..

-
2004

..

-
2004

 530.145; 539.12
.. .
. .: - , 2004. 334 .
" " 553113
" ".
, - , .
, , .
. .

( ,
) ( ), ,
, .
. , .
.
-,
, , P - CP -,
T -. ,
- . , .
, , .
.
.. , .. , .. ..
, ,
.. .. .

c .. , 2004 .


1.1

1932 17 " " (Possible Existence of a Neutron. James Chadwick, Nature (Feb. 27, 1932) v. 129, p. 312),
, , .
"...
, , . ,

..."1
1935 ., , , .
.
1939 . .
. 1942 ,
. 16 1945 . , 6 9 ,
,
1

1935 .

.

, . ,
,
,
.
1954 .
.
,
.
,
,
. , , , ,

.
, ,
, ( , ), ..
.
""
, .
, ,
, . .
.
,
: ,
, . "" , , .
-

(Review of Particle Physics. Euro. Phys. J.,

2000, v. C15, no. 14).
(e )

qn = (0, 4 1, 1) 1021 e.
mn = 939, 56533 0, 00004 ,
= 1, 00866491578 0, 00000000055 ...
mn mp = 1, 2933318 0, 0000005 ,
= 0, 0013884489 0, 0000000006 ...
n = 885, 4 0, 9stat 0, 4syst .
n = 1, 9130427 0, 0000005 N .
dn < 0, 63 1025 e (CL=90%).
+0,19
n = (0, 980,23
) 103 3 .

, ,
, , , ,
.
,

,
.


. -
< 6, 3 1026 ( CL=90%).
1520 ,
, .
.


.
, , ,

. , , .

n = 1
A ( )
v = p/mn = 2h/n mn = ccn /n 4 /
E = mn v 2 /2 = 0, 08
n = (1, 9130427 0, 0000005)N
Z

, -, . - (,
) , -,
,
, , .
, .
, ,
, ,
( -).
""
(, .) , -.
, ,
. .
,

,
.
, .
1.1.1

-, 1919 . 14N -
. 1931 ,
, , 2, (, p), -,
, . 1921 1924 .
, -
3, ,
. , , .
, .
1930 (. . 1.1),
-
,
. ,
, ,
-.
- (, 1935 . , -
-).
2
1931 . (
1939 .) (, ).
3
Z , -
.

. 1.1. -

1932 ,
, , , . , "

" (. 1.2).

. 1.2. . , -
?

, (. . 1.2, 1.3),
,
. : "... ,
, 1 0, . ,
- 9 Be 12C ".
. ,

, 26 , 4,3 .

. -, , ,
( ) .

. 1.3.

1.1.2

- k
( - m), . 1.4.

, k
(
,(k
'$
hhhh
((
hhh
(((

Ei , Pi {

Ef =Ei ,
h
(
((
hh
((
hhhhh
(((
(
(
h
(
&% h
h 
E, p=0

Pf =Pi

E,p

. 1.4. , ( ) ( )

+ mc2 =  + E  ,

(1.1)

10

k = k + p .

(1.2)

, ( ).
E 2 = p2 c2 + m2 c4

(1.3)

= ck

(1.4)

.
. .
4-:
(1.5)
p + k = p + k ,

p2 = p20 p2 = m2 c2 ,

(1.6)

k2 = k02 k2 = 0,

(1.7)

() 4- p k
p0 = E/c k0 = /c, . : 4- ( , , ). :
a b = a0 b0 ai bi = a0 b0 a1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b3,
, 4-
ab a b = a0 b0 ab = a0 b0 ai bi .
(1.5) :
p p = k k .
(1.6), (1.7),
m2 c2 p p = k k ,

11

(p (p0, p) = (E/c, 0))



EE

m2 c2 2 = 2 kk  cos = kk  (1 cos ).
c
c
k k ( -).
E = mc2 E  =  + mc2 (. (1.1)),

kk 

kk =
(1 cos ).
(1.8)
mc
k = 2h/, :
2h
 =
(1 cos ),
(1.9)
mc
,  ,
. "" . , (, ,
)
. h
0 ,
.
, (-) , .

h

.
c =
mc
m.
(1.9) .

c , -
, :
e

me = 0, 5110

11

ce = 3, 86 10

m = 139, 6

13

c = 1, 4 10

14
mp = 938, 3 = 1836me = 6, 7m

cp = 2, 1 10

12

1.1.3

= 180.
, , ( ), Erec = E  mc2 , .
("") :
Erec =  = ck,

(1.10)

k = k k  . k
, (1.8),
k  = k k,

2k 2 2kk
k =
,
mc
2k 2
1
k
k =
.
2k =
mc 1 + mc
1 + mc
2k

k (1.10),
Erec =

2 .
1 + mc
2

(1.11)

(  mc2 )
2 2
.
(1.12)
Erec
mc2
, , Erec :



 mc2 Erec


(1.13)

Erec = 4, 3
mc2 = 938 1 , = 47 .
,
, , ,
. , ,

13

, , . , , ,
Li, Be, B, C, N .
,
. ,
, , 1,2 . - -
, , 70 .
,
-, .

.
,
( m) ( M)
:
mv 2 = mv 2 + MV,

(1.14)

mv = mv  + MV,

(1.15)

v, v  , ,
V .
v  ,
V =

2m
v.
M +m

(1.16)

, E1 = M1 V12/2, E2 = M2 V22 /2,
M1 , M2 :
M2 + m
V1
.
=
V2
M1 + m

(1.17)

(3, 3 109 4, 7 108 /, ),
m = 1, 15 ...

14

10%. ,
.

, , , .
.
1.1.4

, 1932 .
,
3 , 1000 ,
. , en
.

, , (, ). 1920 , ,
. - (, ,
, ),
. ,
, ,
. 1934 .
- , , ,
. -
,
.

15

, ,
, 10- 26- . , "" .
1989 .
:
en = (0, 4 1, 1) 1021e,
.
1.1.5

1934 .
( , ) .
, . ,
, 13 .
, , , . , , - , ,
, .. W -, ... = GA /GV , -
GA GV ,
( ) . (
) 2003 .
:
= 1, 2695 0, 0029.

16

, , .
, -
, , ( 2004 .
, )
( )
.
1.1.6

, ,
. 30- ,
( - , , .. ).
1934 , .

( ) . , .
(1934 .) ,

n 1,52
N (
1940 . ,
n = (1, 935 0, 030)N ). ? ( 1928 .) , "" e, 1/2 m

17

e
eh
c
=
.
=
2mc
2
B ,

e
eh
p
=
.
N =
2mp c
2

, . , , ,
p = 1, n = 0. ,
n = 1, 9 N ,
p = 2, 8 N .
. . , , , :
n = 1, 9; p = +1, 8.
(
). , -
(. 1.5), .. ,
- , , ,
.
( , )
, .
, -

m c2 . , t h
/m c2 ,

18
+

'$

'$

. 1.5.

- ct,
c . , rN ,
, :
rN c t =

=
c .
m c

, ( ) ( ).
, :
, , . , ,
.
, ,
( -) ( < 1016 )
. , ,
.
, u d (up down),
eu = 2/3 e, ed = 1/3 e 1/2. , ,
, .
:
(en = 0) (ep = 1)
u
dd

uu
d

19

. , 1, ,
, ,
1/2.
,
.
uu
dd
1 1
1 ( = 1, 0, 1).
, 1/2
( = 1/2, 1/2) d1 u1 .
2
2
, ,
11

11

dd u
22
22
n 12 21 = C11,
dd u1 1 =
1 1 11 1 1 + C

10, 1 1 10

2
3

u
dd
11 1 1

 2
(1)

22

22

1
3

u
dd
10 1 1 .


(2)

(1.18)

22

. (1.18) , Cjjm
1 m1 ,j2 m2
2/3 (1), d- ( 1),
, u- (, , ) ( 1/2).
(2) u-, d-
( 0), .
1/3. ,
:
2
1
4
1
n = (2d u ) + u = d u .
3
3
3
3

(1.19)

, , ..
1
2
d = ; u = ,
3
3

20

2
(1.20)
n = .
3
(1.19)
u d, ..
p =

4
1
u d = .
3
3

(1.21)

(1.20) (1.21),
n
2
= = 0, 67.
p
3
,

1, 913
n
= 0, 68.
=
p exp
2, 793
, ,
. ,

.4
1.1.7

() .
(), - (
). -, 1964 . -,
4
. , ,
, .
, , , .
.

21

40 .
- ( ()).
2004 . , Belle
BaBar, , -,
. - .
.

- , ,
.
( , ), (, , ) (, , ) , ().
, 1989 ., :
D = (0 0, 4) 1025 ();
D = (0, 3 0, 5) 1025 ().

( 90%), , (1989 .),
:
D < 9, 7 1026 (CL=90% )
10 (1999 .)
:
D < 6, 3 1026 (CL=90% )

22

, .
, .
- ( ), .. R 1013 , , ( e)
d, 1025 , d/R 6, 3 1013
(. . 1.6). , 4 .

. 1.6. ,

1.1.8

E, , . d ,
:
d = n E.
n .
"" , .. . 1991 (
).
n = (1, 20 0, 20) 103 3 ,

23

: (1 = 1013 ),
.
d 1027 ,
108 /, 103
, . ,
, .
, ,
1021 /.
.

1.2

, ? , , , , ,
. 1934 , , , .
: , 1947 ., (-) ( ,
"" 1937 . ).
, "",
.
. , - , .
, , , .. -

24

, .
. ,
: |1
|2
(. . 1.7).
'$
'$

'$
'$

&%
&%
e w

&%
&%
e w

|1

|2

. 1.7.

E1 E2 ( ), :
H0 |1
= E1|1
,
H0 |2
= E2|2
.
H0
. , ? ,
, ..
V H0 , |1
|2
.
:
(H0 + V ) = E.

= a1 |1
+ a2 |2
.
(a1 , a2 )
:

E1 V12
V21 E2

a1
a2

=E

a1
a2

25

m|H0 |m
= Em, m = 1, 2; 1|H0 |2
= 0, 1|V |2
= V12.
, V
1 2, , .. m|V |m
= 0.
( ),
(E1 E)(E2 E) |V12 |2 = 0,

(1.22)

, .
,
E1 + E2 1

(E1 E2)2 + 4|V12|2 .

(1.23)
2
2
, , , .. E1 = E2 = ,
E (1,2) =

E (1,2) =  |V12 |,
,
a1
V12
= 1 ( 1, V12).
=
a2
|V12|
, , :
("" ). , . , ,
, , , (
: ).
: ,
. ( ), , ,
.

26

|V12|, .

R , . ,
, ,
R, 5, ..
V12

eikR
,

2m
= i ( ),
k=
h

. ,
eR
.
R
, -
, , , , -, . ?
, ( , ) -. , ,
- E
( )
. ,
E (1,2) =  ge

E2 = p2 c2 + m2 c4 = 0,
( ) :
p2 = m2 c2 ,
k=i

i
m c
= .
h

B)
, (r) exp (r/a
r
( aB = h
/ 2mEa , Ea )
(|r R|), . R  aB
(R).

27

, - , , , -,
V = g

m c
h

e c
= g
.
R

(1.24)

. (1.24) ,
-
1013 ,
(). "" ,
. . , g (1.24) - , ..,
, (, , ) ,
( ).
(
) ,
- . g2 /hc,
(1.24), , (
= e2 /hc, 1/137).
g
, ,
,
.

:
. , ,

28

: ,
, , , ,
.
.
.
- . , , .. , . 1.8.

. 1.8.

:
p = p + k .

(1.25)

k ,


p2 + k2 2p k = p2 .


p2 = p2 = m2 c2 k2 = 0,
p k = 0

(1.26)

E
= |k||p| cos ,
(1.27)
c2
. , |k| = /c |p| = Ev/c2 , E, v , ,
c
cos = ,
v

(1.28)

.., ,
. ,

29
c/n, n .
(1.28)
c
.
(1.29)
cos =
nv
, "", 1934 . 1937 . (1958 .)
.. , .. .. .

30

1. .. . .: , 1982.
2. .., .. . .: , 1997.
3. ., ., . . . 8, 9: . .: , 1978.
4. .. . .: , 1955.
5. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fundamental Physics
with Slow Neutrons. Grenoble, France, March 811, 1989.
Nucl. Instr. and Meth., A284 (1989) 1232.
6. NOBEL LECTURES including presentation speeches and laureates
biographies. Phisics. 19011921. Amsterdam London New York:
Elsevier Publishing Co., 1967.
7. NOBEL LECTURES including presentation speeches and laureates
biographies. Phisics. 19221941. Amsterdam London New York:
Elsevier Publishing Co., 1965.
8. NOBEL LECTURES including presentation speeches and laureates
biographies. Phisics. 19421962. Amsterdam London New York:
Elsevier Publishing Co., 1964.

 2

2.1

,
-
/m c 1,4 = 1,41013 .
c = h

109


c ,
"" ,

. ,
, .
, o .
. m .

. 2.1.

E h
ka .
:

k =

2mE
h .

a = eika r , ka2 = k 2,
31

(2.1)

32

(2.1) 1 , ,
, ,
ja =

h
ka
(aa aa =
.
2mi
m

(2.2)

, ( , < v ), j = v a ,
. = 1 j = v a .
, j a
. .
, ,
:
(2 + k 2)(r) =

2mV (r)
(r).
h
2

(2.3)

(2.3),
(2.1) ,
.
G(r, r  ),
,
r  .
(2 + k 2)G(r, r  ) = (r r  ).

(2.4)

(2.3)
, ,
(2.3), :
2m 
G(r, r)V (r )a (r)d3r.
(2.5)
2
h

. r  , ,
, .
a (r) = a +

33

, () ,


eik|r r |

G+ (r, r ) =
,
(2.6)
4|r r |
, . , jr

h

G+(r)
G (r)
h
k 1
jr =
G+ (r) + =
G+ (r)
.
2mi
r
r
m (4r)2

(2.7)

, ,
4r2, ,
v/4. , -
(2.4) v/4 .
, (2.5)


m  eik|r r |

 3 
a (r) = a (r)
2
 V (r )a (r )d r .
|r r |
2h

(2.8)

|r|  |r  |



2rr +
= kr 1 2rr
=
2
r

= kr(1 rr ) = kr k r  ,

k|r r | = k

r2

r2

r2

r
kb = k .
r
, , ,
, , :

eikr
,
a (r) = a (r) + Aba
r

(2.9)

m  ikb r
Aba =
e
V (r )a (r )d3r.
2
2h

(2.10)

34

Aba . |r|  |r  |

eikr
scat = Aba
.
r

d(, ), dN
d = sin dd
:
d =

dN
.
ja

(2.11)

, ,
( ).
r2 d
dN = jr r2 d
, jr ,


h
k
scat
scat scat =
scat
|Aba (, )2|.
jr =
2
2mi
r
r
mr
,
d =

k
jr r2d
= |Aba|2 d,
|ja |
ka

(2.12)

ka = k.
a
,


m  eik|r r |
 3 
a (r) = a (r)
2
 V (r)a (r )d r + . . .
|r r |
2h
,
m
Aba =
b |V |a
+
2h2



m 2  eik|r r |

 3 3 
b (r)
+
2
 V (r)V (r )a (r )d rd r + . . .
|r r |
2h

35

(),
. , , ..
(. 2.2):

. 2.2

( ) :
m
b|V |a
=
2h2 
m
m  iqr
i(kb ka )r
3
=
e
V (r)d r =
e
V (r)d3r.
2
2
2h
2h

Aba =

q = kb ka .

m
Aba =
V (q),
2h2
, ,
d =

m2
2
2 |V (q)| d.
2
4 h

exp(ika r) exp(ikb r)
V (r). ( ) "" :
2
d3 kb
2
| b |V |a
| (Ea Eb )
,
dPba =
h

(2)3
d3kb = kb2dkb d.

(2.13)

36

h
2k2
h
2 kdk
mdE 2
E=
,
; dE =
; kdk =
2m
m
h

2mEb mdEb
dE
b
kb2 dkb = kbm 2 =
.
h

h
2
-,

2kb m|Vba |2 d
.
dPba =
(2h)3
, , :
d =
2.1.1

dPba
m2 vb
=
|Vba |2 .
2 2
va
(2h ) va

, .
( ) ,
.
.
V (q) =

eiqr V (r)d3r.

a = 1/ka  RN (RN ),
qr  1, :
(qr)2
...
2
,
eiqr = 1 iqr +

V (q) =

V (r)d3r = const = V (q = 0) = V ,

(2.14)

37

.. a  RN
(
). , " " . ,
, (2.14) .
, 1
V (r) = V1 (r) + V2 (r R),

(2.15)

R
.
m
iqR
),
(2.16)
Aba =
2 (V1 + V2 e
2h
, ,

d
m2
2
2
2
= |Aba| =
V
+
V
+
2V
V
cos
qR
.
(2.17)
1
2
2
d
2h2 1
ka R  1, qR  1, (V1 + V2 )(r). qR  1
q ( , )
cos qR,
.
a  R , ,
, l=0 ( s). , p ,
. 2.3, b .

. 2.3

M
= pb. 
l(l + 1), , Ml = h
l
1

-: V (r) =

V (r  )(rr )d3 r .

38

( p):


h
l(l + 1) 

bl =
= l(l + 1)
.
p

l = 0, b0 = 0. l = 1 b1 = 2
 RN , l = 0 . ,
s-, . , ,
RN , , ,
(

).
, ,
, s-. RN ,
l = 1 ( p-), 10 .
, , , , ..
. .
. ka ,
ika r

(r) = e

(2l + 1)il jl (kr)Pl (cos ),

l=0

jl (kr) , kr  l :
sin(kr
jl (kr)
kr

a (kr)1

l
)
2 .

(2l + 1)il Pl (cos )l (r),

l=0

39


l
l
i  i(kr l )
i(kr
)
2 e
2
=
e
l = sin kr
2
2
.
, , , ,
.
.
.

, , x
( E = mx 2 /2 b ),
""
2
r = x2 + b2 ,
mr /2, r,
m(r 2 b2 )x 2
mx 2
mr 2
mx2 x 2
L2
=
=
,
=

2
2r 2
2r 2
2
2mr 2
L = mxb
.
, , E
:
mr 2
L2
E=
+
.
2
2mr 2

.

, ,
:
(r) = (kr)

1 

(2l + 1)il Rl (r)Pl (cos ),

l=0

Rl (r)

d2
l(l + 1)
2mV (r)
2

+
k
R
(r)
=
Rl (r)
l
dr2
r2
h
2

Rl (0) = 0,

(2.18)

40

(r) .

2
L
h
2 1 2
2 r
+ 2 + V (r) = E,
2m
r r r r
(2.18),
= f (r)Ylm, f (r) = R(r)/r.
- Rl (r) .
, Rl (r)


i
i  i(kr l )
l
i(kr l
)
2
2
Rl (r) =
e
Sl e
= sin(kr ) + (i)l (1 Sl )eikr ,
2
2
2
(2.19)
. Sl .
(r),
A() =


l

Al () =

i 
(2l + 1)(1 Sl )Pl (cos ).
2k l

Sl ( ) l ,
Sl = e2il ; Sl 1 = 2ieil sin l ,

(2.20)

, . (2.19)


i  i(kr l )
2il i(kr l
)
2
2
Rl (r) =
e
e e
=
(2.21)
2

ieil  i(kr l +l )
l
i(kr l
+l )
2
2
=
+ l ).
e
e
= eil sin(kr
2
2
, l .

41

P (1) = 1,
A(0) =

1
i 
(2l + 1)(1 Sl ) =
(2l + 1)eil sin l .
2k l
k l

d
= |A()|2
d


4
ll ,
Pl (cos )Pl (cos )d =
2l + 1

= 4k 2

(2l + 1) sin2 l ,

l ,

2
(2l
+
1)
sin

=
(2l + 1)|1 Sl |2 .
l
2
2
k
k
(2l + 1)
l. ,

l =

4
2
(2l + 1) = 4
(2l + 1).
2
k
R , ,
.
, 2 . ,
0 /2 , c
.
A(0)
(l )max =

Im A(0) =

1
(2l + 1) sin2 l ,
k

42

..

