Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Cng trnh nh
L
Cng trnh kt cu ln
B
> 15m
L
- Mc ch cu vic phn loi: Tin cho vic thit k, thi cng.
1.1.2.2/ Phn cp:
- Mc ch ca phn cp phc v cho vic u t v qun l u t
- Phn cp cng trnh.
Phn cp cng trnh da vo cc tiu ch
+ Cht lng s dng: Din tch s dng,vt liu, tin nghi s dng bn
trong nh v trang thit b v sinh
+ bn lu: Tui th, nin hn s dng
Cp 1 > 100 nm, vt liu BTCT hoc cc vt liu tng ng c dng
thit k cc b phn kt cu chnh : mng, ct, dm, sn...
Cp 2 > 80 nm
Cp 3 > 50 nm
Cp 4 > 20 nm
+ phong ho: Khong thi gian khi cu kin cng trnh kin trc tip
xc vi ngn la cho n khi n mt kh nng lm vic bnh thng. Tu theo khong
thi gian trung bnh cc cu kin chu c la c th tm chia lm 4 cp. ( Xem thm
trong TCVN 2622 1995 )
2,5h
cp
2h
cp
1h
cp
30pht cp
- Kinh t
+ u t nh th no ?
+ Khai thc, s dng trc mt v lu di tha mn yu cu v hiu qu
kinh t.
1.1.4/ Cc yu t to thnh kin trc
1.1.4.1/ Yu t v mt cng nng
Theo nh ngha th cc cng trnh kin trc tha mn 2 yu cu c bn cng
nng v thm m, xut pht t cng nng phc v cho mc ch ngi s dng th
mi xut hin kin trc, cng nng c th hin mc ch s dng ca con ngi
v dy chuyn s dng
V d 1: Cng nng nh
- Mc ch s dng : ngh ngi, sinh hot gia nh, ti to sc lao
ng
- Dy chuyn s dng
* Dy chuyn s dng l cc trnh t cc thao tc hot ng, cc sinh hot, cc
cng vic c b tr mt cch khoa hc, hp l v ph hp vi tm sinh l ca ngi
s dung.
V d 1 : Nh gia nh
Tin phng (Hin)
P.Ng
B. n
P.Khch
Kho
WC
V d 2: Ca hng bch ha
- Mc ch s dng : L ni giao dch bun bn, trao i hng ha...
- Dy chuyn s dng: C 2 lung ngi s dng ch yu l khch mua
v nhn vin bn
V d 1 : Dy chuyn ca hng
+ Khch gi t trang chn la tnh tin giao dch
+ Nhn vin thay qun o
WC
giao dch
cua cng trnh phai gn bo thanh mt th thng nht, phai phu hp vi a hnh thin
nhin, tranh s phi hp cu k, ln xn gia tao.
- Mt bng phai gn vi thin nhin a hnh, vn dung ngh thut mn canh
va tao canh.
* Yu cu khi thit lp mt bng:
- m bo v din tch cho ngi s dng. Yu cu phi b tr c, thit b
s dng bn trong ca phng
- Yu cu ch ra cao cc phng
- Yu cu c y cc h thng ng ging ca trc, kch thc trn mt
bng (3 ng)
-Mt bng thng c v theo t l 1:25 - 1:200
1.2.3/ Nguyn tc thit lp mt ct
Dng cc tia chiu thng gc vi mt phng thng ng ct qua cng trnh
m t hnh dng kch thc cc khng gian s dng bn trong nh theo phng ng.
Yu cu khi thit k mt ct phi ch r hnh dng cc khng gian, m bo
khi tch s dng. Trong mt ct cng nh trong mt bng phi m t cc thit b v
cc c s dng bn trong. Ngoi ra cn th hin cu to cc vt liu, mi lin kt
gia cc b phn c trong mt ct. Trn mt ct ngoi cc h thng ng ging kch
thc trn mt bng cn phi th hin y h thng cao tng b phn.
Cao nn nh tng 1 sau khi hon thin c xem l cao 00. Cc b
phn nm bn trn 00 l cao dng, Cc b phn nm bn di 00 l cao .
m.
-Mt bng thng c v theo t l 1:25 - 1:200
1
chiu di kinh tuyn
40 tr
1
mt =100 mm = M lm
10
Mng li mun
Minh ho xc nh trc nh v
10
- Ct chu lc
+ Ct trong : h trc mun xc nh nh tng trong
+ Ct ngoi : h trc mun cch mp ngoi 1 on a = 100mm
Yu cu cc trc mun c phng ng trong bn v c nh s theo th t
tng dn tri sang phi trong vng trn, cc trc mun c phng ngang nh bng
k t A, B, C ... t di ln trong vng trn .
