bin
K hiu: (, )
ngha: th gi tr vo cu
V d

(*/, /+, (, )) = (, )

Php loi tr vi mi (universal elimination)

(*/+, )

V d:
(, )
17

*/+

(, )
http://www.ptit.edu.vn

Cc quy tc suy din (3/5)

Php loi tr tn ti (existential elimination)

(*/+, )

cha xut hin trong KB

V d:
()

*/+

()

c gi l hng Skolem v c th t tn cho hng ny

Nhp tn ti (existential introduction)

V d:

(*/+, )

(, )

18

*/+

(, )

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

V d suy din (1/3)

Vn
Bob l tru
Pat l ln

Tru to hn ln
Bob to hn Pat?

19

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

V d suy din (2/3)

Vn
Bob l tru

()

(1)

Pat l ln

()

(2)

Tru to hn ln

, () () (, )

(3)

Bob to hn Pat?

(, )?

20

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

V d suy din (3/3)

Vn
Bob l tru

()

(1)

Pat l ln

()

(2)

Tru to hn ln

, () () (, )

(3)

Bob to hn Pat?

(, )?

Suy din
Nhp v, (1)(2)

() ()

(4)

Loi tr vi mi (3)

() () (, )

(5)

Modus Ponens, (4)(5)

(, )

21

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

Cc quy tc suy din (4/5)

Php hp nht (unification)

o
o

o
o
o

22

Hp nht l th tc xc nh php th cn thit lm cho 2 cu

c s ging nhau
K hiu: , =
(, ) = (, )
c gi l hp t (phn t hp nht)
Trong trng hp c nhiu hp t th ta s dng hp t tng qut
nht, tc l hp t s dng t php th cho bin nht
MGU: most general unifier
Php hp nht c th thc hin t ng bng thut ton c
phc tp t l tuyn tnh vi s lng bin

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

V d hp nht

23

(, )

(, )

(, )

(, ()) */, /()+

(, )

(, )

*/+

*/, /+
*/, /, /+

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

Cc quy tc suy din (5/5)

Modus Ponens tng qut (GMP)

o

Gi s ta c cc cu c s , , , , v tn ti php th sao cho

, , = , vi mi
Khi ta c:
1, , 2, , , , , (1 2 )
(, )

S dng GMP cho php xy dng thut ton suy din t

ng, suy din tin v suy din li

24

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

Suy din tin (1/4)

Khi cu mi c thm vo KB:

o

Vi mi quy tc m hp nht c vi mt phn v tri:

25

Nu cc phn cn li ca v tri c th thm v phi vo KB v suy

din tip

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

Suy din tin (2/4)

Khi cu mi c thm vo KB:

o

Vi mi quy tc m hp nht c vi mt phn v tri:

Nu cc phn cn li ca v tri c th thm v phi vo KB v suy

din tip

V d
Cho KB nh sau:
1. Mo thch c
2. Mo n g n thch
3. C con mo tn l Tom
Hi: Tom c n c khng?

26

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

Suy din tin (3/4)

Khi cu mi c thm vo KB:

o

Vi mi quy tc m hp nht c vi mt phn v tri:

Nu cc phn cn li ca v tri c th thm v phi vo KB v suy

din tip

V d
Cho KB nh sau:
1. Mo thch c
2. Mo n g n thch
3. C con mo tn l Tom
Hi: Tom c n c khng?

27

Chuyn sang logic v t:

1. () (, )
2. , () (, ) (, )
3. ()
Hi: (, )?

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

Suy din tin (4/4)

Khi cu mi c thm vo KB:

o

Vi mi quy tc m hp nht c vi mt phn v tri:

Nu cc phn cn li ca v tri c th thm v phi vo KB v suy

din tip

V d
Cho KB nh sau:
1. Mo thch c
2. Mo n g n thch
3. C con mo tn l Tom
Hi: Tom c n c khng?

Chuyn sang logic v t:

1. () (, )
2. , () (, ) (, )
3. ()
Hi: (, )?