4
Im A(0).
k
.
=

2.1.2

,
( ). , :
,
. , " ",
, ..
.
(, ,
- , . . 2.4)
. 2.4.
,

Er

l.
Er , :
.
- (1928 .),
(1928, 1929).
,

43

. , "", r
i
Er ,
2
Er , > 0.
r :


 i (E i )t 2
e h r 2 



= e h .

r :
t

N = N0e h ,
, , (
)


1  dN 

 =
w=
,
(2.22)
N  dt  h

, , (2.22),
=h
/ (
).
(. (2.19) (2.21))

l
Rl (r) 1  i(kr l +l )
2

e
ei(kr 2 +l ) ,
r
r


Rl (r) 1

Al (E)eikr Al (E)eikr ,
(2.23)
r
r
Al (E) E:

Al (E) = il eil ,

Al (E) = (i)l eil .

2il

= (1)

l Al

Al

il Al

Al

(2.24)

44

E = Er i/2
,


i
Al Er = 0.
2
"" , (2.23) ,
. , ,
"" ,
.
Al Er 2i ,


i
Al (E) = E Er
2

al + . . .

(2.25)

Rl (r)
i
E Er
r
2

eikr
i
E Er +
al
r
2

al

eikr
.
r

(2.26)

, E = Er 2i ,
eikr
Rl (r)
ial
.
r
r
r
4hk

|ial |2 = 4v2 |al |2 .

4r2 jr =
m
h

, (
), /h,
|al |2 =

1
,
h
v

(2.27)

v = h
k/m .
(2.24) (2.25), :
2il

il al E

=e

Er 2i
.
al E Er + 2i

45

2il (0)

il al

2il

2il (0) E

=e

al

Er 2i
i
2il (0)
,
=
e
1

E Er + 2i
E Er + 2i

(2.28)

E Er 2i
eil = eil (0) 
.
2
2
(E Er ) + 4

l (0) .
|E Er |  , l l (0).
l = l (0) arctg

.
2(E Er )

(2.29)

,
, .
, , :


1 
A() =
(2l + 1) (e2il(0) 1)
2ik l

i
2il (0)

Pl (cos ).
e
E Er + 2i

(2.30)

, .
, .

d
2
1
2
=
(2l + 1)
d 4k 2
(E Er )2 +

2
4

[Pl (cos )]2.

(2.31)

E = Er 2 , ( E = Er ),
d
1
= 2 (2l + 1)2[Pl (cos )]2.
d k

(2.32)

46

, . ,
( ) .

1
l = (n + ) + l (0),
(2.33)
2
n .

2.2

, , . ,
. , , ,
8 /. ,

, , ,
, .
( 1934 ) 2,23 (.. 1 /)
, 3 H (8,5 , 3 /)
4
He (28 , 7 /), , , ..
.
, ( 2D 1/2 , 3H 1
, 4He 6/4 ). , , ,
.

47

. ( ).
(.. )
.
2.2.1

2
[E V (r)](r) = 0,
(2.34)
h
2
( m/2 ).
E . l = 0, = R0(r)/r
2(r) +

d2R0 m
+ 2 [E V (r)]R0 = 0.
dr2
h

(2.35)

V0 a:
V = V0 r < a,
V =0
r > a.
E = W , W > 0 ,
d2R0 m
+ 2 (V0 W )R0 = 0 r < a,
dr2
h

d2R0 m
2 W R0 = 0 r > a.
dr2
h

(2.36)

, R0 = r r = 0 r r.
:
R0 = A sin kr r < a,
R0 = Ber r > a,

(2.37)

48

m(V0 W )
(2.38)
h

mW
=
.
(2.39)
h

R0
ln R0 .
r = a,
k ctg ka = ,
(2.40)
k=









W
W
ctg ka =

(2.41)
V0 W
V0
, .
, ctg ka ,
, ka /2. , ka = /2
(W = 0), ..

h
22
V0 a =
.
4m
2

(2.42)

" ",
. , ..
n- ka = /2 + n.
2,2 . l = 0.
,
. (2.42)
:
2
2
cp
V0 =
mc2 ,
(2.43)
2
4 a

cp . "" , .. - ( 2, 8 ),

49

V0 0, 014mc2 13 .
. 2,23 , 21,4 ( ,
ka = 3/2,
V0 = 9h2 2 /4ma2 = 117 ).
.
, ( ).
, . ,
Cer
R0 (r)
.
. 2.5.

. 2.5.

1/ , ,
,
c , .
(1/  a),
.. "" :

1
m
h

= cp
=
4, 3 .

W
mW
, R0 (r)
r > a. R0 (r) r < a, C exp(r)
.

50

r = 0 ,
,
r > a.


R0 (r) =

r
e
2

(2.44)

.
R0 (r)
(2.37), A B. , B C, ,
, a,
:


B=

2.3

1 + a .
2
2

(2.45)

, ,
. , , .
s-
d2 R0 2
+ 2 [E V (r)]R0 = 0,
(2.46)
dr2
h

. r a E
V (ka  1),

d2R0 2
2 V (r)R0 = 0 r a
dr2
h

(2.47)

d2 R0 2
+ 2 ER0 = 0 r  a.
dr2
h

(2.48)

51

r,
(ka  1), , , r 0. E, .


R0 (r) 
=

(2.49)

R0 (r) r0
. E,
r a (
) E = |W |:


R0 = Cer , =

2|W |
.
h

(2.50)

, R0 /R0 = , .. = .

R0 = B sin(kr + 0 ),
r = 0



 |W |


=
k
,
ctg =

(2.51)

1
4
4 2
sin 0 = 2
,
2
k
k 1 + ctg2 0

4
1
2h2
.
(2.52)
=
k2 + 2
E + |W |
. , V (r), , , ( ). ,
,
( 2), |W |
=

52

. ,
.
2,5 .
(2030%). (2.52) W = 2, 23 2
2, 3 ,
20, 5 .
1935 , .
, , (
S = 1 ), ( S = 0), ,
:
1
3
= s + t .
(2.53)
4
4
1/4 3/4 , ,
( 4 : 3 Sz = 0, 1 Sz = 0 ).
Wt
Ws , :

h2 3
1
.
=
+
(2.54)
m E + Wt E + |Ws |
(E  Wt, |Ws|)
|Ws | , t
Wt . ,

Wt
3
t 1 +
4
3|Ws|

|Ws| =
2

1
4 t

Wt
.
34 t

: 1 =1024 2 .

53

20, 5
Wt = 2, 23 t 4h2 /mWt 2, 3 ,

|Ws | = 68, 3 .

s =

Wt
t = 75, 1 .
Ws

(2.55)

, : ,
, ,
.
Ws, .. , .
, .
, , 1/2. 3/2,
2,
:

h2 3
5
.
=
+
2m E + Wt E + |Wq |

(2.56)

Wq
, E 200400 ,
1,5 ,
.

54

2.4

1. V0 d

V (r) =

V0 r d
0 r>d .

:
R0 +

2m
(E V0 )R0 = 0,
h
2

R0 + K 2 R0 = 0,

K 2 = k 2 + 2 ; k 2 =
:
r

2mE
2mV0
2
.
2 ; =
h

h
2

R01 = A sin Kr.

R0 = C ei0 sin(kr + 0 ).

"" , 0 ,
:
KctgKd = kctg(kd + 0 ),
tg(kd + 0 ) = kD, KctgKd = K/tgKd D 1 ( ),

D
in tgKd =

tg0 =

tgKd
.
K

kD tgkd
.
1 + kDtgkd

kd << 1 (S-), ,
tgkd kd +

(kd)3
+ ...
3
3

)
k(D d (kd)
3k
.
tg
1 + k 2 Dd

55
kD , .. Kd (/2 + n),
tg

1
1

 1,
tg kd
kd

, 0 /2. ,
Kd = /2 + n = (2n + 1)

(2.57)

.
k 2 Dd << 1 ( k 0),
tg0 k(D d).



4
tg(Kd)
0 = 2 sin2 0  4(D d)2 = 4d2 1
k
Kd

K 2 = k 2 + 2 2
, ,

0 4d

tg(d)
1
d

(2.58)

, ,
(, 0 k). d = (2n + 1)/2 (tgd ). ,
S- Er = 0 . d = /2
1- E1 =0. , 2- c E2 =0
d = 3/2 ..
,
, , tg(Kd) = Kd,
. .
.
,


Kd =

d 2m(E + V0 )
h

= (2n + 1) ,
2

(2.59)

. , ,
.

56
2.

R0 = ei0 sin(kr + 0 ) = ei0 sin 0 (cos kr + ctg0 sin kr),
kr 0
i0

R0 e

sin 0

r
kr
1
= ei0 sin 0 1 +
.
a
tg0

tg0
1
=
k
k ctg0

, , R0 0.
3. V0 d
2 = 2mV0 /h2 , , ,
( i), (2.2)

2
th d
2
.
0 = 4d 1
d
() d thd 1,
0 = 4d2 .

D=

1
th d
0,

tg 0 k(D d) kd,

..
a=

tg0
= d.
k

:
4 sin2 0
4
0 =
=
k2
k2
k 0

1
1 + ctg2 0

0 = 4a2 = 4d2.

4
.
[k 2 + a21(k) ]

57
4.
S- R0
0 , ..
i
R0 = (eikr S0 eikr ) =
2
i
= sin kr + (1 S0 )eikr .
2
R0 :


d2
2mV (r)
+ k 2 R0 =
R0 ;
2
dr
h
2

R0 (0) = 0.

S0
e =

|1 S0 |2 ,
k2

(2.60)

( )
r =

(1 |S0 |2 ).
k2

(2.61)

S0 = exp (2i0 ), R0 = ei0 sin(kr + 0 ) r = 0.

S0
R0 d . ,
f (E) d R0 /R0 ,

1 + S0 e2ix
,
f (E) = ix
1 S0 e2ix

x = kd = d/
<< 1. f (E)

f (E) = f0 ih,
S0 :
S0 = e2ix

r =


(x h) if0
.
(x + h) + if0

xh
4
,
2
k (x + h)2 + f02

2


x
4 
e = 2 
+ eix sin x .

k  i(x + h) f0

58
R0 , f (E) r = d
r d. , f0 h ( ).
h = 0 , , f (E) = f0 , r = 0 |S0 |2 = 1.
.
Er , f0 (Er ) = 0, .
r e . f0 (E)
E Er E = Er ,


f0 (E) =

e =  f

f0
E

(E Er ) + . . . ,
E=Er

2x

r =

r =  f

2h
0

E=Er

E=Er

r e

,
k 2 (E Er )2 + 2 /4

= e + r .
e = 4|Ares + Apot |2 ,

Ares =

e /2
1
k E Er 2i

() ,
Apot =

1 ix
e sin x
k

() . Apot .
,
e = 4|Apot|2 =

4
sin2 kd  4d2 .
k2

( ), r = d R0 (kd) , ..
i
R0 (kd) = (eikd S0 eikd ) = 0,
2

S0 = e2ikd ,

59
kd  1
e =

4
|1 S0 |2 = 2 |1 e2ikd |2 = 2 sin2 kd 4d2 .
2
k
k
k

2(E Er ) = ctg,

1
1 e
2 e
sin ei .
=
i
k E Er 2
k

4
e = 2
k


 e



2
ikd 

sin e + sin kd e

.
()
(. . 2.6.).

. 2.6.
E/Er

. (
) , F v > 0. , x = x0 cos t,
F v = x0 sin t = x0 cos (t /2), ..

60
/2 . ,
.
, ,
. , .
5. . 1/v
Ea 40
A , .. :
rintern Rintern = CeiKr .
K 2 = k 2 +2 (E = Ea +V ), K , =

f = iKd iX,
.. f0 = 0; h = X,
S0 = e2ix

(x X)2
r = 2 1
k
(x + X)2

2mV /h.

xX
x+X

4 xX
4K
=
,
2
2
k (x + X)
k(k + K)2

1
1
4
.
k
v
E
1/v .
r

6.
A
S0 .
(r) =

B ikr
S0 eikr )
(e
r

S-
= eikr +

0 =

A ikr 
e =
l ,
r
l


i
ikr
e (1 + 2ikA)eikr .
2rk

61

S0 = 1 + 2ikA.

A A = +i,
:
e =

|1 S0 |2 = 4|A|2 = 4(2 + 2 ).
k2

(2.62)

r =

4
4
(1 |S0 |2 ) =
4(2 + 2 ) =
e .
2
k
k
k

(2.63)

(2.62), (2.63)
t = e + r ,
2
4
,
t = 2 (1 Re S0 ) =
k
k
:
= Im A =

k
t .
4

(2.64)

.
(2.62) (2.64)


 e


e
kt
2 =

=
4
4
4

(2.65)

, e
t ,
, :


 e


kt

A=
4
4

+i

kt
.
4

(2.66)

7.
, , R0 . , :
a = lim A.
k0

eikr
.
r
k 0 R0 r = r + A, r = A .
= eikr + A

62

2.5

,
, , .
, ,
, . ,
. ,
1/2 , , I.
, - I
1/2. (
+ ) j :
1
j = I .
2

(2.67)

, , : A+ ( j+ = I + 12 ) A j = I 12 .

I + 1 + 2(IS)
+ =
;
(2.68)
2I + 1

I 2(IS)
=
.
(2.69)
2I + 1
, :

+ jm =

jm =

jm j = I + 12
0
j = I 12

0
j = I + 12
jm j = I

1
2

(2.70)

, 2(IS)
3
2(IS) = j 2 I2 S2 = j(j + 1) I(I + 1) .
4

(2.71)

63

j :

2(IS) =

I
j+ = I + 12
.
(I + 1) j = I 12

(2.72)

, , ( j ) A+ A, , :

eikr
ikr

jm ,
= e + Aef f
r

(2.73)

1
{(I + 1)A+ + IA + 2(IS)(A+ A)} .
2I + 1
(2.74)
, ( + ),
Aef f = +A+ + A =

Acoh =

1
{(I + 1)A+ + IA} ,
2I + 1

(2.75)

, ,
Ainc =

1
2(IS)(A+ A) B(IS),
2I + 1

(2.76)

.
(Ainc = 0), A+ = A, .. ,
. , , (I = 0). Ainc
9
Be 40 Zr. , , ""
.
, , ..
e = 4 |Aef f |2
= 4 |Acoh + B(IS)|2
.

(2.77)

64

, , , , , IS
= 0, (
IS) .
(IS)2
= Ix2 Sx2 + Iy2 Sy2 + Iz2Sz2
=

I(I + 1)
,
4

(2.78)

(IS)2
= 3 Ix2 Sx2
= 3 Ix2
Sx2

1
1
Ix2
= I 2
= I(I + 1);
3
3
1
1 3 1
Sx2
= S 2
= = .
3
3 4 4
,
:

e = coh +inc

I(I + 1)
= 4(|Acoh|2 +|B|2 (IS)2
) = 4 |Acoh |2 + |B|2
,
4
(2.79)

coh = 4|Acoh |2 =


 I +1
A+
4 
2I + 1

inc = 4B 2 (IS)2
=

2
I
A  ;
+
2I + 1

4I(I + 1)
|A+ A |2 .
2
(2I + 1)

(2.80)
(2.81)

:

4

(I + 1)|A+|2 + I|A|2 .
(2.82)
2I + 1
2(I + 1) = 2j+ + 1 2I = 2j + 1,
:


4
e =
(2j+ + 1)|A+|2 + (2j + 1)|A|2 .
(2.83)
2(2I + 1)

e = coh + inc =

. (2.83),
t = 4|A+|2 s = 4|A |2 , , I = 1/2.

65

, (..
).
e (1, 2) = 4 |Aef f (1) + Aef f (2)|2
=
(2.84)
= 4|Acoh (1) + Acoh (2)|2 + 4B 2 (I1 S + I2 S)2
.
, ,
.. (I1 S)(I2S)
= 0, :
(I1 S + I2 S)2
= 2(IS)2 = I(I + 1)/2,

e (1, 2) = 4(|2Acoh |2 + 2|Ainc|2 ) =

I(I
+
1)
=
= 4 |2Acoh|2 + 2B 2
4
= 4coh + 2inc.

(2.85)

, , , , ,
.
,
.
.
.
2.5.1

(.. ) , . , .
,

66

, :
2h2
V (r r ) =
a (r r ).
m

(2.86)

a (a = A ), m
- , r - .
, (2.86), :
m  iqr
A =
e V (r)d3r = a .
2
2h
, - , RN 
(..  1012 , .
, ,
, , ,
. , () , ,
, . ,
.
, N - (). ,
, ()
( )
() i- l- :


d
d

li

k
|Ali()|2,
k0

lk|V (r, r )|ik0

=
2h2 

3 iqr 
=
l|
d
re
V (r r )|i
.

2h2

Ali =

(2.87)

67

Ali :
mn M
=
mn + M
A
1
= mn
= mn
1 + A
1 + A1

m =

(2.88)

- M
A ,
1
(2.89)
= mn
1 + A1
(),
$
A = A .
h2
, V = 2
m a (r r ) (2.87),

Ali = l|b eiqr |i
,
(2.90)

1 + A1
a
b =
=
a
m
1 + A1

, ,


2.5.2

d
d

li

(2.91)


2
k 
iqr

=
b l|e
|i
 .

k0

(2.92)

.
J = I 1 +I 2,
I 1 I 2 , , >> d, d
. exp(iqr ) 1,
:


d
d

ii

= D2 (a1ef f + a2ef f )2
,
1 + A1
D=
1 .
1 + 2A

(2.93)
(2.94)

68

. ,
d
= D2 [2acoh + b(I1 S + I2 S)]2
=
d
= D2 [4a2coh + b2 (JS)2
+ 4acoh b (JS)
].

(2.95)

, J = I 1 + I 2.
, ..,
,
(JS)
= 0

(JS)2
=

2.5.3

J(J + 1)
,
4

d
J(J + 1) 2
= D2 [4a2coh +
b ].
d
4

(2.96)

: 1,
, 0,
. J = 1 , J = 0 .
D = 4/3. (2.75) (2.76) I = 1/2:
acoh =

I +1
I
3
1
a+ +
a = a+ + a ,
2I + 1
2I + 1
4
4

(2.97)

2(a+ a )
= a+ a .
(2.98)
2I + 1
a+ a
. ,
.. t s . - ,
b=

69

, , ,
Ws .
,
4
d
= [(3a+ + a )2 + J(J + 1)(a+ a )2].
d 9

(2.99)

4. ,

) (J = 0)
par =

16
(3a+ + a )2;
9

(2.100)

) (J = 1)
ort =

16
32
[(3a+ + a )2 + 2(a+ a )2] = par + (a+ a )2. (2.101)
9
9

, ort > par



ort
1x
2(a+ a )2
=1+
=
1
+
2
par
(3a+ + a )2
3+x

(2.102)

x = a /a+ . , ort /par . , x = 3

.
,
t
Ws
=
0, 03,
s
Wt
.. |a+ |/|a | 0, 2 |x| 5.
a+ a (x = 5), (2.102)

ort
1, 5;
par
,
(ort /par )max = 3 x .

70

a+ a (x = 5), (2.102)
ort
19.
par
-
, ort /par 30. , ,
.
a+ a
a+ = 5, 38 ,

a = 23, 69 ,

|a |/|a+ | = 4, 40. (2.102)

ort
1, 42 x = 4, 4
par

ort
30, 8 x = 4, 4.
par

,
J(J + 1)
, .. ( I = 1/2)


J(J + 1)
1 3
1
3
=
1(1 + 1) + 0(0 + 1) = ,
4
4 4
4
8

3
16 2
[4acoh + b2],
9
8
:
= 4

(1, 2) = 4

16 2
[4acoh + 2inc],
9

3
I(I + 1)
= ;
4
16
3
inc(1, 2) = 2inc = 2 b2.
16
(IS)2
=

71

, , - ,
( 0 1 ).
, ( E = 0, 0147 ),
.
( , 20K,
) .
.
.

1. .. . .: , 1963.
2. ., . . .: , 1958.
3. .., .. . .: ,
1989.
4. .., . . .: , 1969.

 3

3.1

, .
, , . r n ,
, a1 , a2, a3 :
rn =

3

i=1

ni ai ,

(3.1)

ni , . . 3.1.

. 3.1.

