. .

. .

2006

 514.11
19
22.151.0

19

. ., . .

. | 6- ., . | .: , 2006. | 128 .: .
,
. | ,
-
, ,
. ,
,
, , | .
, ,
.
, , .
5- . | 2004 .
22.151.0

ISBN 5-94057-151-4

, 2006

| , , ,
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: 3

 , .
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. . , , . . , . .
. . , , .
(1970 ) .
,
, . ,
. . .
, 1978

. ;
.

. .

28 1998 57
,
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.
1957 , , ( ), ,
.
1962 ,
( - . . . ), |
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4

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1964 ).
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. . ),
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,
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, 2000


.
0.1.

,
, . ,
?
. .
.
d,
.
, . , , ,
(
). ,
.
,
. , A B d=2
.
. , ,
O .
:
| d=2 O. .
 , M K L (|K L| = d)
7

{z } B
d/2

K
M

K
M

A
T

K
M

d=2 O.
, OM
K OL K L. (
, K OL K OLT ,
K L OT
M .)
, ,
K L gAB O. .
, ,
M gAB . . , M
OM , |M T | = |OM |, T T L T K |
K L M . 

: , K L

B,

, M AB, -
. ,
.

O
L

0.1 .
K L () , K O LO
( )
K L ,
. ,
O
,
: K L;

= 90 |
K L. ,
, x 2,
.
0.1
.
0.2. , ?

O;

K OL

 . , |
, . . . , ,
.
 , Ox Oy. M (x; y) a
K b L (a + b = d).
, x
y M .
K L f
Ox, y = b sin f, x = a cos f,
f (0 6 f 6 p=2)
x2
y2
+
= 1:
(1)
2
a
b2
,
, x 6 | . ,
. 
, a = b = d=2 | , , |
(1) x2 + y2 = (d=2)2 . , , 0.1.
0.2
, . , ,
.

K
a
M (x; y )

y
O

.
0.3.

,
, .
K ?
:
K | ,
.
.
. ( ,
, . .

.) |

.
9

B
T

B
L

0
K

 ,
A
, K , T |
.
gK T gAT , ,
gK T , gAT .
, O | , (. x 1
. 16) AOT = K OT . , K
AO.

,
(
B ,
BOA = 90 , K O).

| BO | ,
K
0
0
A AA ,
K A. 
0.1 0.3.
, -, .

( | , |
),
. ,
, ,
, !
, d d=2,
K L | , . K L
( |
0
AA
BB 0 ). ,
K L
, . . ,
0.1.
10

 ,
K L:
, . . K L
? ,
, . , :
d=2
2d -

| .

x 7 ,

, .
,
, ,
|
.

x 1.

, , , .
.
,
.
| . : , .
,
.
, , ,
(, , , , . .). | ,
. , 0.1
, | , 0.3 .
.
, :
) ;
; ;
) .
|
, ;
12

 , , ,
.
.
1.1. O AC .
M , M OC =
= 2M AC .
 . O |AO| ( A) OC
( O).
. M
AO. , |M O| O
|AO|. OAM .

M OC A M , , . .
OAM + AM O = M OC = 2M AO:
OAM =
= AM O, , AM O
, . . |OM | = |AO|.
, : M .
, AM O , A M ,
, M OC =
= 2M AC .
M OC , M 6= O. M OC = 2M AC = 0 ,
.
AO :
M OC M AC , |
( O ). 
1.2. r1 r2 (r1 > r2 )
l.
M (. ).
 . , l.
, M | O1 O2 ,
O1 O2 | .

O1 O2 T1 T2 .
13

r1

M
r2
l

T2

O1

r1

r2
O2

T1

O1

M
O2
l

a
A

M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

ba

ba
2

O1 T1 O2 T2 . , M
O1 O2 r1 =r2 ( M O1 T1 M O2 T2 ). , O1 O2 | , l. M , O1 O2
r1 =r2 ,
, l.
, | , l 2r1 r2 =(r1 + r2 ) h?i. 
.
.
1.3. ABC D .
,
AB C D
BC AD.
 a b. , : a < b.
, ,

, , a,
b.
M
. y
;
y + a. , ,
y + (y + a) = b,
y = (b a)=2. , , ,
,
(b a)=2 .
14

; ,
,
.
.
. , ,
.

15

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

b
a

+
+
+
+
+

22222

bba
a

y
y
y
y
y
y=
y
y
y
=
=
=
=
=
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

| , E F
E0F 0.
, M , ,
BC DC . x y
M C D BC .
:
x + (x + b) = y + (y + a), y = x + (b a)=2.
, x y
M
C x C y.
y = x + (b a)=2 ,
xC y.
, , , ,
,
y = x + (b a)=2.