Suy din:
4. GMP (1) (3) (, )
5. GMP (2) (3) (4) (, )
28

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

Suy din li

Vi cu hi , nu tn ti hp nht vi th tr v hp
t
Vi mi quy tc c v phi hp nht vi c gng
chng minh cc phn t v tri bng suy din li
(, )
2 */, /+
()

*+

(, )
1 */+

()
29

*+

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

Suy din s dng php gii

Php gii cho logic v t

o

Cho cc cu sau, trong , l cc literal

1 2
1 2

Nu v c th hp nht bi hp t th ta c php gii

1 2 , 1 2
(, 1 1 +1 1 1 +1 )

V d:
, () ()
() ()

30

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

Suy din s dng php gii

v phn chng (1/4)

Cn chng minh ?
Cch lm:
o
o

31

Thm vo , chng minh tn ti mt tp con ca mi c

gi tr False
( ) ( )

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

Suy din s dng php gii

v phn chng (2/4)

Thut ton
o

= (, )
while ( khng cha False ) do

1. Chn 2 cu 1 , 2 t sao cho c th p dng php gii cho 2 cu

ny

2. Nu khng c hai cu nh vy

o
o

32

Thm kt qu php gii vo

return False

end while
return Success

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

Suy din s dng php gii

v phn chng (3/4)

V d
KB:
(1)
(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)
Cn chng minh:

33

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

Suy din s dng php gii

v phn chng (4/4)

V d
KB:
(1)
(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)
Cn chng minh:

34

Chng minh:
Thm vo KB cu sau:

(7)
p dng php gii cho cu (2) v (7) ta c

(8)
p dng php gii cho cu (6) v (8) ta c

(9)
p dng php gii cho cu (3) v (9) ta c

(10)
Cu (10) mang gi tr False.
Kt lun: T suy ra

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF)

v Clause Form

Clause l tuyn ca literal, c dng

1 2 , trong cc l literal

Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF - dng chun hi), l cu

bao gm hi ca php tuyn ca cc literal hoc l hi
ca clause
o

( ) ( )

C th bin i mt cng thc bt k v cng thc

dng CNF bng cch p dng mt s bc th tc

35

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

a v CNF v Clause Form (1/3)

Bc 1: Kh tng ng
o

Bc 2: Loi b ko theo
o

Thay bng ( ) ( )
Thay bi cng thc tng ng

Bc 3: a cc ph nh vo gn v t
o

36

Chuyn cc du ph nh ( ) vo st cc v t bng cch p

dng lut De Morgan v thay () bi :
()
( )
( )
() ()
() ()

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

a v CNF v Clause Form (2/3)

Bc 4: Chun ha tn bin sao cho mi lng t c

bin ring
o

V d
( ) ()
( ) ()

( ) ()
( ) ()

Bc 5: Loi b cc lng t tn ti bng cch s dng

hng Skolem v hm Skolem
o
o

37

Bin i () thnh (), trong l hng mi (Skolem)

Nu nm trong th thay bng hm c bin l bin ca , hm
phi cha xut hin trong KB v c gi l hm Skolem
V d:
(, ) thnh (, ()),
() l hm Skolem

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

a v CNF v Clause Form (3/3)

Bc 6: Loi b cc lng t vi mi ()
o
o

Bc 7: Sp xp v ra ngoi hoc
o

loi b lng t vi mi (), ta a cc lng t vi mi ()

sang tri sau b lng t vi mi ()
V d: ((, ) ()) thnh (, ) ()
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )

Bc 8: Loi b cc php v
o

Ta thc hin loi b cc php v to thnh cc clause ring

V d: ( ) ( ) thnh 2 cu:1) 2)

Bc 9: Chun ha tn bin sao cho mi cu c bin

ring ca mnh
38

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

Bi tp 1
Cho cc cu sau
1. Mi b trai u thch chi bng
2. Ai thch chi bng u c giy bng
3. Nam l mt b trai

Cu hi
a) Biu din cc cu trn dng logic v t
b) Chuyn cc cu logic v t va vit v dng chun tc
hi
c) Vit cu truy vn Nam c giy bng di dng
logic v t v chng minh s dng php gii
39

http://www.ptit.edu.vn

Bi tp 2
Gi s ta bit cc thng tin sau
1. ng Ba nui mt con ch
2. Hoc ng Ba hoc ng Am git con mo Bibi
3. Mi ngi nui ch u yu ng vt
4. Ai yu qu ng vt cng khng git ng vt
5. Ch mo u l ng vt
Hi ai git con mo Bibi?

40

http://www.ptit.edu.vn