,
r n , :
V (r) =


n

2h2 
Vn (r r n ) =
an (r r n ).
n
72

(3.2)

73

2h2

=
2h2

A =


n

n

rr =r 

n
eiqr Vn (r r n )d3r
=

Vn (q)eiqrn =


n

An (q)eiqrn ,

(3.3)

An n- . ,
( ) a, (
)


d
a2  iqrn 2 a2   in1 qa1 +in2 qa2+in3qa3 2 a2



=
F (q),
e  =
e

d N  n
N n1 n2 n3
N


F (q)=| n1 n2 n3 |2 . N . C,
, ,
( ) q
qr n = (n1a1 + n2 a2 + n3 a3)q = 2n,

(3.4)

n . n = N ; d/d N a2 .
( q) ,
, N ,
, 1 3 N 1023 . ,
,
(3.4)1 . (3.4) , q
a1 q = 2h; a2 q = 2k; a3 q = 2l.
(3.5)
. o q, ,
b1 , b2 , b3 ,
q ( ).
1

, N , F (q) = (2)3 (N/V )(q g), g , (3.4).

74

q = hb1 + kb2 + lb3,
h, k l , .
,
1) a1 b1 = 2; a1 b2 = 0;
a1b3 = 0.
2a2 b2 = 2; a2b3 = 0.
2) a2 b1 = 0;
3) a3 b1 = 0;
a3 b2 = 0;
a3b3 = 2.
1- : b1 a2 a3 .
2-, :
b2 a1 a3 .
3-:
b3 a1 a2.

b1 = 2

a2 a3
[a3 a1 ]
[a1 a2 ]
; b2 = 2
; b3 = 2
.
(a1 [a2 a3])
(a1 [a2 a3])
(a1[a2 a3 ])

() .
.
:
q = k k = g,
g = hb1 + kb2 + lb3 . (hkl)
. . , g
,
g = |g| d = 2/g. , , 2/|b1 | , a1 , a2 , a3,
, a2 , a3 ,
, , .. ,
.

.

75

, ,
( ) . ,
k = k0 + g.
(3.6)
, ,

(3.7)
k 2 = |k0 + g|2 = k02 .
, .
(3.7) :
2k0g + g 2 = 0.
(3.8)
k0 : = /2, k0
g, g = 2/d k = 2/, (3.8)
= B ,
,
2d sin B = ,
(3.9)
.

3.2

(3.2),

V (r) = V (r + ai ),

(3.10)

,
(. . 3.2). g, g = 2/d,
d . .

76

g.

. 3.2. ) .
, . ) ( ) ,
g.

, , , g. x g,
. x:
V (x + d) = V (x),
:
Vg (r) =


n

Vn exp(


2i
nx) = Vgn eign x ,
d
gn

(3.11)

gn = 2 n/d, g1 = g. , , ,
,
g n , , ,

77

dn = d/n ( n- ,
dn = d/n). {g} , ,

, ..
V (r) =


n

Vn (r r n ) =


g

Vg eigr = V0 +


g

2vg cos(gr + g ).

(3.12)

, , ,

,
Vg = Vg

(3.13)

Vg = vg eig .

(3.14)

. ,
,
V (r + ai ) =


g

Vg eigr+iaig = V (r),

, gai = 2 n.
,
.
(3.12):

m 
A =
Vg
ei(qg)r d3 r =
2
2h g V =1

m 
=
Vg qg = N A(g)qg ,
2
g
2h g

(3.15)

A(g) ,
Vg =

igr 3

V (r)e

V =1


= N

dr=

 igr 
n

Vn (r)eigr d3r =

Vn (r)eigr d3r =

2h
N A(g).
m

(3.16)

78

, gr n = 2n, ,
: An (g) A(g),
, N , N = 1/.
, ,
q = g, .., ,
, N 2.

, ( ) (
), .. ( ) .
, , , ,
. , , ,
.

3.3

, ,
, .
,
V (r) =


a

Va (r r a ).

(3.17)

, . , ,
. i , -

79

, n , r a

ra = rn + ri,
(3.18)
r n (3.1).
,
. V(r) =
= 2mV (r)/h2 ke2,
h
ke .
 igr
2mV (r)
=
V(r)
=
e
Vg ,
g
h
2ke2

(3.19)

Vg =

2m  igr
2m   igr
3
e
V
(r)d
r
=
e Va (r r a )d3r =
2 2
2 2
h
ke V =1
h
ke a


2m  igra 


=
Va (r)eigr d3 r =
= 2 2 e
h
ke a
n () i ()



2m 
= 2 2 eigrn eigri Vi (r)eigr d3 r =
h
ke n
i

2mNc  igri 
=
e
Vi (r)eigr d3r .
2 2
h
ke
i

(3.20)

Nc ,
, gr n = 2n, , V(n+i) (r) = Vi (r),
. ,
fi(q),


2h2
fi(g).
Vi (r)e d r = Vi (g) =
m
igr 3

2m 2h2  igri
4Nc
Vg = 2 2
Ne e fi (g) = 2 Fg .
m
ke
h
ke
i

80

Fg .
Fg =

 igr
i

.
,
,
, . g, Fg = 0 (
). ,
( ),
, ,
, .
,
. , .. ,
.
ua a- r a ,
r a = r a + ua ,
V (r, ua ) =


a

V (r ua ra ).

 igr
2m
V
(r,
u
)
=
e
Vg (ua ),
a
g
h
2 ke2

2m  igua igra  igr

Vg (ua ) = 2 2 e e
e Va (r)d3r.
h
ke a

.
(.. ),

81

ua =

igua


q>

U q eiqra + U q eiqra .


ig( q )

=e

 ig(U eigr +U eigr )

q
q
q

exp :
eig(U q e

iqr

+U q eiqr )

= 1 + ig U q eiqr + U q eiqr |gUq |2 + . . .

, ,


eigua 
=


q

1 |gU q |2 = 1


Wg =


q

|gU q |2  eWg ,

|gU q |2
= |gua |2
.

eWg -. ,
Vg =

4Nc
Fg ,
ke2

:
Fg =

 W
ig

fi (g)eigri .

-
g.
. ( -) ""
ua ,
, h
g h
/ua .
-. ,
, , , ( ), ..
()

82

. ,
. , ( h
2g 2 /2M) ,

, , .
.
- . - ( ), h
g
- h
k. .

3.4

,
(. 3.3), n , .

. 3.3.

,
nr = 0.
, ,
:
i = eike r .
(3.21)
-

83

2mV (r)
1 2
1

+
= 0,
ke2
h
2ke2

(3.22)

 igr
2mV (r)
=
V(r)
=
e Vg .
(3.23)
h
2 ke2
g

, ( ).
g,

k0 =


g  ,s

ug s ei(k0 +g )r |s
,

(3.24)

k0 . (3.24)
(3.22)


(k0 + g  )2
(k0 +g  )r
(k0 +g  +g)r
1
se
se
u
|s

V
u
|s
= 0. (3.25)
g
g
g
ke2
gs
gg  s

g  = g  + g (,
, g  = g  g) ugs:


(k0 + g  )2
1
s
u
Vg ugg,s = 0.
g
ke2
g

(3.26)

.

k0 , .
, |kg
|k0 + g
Eg = h
2 k2g /2m.

84

, . ,
. , ug s ,
, . ,
|k0
|k0 + g 
k0 k0 + g  ,
ke2 k02 |k0 + g|2 ,
,
. , .
, , (nr) = 0.
, , ,
. ,
.
k0 = ke + n.
.
.

ket
. ,
. ,
.
.

85

.
, ,
(3.26), .
(3.26), () :

k2
1 0 V u = 0.
0
0
ke2

(3.27)

s. , .., , n
(
. [1, 2]):
k02
4Nc
(3.28)
n 2 = 1 V0 = 1 + 2 F0.
ke
ke
, , V0. ,
2

 
h
2ke2
1  
V0 =
V0 = Nc [ Vi (r)]d3r =
[ Vi (r)]d3r V . (3.29)
2m
c
i
i

, , , .
.
, (3.26)


ke2 (k0 + g  )2 ug


g

ke2Vg ug g = 0,

, g = 0,


ke2 (k0 + g  )2 ug ke2V0 ug

g=0

ke2 Vg ugg = 0.

86

k02 (k0 + g  )2 ug =


g=0

Ug ug g ,

k02 = ke2 (1 V0 ), Ug = ke2 Vg .

ug = 0g , , , ug = Ug /[k02 (k0 + g)2 ].
, , , ,
:
= eik0 r +


g

 Ug igr
Ug
ikg r
ik0 r
e

e
1

e ,
k02 kg2
g 2g

kg =k0 +g, g = (kg2 k02 )/2

g.

||2 = 1


g

|Ug |
cos(gr + g ).
g

, g , .. ,
, ,
(. (3.12)). ,
, (..
)
.
,
(g 0) g "" ,

g  |Ug |. (g = 0) , Ek

87

, h
k0 h
(k0 + g).
, ,

.
. , , G,
k0
kG = k0 + G, (3.26)

k2
1 0 V u V
0
0
G uG = 0,
ke2

2
+
G)
(k
0
1
V0 uG VG u0 = 0.
ke2

(3.30)

( det = 0)

k2
(k0 + G)2
n2 0 n2
|VG |2 = 0.
2
2
ke
ke

(3.31)

k0 (..
) () .
( ) , . .
3.4.1

,
,
, . . -

88

V0 . ,
:
k02
4 
Ni fi(0),
n = 2 = 1 V0 = 1 + 2
ke
ke i
2

(3.32)

Ni . , ,
u0.
,
h
ke. ,
( ), k0
k0 = ke + n.

(3.33)

(3.32),
ke2 + 2(ken) + 2 = ke2 ke2V0 .
:
2 + 2(ken) + ke2V0 = 0

2
+
2
e + V0 = 0,
ke2
ke

(3.34)

ke n
= cos ,
ke
(.. ).
e =





V0
2
= e e V0 = e e 1 2 e (1 ),
ke
e

89




1

V0
.
e2

= ke e (1 ) = ke n ke n,
, k0 (3.33) n,
k0n = ke n + = ke n = ke e,
.. , . , .
, ,
.
,

= c1 eik0+ r + c2 eik0 r .
c1 c2 .
3.4.2

, :


eiker + reike r ,
r , ke
, , |ke | = |ke |. ( ), ,
, .. ket = ket ; ken = ke n.

90

,
k0 n > 0, k0+.
= ceik0 r .
nr = 0. k0
k0 = k0t + k0n,


eiket r + reiket r = ceik0t r .
r , ( ).

: 1 + r = c. (
)
:

ke n + r(ken) = ck0 n = cke n.

, , ke n = ke n,
:

1 + r = c,
1

r = c.

r |c|2
r=


1


1

2

+ 





1

(3.35)

2 2
 .
|c| =
(3.36)
+ 
, . . D , ,
2

91

D cos = D(ke n)/ke,
, .. D cos 0 = D(k0 n)/k0.
, ,
Je =

(ke n) h
h
ke
(ke n)
D
D.
=
m
ke
m

, :
J0 = |c|2

h
k0 n
k0 n
h
k0
= |c2 |
D
D.
m
k0
m

, , . ,
h
ken
h
k0n h
h
ken
ken
=r
+ |c|2
=
(r + |c|2 ),
m
m
m
m
, ,
r + bc2 = 1.

(3.37)

(3.38)

, ,  .
= 1 V0/e2 = 0 , , .
1. , ( ),

. "" ( ) . ,
( ), ,
, ,

92

.
.
, ,

(r = 1). =

2 = 0, , = 1 V0 /ec
c
:
e2 cos2 = V0 .
. , , "" ( )
2
/2m = h
2ke2 cos2 /2m V0 . h
2ken

.
, e < ec = V0
(k0 n) = k0n = ke e




1

V0
i
,
=
e2
L

:
= eket rnr/L.
( )
L:
1
.
L=
ke e ||
, n = k0 /ke
= /2 .




2
2 1/2


sin

 (n cos )

(3.39)
r =  2
1/2 + sin 
 (n cos2 )

L=



2  n2

.

2

cos 

(3.40)

93

, ,
cos c = n.
(3.41)
,
n2 = 1 V0 = 1 +

4Nc
4Nc 
F
=
1
+
fi(0),
0
ke2
ke2 i

, ke = 2
, , ,
, ,
:
2 
2
n =1
Ni ai .
i

sin2 c = 1 cos2 c = 1 n2 = V0
, .
, , .. a 1012 , ()

2 1023 1012 2 1011
2
V0 = N a

3
2
0, 1
A, .. 109
V0 1018 1011 107,

c sin c =

V0 0, 3 103,

..
.
,
, .. c = 2 . n = 0,
.. V0 = 1. , , ,
.

94

h
2ke2
2ke2
4N h
2h2
Ec = V0 = V0
= 2 a
=
N a,
2m
ke
2m
m

h
24 2
2h2
N a,
=
2m2c
m
..


c =
.
Na
N 1023 3, a 1012 , 2 1011 2,

A.
c 0, 6 105 = 600
, N = NA /A, , A
, NA , NA 6, 02 1023 3.
, , (), ,
. ,
, , ,
( ).
c 1
A v 4 105 /=
=4000 /, c 600
A v 6, 7 /.

Ec 2, 3 107 . (),
, ,
(. 3.4). ,
3.1.

3.5

.. 1959 . [3], . 1974 .

95

E < 104 .
1974 . 2-
.. . [4]
:
: E < 104 ,
: E < 107 .
.

. 3.4.
,

3.1. ,

BeO

D2 O

/3
1,80
2,90
2,0
1,105
2,70
7,86
8,92
7,14
11,34

acog
1012
0,78
0,66
0,35
0,96
0,79
0,59
0,96

c
Ec

A
107
580
2, 4
558
2, 62
687
1, 73
702
1, 66
1230
0,54
620
2,1
698
1,72
900
1,02
969
0,82

vc
/
6,8
7,1
5,75
5,6
3,2
6,3
5,7
4,4
4,1

1968 . .. [5].
-1
(. , ), , , . -

96

.
103 2c1 (
106 /3).
, . .
(
) , . kT .
vc
( mvc2 /2  kT ) (. [6])

1 mvc2

.
8 kT
kT 0, 025 (T = 300 K) vc 6 /
1011.
kT ,
.
(, )
, ,
( ) ( ), ,

, . .

kT .
1968 . .
( , . ). , (
1014 /2) . -

97

. 3.5. , , 2, 5 105 / ( 0, 6 104 /2
.
70- ,
- [7, 8], (, . , ) HFR (
1015 /2)
-
. ,

.

, ,
,
- . 5 , 15
, . 1, 8109 /2

(PF1).
:
, , FRM-2, ,
- ,
. ,
- (SINQ) , ( , 1,8 , .. 1016
/) 590 . , , -

98

- (
). 1,3
570 ( 0, 74 )
, 10 ,
.
1014 /2, , . . ,

[9, 10]
, - () .
, , , Ec , . , , , 1, 94107
(650
A). Ec1 > Ec0 ( )
Ec0 < E < Ec1 . ,
, . , , :
Be 580
A 650
A (6,1 6,8 /),
F e 620
A 650
A (6,3 6,8 /).
, ,
. ,
1 2 107 4,4 /.

99

. 3.5.
- [7, 8] (. .. .)

( ).
( )

100
3.2 .
()

N
1
(1a)
2
3
4
(4a)
5
6
7

n [s]
885,4 0,9 0,4
885,4 1,2
889,2 4,8
882,6 2,7
888,4 3,1 1,1
888,4 2,9
878 27 14
887,6 3,0
877 10

8
9
10
11
(11a)
(2a)
(9a)
12
13

876 10 19
891 9
870 17
903 13
875 95
937 18
881 8
918 14
885,7 0,8

/
. ., 2000 [11]
. ., 1997 [12]
J. Byrne et al., 1995 [13]
W. Mampe et al., 1993 [14]
. ., 1992 [15]
. ., 1990 [16]
R. Kosakowski et al., 1989 [17]
W. Mampe et al., 1989 [18]
W. Paul et al., 1989 [19, 20]
( )

J. Last et al., 1988 [21]

. , 1988 [22]

M. Arnold et al., 1987 [23]

. ., 1986 [24]

. ., 1980 [25]

J. Byrne et al., 1980 [26]

. ., 1978 [27]

C.J. Christensen et al., 1972 [28]
Abele, 2000 [29]
Particle Data Group, 2002 [30]

()
,
.
3.5.1

3.2 ,

.
, ,
(, )

101

- (,
) -2 [24, 25]. . 900 , ,

10 -.
.
, , (
). , ,
,
,
, , . , ,
105
[31].
[32].
, ,
.
( 700 10 ) . .
, ,
(. . 3.6). ,

.
" " ( ) (, )
- [15, 16, 33].
, ,

102

- , ,
.. , .
( ) (
-).
. 3.6 . , , ,
( , ,
.. ) -
. ,
"" , .
,
. .
( , , 15
), . -
, .
-
[23], 3,3 ( 0,4%).
2000 .
, , n =
= 885, 4 0, 9stat 0, 4syst [11, 12], 0, 9stat
, , 0, 4syst , -

103

. 3.6. (. .. ): 1 ,
2 , 3 , 4, 9
, 5 , 6 , 7
, 8 , 10 , 11 , 12

104

. , ( 2004 .)
n = 885, 7 0, 8 c.


,
. , .
, , ( ), (
).
. ,
,
3 .
2004 . ,
(. 3.6), [34]. (low
temperature fomblin LTF)
C, O F. 2354, 1,83 /3,
1, 03 107 . 160 ,
, ,
, ( 2, 2 106 ). 5
, 5 .
100 . , (,
).

105

. 3.7
( ).

. 3.7. ( 0) .
,

: n = 878, 5
0, 7stat 0, 3syst. 7,2
6,9 [11]. 6,5 5,6
, .

, .
-, ( 3-
)
( .

106

). - [35], 0,15% , , . -,
, 15%.
, .

.
. .
, .
3.5.2

. [36]
1951 . .. [37] 1960 .
( ),
( ) ( , ).
: , B . , .
( ) (.
. 3.8)
U = B(r),
..

107

, , ,
. r
n B(r)
,
Ee
,
n2 = 1

1/2

n B(r)
sin c =
Ec

, Ec = n B(r0).

, B (1 = 104 ) n B 107 ,
. 1
3,4 / (
0, 6 107 ), , .
,
. . , , ,
, 0 = 2B/h.

. 3.8.

|+
|
,
0 . T ,

108

, T r/v, r , , v/r. << 0

. B(r)
.
,
, , , ,
.
(. 3.9),
, . 3.10. ,
() ,
, ( Z) ,
Z.

. 3.9.

. 3.10. . (
)

109

. 3.11.

. 3.12.
Z

. 3.13. [19, 20], ( ).

RS , .
((B)/r)

110

, ,
|B(r)| r(. . 3.11). ,
, Z . 3.12. ,
.
( , .. )
B(r) = B0r2 /r02, ..
( 2n-
rn1 [38]). ,
. .
[19, 20] , . . 3.13.
B0 3, 5 . 5 20 /. ,
, 2(R + r0) =113 ,
2(R r0) =104 . ( |B|)
. 3.14.
20012004 . () (, ) - 15,6 ( 18 , 55 ),
[39, 40]. ,
, .. . 20- , . . 3.15 3.16. ,

1 B 1, 2 . 2 /.

111

. 3.14. ( |B|)

.

. . 3.17.
, . . 3.6. , ,
, ( )
.
( ),
. ,
( , ),
.
, .
-

112

. 3.15.

113

. 3.16. ,

878 6 c.
, ( )
.
, .. . 2005
.

3.6

, , , .
, ,
. -

114

. 3.17. -
. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7
, 8

115

c
Een =

2
h
2 ke2 sin2 c
h
2 ken
=
= V0 Ec,
2
2

Ec ,
.
Ec
sin2 c = V0 =
,
Ee
c  1

vc
V0 =
Na =
= ,

c
v
c , vc .
,



(2)
(1)

c = V0 V0 = N (2) a2 N (1) a1 .

, , .
.
c =

3.6.1

()
.
U = B,
B ,
, = , .

116

, , :


V
2m
2
2
m
n =1
= 1 N a 2 2 B = 1
Na
B ,
Ee

h
ke
2h2
2




 Na

m
=

B .

2h2
,
, , ,
.

, ,
m
B > N a.
2h2
, , (Co) B 0, 65B, B .
, .