. , .
, , .
, | , . . a = b, ,
. ,
h?i. 
,

.
| ,
.
. 1.1. .
AM A w (. .
w ), OM
O 2w, AO. M
O.
. AM t AM1 AM2 wt, OM 2wt, ,

2wt

wt
A

M2

M1

2f

M1 AM2 -

.

, .
. . A
,
. -

M1 OM2

2w

w;

2w.
, .
l , . . , , M m m.

16

N l -

n -

. , , | ,

.
.
.
.

( )

.

. ,
, , .
. ( ,
, , ) , .
,
, ,
.

.
1.4. A.
A l, .
 X | l , OX A | .
M , OM A , |
, , OA.
, l . , OA .
X ( | ,

17

l
X

|
A

{z
d

O
O

OA).
A X l. 
1.5. A . A , ,
,
d.
 ,
d.
| d,

O , ,
p
r2 d2 =4, r | h?i. ,
:
A d O.
, A d, | d, | d. 
: , , . (
.) ,
.
A0 B 0 | A
B | A0 B 0 .
r O0 | O | O0
( ) kr
( k | ).
, ( |
).
1.6. A .
M AN M , N
.
 N | -
. AN
60 A, N 18

 M AN M . ,
, , A 60 ,
N M AN M .
, M
,
60
A.
, M

AN M . 
1.7. D . ,
D.
 , AC
( A), D. , , , AC D.
: A0 , A D, A0 , AC , E AB , E F D. . 
, .
1.7. D .
D ,
.
 , |
E F , , . . , , , D .
D M N , E F , ,
SMAN > SEAF :
(1)
19

A
N

B
A

N F

 , M AB
A, E
( , M A, E ,
| AB
AC ). ,

SEDM > SF DN ;
(2)
|
(1). (2) ,
E DM E DN 0 , F DN
D. 
.
1.8.

A
B

A B . ,
A , B .
1.9. A. , , A. (, : A
, .)
1.10. A B . ,
A , B .
1.11. ,
,
.
1.12. r,
.
1.13. A, B
.
,
. 
1.14. A B .
AB , | A, | B M . M . 
20

1.15. .
,
,
. 
1.16. OP OQ
OP M Q . M , :
) P Q,
) OP OQ,
) OP OQ
d.
1.17. ,
(
) .
1.18. A B | .
M , :
M B ,
A .
1.19. ABC , AO
) BC ,
) BC ,
) BC .
, A
) , ) , ) .
1.20. A. AN ,
N | .
1.21. .
, .
1.22.
,
.
1.23. C ABC D, A
, B |
.
1.24. )
,
, | ?
21

B
A

B
A

K
A
L

) ABC .
, AB .
1.25*.
,
? 
1.26*. ABC , AB . .
1.27. , . ?
1.28*. .
. M , ? 
1.29*. A
,
K L .
K L. 

x 2.

| ,
. ,
.
: | :
( , ). ,
|
, .

(, , )
,
.

.
.
, , ,
, .

.
.

A B; | ;

AB

A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A

23

 m AB .
. A, B , | . A
B m.

l
ll
ll
ll1
ll
1111

l2

l1
l2 ; | ;
;
l1

l1 l2 .

ll
lll
l
ll

ll
ll
ll2
ll
l
2222

, l1 l2 . | . | , l1 , l2 .
.

; -

l
h

(h

>

0);

| l1 ; l2 ;

l
l .

O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

l1 l2 | , l
, h.
.

O r

(r > 0); | r O.
( | .)
: .
r, | r.
, , , .
2.1. , .
2.2. , .
2.3. r, .
2.4. A B . M ,
24

 AM B
c (c > 0).
| .
2.5. AC
BC AB E F .
,
|AE |
AC |
= ||FAFB|| = ||CB
:
|EB |
|
 M | E F . ,
|AM |
= SSACM :
|M B |
SAMB

MCB

( AC M M C B C H .)
; M ,
AC BC , ,
AC |
SACM
= ||CB
: 
S
|

B H

MCB

lA

w
A

lB

A B

|
, x 1.
.

M0

( , , ).
| .

d, : A, B M0
lA lB .
x 1 lA d
d
2w.
lB d.
( M0 ) , . 
,
.


25

M1

AB

(. . M ,
AM B = f), | A

B; AB:

C
D

n
N

M
m

, , | M ,
AM B > f.
, f = 90 ,
AB .
0.1.
2.6. AB , C D ,
.
) AD BC , ) AC BD?
2.7. . ,
, ,

. , ,
.
2.8. A B
. M |
. AM
M M N , BM .
N .
 N | ,
, , |BM | = |N M |
N BM = M N B . AM B =
= M BN + M N B , AN B = AM B=2.
AM B M , gAB (. ):
AM B = f. AN = f=2, . .
gAnB ,
f=2. (
gAmB h?i.)
gAnB ?
, .
, M
gAnB B A, AM
A AB
A.
26


gAnB , , gE nB
(E | gAnB A).

n
N

, B ( M , M B M B

M
m

0). E, , ; M A,
AM .