Nguyn tc nh du cc trc nh v
V d : Ct A-2
on tng (B-D) trc 1
Cc k hiu bng ch s v k t phi c t trong khuyn trn
Bi tp: p dng mng li mun thit k 1 phng hp 48m2, WC 6m2, phng
chun b ti liu 12m2, ch chun b nc 6m2 1 rnh 12 m2, mng modul 64, 34
1.4/ Cc thng s c bn ca nh:
1.4.1/ Bc gian, nhp nh, chiu cao tng
Gi B l gian (bc ct) l khong cch gia 2 trc mun lin k m 2 trc
mun ny c phng ngang nh
12
giao thng ng: Thang b, thang cun ( thang t hnh ), thang my, ng dc <
8%.
B phn Giao thng thng ng- Ngun Ng.l T.k, tc gi GS. Nguyn c Thim
* Ch giao thng ng v giao thng ngang gi l nt giao thng
Yu cu cc nt giao thng m bo din tch phc v trnh n ngi, nt giao
thng phi m bo v khong cch phc v hoc c bn knh phc 30m. Cc nt
thng phi lin lin h c vi nhau
2.4/ Thot ngi, t chc thot ngi trong cng trnh cng cng
2.4.1/ t vn
- V sao phi thot ngi?
- Cng trnh cng cng thng c s lng ngi rt ln s dng, khi c s c
(chy, n, khng b ...) hoc cc cng trnh biu din khi ht xut din ngi ta phi
a ton b s ngi s dng ra khi ra cng trnh mt cch nhanh nht.
2.4.2/ Cc quy inh khi thit k
Phm vi ng dng (dng cho cc cng trnh nh thp tng v nhiu tng)
- Giai on 1: T chc thot ngi ra khi phng
+ C 100 ngi phi t chc 2 ca, b rng 1 ca 1,2m, ca phi m
ra
+ Ngi xa nht n ca < 25m
+ B rng lung chy 0,6m
+Yu cu trn lung chy khng c b tr chng ngi vt, vt cn kin
trc, khng b tr bc cp
14
250 N 200
+
100
125
Khi N 250
Bvt =
N
100
2.5.1 t vn :
Khi c cc phng Tp trung ng ngi (> 100 ngi) v mi ngi c nhu cu
cn nhn r ng thi nghin cu hoc thng thc ngh thut, gii tr..V d: ging
ng, rp chiu bng, b bi, sn vn ng.Yu cu t ra l tt c mi ngi ng
thi nhn thy vt cn c quan st phi thit k th no tt c mi ngi u nhn
thy c vt cn quan st.
2.5.2 Gii php:
- K gh, to ra nhiu loi gh c chiu cao khc
- Nng vt cn quan st ln
- Gh khng thay i chiu cao, vt quan st khng nng ln th ch cn li gii
php l thit k nn dc.
2.5.3 Thit k nn dc bng phng php v dn.
C rt nhiu phng php thit k nn dc. y ch nghin cu thit k
nn dc bng phng php v dn
2.5.3.1 Cc khi nim
- im quan st thit k
"" l im bt li nht ( kh nhn thy nht ) m khi ngi quan st nhn thy
c th tt c im cn li ca vng i tng cn quan st s c nhn thy.
Vd: Trong ging ng, bng en l vng i tng cn quan st
thuc mp di ca bng
Trong phng khn gi ca nhc nh: Phng ti ca ming ca sn khu
thuc mp di ca Phng
ngi ngi sau lin k. Tu theo th loi cng trnh m C c th ly theo qui nh t
(C) = 60 180 mm
C sn vn ng
= 180
C ging ng
60 80
C phng ca nhc
80 110
2.6.1 Kiu t chc hnh lang: Khi cc phng chc nng b tr song song v mt pha
( hnh lang bn ) hoc hai pha ca hnh lang ( hnh lang gia ). i khi kt hp c
hai . S dng cho cc cng trnh c cc phng ging nhau nh : trng hc, tr s c
quan, khch sn
2.6.2 Kiu t chc xuyn phng: Cc phng lin h vi nhau khng cn hnh lang m
trc tip lin h ni tip nhau.p dng cho cc nh trin lm, bo tng, ca hng bch
ho, th vin
2.6.3 Kiu t chc tp trung xung quanh trung tm ( Phng rt ln, sn trong nh,
snh ca cu thang) : Cc khng gian s dng nh b tr quanh cc khng gian ln,
cc khng gian ny mang tnh ct li b tr cc khng gian cn li. Kiu t chc
nay thng dng cho : Nh ht, rp chiu bng, kch vin, cng trnh th thao, Nh
chung c
2.6.4 Kiu t chc tp trung phng ln: Tt c cc qu trnh chc nng ca nh u
b tr xp t vo trong mt phng ln duy nht. p dng cho ch c mi, trng by
trin lm, salon t vv.