P  0, 98 0, 99. , () , .. .

.
, ,
B , ,
( ),
, .
B ,
.

(1,2)
c

117

, (
) , .
3.6.2

c (. . 3.18)
, ,
. , , .
. 3.18. Ir

a c,
.
. b

,

< c (
D, , . . 3.19).
. 3.19.
.
< c
, ,
(D)
sin

(-).

118

, :
= 2d sin B .

.
, , , , (, ),

,
(.. ), ,
> D = 2dmax, dmax
, ..
. < 2dmax , ,
,


E < ED . . 3.3 ,
.
3.3. ,

D (
A) ED ()
Be
3,95
0,0052
BeO
4,4
0,004
Pb
5,7
0,0025
C ()
6,69
0,00183
Bi
8,0
0,00128

, : ,
. (, ),
N (2) a(2) = N (1) a(1) .

119

, .
3.6.3

c , , , . ,
, , , E0 ( 0 )
, c . c,
, () ,
.

2
V0

sin c = N acog =
,

Ee
2

2
Ee = h
2 ken
/2m "" ,
. (
) "" (
), , "" "" (. . 3.20).

. 3.20. , V0 ,

Ee =
2 /2m. "=h
2 ken

"
2 /2mV .
2 ken
V0 : E0 = h
0

""
( z) Eemin = V0

120

0. 0
, , :
< (0) =






sin 0 = c sin 0.
N acog

, ,
Emin =

Ec
.
sin2

1, Ec 107 , Emin 103 .

.
, ""
, . : , . 3.21.
. 3.21. ,
,

, .
Emin < E < ED

0 = 30,
(, ) 5 104 5 103 , .

3.7

1964 . .. .. [41, 1]. . , "", , .

121

.
= N gI,
N , I .
H, z (..
H  ez ),
Em = H = N gHIz .

Em
= Iz m,
kT

N gH
.
kT
En T :
em
P =  m ,
e
=

m,

. , (
)


Iz
=

z=

I


mem
m
 m
e
m

em =

m=I


m

(1 +

1 z
,
z
2 m2
+ . . .).
2

I << 1

2 2
z 2I + 1 +
m.
m 2
:


I

m=I

m2 =

I(I + 1)(2I + 1)
,
3

122

Iz
=

I(I + 1)(2I + 1)
1 z
=
=
z
3(2I + 1)

I(I + 1) N gIH(I + 1) H(I + 1)

=
=
.
3
kT
3kT
V0
( )
4
V0 = 2 N (acog + bI
hS),
k0
h = ez , ,
2(a+ a )(I + 1)H
bI
= b Iz
=
.
(2I + 1)3kT
,
=

a = acog + b(IS) ia ,

1
[(I + 1)a+ + Ia ],
2I + 1
2(a+ a )
b=
.
2I + 1

acog =

bIS
= b Iz
hS bI
hS,

bI
= b Iz
=

2(a+ a )(I + 1)H

.
(2I + 1)3kT

, Sz = 12 . , (nB). ,

123

n2 = 1 V0 =

4N
2m
(a
+
bI
hS)

(BS)
=
cog
n
ke2
h
ke2
= 1 (V0N + V ),

= 1

V = n (B N + B)) , ,
B

2h2N bI
h
=
.
m2 n

,
, , . .
.
,
-
. ( y) .
x. 12 , Sz ( z)?
, 1/2
: S = /2,

x =

0 1
1 0

0 i
i 0

1 0
0 1

12 ,
0 = c1 12 21 + c2 12 12 ,
, :
1
0 |Sx |0
= ,
2

Sy
= Sz
= 0.

124

0 =

c1
c2

= c1

1
0

+ c2

0
1

:
1
1
x 0 = 0
2
2

0 1
1 0

c2
c1

c1
c2

c2
c1

c1
c2

c21 + c22 = 1,
1
c1 = c2 = ,
2

1
1
0 = .
2 1
.

1 i
y 0 =
i
2

0 |y |0
= i + i = 0.

z 0 =

1
1

0 |z |0
= 0.

1 1
0 =
2 1

1
1
=
2 0

1
0
+
2 1

125

, x.
1/2 z . 1/2
, x
. ,
(x, y) ,
.

1
1
1
k0 = ke 1 V0 ke (1 V0 ) = ke [1 (V0N V0 )] = k0 k.
2
2
2
,
1
1
+ eike y + eike y ,
2
2
y
k
k
1 ik0 y 
+ ei 2 y + ei 2 y =
(y) = e
2

1
ei 2 y
= eik0 y i k y
2 e 2

?
,
, ..
(y)|x |(y)
, (y)|y |(y)
, (y)|z |(y)
.
, .
1) (y)|x |(y)
:

x(y) = x

(y)|x|(y)
=
2) (y)|z |(y)
= 0.

ei 2 y
k
ei 2 y

ei 2 y
k
ei 2 y

1  iky
e
+ eiky = cos ky.
2

126

3) (y)|y |(y)
:

y (y) = y

ei 2 y
k
ei 2 y

iei 2 y
k
iei 2 y

1  iky
e
eiky = sin ky.
2i
,
(1,0,0), y (cos ky,
sin ky, 0). (xy), .
, ,

(y)|y |(y)
=

= ky = ke Vy =

4N (a+ a )(I + 1)N

4N < bI >
y=
y.

ke
2
ke
(2I + 1)3kT

.
,
( ).
h, , ,
.
-.
y = vt, = kvt = t,
h
kk
h
2
2(B + B N )
E
2
= vk =
=
(k k) =
=
,
m
2m +
h

E = 2(B + B N )
1/2. ,
(.. ), (
) (B + B N ), ,
(B + B N ).
= 2(B + B N )/h.

127

I


I

n=I

n2.

n2 = (I).

n=I

(0) = 0,
(I + 1) = (I) + (I 1)2 + (I + 1)2 = (I) + 2I 2 + 4I + 2,
,

(I) = I 3 + I 2 + I + .

(0) = 0, = 0.

(I+1)(I) = (I 3 +3I 2+3I+1I 3)+(I 2+2I+1I 2)+ = 2I 2 +4I+2.
I,
I 2 : 3 = 2 = 2/3;

I : 3 + 2 = 4 = 1;
1
I0 : + + = 2 = .
3

1
1
2
(I) = I 3 + I 2 + I = I(I + 1)(2I + 1).
3
3
3


[1] .. . .:
, 1995.
[2] .. . .: ,
1986.
[3] .. . , 36
(1959) 19521953.
[4] .. .
, 161 (1991) 109127.
[5] .. . III , .2. -, 1968,
.1438; , 95 (1968) 145158.
[6] .., .. . .: , 1997.
[7] .., .., .., .., .., .., .., ..,
.., .., .., ..,
.., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .., .. - . ,
44 (1986) 269272.
128

129

[8] Altarev I.S., Mityukhljaiev V.A., Serebrov A.P., Zakharov A.A.

Cold and ultracold neutron sources in Gatchina, Russia. J. Neutron
Research, 1 (1993) 7177.
[9] Serebrov A.P., Mityukhlyaev V.A., Zakharov A.A., Nesvizhevskii V.V., Kharitonov A.G. Is it possible to have the next generation
of UCN sources with densities 103 104 3? ,
59 (1994) 728733.
[10] Serebrov A.P., Mityukhlyaev V.A., Zakharov A.A., Kharitonov A.G., Nesvizhevskii V.V., Lasakov M.S., Taldaev R.R.,
Aldushchenkov A.V., Varlamov V.E., Vasilev A.V. Experimental
study of a solid-deuterium source of ultracold neutrons. JETP Lett.,
62 (1995) 785790.
[11] Arzumanov S., Bondarenko L., Chernyavsky S., Drexel W.,
Fomin A., Geltenbort P., Morozov V., Panin Yu., Pendlebury J.,
Schreckenbach K. Neutron lifetime measured by monitored storing
of ultra-cold neutrons. Nucl. Instr. and Meth., A 440 (2000)
511516.
[12] Arzumanov S., Bondarenko L., Chernyavsky S., Drexel W.,
Fomin A., Geltenbort P., G
unnenwein F., Morozov V., Panin Yu.,
Pendlebury J., Schreckenbach K. Neutron life time value measured
by storing ultracold neutrons (UCN) with detection of inelastically
scattered neutrons. Proc. of 5th International Seminar on Interaction
of Neutrons with Nuclei (ISINN-5) E3-97-213, Dubna, 1997, p.53-66.
[13] Byrne J., Dawber P.G., Habeck C.G., Smidt S.J., Spain J.A.,
Williams A.P. A revised value for the neutron lifetime measured
using a Penning trap. Europhys. Lett., 33 (1996) 187192.
[14] ., .., .., ..,
.. .
, 57 (1993) 7781.

130

[15] .., .., .., .., .., .., ..

. , 102 (1992)
740747.
[16] .., .., .., ..,
.., .., .., .., .., .., .., ..
.
, 52 (1990) 984989.
[17] Kossakowski R., Grivot P., Liand P., Schreckenbach K., Azuelos G.
Neutron lifetime measurement with a helium-lled time projection
chamber. Nucl. Phys., A 503 (1989) 473500.
[18] Mampe W., Ageron P., Bates C., Pendlebury J. M., Steyerl A.
Neutron lifetime measured with stored ultracold neutrons. Phys.
Rev. Lett., 63 (1989) 593596.
[19] Paul W., Anton F., Paul L., Paul S., Mampe W. Measurement of
the neutron lifetime in a magnetic storage ring. Z. Phys., C 45
(1989) 2530.
[20] Anton F., Paul W., Mampe W., Paul L., Paul S. Measurement of
the neutron lifetime by magnetic storage of free neutrons. Nucl.
Instr. and Meth., A 284 (1989) 101107.
[21] Last J., Arnold M., Dohner J., Dubbers D., Freedman S.J. Pulsedbeam neutron-lifetime measurement. Phys. Rev. Lett., 60 (1988)
995998.
[22] .. .
, 94 (1988) 111.
[23] Arnold M. Messung der Lebensdauer freier Neutronen. Dissertation,
University of Heidelberg, 1987.

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[24] .., .., .. . ,

44 (1986) 444446.
[25] .., .., .., ..

. , 31 (1980) 257261.
[26] Byrne J., Morse J., Smith K.F., Shaikh F., Green K., Greene G.L.
A new measurement of the neutron lifetime. Phys. Lett., B 92 (1980)
274278.
[27] .., .., .., ..,
.. .
, 28 (1978) 329333.
[28] Christensen C.J., Nielsen A., Bahnsen A., Brown W.K., Rustad B.M.
Free-neutron beta-decay half-life. Phys. Rev., D 5 (1972) 16281640.
[29] Abele H. The Standard Model and the neutron -decay. Nucl. Instr.
and Meth., A 440 (2000) 499510.
[30] Review of Particle Physics. Hagiwara K. et al. (Particle Data
Group). Phys. Rev., D 66 (2002). 974 p.
[31] .., .., .., .., .., .., ..
. , 55 (1992) 9294.
[32] A.., .., O.., M..,
A.., A.., .., A..,
.. .
2576, , 2004. 24 .; Phys. Lett., A 335 (2005) 327336.
[33] Kharitonov A.G., Nesvizhevsky V.V., Serebrov A.P., Taldaev R.R.,
Varlamov V.V., Vasilyev A.V., Almenkov V.P., Lushchikov V.I.,
Shvetsov V.N., Strelkov A.V. Preliminary results of neutron lifetime

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measurements with gravitational UCN trap. Nucl. Instr. and Meth.,

A 284 (1989) 98100.
[34] Serebrov A., Varlamov V., Kharitonov A., Fomin A., Pokotilovski Yu., Geltenbort P., Butterworth J., Krasnoschekova I., Lasakov M., Taldaev R., Vassiljev A., Zherebtsov O. Measurement of
the neutron lifetime using a gravitational trap and a low-temperature
Fomblin coating. Phys. Lett., B 605 (2004) 7278.
[35] Hogan J. Surprise nding reveals short-lived neutrons. New Scientist,
2479, 25 December, 2004.
[36] Paul W. Proc. Int. Conf. on Nuclear Physics and Physics of Fundamental Particles, Chicago, 1951.
[37] .. ,
. , 39 (1960) 10621068.
[38] . ( . , 8
1989 .). , 160 (1990) 109127.
[39] .., .., ., ..,
.., .., ..
. , 27, . 24 (2001) 6470.
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Serebrov A.P., Bazarov B.A., Geltenbort P., Hartman F.J.,
Paul S., Picker R., Zimmer O., Kovrizhnykh N.A. First ever
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[41] .., .. . , 47 (1964) 10501054.

 4

4.1

( ),
H. :
:

= H.
(4.1)
t
( ) U ,
U :
U = U
(4.2)
ih

, , ,
(1) U :
ih
..

U
1
= UH U
  U ,
t
1

U
= H U U ,
t

ih

H U = U HU 1 .

(4.3)
(4.4)

134

(U + U = 1) U

U = ei T ,
, ,

U + = U 1 = ei T ,

T (.. T = T +),
, , , (4.4) :
H U = ei T Hei T .

(4.5)

( )
H U = (1 + i T )H(1 i T ) = H + i [T, H].

(4.6)

,
, T (.., , , ,
), T :
[T, H] = 0.
(4.7)
, H U = H.
,
:
dT
1
= [T H].
(4.8)
dt
ih
, T 
, , T .
, , , .

, .
, :
(t + ) (t)
1
=
= H,
t

ih

(4.9)

135

..

= ( + t) = 1 + H (t),
ih
U

(4.10)

H
,
(4.11)
h

.. . ( ) , H .
,

. ,
T =

U = (r + a) = (1 + a)(r),

(4.12)

p
= ,
(4.13)
i
h

p= ih .

, .
T =

. 4.1. ,

r
(,
) (. . 4.1)
r = [ r],

(4.14)

, |r| = r sin ,
r .
U = (r + r) = (1 + [ r])(r) = (1 + [r ])(r), (4.15)

136

L
T = ,
(4.16)
h

L = ih[r ] .
,
.
, p, S L, , ,
p2/2M, , p, S L.
( ) . :
(pL), (pS), (LS), (p[S L]), (S[p L]), (L[p S]).
, , . , ,
(.. ),
(LS), .
, ,
,
H = (LS).

(4.17)

- ,
, .
.
, (.. ).

137

, , , .
. .
, (., , [1]).

4.2

( )

, (.. , ) 180
. .

(P -) :
,
.
, , ,
.
- , -
, (. 4.2).

138

. 4.2. - , , .
, , ,

, ,
-, , , . ,
P -. , , , ,
.
- , ,
, , , , ,
, ,
, , .. .
[2] 1956 .
( )-, ,
+ +
-, .
. , + +
( K +-),

139

, ,
(.. , . ). .
1957 [3],
- 60Co (60 Co 60 Ni + e + ). ,
(. . 4.3).

. 4.3. - -

60

Co

, (.. , . 4.3,
).
:
W = W0 [1 + aSP (SN pe )].

(4.18)

P - (Sp) - . , . (P ) ( C).
, ( -), , , CP .
- (. 4.4).

140

. 4.4. CP - -

60

Co

, , , , , , .
, - ,
, . -
( ) , [4]
[5] 1957 .
P -

P - . , .
:
P = p.

(4.19)

, :
p
= H pp,
(4.20)
ih
t

(4.21)
H p = P HP 1 .
, p (4.21), ,
P HP 1 = H
P H HP = [P H] = 0,

(4.22)

p
. ,

141

, P  .
P :
P |u = p|u.

(4.23)

, , |u ,
P 2 |u = p2 |u = |u
, ,

(4.24)

p = 1.

|u+ ,
P |u+  = |u+ ,
.
|u:
P |u  = |u ,
.
P -

H, E, P , .
,

H|u = E|u,
P HP 1 P |u = EP |u
HP |u = EP |u.

E P |u |u:
P |u = p|u,

142

, |u P .
,
.
,
.
Ylm(, ) sinm ()(coslm + a coslm2 + . . .)eim .
r r r, , r, , + .
P Ylm (, ) = (1)l Ylm(, ).

(4.25)

, , , :
P A(+)P 1 = A(+);

P A()P 1 = A().

(P -) .
, ,
A = u|A|u ,
, ,
A = u P 1 P |A|P 1 P u  = A,
A = 0.
P - , ,
u+ + u|A()|u+ + u = u+|A|u  + u |A|u+ =
= 2Re u+|A|u .
(4.26)
,
, , , .

143

, Q , .. P -
, , , , ..
P -, , , . ,
P - . P -
. - P - cos p (.. cos
), aSP (4.18).
, , , .

4.3

1996 . 1896 .
, .
, , , ,
. , ,
( 1903 .
: , , ). ,
, 82, ,

, .
1898 .
, -, 1900 . , -

144

-, .
- . - , 1933 . , , 1931 . - (, ,
), , . -
, : , ,
. , -
- : GF = 1, 436 1049 3.
h
= 1, c = 1 GF 105/m2p .
, -,
G2F . , - ,

GF . ,
(,
2 106 , 900 )
,
: 1 G2F 5.
( , B-, -) . ,
, .
1958 - . (S n P e ), (S nP ), S n , P e , P
, , -.
, , ,

145

-
n p + e + e ,
- ,
e + e + .
, . [6]. (w) (
= 1/w)
( )
w=

1
2
=
|H|2 (E),

(4.27)

H , (E) ( 2

). .
, , :
A + B C + D,
:

A B c , ,
C D, .. .


H=

C (C)D
(D)V (A, B, C, D)A(A)B (B)dAdB dC dD . (4.28)

146

V (A, B, C, D) . , . ,
,
, c.
, , ,
, , , P . :
H =G

C (P )D
(P )A (P )B (P )d.

(4.29)

G . , ( ) , A + B
C + D,
A C + D + B,
.. A C, D -B.

, B ( )

P (tB < tP ), (tB > tP ),
.
, . , ,
, ,
(
B ).

147

, . H ,
. . , ,
. , , . , ,
: .
1/2 4-
. , ,
,
, .
.
4.3.1

(
) 1/2 - x , 4-
A (x) (, A), ,
, , :
,
Vem = ej (x)A(x),
j = (, j) 4- , j (x) = p(x)p(x), p(x)
(, ), p(x) =
= p+(x)0 , , .

148

, .

ih

= H,
t

(4.30)

H = cp + mc2 ,

(4.31)

p = ih ,

0
0

1 0
0 1

2 = I, i2 = 1. i : i + i = 0 i k + k i = 2ik , ..
.
, ( h
= 1, c = 1), :

i( + im) = 0,

(4.32)

(p m) = 0.

(4.33)

p0 = i/t = i0, p = i,

= =

0
0

0 = =

1 0
0 1

02 = 1, i2 = 1 + = 0 = (,
0, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3).

5 = i012 3 =

0 I
I 0

149

52 = 1, 5 + 5 = 0,

5 =

0
0

1 + 5 =

I I
I
I

. x .

, , ,
, ,
:

,
:

,
, .
Vem =

j (x)j (x )D (x x )d4xd4x ,

D (x x ) ,
(.. ) 1/|rr |, .. . ,

150

, -,
, .. h
/m c, , ,
,
:

, , , , , :

, . . -
:
3
GF h
H = [p(x)n(x)] [e(x ) e(x )] (x x ) + ..
c 2

( ):

151

(, ) :
GF  l
GF
k (r1 )kN (r 2)(r 1 r 2)il (r1 )iN (r2 )d3r1d3 r2 = ,
k|H |i =
2
2
, ,
me GF
me 1020
me 106
me

k|H |i

a=
2 2
m2p
mp
2h2

, 1046 2.
,
, , -.
jN = p(x)n(x)
(
, , , ),
,
je = e(x)(x).
H
(V ) . , , , (S),
[pn][e], (P ) [p5n][e5 ], - (A)
[p 5n][e 5] (T ), , [p n][e e], = 12 ( ).
- 1 ,
1

C , - -

152

( ), ,
V - A-, S- T - (
, ).
4.3.2

P , .. . [2]
( ) ,
[pn][e5], [p n][e 5], .. -

H =

(pOi n) (eOi (Gi + G i 5 )) ,

(4.34)

Oi = 1, , , 5, 5. 10
Gi , G i, .
, ,
[5], [4] , . , (, ), .
. [7] 1958 .
. ,
L. .
( ) ( ), , s-.
I = 0, 1, . ,
l = 0 I > 1, , - , ,
( ., , [8, 9]).