, AB .
,
gE nB gE 0 n0 B . 
2.8 , , N B C M , C |
gAmB. , N
1.10 A C .
, 2.8,
.
2.8. , 2.8,
M N : M A.
. A B c.
.

n
E

0
N

C
M

M;

|AM |2 |BM |2

= c;

. ( , c = 0 .)
. |AB | = 2a. -

| , AB

M;

|AM |2 + |BM |2

2a2

=c

) c >
| p O AB
(c 2a2 )=2,
r =
) c = 2a2 | O,
) c < 2a2 | .

h?i.
,
27

T2

T1

O1

O2

.
.
2.9. ,
, , .
 O1 O2 | , r1 r2 | (r2 > r1 ), M T1
M T2 | ,
M . ,
|M T1 |2 = |M T2 |2 :
|M O1 |2 |O1 T1 |2 = |M O2 |2 |O2 T2 |2 ;

|M O2 |2 |M O1 |2 = r22 r12 :
M ,
O1 O2 .
, . , A | ,
|O2 A|2 |O1 A|2 = r22 r12
, , A .
; |
.
( r2 >
> r1 ), . , | .
, . 
, 2.9,
.
. :
M , |M T1 | >
> |M T2 |, M ,
|M T1 | < |M T2 |.
2.10. ,
.
2.11. )

. .
28

)
,
|AM |2 + |BN |2 = |AN |2 + |BM |2 . . 
 ) A B
AM BN a O, M N |
r O
p
c = 2(a2 + r2 ). |OM | = (c 2a2 )=2,
, ,
M A B c.
|AN |2 + |BN |2 = c,
|AM |2 + |BM |2 + |AN |2 + |BN |2 = 2c =
= 4(a2 + r2 ) = |M N |2 + |AB |2 : 
,
, , , .
. M; AM BN

l1 |M A1 |2 + l2 |M A2 |2 + : : : + ln |M An |2

l2 ;

A1 ;
:::;

A2 ;

ln ; m

:::;

l1 ;

| ;

An

= m; (1)

l1

+ l2 + : : : + ln =
6 0;

; -

;
2

l1

+ l2 + : : : + ln = 0 ;

; .

.

M (x; y ) Ak (xk ; yk )
|M Ak |2 = (x xk )2 + (y yk )2 =
= x2 + y2 2xk x 2yk y + x2k + yk2 :

l1 |M A1 |2 + l2 |M A2 |2 + : : : + ln |M An |2 :
,
l(x2 + y 2 2px 2qy + p2 + q 2 ):
, (1)
2
2
dx + dy + ax + by + c = 0;
(2)
29

r
O

 d = l1 + l2 + : : : + ln .
, (2)

; .

(a)

(a)

1 . d 6= 0,
(2) :
a
b
c
2
2
x +y +
x +
y +
= 0;
d
d
d




b2 + a2 4dc
a 2
b 2
+
=
x +
y +
:
(20 )
2d
2d
4d2
, : 

C 2ad ; 2bd ,
(20 ) ;

C 2ad ; 2bd ,
;
, .
2 . d = 0, (2)

ax + by + c = 0:
:
, a2 + b2 6= 0;
, a = b = c = 0;
, a = b = 0, c 6= 0. 
, , , . , .
. |M A|2
|M B |2 = c | (1), n = 2,
l1 = 1, l2 = 1, d = 0, , ,
, , .

(x + a)2 (x a)2 = c
x = c=(4a),
AB .
, | .
, AB . 
. |M A|2 +
+ |M B |2 = c | (1), l1 = 1,
l2 = 1, d 6= 0, , | , ,
30

. A B , AB .
, | , ,
AB ,
|AM |2 + |BM |2 = c. ,
(x a)2 + (x + a)2 = c c > 2a2 ,
p
|x| = r = (c 2a2 )=2: 
2.12. ,

.
 . . .
ABC D | , M ,
|M A|2 + |M C |2 |M B |2 |M D|2 = 0:
(1) n = 4, l1 = l2 = 1, l3 =
= l4 = 1 l1 +l2 +l3 +l4 = 0.
| ,
, .
, A, B , C D .
, A |AA|2 +
+ |AC |2 |AB |2 |AD|2 = 0 ( ). ,
. ,
| . 
2.12 ,
ABC D | ,
M
|M A|2 + |M C |2 = |M B |2 + |M D|2 :
,
.
2.13. A .
C ABC D, B D
.
2.14. ,
|M A|2 |M B |2 = 2|AB | r(M; m);
m | AB ,
|M A| > |M B |.
31

C
B
D

m
M

M1

M2

, .
1 ). M;
|M A|=|M B | = k; k > 0; k 6= 1;
; AB .