2.6.5 Kiu t chc phn on c lp:
Cc nhm chc nng c tch bch thnh tng khi ring phc v cho mt
mc ch c th. Cc nhm c cch ly vi nhau, song k bn nhau to nn mt cng
trnh kin trc hon chnh. Cc phng chc nng quan h chc nng theo nhm v lin
h ni b theo bin php xuyn phng. Cc th loi cng trnh thng dng: nh tr,
trng chuyn bit,...
2.7/Thit k mt s phng chc nng trong nh cng cng
- Thit k vn phng
- Thit k lp hc v phng th nghim
- Thit k phng tp trung ng ngi
18
CHNG III: NH
3.1 Khi nim
3.1.1 nh ngha: nh l cng trnh chuyn dng dng , l ni sinh hot gia
nh, ti to sc lao ng gin n.
Khc vi nh cng cng, nh : ngi dng trong cc khng gian chc nng
thng c quan h hn nhn hoc huyt thng, v mang tnh cht lu di.
V d: Nh dng nhiu cn, nh tng (chung c), nh dng bit th, nh
lin k (nh chia l, c sn vn hoc khng c sn vn)
3.1.2 Phn loi
+ Vt liu
- BTCT(b tng ct thp)
- , gch.
- Tho mc
+ Tnh cht s dng
- Nh chia l.
- Nh nhiu cn nh tng
- Nh cao cp bit th.
3.2 Cc b phn chc nng ca nh
3.2.1 B phn :
- Phng ng
- Phng khch
- Phng n ,bp
- Phng sinh hot chung
- Phng th .
3.2.2 B phn phc v: Bp, khu v sinh, kho, sn nc (gia cng), sn phi, ban
cng, l gia ngh ngi ( l gia l khng gian ngh ngi ch c mt mt nhn ra ngoi )
3.2.3 Giao thng:
- Giao thng ng: ging Cng trnh cng cng, cu thang (b, cun)
- Giao thng ngang: hnh lang, nh cu, bng chuyn, li i l thin.
3.3 Cc loi phng c bn trong nh :
3.3.1 Tin phng l khng gian u mi ni tip cc khng gian khc
l ni giy dp, m nn v o khoc chnh trang y phc
S
3.3.2 Phng ng: khng gian ngh ngi, hc tp yu cu thng thong v chiu sng,
tuyt i khng c b tr li i xuyn qua phng ng phng khc
Thng b tr cho hai ngi s dng
19
Tm, git, x
Ra, tiu tin
20
Ging
1900 2000
800 1600
400 450
T o qun
900 1200
450 550
2250 2500
Bn m
400 450
450
400 450
600 800
750 780
500
500
400
Gh ta
350 400
550 400
420 450
Gh salon
+ Khu WC
600
600
300
X bt
650
400 450
400 420
Bidet
650
350 450
400 420
Tiu nam
300 400
300
450 600
Bn tm nm 1700 1900
750
400 420
750
400 420
900 1200
1200
400 550
780 800
Lavabo
450 600
Chu tm ng 900
900
0
3.4.2/ Nguyn tc b tr thit b :Ph hp vi tm sinh l ngi d dng. Hp l vi
nhn trc hc (s o kch thc v cc b phn c th con ngi)
3.5/ Nhng loi nh thng dng
3.5.1 Nh nhiu cn, nh tng
Khi nim :Nh c xy dng 3 tng (tit kim t xy dng) dng trong
cc khu c, khu th mi trong vic phi kt cc th loi cng trnh trong cng tc
qui hoch.
Trn mi mt bng b tr 2 6 cn h (gia nh) xoay xung quanh cm cu
thang. Cc cn h ny khng c sn vn. Ch ly khng gian tng 1 3
Sn bi cy xanh v trong ni b xung quanh lm khng gian cng cng
3.5.1.1/ Cch chia t l cn h trong nh nhiu cn, nhiu tng
p ng c nhu cu ca c dn th cn phi iu tra x hi hc (t
l nam n, ngh nghip, lao ng)
H gia nh
2 3 40% b
4 5 40% c
c thn
1
20% a
+ Chia trn m bng tng: trn mt tng cho y d cho cc loi cn h
+ Mi tng c 1 loi
22
Cu thang
Tng 2
P.ng chnh
WC ring
Cc P.ng con ban cng
Phng th (truyn thng)
Th phng ( phng c).
P.th gin(phim,Karaoke...)
Phng khch
Phng n
Phng bp + n
Phng ng ( cho ngi gi ), c WC ring
WC chung cho tng 1
Kho
Tin snh
Sn TDTT
Nh ngi gip vic
H bi
Sn vn cnh
Gara t , bn tu, bi p my bay nh.
24
25