153

= L + R ,
(4.35)

1
1
L = (1 + 5 ); R = (1 5)
(4.36)
2
2
.
(
p m) = (E0 p m) = 0.

(4.37)

, , a a = a0 0 a 4- a .
,

-,
:
p
.
(4.38)
=
E+m
, 1 + 5 , L:

1
1
I I
L = (1 + 5) =
I
2
2 I

1
=
2

(4.39)

, L
+ . ,


p
= 1
.
(4.40)
E+m
E  m v = p/E 1
(1 n) ,

(4.41)

n = p/p .
z ,

(1 z ) =

0 0
0 1

(4.42)

154

1
, = ,
0
0
z, = z.
1

1
0
, L = 0, = , L = 0, = , ..
0
1
L ,
( ). R ( ). ,
-.
,
, .
, .
.
:
H =
4.3.3

Gi (pOi n) (eOi L ) + ..

(4.43)

1958 . , [10] , [11]. ,

,

L = (1 + 5)/2,
eLOi L, Oi = 1, , , 5, 5 :
eL Oi L = e

1 5 1 + 5
Oi
.
2
2

,
1 5
1 5 1 + 5
1 5 1 + 5
1 + 5
=

=
5
= 0.
2
2
2
2
2
2
, , ,

155

. ,
1 5
1 + 5
1 + 5
1 5 1 + 5
5
=

=
,
2
2
2
2
2

3
GF h
H = [p(x)(1 + 5)n(x)][e(x)(1 + 5 )(x)] + ..
c 2
. , , ,
. , e(x)(x),
-, e(x)5(x), ,
(V A)-. ,
5 c = ic, ,
v +c,
- v pS,
- -.
- . , ,
, ,
, . , , ,
, .
( , ) d- 1/3
u- 2/3
:

156

3
GF h
H = [u(x)(1 + 5 )d(x)][e(x)(1 + 5 )(x)] + ..]
c 2
GF
GF
[jq jl + ..] = [(V A )(v a ) + ..],
2
2
jq = V A jl = v a ,
(V A)-. -
d- u-
:

, ,

( ,
). -

GV
H = [(V + A )(v a ) + ..],
2
= GA /GV - GA GV . , -

157

. [12], 2003 . ,
= GA /GV = 1, 2695 0, 029.
( dEe
de, d ) ,
pe , p , -
:
W dEe ded pe Ee(E0 Ee)2 dEeded


pe p
m
pe
p
pe p
1+a
+ b +  n  A + B
+D
Ee E
Ee
Ee
E
Ee E



b , a, A, B D :
1 ||2
a=
,
1 + 3||2

||2 + Re
A = 2
,
1 + 3||2

||2 Re
Im
B=2
, D=2
.
2
1 + 3||
1 + 3||2
( ) Im = 0,
D : D = 0.

A.
[12] :
A = 0, 1173 0, 0013,
B = 0, 983 0, 004,
a = 0, 103 0, 004,
D = (0, 6 1, 0) 103.

158

A [13], 2002 .
Perkeo II, , : A = 0, 1189 0, 0007,
= 1, 2739 0, 019.
4.3.4

,
. - , - .

. G4 ,
. ,
, ?

. ,
107 .
? , ,

159

-2
(, , ), P - , . . 4.5.
. 4.5.
-, , ..
-

-?
( ), , .. , (
P - P H HP = 0).
,
. , P -
d = er, P - , (dE)
(H) ( ) :

, , ,



 (+) H W  () .
2

- (N+ N )/(N+ +N+ ),

N+ , N . , N+ , N
.

160

( H W P -, .) , , ,
(+)
()
1 2 ,

(+)
()
1 = 1 + 2 ,

1+ |H W |2 
.
=
E1 E2
,
, E1 E2 .
1
, :
W
=

EM

 

 (+)

1





 (+) H EM  (+) 
 1
0

()
2

2


 EM  (+) 
H
 0 




()  EM  (+) 2
2 H  0 

|B(M1) + B(E1)|2 =

(4.44)

= |B(M1)|2 + [B (E1)B(M1) + B(E1)B (M1)] + 2 |B(E1)|2.

,
2|B(E1)|/|B(M1)|. , ( ) M1 -
E1, .

- , (n, )- ,
. - .. [14] (
- 482 Ta181 396 Lu175). - P = (6, 01,0)106 181Ta P =+(4,01,0)105 175Lu.

161

-
1964 .. ( (), )
[15], - (
)
113
Cd, ( 1965 ) . . [16], -
181Ta. P -
- .
- 181Ta [17] , , , : [14] - 181Ta 30
, .
, . [14] (
,

8 , ).
1974 .., .. (), ..,
.. () . 3
, ,
, -
. P - -,
3
.
.. [18].

162

, -
. A P - -

n + p d + .
, , ,
- .
, A 6 108, ,
10%
108. .
- P , P 5 107 (
CL = 90%).
( 108),
- .
4.3.5

, :

, () , ,

163

.
: ,
(.. d-) ( ) , GV < GF .
, ( . ) S = 1 5 ,

S = Q. , s- Q = 1/3 S = 1 u- Q = 2/3
S = 0.

, s- d- u-,
.
. 1963
[19]. ,
GF , d- s-:
d = d cos C + s sin C ,

(4.45)

GF
GF
H = [(ud )(ee)] + .. [cos C (ud)(ee ) + sin C (us)(ee )] + ..
2
2

(V A)- . , -.
, , sin C 0, 23.

164

, - ( ,
, + p + n):
GF
H = [(ud )( )] + ..,
2
(, ):
GF
He e = [(ee)( )] + ..
2

, , d , ,
,
s = d sin C + s cos C .

(4.46)

Q = 2/3,
s - Q = 1/3,
, u- (Q = 2/3) d - Q = 1/3.
1964 . .
.
, c- ( charm). 1970 . , [20] cs ,

jGIM = c (1 + 5)s .
,
, c-. 1974 .
[21, 22], [23] ( 12, 13
18 , ) J/- (m = 3096, 87 0, 04 )
( = 875 ).
3,7 . ,

165

( )
( , C = 0). 1976 .
() () , . [24].
(cc-), (C = 0) (., , [12]).
, 1975 . :
(e, e, u, d) (, , c, s). , ..
.

j = ee + + d u + s c,
(4.47)
d s (4.45), (4.46):
d = d cos C + s sin C ,

s = d sin C + s cos C .

,
, :
GF
H c = j j+ ,
(4.48)
2
j , , . (4.47), , ,
( ), j+ - , .
4.3.6

(4.47) : ,
. , e 1 2 ()

166

m1 m2 :
e = 1 cos + 2 sin ,

= 1 sin + 2 cos ,

(4.49)

. 1 2 , ,
.
: .
e ( ), t = 0 , , e ,
t :
(t) = 1 cos eiE1 t + 2 sin eiE2 t ,

(4.50)

E1 = p2 + m21 p + m21 /2p, E2 p + m22 /2p. ,

E = E2 E1 = (m22 m21 )/2p m212/2E, m212 = m22 m21 .
(4.49) :
1 = e cos sin ,

2 = e sin + cos .

(4.51)

(4.51) (4.50),
(t) = (e cos sin ) cos eiE1 t + (e sin + cos ) sin eiE2 t =


= e cos2 eiE1 t + sin2 eiE2 t + cos sin eiE2 t eiE1 t .

t .
W ( )
W ( ) =






iE t
cos sin e 2

2
eiE1 t 





Et 2

iEt
sin 2 e

i sin

2 




El
1
1
= sin2 2 [1 cos(Et)] = sin2 2 1 cos
,
2
2
v
E = (E1 + E2)/2, l ,
, v 1 .

1
m212l 1 2
l
W () sin2 2 1 cos
= sin 2 1 cos 2 ,
2
2E
2
L

167

4E
4E
2
= 2

.
2
E
|m2 m1 | m212

m212l

= 1 sin2 2 sin2 .
W (e) = 1 sin 2 sin
4E
L
2

. 1957 ., . [25, 26], 19982002 .

( -), ,
( )
, , . [27, 28].

.
- K-, . , ,
e .
. , N /Ne = 2. ,
( ),
N /Ne > 2.
,
. , (N /Ne )DAT A (N /Ne )M C . ,
SuperKamiokande (SK, ) , R = (N /Ne )DAT A /(N /Ne )M C = 0, 63 0, 03stat 0, 04syst.
, , .
-

168

20 . 1000 . , - , 13000 . , e-,

e, , , , , , , .
, SK , . -.
2005 . K2K
(, ), 200 , , , ( ), , , ,
, .

, 12 , SK,
250 .
107 ,
151 . SK
.
, .
,

sin2 223
= 1
( 2 3) m223 = 2, 8 103 2.
, , .
, , e .

169

(SNO),
. SNO, D2O, ,
-. , , e,
e
. SNO ,
e . , e () .

e :
+1,2
m212 = 7, 10,6
105 2,

+2,4

12
= 32, 52,3
,

sin2 212
= 0, 90 0, 04.

, , ,
. ,
( e
), -.
4.3.7

1975 . .
(. [29]) , ,
- 1777, 0 0, 3 = (291 1)
1015 . :
l + l + ,

h + .,

l e , h K. ,

j ( ) = = (1 + 5) ,

170

, .
-, , .
, - ,
2/3 1/3, .
top bottom t- b-. :
true beauty .
1977 . . (. [30]) - ()
(m 9, 4 , m 10 , m 10, 4 )
( 60 ). ,

bb, ..
. , 1995 ., 20 b-, ( . . , ) t- [31, 32],
. [33]. , , -
, 174, 3 5, 1 [12],
.
, ,
, :
j = ee + + + d u + s c + b t,

(4.52)

d , s , b , .
d, s, b, (
) :

d
s
b

Vud Vus Vub

Vcd Vcs Vcb
Vtd Vts Vtb

d
s
b

(4.53)

171

Vik (-), (, , 1973 . [34])

( ) , ,
, (
).
, d -,
, :
d = Vud d + Vus s + Vub b.
: 0, 9739
Vud 0, 9751; 0, 221 Vus 0, 227; 0, 0029 Vub 0, 0045
(CL=90%) [12]. , d-
s, b, |Vub |2 105.
( -):
|Vud |2 + |Vus |2 + |Vub |2 = 1.
2 |Vud |2 , ., , [13]:
n1 = C|Vud |2 (1 + 32 )f R(1 + R ),

(4.54)

( . h
= 1, c = 1) C = G2F m5e /(2 3) = 1, 1613 104 1,
f R = 1, 71482(15) ,
-
, R = 0, 0240(8) ,
. , 32 , , - n1 G2V + 3G2A =
2
(1 + 32 ), GV = Vud GF ,
= GF Vud
, , , GA , .
3.

172

. 4.6. Vud , .. 2004 . (

, . ). ( ) . , PERKEO
II ( )

173

. 4.6,
, 23 .
- ( ), |Vud | ( ),
( GF
). ,
|Vud |, 
|Vud | = 1 |Vus |2 |Vub |2
( |Vub |2 ,
|Vud | ). |Vud |, 0 0 ( ,
,
).
Particle Data Group (PDG) 2002
[35] 2004 . [12] ( , , , , ) , . . 4.6
( CL=90%)
, PDG 2004 . [12].
|Vud |,
- , , , , , ..
2002 , .
, ,
. , PERKEO-II
.
[13],
,
, .
. 4.6 , .

174

.
, , (
. 4.6). |Vud |, - ,
. .
: , - , , ( , ). ,
, CKM-.
,
7 .
,
.. 2004 ., 6,5
.
, .

.
, n ,
|Vud |, ( ).
,

.
, ( ) ,
,
, , , ,
.

175

, ,
-.
4.3.8

( )

-
, .
1964 . [36], . [37].
- , ,
P - , (sp) ( s
p , ),
,
- ( ).
( ) ,
,

fW

GF mn W
(p)

=
1+
mn
2 2

(h = c = 1),

W = (cpZ +cn N +ce Z) ,

Z , cp , cn ce ,
, . , ,
cn = 0 ce = 0. , f (
)
f = fN + fW ,
fN .
,
f n:
n=






1+

4
2
N
f

1
+
N f.
k2
k2

176

, (p), ,
|+ |
: n = n0
n/2, ,

2
2 GF W N
n = 2 N (f+ f) =
k
k
( p = k). ,
. z .
|+ | z ,

z =

1 0
0 1

z | = |, ,

|+ =

1
0

| =

0
1

ke ( z = 0)

1
1
1
|i = (|+ + |) =
2
2 1

x =

0 1
1 0

.. x|i = |i. x.
, x ? |+ | k = n ke , ,
L

1 
|f  = |+eike n+ L + |eike n L =
2

177

1
= eike n0 L |+eike nL/2 + |eike nL/2 =
2

1 ik0 z ei/2
1 ik0 z 
i/2
i/2
|+e
+ |e
= e
= e
ei/2
2
2

(4.55)

k0 = n0ke , = ke nL. ,
f |x| f  = cos , f |y | f  = sin , f |z | f  = 0,

0 i
.
y =
i 0
,
x, L
p, ..
. , . ,

, .. . , .. P -.
L

4
= ke nL =
N L(f+ f) = 2 GF W N L.
ke
, , , .
(.. ), . ,
,
( ):

4
= ke L Re n =
N L Re (f+ f ) = 2 GF W N L.
(4.56)
ke

178

Bi209 N = 0, 3
1023 3. ,
, cp = 1, cn = 0, ce = 0,
W  80  1, 4 106 /.
P -
,

, .
4.3.9

- | |+. ,

, , ,
, - , , .




2
GF W
GF W k
= 4 a + (mn k) 4 a2
a .
2 2
2
, . (

) GF :

+
2GF W k
=
.

a
Pz , L,



N+ N
1
N
Pz =

1
,
(4.57)
N+ + N
2
N+

179

N k, L.
N = N0eN L.
, N0+ = N0, L :
L
N
L
,
= eN ( + )L e 1 +
N+

= 1/N , = (+ + )/2 = + .
:
Pz =

N L
1 L GF W k
1 L

=
=
.
2
2
a
2

(4.58)

A L , :
A=

N+ N
2
N L
=
N L Im(f+ f).

N+ + N
2
k

(4.59)

10
105 ( W 102, 4a2  1 ).
P - 1980 . (
. [38]). , ,
:
(124Sn) = (0, 48 1, 49) 104 /,
(117Sn) = (36, 7 2, 7) 104 /.
, , ,
(4.56), P -
(

180

). 1976 . [39], p- P -
124Sn.
5 104 / [39].
, , ,
117Sn [38], . .
,
( p- ) .. .. [40],
.. .. (. [41, 42].
,
, -.
-30 ( 30
) p- 0,74 139La P -

, 10% [43].
p : ,
, -, .
- [44], , P -

139La.
[45]. , [44], . 4.7.
[40, 41] , p- (n, ) - , P -
.
, -

181

. 4.7. () p 139 La () [44]: ,

.
,

. 1977 . .. (,
)
233U, 235U 239Pu , . [46].
, ,
104. , , .. [47] , .. [48] .. [49] (, ), . ,
, (n, )-,
- ( , ), -,

182

100 ,
, , . , ,
( 1010), , ,
,
. P -
.
, .
. [40, 42, 50].
,
- .
, . ,
P -
[51][54] p- ( -),
- .
- , , , , , ,
.
1973 . ,
.
4.3.10

. ?
70-

183

, .. , , ,
n + e+ p +
( ) (
),
+ e+ + + e
:
, , .. , , ,

, , , :

( ).
1973 . , , 19731974 . [55, 56] [57]

+ N + (),
:

184

, .

+ N + (),
..

,
. ,
, ,
:
e + n e + n,
e+pe+p
, , . , , , ( ,
, ., , [58]), , ,
, ,
-,

185

( ) (!), . [58].
P -
1978 . -
,
[59]. (SLAC, ) [60].
,
,
, . , ,
.
1982 . ee . ,
( , )
. , .. . , , , e ds,
, , 12-
.
, . , ( L L ),
( R R ) . , e , , , u, c,
t,
1
+ Q sin2 W ,
2
Q , W ( sin2 W 0, 22. ,
e, , , d, s, b,
1
Q sin2 W .
2

186

Q sin2 W .
. (4.48) ,
,
GF
H n = jn jn .
2
, ( ).
.
. , . . 1979 .
, . [61][63].
, .
W -, Z-, ,
.
, W - Z- , , , [12]: mW =
= 80, 425 0, 038 , W = 2, 124 0, 041 ; mZ = 91, 1876
0, 0021 , Z = 2, 4952 0, 0023 .
. c

[64].
1983 .
W - Z-. , 1984 ., ,

187

W Z , , , [65].

4.4

CP T -, ,
CP T -, , ( ). ,
, , CP T - , , . , , CP - T -
, , CP T . ,
, , T -, (. . 4.8, 4.9).

. 4.8. T - , ,

. 4.9. T - (SP ) -

60

Co

188

, (SP )
T -. T - , , -
. , , (.. , ,
. . 4.10).

. 4.10. T - -

T - , (S, P p ),
, :
W 1 + D (P e , [S P p ]) .

(S, P p ), D ,
. ,
(P e [SP p ]). T - . D = (0, 6 1, 0) 103
[12, 66] .

189

, .. [67].
CP - 1964 . [68] K20 2 0 , K20 + , CP -.
CP ( T ). 2004 .
, Belle BaBar,
, CP -
B-, [69, 70].
, ,
: T - T -, ,
. ,
, m T -, p
L = [r p] T -, H T - .
,
, .
, (t = t)
, .
, :
ih

= H.
t

T , . , T :
T
T
ih = ih
= HT .
t
t
, , - ,

= H a .
ih
t
O,
OH = HO;

O+ O = 1,

190

, ,
ih

O
= HO .
t

T = O = OK = ,

= OK; K . K
:
K

ai i =

ai Ki,

|K|K| = | || = ||| = ||| .

,
, | |.

- ,
.
, (.. + ),
T ,
, ,
.
, , .
, : -.
, . .
- F , C F F (F , ,
, ..),
F
C,
CF C 1 = F, CF F C = 0,

191

.. , , F = 0, .. B = 0,
Q = 0 .., .. .
.

4.5

K-.

1953 . -
, , , .
K- . , , , K, , ... ,
, .
, . ,
,
. , :
K + p p + K + + + + 0

K + p + + ,

( )
K + p 0 + + .
, ( ):
K + p 0 + 0 .
,
, , ,
K + p p + K + K 0,
K + p p + ,

192

K + p 0 + K 0,
.
.
, ,
4.1, ,
. , ,
.
4.1

1
+
0 0

K0
K

0
p
n

+1

+ K +
0 K 0

, , .
s (). , , charm ()
c-, beauty () b- t true (). , . ( ) . 4.2 (Elementary Particle constituents)
:

193
4.2

generation
family 1 2
3
q
B
1
e
0
0

2
e

-1
0
3
u c
t
+2/3 +1/3
4
d s
b
1/3 +1/3
( ), .
(t- b) : top bottom, .
, .. u- d- (up down),
.
,
, ,
. , s s. (..
).
, . () , u d- , . .
-.
( 1/2) :
(uud) ; (udd) .
:
(ud) -; (uu + dd) 0 -; (ud) + -.
.
S = 1 ,
(- -), - (S = 2)
.

194

:
0

K = (ds);

K 0 = (ds);

K = (us);

K + = (us).

B
.
, ,
+ p 0 + K 0,
K 0 , , -,
0 = (s, u, d) , K 0 = (sd) .
0
, K :
0

n + p n + n + K + K +.
0

, K 0 K ,
, . ? ,
. ,
+ p 0 + K 0
, :
0

p + K 0 + + ,
0

.. K 0-, , K 0 . 0 :

p +
n + 0,

- .
, , ,

1010 .
S = 1, :
K 0 + + .

195

K 0-,
0

K + + ,
0

K K, + +
+ + . ,
( )
0

K 0|2 = K |2.
+, . , K- , -
, P - . CP -. C-, , CP -. .
0

, ,

K K0

K2 =
,
2
K2|2 = 0,

0
K + K0

K1 =
2

2 , , 2
. , K2
CP - ( -),
, CP -.
, CP |K 0 = |K 0,
CP |K1  = |K1

CP |K2 = |K2 .

196

:
+ + K 0

+ + K .

, , K 0
0
K . 0
K 0 K :
0

K |W | K 0 = K 0 |W | K  = A.
, , , - [71].
0
0
K 0 K , K 0 K . , ,
, ..
K 0 |W | K0

K 0 |W | K 0,

A. ,
,
0

K 0 |W | K  = K |W | K0
A , , K 0
-, .. mK 0 < m2 .
.
, A . ,
.
, , 0
K 0 K , . ( 0
) K = c1 K 0 + c2 K .

c1
c2

=E

c1
c2

197

H = H0 + W ,
(E0 + W11)c1 + W12c2 = Ec1 ,
W21c1 + (E0 + W22)c2 = Ec2 .
Wik = A,
[(E0 + A) E] c1 + Ac2 = 0,
Ac1 + [(E0 + A) E] c2 = 0.
c1 , c2
[(E0 + A) E]2 = A2,

E0 + A E = A.

E2 = E0 ;

E1 = E0 + 2A.

:
(2)

c1

(2)

c2

(1)

= 1;

c1

(1)

c2

= +1.

,

1 
0
K2 = K 0 K ;
2


1 
0
K1 = K 0 + K .
2

2A = i,

1  0
0
K1 = K + K ei(E0 +)tt,
2

1  0
0
K2 = K K eiE0 t .
2
K 0- (K1 ),
(K2 ). , K2

198

3 -, 600 . 2-
- K2 .
K 0-
0
-, K 0-, K ,
.. . ,
1
K 0 = (K1 + K2)
2
, ,
1
0
K = (K1 K2) .
2
t = 0 K 0-, t
:

1 
K = K1eiE1 tt + K2eiE0 t =
2



1   iE1 tt
K0 e
+ eiE0 t + K 0 eiE1 tt eiE0 t =
=
2





1
= eiE0 t K0 eitt + 1 + K 0 eitt 1 ,
(4.60)
2
0
.. K 0 K ,
, 0
. - K




2

1
0
W K = K(t)|K 0 =
1 + e2t 2et cos t .
4
K 0



1
1 + e2t + 2et cos t .
W K0 =
4
. K 0-,
0
K , -, (
0
K 0-) K -, .
. , = 0, 96; 0, 35 105 . ( ), : m/m  1014.

199

4.5.1

CP - K 0-
0

, K = CP K 0. K 0 (S K 0 = 0), - ( + ),
, l = 0, C = 1, P = 1 CP = +1.
- CP = +1, ..
K10 =

K0 + K 0

.
2

K20 . , K20 CP - + 2 103 . CP -

K20- - 1964 . , , [68].
B 0 -, 0
0
b-. Bd0 = bd, B d = bd Bs0 = bs, B s = bs.
b- d- s-.
, ,
:
b c + l + l ,
b c + l + + l .
2004 ., , B 0 -
CP .
4.5.2

, , n n ..
[72] ( , ) 4
(. [73]). [72]
4

( - ,

200

n n . ,
(.. , 1967 . [74]), , -, , , -,
, CP -.
() ,
.

, , , , , :
p 0 + l+ .
( , )
. ,
[12]:
p > 1031 1033 .
.
2.
:
n n,
, , , -
< 104 ).
B = (nB nB )/n nB /n , nB , nB , n , . ,
, ,
B = 108 1010 ,
t 106 , T 1 .

201

. , .
H0 , , ..
H0 n = Un n, H0 n = Unn.
Un = En in/2, Un = En in /2, En, En
, , n = 1/n, n ( ).

Un = Un = U0 = En in/2,

(4.61)

, W , n n, H0 + W :
(H0 + W )n = En ,
n (), :
n = an n + an n.

(4.62)

= n|W |n = n|W |n, :

Un
Un

an
an

=E

an
an

(4.63)

( )
:
(4.64)
(Un E)(Un E) 2 = 0.
n n (Un = Un = U0),
, (4.61), (4.64)
E1,2 = U0 = En

in
.
2

(4.65)

202

(4.63) an an ,
an

E Un
=
=
=
.
an
E Un

E U0

(4.66)

(4.65), (4.66) , an /an = 1, .. E1 , E2

, ,
1
1
n 1 = (n + n), n 2 = (n n).
(4.67)
2
2
K-,
.
n n , , , ,
(Im <<< n ). K ,
K1 K2 .
t = 0 , , ,
t

n
(n + n) it (n n) it
1
e
e
+
=
n(t) = (n 1eiE1 t +n 2 eiE2 t ) = eiEn t 2 t
2
2
2
n

= eiEn t 2 t (n cos t in sin t),

(4.68)

Pn (t) = |n|n(t)|2 = en t sin2 t.

(4.69)
, , ,
, .
B ( ) n n, -

203

, .
Un = U0 + n B,

Un = U0 n B,

(4.70)

(4.64) :
(U0 E + n B)(U0 E n B) 2 = 0,

(4.71)

2
,
(4.72)
4
= 2n B .
1 2
E1,2 = U0
+ 42.
(4.73)
2
(4.66)

a(1)
2
2 + 42 +
n

=
,
=
(1)
2
2 + 42
an
(U0 E)2 = 2 +

a(1)
n
(1)

2 + 42 +

.
=
2 + 42

an
a2n +a2n = 1,
a2n

cos =
1+ 2
,
2
+ 42
2

(4.74)

sin =
1 2
.
2
+ 42
, , E1 , E2, (.
(4.49), (4.51)):
a2n

n 1 = n cos + n sin ,

n 2 = n sin + n cos .

(4.75)

, t = 0 ,
n 1 n 2 (

( E = 2 + 42)):
n = n 1 cos n 2 sin .

(4.76)

204

t , :


2
2


2 + 42
E
4


iU0 t
n t
2


Pn (t) = sin 2 e
i sin
e
sin
t = 2
t.
2 
+ 42
2
(4.77)
t  nn (nn = 1/ )
2 n t

Pn (t) = (t) e

2

nn

en t .

(4.78)

(,  ) (4.77)
n t

Pn (t) = e

2

sin t = en t
2
n B
2

2

sin2 n Bt.

(4.79)

n = 6, 02 1012 /, = 2n B 61012 ,
B = 1/n B 2 104 . ,
, t t  1 (B  t),
, (4.78). , ,
, n t  1,
.. t  n , (4.78) :
2

Pn (t) = (t) =

t
nn

2

(4.80)

[75]. 600 /
( 2 104 )
60 ( t 0, 1 c), 130 1,1 , ( 99% ) .

205

.
3 1018 ,
. , (CL=90%):
nn 0, 86 108 .
1023 .
nn
. 2 .
[73]:
nn =

2 N
(m)2 +

 .
2
2

N , m
, ,
. :
1
1
1030
,

nn
A0
A
 m 10



 0 A


4N

A = 2N, 100 ,
, , , 1023 , nn 108 .
, , , -.
-2, , [76] (4, 5 1, 2) -

206

, nN , : F e 7, 21031 , :
nn 1, 3108 (CL = 90%). [75, 76]
PDG 2004 . [12].
. [77],
- , .
, , 1,52
( ) .
() , .
T - P -,
T - CP -
CP T -. CP K-
B-, , .

1033 e,
.
, , 1027 1028 e,
, , .
.


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, 1967.
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Theory of Fermi interaction.

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5.1

B :
H = H  ( B),

(5.1)

=(x, y , z ) i,
S = /2 , =
( = eh/2mec (e = |e|)),
:
eh
 =
.
(5.2)
2mc
, :

i
i
(5.3)
S= (HS SH) = (H H),
h

2h
..

Si = Bk (k i i k ) = ikl Bk e.
(5.4)
2h
h

, ,
:
k i ik = [ik ] = 2iikee .
216

217

2
[S B].
(5.5)
h

,
, P = 2S:

S=

P=

2
[P B]
h

P ()
B 0 = 2B/h. , B z, .. Bz = B, Bx = By = 0,
:

P z = 0,

2
Px = + Bz Py ,
h

2
Py = Bz Px ,
h

: Pz = const = P0, Px = P0 sin 0 t,

Py = P0 cos 0 t,
2B
0 =
(5.6)
h

. ,
P (Px , Py ) (x, y) 0 , ..
.
,

e
F = [v B] ,
(5.7)
c

2D
e

[v B] =
[v B].
(5.8)
v=
mc
h

D = eh/2mc ,
1/2 ( ,

218

). , , ,
v H
eB
2D B
=
=
.
mc
h

 = 0, 2B/h,
, ,
.
. .
, ,
[v E] 1
B=
= [E v] ,
(5.9)
c
c
. ,
-. ,

(5.10)
V S = [E v] ,
c

V = [E v] .
(5.11)
2c
"" , .
- . , (r),

r
,
E = =
r r

([r p]) 1
eh 1
V = [E v] =
= 2 2
(SL), (5.12)
2c
2mc
r r
2m c r r

219

S = /2 , L = [r p] . - ,
.
, (), ,

[E v] .
c
( )
[E p]

[E v] = n N
.
(5.13)
c
mc
. n
:
VS =

eh
.
2mc

, :
 = n

n N h

divE.
2mc
,
VF =

(5.14)

divE = 4e(r),
.. , e. . :
H = cp + mc2 .

(5.15)

i
r = [r, H],
h

i
i
x i = [H, xi] = (c[pxi xi p]) = ci ,
h

(5.16)

220

[pixk ] = ihik .

, c ,
i2 = 1, c. ,
, "" c,
, v.
,
. ,
"" (. . 5.1)?
. 5.1.
.
,

(-) :


c
[E c]
=E
= (En).
V =
c
c

 En dS

 En dldz
=
.
V =
En dl
2R
2R
z
2R
z
, :
R2 z divE
R

=
divE.
V =
2R
z
2
R c = h
/mc, :
h
divE,
2mc
. (, ) .
V =

221

(
,
) .

5.2

()

( T ) ,
CP T ( [1], 1954; [2], 1955), CP - (C , P
). (CP ) 1957 [3]. ,

(P ),
(T ), , CP -.
() :
d=

r(r)d3r

. :
V d = (dE).
P T -, . 5.2. , ,


. , e

222

d,
D = e d, d ,
.
S,
, D ( ) . (. . 5.2) D ,
.
,
, ,
. P -

T -, , , T ,
, .

. 5.2. , .

P - ,
1956 [4] [5],
, . (CP -)
40 1964 .
K- [6].
CP - (

223

(T )). 2004 .
, Belle BaBar,
, [7, 8] CP - B-, . CP - . . 1958 [9],
1950 ., . [10]. 1
CP .

CP - (., , [11][16] ).
.
( . [17][26], . 5.3).
, , , [22], " ( K-), ". , [23, 25]
CP - ,
1022 1025 [27] (. [28]).
2
(
1

1951 . ,
, . [10].
2
1951 .
, (. [10]) .
D 5 1020 .

224

. 5.3. CP
. . , .
[23] , [26]

225

), ( [23, 24]) (, [25, 26]). ,

[29] (1959 .).

.. [17] (1968 .).
, 1989 ., :
D = (0 0, 4) 1025 ( [23]);
D = (0, 3 0, 5) 1025 ( [25]).
( 90%), 1989 . ,
3- , (. [23, 24]):
D < 9, 7 1026 (CL=90% ).
10 [26] 1999 .
:
D < 6, 3 1026 (CL=90% ).
, .
R 1013 , D/R 6, 3 1013.
4 !
, , (., , [19, 24, 25])
1
,
(5.17)
E N
E , ,
. E , , . N . N
(D)

226

. E
1015 /. . (. [18, 19, 23]): ( = 70 ) ( = 5 ). E
75 1050 /. ,
[23, 24] [25, 26], .
,
( N ) (. ), -

, , , , ,
., ,
, .
. ,
, G,

h

G = 105
= 1052pc ,
mp c

D 105pc e 105N 1019 e
K 0- , CP - (, , T -) 103, , , :
D 103 1019  1022 e.
,
d < 1025 . , T - ( CP -) ,
103 K10 K20.

227

H  .
,
H
=
,
mK10 mK20
,
H  = (mK10 mK20 ) 103 m 108 .
( ) :
H
e cp 1017 1014 1031 e,
D
E E0
E E0 mc2 109 , E
1/2 (
S 11-, 1535 ,
).
, V d = D(E) ,
, , , , .
1. .
2. ( ).
3. .

, P -, T -,
, , CP -. , , .. , ,

.

228

5.2.1

( ) . E = B0 ,
. - ,
0 = 2B/h
B 0 (. . 5.4).
. 5.4.
B 0 , z 0 .

, . ,
B 1 , B 1

B 1 , , B 0 , (
B1 cos t
), ,
, = 0
, B1 1 = 2B1 /h . ,
, ,
B 0 ( z),

1 t 1
W (+) = P0 cos2
= P0 (1 + cos 1t),
2
2
B (.. )
W (+) = P0 sin2

1 t 1
= P0 (1 cos 1 t).
2
2

229

, , E = 2B0, . , .. , :
= E/h = 2B0 /h.
,

. ,
, (. . 5.5).

. 5.5. B 0 E , . ,
,

D=
5.2.2

h
( )
.
4E

(5.18)

5.6 (

230

), . [19]. , [19, 23], .

, () ,
.
.

. 5.6. ( ) . (, ), ,
, D

, , , -.
. ()
. = 0 ( )
,
( B0 = 0, 028 ,
0 = 0/2= 83 ).
(x, y)
x. . .
, 0 ,
, ..

231

. D = 0 (
,
/2,
/2 , ,
z,
-, ), = (
,
,
z,
), = /2
,
0, (x, y),
z ,
, .
,

.

( , t ) 0 . 5.7.
.
( ) ,
, . 5.7.
= 90 (. 5.7), .
, ..
(, ).

232

. 5.7.
.
1/

,
:
=

N N
N/

, (5.18), :
D=

2h N N

.
4E
N/

N/ ,
(. . 5.8):

233

. 5.8.

N
N

= N .

(D) :
2h 2(N )
h (N )
h
.
(5.19)

4E N/
E
N
E N

, (N ) = N . ,
, E N . (, ) . , v 105 /
L 100 , 103 , v 5 / 0,2 , .. (
) 200 .
, ,
4 , .

.
100 ,
0,009 . 10 15 /.
100140 /.
, , (D) 1025 e.
(D) =

234

(5.19):

h
2 104,
E (D)

.. N 4108.
h
= 6, 6 1016 .
, T :
T (3 4) 106 36 50 .
, (67)1025 e/. ,
(D) 1026 e,
10 . ,
, , ,
.
. , ,
, , 45 ,
. ,
, , .


[1] L
uders G. Proof of the T CP theorem. Kgl. Dan. Vid. Sels. Mat.Fys. Medd., 28 (1954) No. 5; Ann. Phys., 2 (1957) 115.
[2] Pauli W. Niels Bohr and the developement of physics. Pergamon,
New-York, 1955, chapt. 4 ( .:
. .: , 1958).
[3] .. . , 32 (1957) 405407; Nucl. Phys., 3 (1957) 127131.
[4] Lee T., Yang C. Question of parity conservation in weak interactions.
Phys. Rev., 104 (1956) 254258.
[5] Wu C.S., Ambler E., Hayward R., Hoppes D., Hudson R.
Experimental test of parity conservation in beta-decay. Phys. Rev.,
105 (1957) 14131415; Further experiments on -decay of polarized
nuclei. Phys. Rev., 106 (1957) 13611363.
[6] Christenson J.H., Cronin J.W., Fitch V.L., Turlay R. Evidence for
the 2 decay of the K20 meson. Phys. Rev. Lett., (1964) 138140.
[7] Abe K. et al. (Belle Collaboration). Observation of large CP
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Phys. Rev. Lett., 93 (2004) 021601-1021601-5.
[8] Aubert B. et al. (The BaBar Collaboration). Observation of direct
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hep-ex/0407057, 30 Jul 2004; Direct CP violating asymmetry in
B 0 K + decays. Phys. Rev. Lett., 93 (2004) 131801-1131801-7.

235

236

[9] Ramsey N.F. Time reversal, charge conjugation, magnetic pole

conjugation, and parity. Phys. Rev., 109 (1958) 225226.
[10] Ramsey N.F. Molecular beams. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1956;
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the neutron. Phys. Rev., 108 (1957) 120122.
[11] .. CP - . III ( ).
-, 1978, . 4283.
[12] Ellis J. Theory of the neutron electric dipole moment. Nucl. Instr.
and Meth., A 284 (1989) 3339.
[13] Barr S.M., Marciano W. In: CP violation, ed. C. Jarlskog, World
Scientic, Singapore, 1989.
[14] Barr S.M. A review of CP violation in atoms. Int. J. Mod. Phys.,
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[15] Bunakov V.E. Fundamental symmetry breaking in nuclear reaction.
, 26 (1995) 285361.
[16] Khriplovich I.B., Lamoreaux S.K. CP violation without strangeness.
The electric dipole moments of particles, atoms and molecules.
Springer-Verlag, 1996.
[17] ..
. III , . 2. -, 1968,
. 1438; , 95 (1968) 145158.
[18] .., ..
. I
, . 3. -, 1974, . 270287.
[19] .. .
IV ( ).
-, 1979, . 327.

237

[20] Golub R., Pendlebury G.M. The electric dipole moment of the
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[21] Ramsey N.F. Electric-dipole moments of elementary particles.
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.., .., .., ..,
.., .., .., ..,
.., .., .., ..,
.., .. - . , 44 (1986)
269272; .
, 44 (1986) 360363;
..
. . . .-.
. -, 1989;
Altarev I.S., Borisov Yu.V., Borovikova N.V., Ivanov S.N., Kolomenskii E.A., Lasakov M.S., Lobashev V.M., Nazarenko V.A.,
Pirozhkov A.N., Serebrov A.P., Sobolev Yu.V., Shulgina E.V.,
Yegorov A.I. Status of experimental search for electric dipole moment
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p. 67; New measurement of the electric dipole moment of the
neutron. Phys. Lett., B 276 (1992) 242246.
[24] .., .., .., ..,
.., .., .., ..,
.., .., .., ..,
..
. , 59 (1996) 12041224.

238

[25] Thompson D. The search for the electric dipole moment of the
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Smith K.F., Crampin N., Pendlebury J.M., Richardson D.J.,
Shiers D., Green K., Kilvington A.I., Moir J., Prosper H.B.,
Thomson D., Ramsey N.F., Heckel B.R., Lamoreaux S.K., Ageron P.,
Mampe W., Steyerl A. A search for the electric dipole moment
of the neutron. Phys. Lett., B 234 (1990) 191196.
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May D.J.R., Pendlebury J.M., Shiers D., Smith K.F., Van der Grinten M., Geltenbort P. New experimental limit on the electric dipole
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(1976) 657661.
[28] Anselm A.A., Djakonov D.I. On Weinbergs model of CP violation
in gauge theories. Nucl. Phys., B 145 (1978) 271284.
[29] .. .
(1959) 19521953.

, 36

 6



6.1

,

. , . [1][3],
[4, 5]
.
.
1. [4][8], . [9], Eg 105 /,

( L = 30 [9]) .
. , ( )
(. )
239

240

, , [10] 1972 , ,

, .
, [11] 1966 . ()
,
. , , , ,
.
1963 . [12].
[13] (1983 .)

, , . (210)
(211) : EDM 0, 7 106
1 D = 1025 . ( 1 /)
- .
,

[14] (1985 .). [15]

241

, .
- (211) (WC). , (
D = 1025 ) WC [15] EDM 2 106 /.
1989 . [16]
-
()
(
), ( ) , , .
19881989 . [6][8],

, , , ,

.
, , ,
[7, 8],
[5, 17], , .. , [14], ,
[18].
1988
( )

242

Eg [7, 8] 1120 -.

E1120 = (2, 10 0, 12) 108 /.
2. ( )
, /2,
.
v, ,
( , ) .
[4, 5]. , ,

, E , ,
( , /2) . , , [13], [15],
-
( ), -
.
3. [4, 5, 19].
, , .
4. .
5. .

, , 6.1.

243
6.1. , - (, ) HFR (, ).
PF1B (
, ). : (3, 5 14 25)
3 . (1121) - ( =4,4
A).
B = 86 (B /2 1/15)

E, /
,
E , /
N, /
(D) e/.

(. .)

4,5
2,2 105
3
70 (v =5 6 /) 0,7 10 (v = 50 /)
585
150
60
1000
25
6 10
6 1025

, , . (., , [20][23]) , , , : (1) (2) ,

. ,
, (1) (2) "" , ( "" ).

. (1) (2) ( 105 /) :
 (1) |E| (1)  =  (2) |E| (2)  E g .

244

, ,
. , . , [24]
(1967 .)
CdS.
, -
Cd
.
,
.. , 7 102 . 3, 6 105 / , E 106
/, E 0, 2 /. ,
, D < 5 1022 .
, . [25] (1969 .)
( (n, e)-) : , , 186W,
,
, .
(, 1979 . [25, 26]).
, ,
, , 150
, ,
E 30 /. ( ,
) (, , ), (

245

) .
,
: , ( ,
, )
.

6.2

,
,
. g, g = 2/d, d .
g (, x).
, (. . 3.2):
Vg (r) =


n


2i
nx = Vgn (ignx),
Vn
d
gn

(6.1)

2 n
.
d
, (6.1) , gn
, ( n- ,
dn = d/n).
g,
gn =

246

(., , [20, 22, 23]):

V (r) =


a

Va (r ra ) =


g

Vg (igr) = V0 +


g

2vg cos(gr + g ),

(6.2)
Va (r ra ) ,
ra , .

, , , Vg = Vg
,
Vg = vg (ig ).
, (
).
Vg :
Vg =

igr

d re

v=1

2h2
N c Fg ,
V (r) =
m

(6.3)

m , Nc
, Fg :
Fg =

 W
ig

fi(g)eigri .

(6.4)

,
f (g) i- , Wig .
, . , , N, E ..
fiN (g) = ai ,

(6.5)

ai i- ,
. (, e), g :
fiE (g) = 2rn

Zi fic (g)
,
2 g 2

cn

(6.6)

/mc, fic i- rn = e2 /mc2 ,

cn = h
, Zi i- (, m,

247

, , , . (6.3)).
, , , V (r) = V (r), Vg = Vg , ..
g
Vg . , "" "" E
, .. N
g = g . , . N
, E
g g = 0. , "" , "", ,
, , g , , . ,
(, N
g = 0),

V N (r) = 2vgN cos(gr)

(6.7)

V E (r) = 2vgE cos(gr + E

g ).

(6.8)

,

E(r) = gradVgE (r) = 2vgE g sin(gr + E
g ).

(6.9)

vgE
[20]. , ,
12 . ,
vgN 107 . ,
( )
108 109 / (g
108 1).

248

,
( ) , ..
, . . 6.1.

. 6.1. , g. ( ) ( ),
. : (6.36), (6.37)

6.3

h
k0 E =
2 2
= h
k0 /2m.

249

:
V (r) = V N (r) + V EM (r),

(6.10)

V EM (r, ) = V S (r, ) + V D (r, ),

(6.11)

, ,

V S (r, ) , V D (r, ) D E(r) (. (6.9)):

V S (r, ) =

[E v ]
[g v ]
= 2vgE
sin(gr + E
g ),
c
c

V D (r) = D(E) = 2vgE D(g) sin(gr + E

g ),

(6.12)
(6.13)

= = N gn S, N , gn = 3, 8; S
, S = 1/2, = N gn /2, D = D, v .
g, .. (6.12), (6.13)
.
(6.10) (. (6.2))
:
Vg = VgN + VgEM (),

(6.14)

(6.12) (6.13) :
iE
g

VgEM () = ivgE e

[g v]
+ D(g) .

(6.15)

, VgN = vgN eig , :

iN
g

Vg = e

[g v ]
v N + iv E eig
.
+
D(g)
g
g

(6.16)

N
g = E
g g . g 0.

250

|Vg |, , , ,
:
(6.17)
|Vg | = vgN (H Sg ) D(E g ),

[E g v ]
,
c
Eg = vgE g sin g  (1) |E| (1) .
H Sg =

(6.18)

H Sg () , E g , (.
).
vgE , g Eg , (6.3)(6.6) (6.18) , 6.2. ( 10%)
, ,
(i 0, 5), .
6.2. vgE , g Eg
- g(hkml), m = h + k
hkml
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1010
1230
1340
1450
1560

d,
A
2,457
2,236
1,818
1,453
1,184
0,989
4,255
1,608
1,180
0,929
0,764

vgE ,
1,92
0,96
2,21
0,94
1,28
0,73
2,14
0,55
1,39
0,053
0,24

g ,
-0,42
-0,99
-0,037
-2,87
-2,98
0,25
0
-0,32
0,046
-0,83
-0,99

Eg , 108 /
-2,03
-2,28
-0,28
-1,09
-1,09
1,17
0
-0,67
0,34
-0,26
-1,64

, , , , 6.3

251

,
.
6.3.
Egmax
-

SiO2
Bi12 GeO20
BaTiO3
PbTiO3
LiTaO3
Bi12 SiO20
Bi4 Si3 O12
PbO
BeO

hkl
111
444
004
411
444
433
242
002
011

Egmax , /
2.3 108
5.2 108
9.6 108
18 108
14 108
4, 3 108
4, 6 108
10, 4 108
5, 4 108

k|V (r)|k0 
h
k0 h
k
V (r) (6.2)
Vkk0 =

d3 reikr V (r)eik0r =


g

Vg k,k0+g .

(6.19)

, k = k0 + g, .. hg.
,
, .. :
|k0 | = |k0 + g|,
(6.20)
, ,
. :
2k0g + g 2 = 0,

(6.21)

:
2d sin B = 0 ,

(6.22)

0 = 2/k0, B k0 .

252

, - g0
|Vg |2 . (g = 0)
(. (6.16)), ,
. ,
. , , ,
, , , (.. ,
[24]), ( ) , . E g H Sg
(6.17) .

6.4

, ,

= eikr +


g

 Ug igr
Vg
eikg r eikr 1
e .
Ek Ekg
g 2g

(6.23)

kg =k + g, Ek = h
2 k 2 /2m, Ekg = h
2 kg2 /2m, Vg = h
2 Ug /2m,
g = (kg2 k 2 )/2 g (
g = (Ek Ekg )/2 ). (6.23) ,
(g 0) g ""
, g
|Ug | ug .

253

, g = 0, ,
Ek ,
: h
k h
(k + g). ,
, .
, Vg ( Ug )
: g
N
g , . (6.16), EM
vg ( ) 1011 ,
104vgN .
(6.23)
 ug
cos(gr + N
||2 = 1
g ).
g g
, g , .. , ( ) ,
, , . . 6.2, 6.3. ,
, ,
, , ,
.
, (6.23)

 |Vg |2

Ek = Ek + V0 +
.
g 2g

(6.24)

V0 , ,
. (6.24) . (6.17),
:
 1
[vgN 2(H Sg ) 2D(E g )].
Ek = Ek + V0 +
g 2wg

wg = g /|UgN | = g /vgN .

254

. 6.2. K
g. ) |K + g| > K
, ) |K + g| < K .
. ) |K + g| = K ,
, ,

255

. 6.3. K. |K + g| > K, |K + g| <

K |K + g| = K . 6.2

256

k0 E = h
2 k02/2m,
, (.. ).
E = Ek :
|Ug |2
2m  [vgN 2(H Sg ) 2D(E g )]
2
k = U0
=K 2
,
2wg
h
g
g 2g
(6.25)
K : K 2 = k02 U0. C (6.25)

(6.10) (6.23).
.
1/wg .
k 2 k02 = 2k0k, k = k k0 , :

1  N
v0 + vgN (H Ssum ) D(E sum ) ,
(6.26)
k =
h
v

vgN = g vgN /2wg , H sum = [E sum v]/c,
2

k02

Eg  vgN vgE g sin(g )

=
(6.27)
E sum =
g
g wg
g
,
E
, g N
g g g .
(6.9)
,
- , ( )
. E sum 0.


H Ssum +DE sum, ( ) L


= 2ksL =

S
)2 + (DEsum)2]1/2 L
2[(Hsum
.
h

(6.26)

257

ks k (6.26).
( ) 0, 5/w / ( w > 1) , H Sg (6.27) v. wg .
, ,
, .
, g :
g = (k kB ) g, kB , , , , wg = /B ,
= B ; B = 2|Ug |tg B /g 2 . (. 6.6)
tg B 1
.
, . B , B
: wg = /B , B /B = 2|Ug |/g 2 = 2vg /(h2g 2 /2m).
B /B 105.
, . (6.25)
:
n2 = k 2 /k02 = n20 n2d n2s ,
n20 = K 2/k02 , V0 . n20
n2d

2m  (vgN )2
2m  vgN
= 2 2
= 2 2
h
k0 g 2g
h
k0 g 2wg

. 3, , ,

2m [E sum v]
+ D(E sum )
n2s = 2 2
c
h
k0

258

, . (. Esum (6.16)).
6.4.1

, , , , :
2[E sum v] L
S =
,
h
c
v
2001 . -
[1][3], [27, 28], . . 6.4.

. 6.4. . 1 -; 2 X /2; 3 -
14 14 3, 5 3 ; 4 Y
/2; 5 -. HL .

( Y). X- , . .

259

,
- , , 180 Z.
v v. .

. 6.5. = 90 /

- 14
14 3, 5 3. [110]
( X3 ).
, = 90 30. . 6.5, 6.6 S

260

. 6.6. = 30 /

.
, ( ),
(
g ).
, S () , ( ).

261

. (
. 6.7.)

. 6.7. (K, ) = const

- (K) ()
.

. E sum . , . 6.5, , ,
E sum , (. 6.7)

262

( = 90), ,
. . 6.6 . ,

5 105 /.
.
, . , - , .

6.5

, (.,
, [29][31]). (. [20, 32]). [33]
(. [23, 21]) ..
[34].
.
, g.
E h
k0 (E = h
2 k02/2m)
, , .
( k+g),
, (
k), . , ,
-

263

, ,
o
( ).
, (
g) :
= a0 |k + ag |k + g,

(6.28)

|k exp(ikr) |k + g exp[i(k + g)r]

:
H0|k = Ek |k;

H0|k + g = Ekg |k + g.

(6.29)

, Vg
|k |k + g, |k |k + g .
V0 , , .. |k |k k + g
k + g, . a0,g :

Ek + V0
Vg
Vg
Ekg + V0

a0
ag

=E

a0
ag

(6.30)

(6.30) ( )
(Ek )(Ekg ) |Vg |2 = 0,

(6.31)

= E V0 . E , (6.31) k,
. () (. .
6.8). Ek = Ekg
2

k (1,2) = K 2 |Ug |,

(6.32)

K 2 = 2m/h2
( ).
a0 ag , ( ). (6.30)

264

:
ag /a0 = |Vg |/Vg = 1.

(6.33)

, , g
= N
g = 0.

: (
|k |k + g) , ,
(. (6.32)).

. 6.8. . Vg = 0 , K. ( |k |k + g)

Vg .
, 1 2 , 1 2 . , , n

265

, (6.33) ,
:

1
(1)
(1)
(1) = [eik r + ei(k +g)r ] = 2 cos(gr/2) exp[k(1) + g/2)r]; (6.34)
2

1
(2)
(2)
(2) = [eik r ei(k +g)r ] = i 2 sin(gr/2) exp[i(k(2) +g/2)r]. (6.35)
2

(1,2)
k = k(1,2) +g/2, (1) :
| (1) |2 = 2 cos2 (gr/2) = 1 + cos(gr),

(6.36)

(2) :
| (2) | = 1 cos(gr).

(6.37)

1 2
(.. ),
(6.32), . . 6.9.
:
= c1 (1) + c2 (2) .

(6.38)

c1 c2
[20]. ( ) ( ).
( )
( ) . 6.10.
.

,

.. c1 = c2 = 1/ 2,





kz iKr
kz i(K+g)r
= cos
e
+ i sin
e
.
(6.39)
2
2

266

. 6.9.
.
"" (1)
(2) , . ,
,
, , k (1)
k (2) . , (1) (2) . k (1) k (2)
, , , . ,
,
, . (6.42)

267

. 6.10.
) . ( ).
) . ( ).

K = (k(1) +k(2) )/2, z ( ) ,

k = k(2) k(1) z, ,
. k0
z
g.
"" .
"Pendellosung" ( . " ").
, L, :
I0,g = (1 cos )/2,

(6.40)

268

= kL. k = |k(2) k(1) |

(6.32):
k =

2
2|Vg | 2|Vg |tgB
=
=
.
g
h
v
h
v

(6.41)

v = h
|K + g/2|/m = h
K cos B /2m , v = h
g/2m = h/dm. 1
, , (
). (. (6.17) |Vg |).
H Sg ,
S ,
4HgS L
eEg L
= gn
,
=
h
v
mp c2
S

(6.42)

, , Ig . , (6.42),
, ( ), g- gn .
( , ..).
, ,
, .
[7, 8],
Eg (1120) -. ( . ):
| = (34, 3 5, 1),
|exp
1120
:
1

exp
= (1, 8 0, 2) 108/.
E1120

[35, 36].

269

(6.34), (6.35) (6.9) , Eg (1) (2) ,

 (1) |E| (1)  =  (2) |E| (2)  Eg .

6.6

, S =1/2

, Ig
( HgS ) (. (6.40)):
Ig = sin2[(0 S0 )/2] sin2 ( /2),

(6.43)

S0 S /2, . (6.42).
HgS ( , ), , "+" "",
Ig = cos2 (/2) sin2 (+ /2) + sin2 (/2) sin2( /2)

(6.44)

(,
)
Ig = sin2(/2) sin2 (+/2) + cos2 (/2) sin2 ( /2).

(6.45)

:
1
Ig = (1 cos 0 cos S0 cos sin 0 sin S0 )
2
1
(1 K cos ).
2

(6.46)

K
:
K = (1 + cos2 tg2S0 )1/2,
= 0 S,

(6.47)

270

S = arctg(cos tgS0 ).

(6.48)

, , H Sg , :
S () = 2S

(6.49)

Ig = Ig Ig = 2 cos sin 0 sin S0 =

= 2 cos [sin2 (+ /2) sin2 (/2)].

(6.50)

= 0 (6.46), (6.50) (6.48), (6.49) (6.40)

(6.42). S () [17], . .
= /2, .. H Sg ,

:
1
Ig = [1 cos 0 cos S0 ].
2

(6.51)

(6.46) ,
.. .
(6.51).

S0 . ,
L0 , , S0 = /2, (.. ) , H0S (
/2).
1/2 (, , ). L0 :
L0 = mp c2 /gneEg .

(6.52)

271

, , (1120) - L0 = 3,5 .
. (1) (2) .

S0 , . S0 = /2 (1) (2)
, . .
2
,
2, .
1/2
1 2, cos 0 (6.51)
(, , ,
, , , .. ,
). , 4 (..
), , (6.51) .
, ,

/2
( ) ( ). [37, 38] ,
,
,
.

272

6.7

, -, [7, 8, 17], . 6.11. ( P = 0, 75 0, 80 = 1, 8 2, 2

A)
(1120),
( ).

. 6.11. . F , D , M .
(. . 6.15, 6.15)

L1 = 0, 80 L2 =
= 1, 14 . 0, 06 1, 6 2. -

273

( 0,06 ) "" , , .
- [39].

ef f = 0, 1 0, 2. (. ) B 1 2  ef f ,
, , ,
.
, B  ef f , , ,
(
) .
(
B ) . 6.12.
B 2B - (..
,
). B
(1 . . 10).
N ( ) 2500 .
N N . F
.
. 6.4 [7, 8].
P = P (N )P (N )
(. ).
180 ,
P . (2- 6-
. 6.4). . 6.4 norm ,
P = 1.

274

. 6.12. N N . - L1 = 0, 80 (), L2 = 1, 14 (),

(1120).
10 . 1/4

275

6.4.

P
(+27, 0 7, 1)
(25, 1 5, 2)

(+26, 8 9, 5)
(+0, 7 6, 5)

(+28, 2 6, 2)
(45, 6 6, 1)

norm

L1 = 0, 80
(+36, 0 9, 5) P = 0, 75 0, 05
(33, 5 6, 9) P = 0, 75 0, 05

180

(+34 12)
P = 0, 80 0, 05

P =0

L2 = 1, 14
(+35, 3 7, 8) P = 0, 80 0, 05
(57, 0 7, 6) P = 0, 80 0, 05

180

276

|exp
|
1120
:
|exp
| = (34, 3 5, 1)
1120 L1

|exp
| = (46 11),
1120 L2

, (6.42), :
exp(L1 )

= (1, 8 0, 3) 108 /

exp(L2 )

= (1, 7 0, 4) 108/.

E1120

E1120

:
exp
E1120
= (1, 8 0, 2) 108 /.

(6.53)

(. 6.11) L=1,14
[17]
: = 0 , 45 90.
(P 0, 8 2
A)
(1120) ,
.
B . . 6.13 , N N = 0, 45
90. ( = 0 ), ( = 90) ( = 45)
.
. 6.14 6.5.
,
p = p(N ) p (N ).
, P = 1.

,
:
E 1120 = (2, 27 0, 15) 108 B/.

277

. 6.13.
N N

( ): ) = 90 , ) = 45 , ) = 0

278

. 6.14.
()

.
E1120 = 2, 03 108 /,

6.5.
() ( )

0
45
90

P .
47.5 3.2
35.0 5.3
1.1 5.3

(P =1)
59.4 4.0
43.7 6.6
1.4 6.6

279

(6.53) :
E 1120 = (2, 10 0, 12(0, 23)) 108 B/,

(6.54)

,
.
(6.54) (. . 6.2).
. 6.14
E1120 = 2, 03 108 /,
. ,
( ).
,
,
(. 6.13),
, 1020 .

6.8
6.8.1

.
,

(1) (2) ( (6.30)) :

(1)

(1)

(2)

(2)

(1) = cos eik r + sin eik r ,

(2) = sin eik r + cos eik r ,

(6.55)
(6.56)

tg 2 = |Ug |/ 1/w = B /w; 0 < < /2.

k(1) k(2) , (6.31)
k

(1,2) 2

= K 2 + |Ug |2 .

(6.57)

280

(1) (2)
:

w
1
1

cos2 = [1 +  2
[1
+
]
=
].
2
2
1 + w2
+ |Ug |2

(6.58)

| (1) |2 | (2) |2 :
cos gr
,
(6.59)
| (1) |2 = 1 + sin 2 cos gr = 1 +
1 + w2
cos gr
.
(6.60)
| (2) |2 = 1 sin 2 cos gr = 1
1 + w2
(6.58), (6.59) , "
(1) (2)

1/ 1 + w2 , . C ,
, . ,
(6.9),
gvgE sin g
Eg
 |E(r)|  =  |E(r)|  =
=
.
1 + w2
1 + w2
(6.61)
w >> 1 1/w,
, . (6.27).
(1)

6.8.2

(1)

(2)

(2)

(Pendell
osung)

(
), , (1) (2) cos sin ,
[20]. (, 1 2) . 6.8. , (-

281

k = |k(2) k(1) |) = kL.

iKr

=e

kz
kz
kz
+ i cos 2 sin
. (6.62)
cos
+ieiKg r sin 2 sin
2
2
2

, I0 Ig ,
,
Ig =

1
2
;
sin
1 + w2
2

(6.63)

I0 = 1 Ig .
(6.57) :
2|Vg |L
=
1 + w2.
(6.64)
h
v

(1) (2) , (1) = (2) ( 1 ,2 1,2 . 6.8),

" " ( [40])
, .
, ..
j (1) cos2 K + sin2 (K + g),

(6.65)

j (2) sin2 K + cos2 (K + g).

(6.66)

, . . 6.8.

282

(6.57) [21, 40]:
=

2|Vg |L
2m c L

0 0 .
=
h
v 1 + w 2
1 + w2

(6.67)

(6.67) [40], : m0 = |Ug |/g

c0 = tg B .
,
B , Ig I0 [21, 40], . . 6.15, 6.16 ( )
1
sin2(/2),
(6.68)
Ig (w) =
2
1+w

w2 2

I0 (w) = 1 +
cos (/2),
1 + w2

(6.69)

(6.67).
,
, : = v0/c0 , c0 = tg B ,
v0 = tg , ( = 0
). w :
w
=
1 + w2

(6.70)

( g) Lv0
Lc0.
, (
, ). , ,
[21], . . 6.17, 6.18:

283

. 6.15.
- .
(1121), L=0,5 , = 2
A, m0 c0 L=120 (w = /g,
)

284

. 6.16.
B . . (1121), L=0,5 , = 2
A.
( ) B

285

. 6.17.

B . (1121),
L=0,5 , = 2
A.
B
. , ,
(.. )

286

sin2 [m0c0 L 1 2 ]

Ig () =
.
(6.71)
1 2
. 6.18 , ,
, . ( , ) . 6.19.

= 2,
B

1 + w2

.
B =
m0 L(1 + c20 )

(6.72)

(6.73)

( ) ( w = 0)
g =

.
m0 c0

(6.74)

:
B =

d
m0 c0 d
= .

(6.75)

1
 1, Lc0  l
c0
= B
(l g).
w  1, wmax =
= l/Lc0  1. , -, 6.6 L = 5 c,
1
c0
= 30.
= B

287

. 6.18.
, , B . (1120), L=0,8 , = 2
A.
( 0,06 )

288

. 6.19.
.
(1120), L=0,8 , = 2
A.
( 0, 2 c) . 100 . .
0,75 . " "
0, 7

289
6.6. ,
- 1
= 30)
(L = 5 , c0 = B
hkml
m0 (1 )

B
g ()
= 2d (
A)
B
108 Eg (/)
1
107 mD
0 ( )

6.8.3

1121
483
0, 3
2,2
4,47
20, 6
-2,28
3,86
0, 027

1321
222,5
0, 6
4,7
3,08
6, 5
-1,85
2,19
0, 018

1452
1343
75,45
13,4

1, 8
10
14
78
1,76
1,98

1, 3
0, 25
1,84
-1,35
1,25
1,03
0, 011 0, 012

1120
675
0, 2
1,55
4,91
31, 6
-2,03
3,83
0, 029

(6.17) (6.67) , k(1)

k(1) ,
EM . EM



S
(H
)
+
(DE
)
2
g L
g
.
(6.76)
EM =
h
v
, ,
H Sg , , (6.42). :
=
S

|S+

S |

4HgS L
eEg L
=
= gn
.
h

mp c2

(6.77)

:
S ( ),
.
E g , , , -

290

:
D =

4DEg L 4DEg L
=
tg B .
h
v
h
v

(6.78)

D B c0 = tg B
B = /2.
(6.77) (6.78) . (1) (2) , v
,
Eg , . , , , ,
(1,2) = t,

= (H Sg + DE g )/h

t = L/v .
((2) (1) ) = 2L/v

. , H Sg , 4HgS L/hv,
(6.77). S (
, ), HgS
v .
, D t = L/v
tg B , v = v/tg B .
S B , ,

D , ,
D B .
, B << 1, tg B 1/B v
= vB , ,
B = 1/10 1/30,
.

291

6.9

, , , , 108 /. 5 , . , , , , 10 , 1 /
104 c, ( 100 ) 6
.
, /2.

(6.73),
(, ,
(6.75)) . , [7, 8, 17], -
. , . [3, 4, 5]. , ,
, , .
, ,
( ) ,
. ,
, .
, (1) (2),
(
), ,

292

(1) ,
(2) , ( )
( ) , , .. (
). .
, [13] , , [14, 15] . [13, 14, 15]
(..
, ) .
, , , , ..
,
,
. , (
) ( ) , ,

,
2
( 1/ 1 + w , w
, . (6.61)).
6.9.1

( -

293

). ,
,
, ""
, .
.
,
() , () , , .
, , ,
(
) ( ). .
, , , , (..
, . ). ,
.
6.9.2

() .
, . ,
(
).
, -

294

. , , , /2 (.. ).
. [6][8], [17] ef f 0, 1 0, 2, , ef f  B (B 1 B 45,
).
,
, , ,
[16], ef f 4, 5 > B .
ef f  B ,
, B c0 (c0 = tg B 1/(/2 B ) /2  1).
1/(1 + c0 )
ef f . ,
B = /2 1/30 1120-
0, 2 (. . 6.6). ,
(, "" ,
, , ef f  B ,
).
,
.
,
.
, ( ) ( Z) HgS ,

a+
0 ( a0 ) ,
L (w  1), :

S0

0
a
,
=
cos

cos
0
2
2

(6.79)

295

2|VgN |L

,
0 =
h
v 1 + w 2
S0

(6.80)

2HgS L
eEg L
1

=
=
g

.
N
2mp c2
h
v 1 + w 2
1 + w2

(6.81)

VgN , g, g = 2/d, d , Eg
, :
Eg = vgE g sin g ,
(6.82)
vgE = |VgE |, VgE
, g VgE VgN .
HgS =

Eg v 
c

(6.83)

. , w = /B ,
= B
, B
( w  1).
, , Y (
X, , = /2),
:


1 e 4

i
=
.
(6.84)
2 e4
:
0i

0
1 e 4 cos 0 +
L
2
0 =
S
i
0
2 e 4 cos 0
2
i

(6.85)

296

P
0L ||0L 
P =
,
0L |0L 

(6.86)

:


0 1
0 i
1 0
x =
; y =
; z =
.
1 0
i 0
0 1
:
Px = x = 0,
+

(6.88)

cos 2 cos 2
cos 0 + cos S0
Py = y  =
,
+
=
1 + cos 0 cos S0
cos2 2 + cos2 2
+

(6.87)

(6.89)

cos2 2 cos2 2
sin 0 sin S0
Pz = z  =
=
.
+

1 + cos 0 cos S0
cos2 2 + cos2 2

(6.90)

, ( ) B
(Y, Z). B ( , . . 6.6),
1 .
,
.
,
:
Px = Pz = 0,
Py = cos S0 ,

(6.91)

( Y )

(X, Y ), Y - (. . 6.20).
, ,

S0 = ,
2

297

. 6.20. , (1) (2) , . 3,5 ( (110)) /2,

.

.

298

, (1) (2) .
S0 ,
w  1, (6.81):
S0 =

gn eEg L
,
2mp c2

(6.92)

(1) (2), , gn
g- (gn = 3, 8), e , Eg
, , L , mp , c .

mp c2
,
L0 =
gneEg

(6.93)

/2 (S0 = /2),
, , . (110) L0 =3,5 .

/2, .. ,
,

, , .
,

/2, , . , /2,
(. . 6.20).
(. . 6.21)
,
(400 ) ( ), -,
(

299

), , ,
.

. 6.21. . 1 ,
2 -, 3,6 , 4
, 5 , 7
-, 8 , 9

, . 6.21,
,
.
, , ( ""),
:
S0
gn eEg L
N = N0 cos2
= N0 cos2 (
),
(6.94)
2
4mp c
N0 , , , . L0,
= /2, , , ,
1/2 ,
. L = 2L0
, .. . ,
, .
HgS ,

300

c , (6.93) ,
. ,
c
B
, ,
, "" , c

. B
Eg , . , , .
6.9.3

, (. 6.20, 6.22),
(180
2B ) ( A B, ), , , , , , , , .

. 6.22. . 1
, 2 -, 3,6 , 5 , 7 , 8 . A B , (180 2B )

301

,
(.. ) , L0,

. Ph , (
):
Ph

2DEg L0
= 2mD
0 c0 L0 .
h
v

(6.95)

(110) c0 = 30 (L0 = 3, 6 , mD
0 =
7
1
4
= 3, 810 , . 3.1) Ph 0, 810 .
A
B (. 6.20, 6.22), , ,
.
, [13]

2, 5 106, 30
, .
WC
[15] 0, 7 105.
, (1) (2)
:

v  cos 
v z
(1,2) (k(1,2) , r) = (1,2) (k(1,2) , r) exp 0 (1 g  g )
h
v
v0


0 z
(1,2)
(1,2)

(k , r) exp
(1 g ) ,
(6.96)
2 cos B
(1,2) (k(1,2) , r) (6.34), (6.35), 0 = 2v0 /hv, v , g = (vg cos g )/v0 , v0 "" ,
, vg g-

302

, g g- ""
g- "" , .
g , "", "" . , ,
, g = /2 : g = 0 (. (6.96)).
"" ""
.
, (110) - (n = 4, 9
A) : la = 1/0 = 76 , 110 = 0, 08,
,
(111) (n = 4, 5
A) la = 83 , 111 = 0, 41
.
(4.19), B /2 la cos B la /c0,
.
/2. : L
la cos B la /c0 , 5 , ,
< 20.
, c0
, , /2,
[15], , , , (111), , [15].
(110) -
.
(1999-2004 .)
, - , [41, 42]

303

. HFR [19]
. , , ,
, .
6.9.4

, , ,
[1][4], [18], v, v = v cos B .
, , /2, L = L/(v cos B )
L/[v(/2 B )], L ,
. [4]. (. [1][4], [18]) ,
/2, 2 E ,
, ( 100 )
, , ,
3 .
-
(L 3, 5 ) [41],
. [1][3].
(110) -.
. 6.23.
-
1/E N , N
.
3
[43].
2

304

. 6.23.
. - 14 14 3, 5 3 .
, . g (110), L

(110), , . , , ,

( ),
. , , , . (chopper), 75 25 .
. 6.24. ,
.
, = 2d sin B ( (110) -
d = 2, 4564
A)
f = l + L ,

(6.97)

305

. 6.24. ,
, B = 750 . n
.
51, 2 . N
. 5

l l, L L B .
l =

m
dm
l
=
l =
l sin B ,
v
2h
h

(6.98)

L
m L
dm
L tgB .
=
=
(6.99)
v cos B
2h cos B
h

(6.98), (6.99) ,
L tg B , l
sin B . B 900 L f ,
L / l
L/[l(/2 B )].
, (110) , L =

306

. 6.25. , ,

. 6.25. , (6.97). l
(. (6.98)) . ,
( ) .
, . ,
(110) (
), ( ).
. 6.25 L .
, ,

307

v, ,
v ,
90. ,
B = 87 L = (0, 90 0, 02) , v = (39 1) /c
v = 808 /.
6.9.5

.
,

, ,
( ),
(, 3,5
(110) -), , H Sg , , H Sg , .
, .
.
, -, ,
. 6.26.
(110) - 14, 0 14, 0 3, 5 3 [42], . [1][3].
(2) (3) (4)
H Sg , (5). ,
, (8) H Sg .
, H Sg .

308

. 6.26.
. 1 , 2
-, 3 BeO 120 , 4,9 - , 5,8
3- , 6 -
14 14 3, 47 3 , 7 , 10 -, 11 .
, .
g (110), H L

. 6.27.

= 90

309

. 6.27 = 90. . 6.26, 6.27

(X, Y, Z). (11)
(10), ,
H Sg .
, .

(. . 6.24),
, , ( ). BeO 120 (3), > 4, 7
A.


(20 10)% ,
(110).
.
N ( Z) ( )

N + = N0 (1 + PZ ),

N = N0 (1 PZ ),

(6.100)

PZ Z ( PZ =
= (N + N )/((N + + N ); N0 = (N + + N )/2).
S0
(1) (2) , ( H Sg ) PZ
:
PZ = P0 (cos S0 sin2 + cos2 ),

(6.101)

310

. 6.28. ( )
, (110) -,
H Sg B = 84

P0 Z (
P0 = (87 3)%).
, .. S0 = 0, PZ P0 , N + .
, N +
S0 . . 6.28.
PZ .
. 6.28
(6.100, 6.101).
(. [1][4], [18]) ,
(. . 6.29).
S0 , -

311

. 6.29. S0 . A B
(. . 6.26)

,
:
E(110) = (2, 24 0, 05(0, 20))108 /,

(6.102)

, .

,
B
25 [8], , ,
, B = 87, .. 1/(/2 B )
20,
,

( B = 45).

E

312

B = 87 , E , , E 0, 2 106 /.
( 0, 6 106 /)
, ( 0, 2 103 /) [24]. ,
D < 1022 e, , ,
[24], . .
6.9.6

. 6.30.
.
, , ,

2002 . (,
) [19] -

313

( N ).
14, 014, 03, 5 3 , 88, 5.
20 /,
810 /.
, 86 ( . 6.30), (D) (3 6) 1025 e PF1B
. ,
, .

6.10

(6.40), (6.41) (6.63), (6.64) ,

(.. L  g ) (
) :

L
|Vg | L
mL |Vg |2

=
=
=
Ig =
g
h
v||
h
k||
h
2
2

2LNc
D
= |Fg |2
= |Fg |2
k||
c cos

2

(6.103)

c .
Vg Fg : Vg = (2h2 /m)NcFg .
(6.16) , Vg E
(N
g = g = g = 0)

[g v]
Vg = vgN + ivgE
+ D(g) ,
c

(6.104)

314

,
VgN
VgEM

[g v ]
+ D(g) iE ef f .
= ivgE
c

(6.105)

, , VgN
,
Ig |VgN + iE ef f |2 = |VgN |2 + |E ef f |2.
, ,
.
.
,
, , , . (, ) , ,
.
1963 . 0,073 ( =
= 1, 06
A) c (110)
(220) [12].
:






Ig |Vg N |2 + |(Vg N + E ef f )|2 = |Vg N |2 + |E ef f |2 + 2Vg N E ef f ,





Vg N , Vg N VgN . , . .
( ) . -

315

,
- .

:


4aN fgEM
4Vg N Eef f
Ig
= 2
= N 2
 ,
I
|Vg | + |Vg N |2
aN + aN2

(6.106)

aN , aN , i(n)fgEM ( ). .
(6.3), (6.6) (6.16),
( g = 0) :


fgS

n gv||
= i(n)f (g)
i(n) ctgB ,
ec
E

n , ,
n
=
n rn (Z fc(g))/2,

n = n /N . ,
[12], : aV = 0, 048
1012 , aV = 0, 00038 1012 , ctgB = 0, 0039 1012 .

g, Eef f , . 1967 . [24]
CdS. (6.106) ,
. ,
, (. (6.3), (6.6) (6.16))
fgD = i(n)f E (g)d = i(n)rn
D = ed.

Z fc(g) c d
,

sin B v
cn

316

, g.
,
( )
, , , . , 180 ,
.
,
, .
, .
CdS ,
,
:
2
FCdS
= (aCd aS )2 + a2
Cd .

aCd = 0, 37 1012 ,
aS = 0, 28 1012 , aCd = 0, 16 1012 , : aS 1016 .
:
D < 5 1022 e.
.

6.11

, . 6.31,
[44] .
[45] , , .

, .

317

.
. . L
, I0 = Ig . ,
, . ( )
. L

g
( z ):
gr
eikr + ei(k+g)r = 2 cos eikz z .
2

. 6.31. - ,

, 3- , , ..

kz(1) . ( , , ),
:


eikr + ei(k+g)r+i = ei/2+ikz z eigr/2i/2 + eigr/2+i/2 =

318


gr + ikz z+i/2
= 2 cos
e
=
2


gr

gr
ikz z+i/2
e
.
cos sin
sin
= 2 cos
2
2
2
2
(1) (2), , 3- ,
, kz(1) kz(2) . , 3- :


(1)
(2)
gr
gr
cos eikz z + sin
sin eikz z =
2 cos
2
2
2
2


 ik(1) r
 ik(2) r
i(k(1) +g)r
i(k(2) +g)r
= cos
e
+e
+ i sin
e
e
=
2
2


i k L
i k L
iKr
=e
cos e 2 + i sin e 2 +
2
2


i k L
i k L
i(K+g)r
cos e 2 i sin e 2 ,
+e
2
2
(k(1) + k(2) )/2 = K, k = k(2) k(1) . , , ,


I0 = 1 + 2Re cos sin ieikL = 1 sin sin kL.

2
2

Ig = 1 + sin sin kL,

(6.107)
(6.108)

.. ( ,
) . , ,
,
, :
I0 = I(1 sin ),
I1 = I + I.

Ig = I1 + I sin ,

(6.109)

319

6.11.1

, .
: V = B.

( )
kB =

!
! 2m(E
"


!
! 2mE
"

V)

1V
1
=
2E

=
h



1V
Bm
= k0 2 = k0 k0,
= k0 1
2E
h
k0
, ,

= eik0 z

eik0 l
eik0 l

= eik0 z

eiB /2
eiB /2

B ,
2nBm
B = 2k0l =
l,
(6.110)
h
2 k0

2n B l
B = 0 =
,
(6.111)
h
v
v = h
k/m.
, , (
) B /2.
, I0 , ,



n Bl

I0 = I [1 sin(k0l)] = I 1 sin
.
h
v
l , B. , , . B. , .

320

, 4, .. .
.
( . [37]).

. [38], .

. 6.32. [38]
.
( 0 500 ) l 2

, , (. 6.32),
:
Ig = Ig () + Ig () =
1
B
B
1
1
1
B
= I1 + I cos( +
) + I1 + I cos(
) = I1 + I cos
cos ,
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
B
1
B
B
1
) I cos(
) = I(1 cos
cos ),
I0 = I I cos( +
2
2
2
2
2
Ig (), Ig ()
, ,
, ( ) (, = /2, 3|2 . . .,
, ).


321

,
, ..
4.

. 6.33.
BGAP [38]

, .
0500
( 2 210 2 )
. (.
6.33), - .
,
, , .
(6.110)

322

4n mBl
,
(6.112)
h2
h = 2h. = 1, 445
A.
BGAP , . (6.112)
, B = 2 ,
( ):
1 272
h2
=
,
(6.113)
rot (Bl) =
2n m 2
B , l ,
A.
Bl BGAP
Bl = 2, 7BGAP .
B =

. 6.34. N Ig I0
BGAP [38]

Ig I0 BGAP . 6.34.
= 1, 445
A : BGAP = 62 2 .
, ,
242
2rot (Bl),
osc(Bl)exp =
(6.114)

323

4
, .. 4 , :


B
2n mBl
Ig I0 = I + 2I cos
cos = I + 2I cos cos
=
2
h2

2Bl
,
= I + 2I cos cos
osc (Bl)
I = I1 I,

h2
=
n m
(6.113), , osc (Bl)
,
.
osc (Bl) =

272
.

= 2rot (Bl).

Bl [38].


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: . . .: -
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. , 96 (1989)
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. , 10 (1969) 328335;
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1
1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.5 . . . . . . . .
1.1.6 . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.7
1.1.8 . . . . . . . . . . . .

3
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

3
7
9
12
14
15
16
20
22

1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23
28

. . . . . . . . . . .

30

31

2.1 . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.1 . . . .
2.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31
36
42

2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1 . .

46
47

2.3 . . . 50
2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. V0 d . .

54
54

331

2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. V0
4.
5.
6.

7.

d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 1/v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.5 . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.2 . . . . .
2.5.3 -

56
56
57
60
60
61

.
.
.
.

62
65
67
68

. . . . . . . . . . . .

71

72

3.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

72

3.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75

3.3 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

78

3.4 . . . . . . . . .
3.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

82
87
89

3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.6 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.6.1 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

332

3.6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.6.3 ,
. . . . . 119
3.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

133

4.1 . . 133
4.2
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.3 . . . . . . . .
4.3.1 . . . .
4.3.2 . . . . . . . . .
4.3.3 . . . . . . .
4.3.4 .
4.3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.7 . . .
4.3.8
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

143
147
152
154
158
162
165
169

. 175
. 178
. 182

4.4 . . . . . 187
4.5 -. . . . . . . . 191
4.5.1 -
0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
4.5.2 - . . . . . . . . . 199
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

333

216

5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
5.2 . . . 221
5.2.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
5.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

239

6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
6.2 .
. . . . . . . . . . 245
6.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
6.4 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
6.4.1 . . . . . . . . . 258
6.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
6.6 , S =1/2
. . 269
6.7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
6.8 . . . . . . . . . .
6.8.1 ,
. . . . . . . .
6.8.2 (Pendellsung) . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
6.8.3

. . 279
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

279
280
280
281
289

334

6.9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.9.1
. . . . . . . . .
6.9.2
. . . . . . . . .
6.9.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.9.4
. . . . . . .
6.9.5
.
,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.9.6
. . . . . . . . . . . . .

291
292
293
300
303

307
312

6.10
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
6.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
6.11.1
. . . 319
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

: . .
: . .
020735

188300, .,
. 451, . 150, .-. . 20,9; 30.12.2004 .
6084/16, .