M1

M2

, A B , .

|M A|2 k 2 |M B |2 = 0:
| (1),
n = 2, l1 = 1, l2 = k2 , , 1 k2 6= 0, | , , .

(x + a)2 = k2 (x a)2
k2 6= 1 , AB M1 M2 , , | . AB ,
| M1 M2 . 
, M | , AM M B AB
M1 M2 . ( AM1 |
AM2 |
AM |
2.5, ||BM
= ||BM
= ||BM
.)
|
1|
2|

.
2.15.
A B .
B , A.
B ,
.
1)

3.

32

 A, B ,
C , D . , AB , BC C D
.
. , .
( ).
l1
l2 c.

2.16.

r(M; l1 )=r(M; l2 )

M;

l1

l2

l1 l2 c; | ;

l1

l1 l2 .

M;

r(M; l1 ) +

+ r(M; l2 ) l1 l2

c; | ;

l2

l1 l2 .

, .
2.17. ABC . M , SAMC = SBMC .
 hb ha | M
AC BC .
|BC | ha
|AC | hb
;
SBMC =
;
SAMC =
2
2
, ha =hb = |AC |=|BC |.
M |
AC BC c =
= |AC |=|BC |. ,
, C .
, m , l AB .
,
.
h , C . N |
l,
|CN | h
SACN =
SBCN = |CN2| h ;
2
SACN = SBCN l .
33

S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S

S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S

M
A

| AB , . .
SAKC = |AK | h=2 =
= SBKC ,
m . 

m l
C .
, ,
.
2.18.

AOB . , M AB AO BO
,
.
|
, | ,
( , ). ,
(. 17).
. l1 l2

|AK | = |K B |.
= |BK | h=2

l2

M .
l1

l2
t
ct

l1

l2

O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

l1

 ,
M1 M2 .
M1 M2 .
( M M1 M2 )
, . 
. t , t l2 ct l1 |
O
l1 l2 . ,
, t l2 |
(. ), , ct l1 |
, |
.
,
ct=t = c:
34

 t 0 , .
t , ,

( l1 l2 ).
| |
, O. 
. t l1 |
c t l2 (0 6 t 6 c).
.
t 0 c, ,
, , . , t =
= 0 t = c, l1 , l2
. 
, , , , .
M;
l1 r(M; l1 ) + l2 r(M; l2 ) + : : : + ln r(M; ln ) = m; (3)
l1 , l2 , : : : , ln | , l1 ,
l2 , : : : , ln , m | .
. , ,
, l1 ,
l2 , : : : , ln , (3)
, ,
.
Q.
. ;
(3); Q;
1) Q
(; );
2) Q; 3) .
, , ( 1.3) . .


Q , l1 , l2 , : : : , l

. Q -

35

l1
t

l2

l1

l2

l1
l2
l3

Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q

n
M (x; y )

n.

l1 , l2 , : : : , l

k = 0 lk

a x + b y + c

, a x + b y +

+ c
x

2
b

k+ k

= 1

h?i,

M (x; y)

r(M; lk ) = ak x + bk y + ck .

kx

>

2
a

l1 r(M; l1 ) + l2 r(M; l2 ) + : : : + ln r(M; ln )

ky
+

, -

k=

lk ak x + lk bk y + lk ck .

(3)
ax + by + c = 0:
a

+ b

2 6=

0, o . a = b = 0 |

, 2.14
h?i.
2.19. ) ABC .
,
AB , BC C A
m (m > 0). 
) ABC D. ,
AB , BC , C D, DA
m.
2.20*. ) l0 , l1 , l2 ,
60 . M ,
r(M; l0 ) = r(M; l1 ) + r(M; l2 ):
) ABC .
M , AB , BC , C A
. 
. , - , :
,
( ,
, M ,
); ,
,
.

:
36

.
.
.
.
.
.

{M :
{M :
{M :
{M :
{M :
{M :
{M :
{M :
{M :
{M :

|M A| = |M B |}.
r(M; l1 ) = r(M; l2 )}.
r(M; l) = h}.
|M O| = r}.
AM B = f}.
|AM |2 |M B |2 = c}.
|AM |2 + |M B |2 = c}.
|AM |=|M B | = k }.
r(M; l1 )=r(M; l2 ) = k }.
r(M; l1 ) + r(M; l2 ) = c}.

.
.
.
.
, , ,

, , , , , , , .
|
{M : l1 |M A1 |2 + l2 |M A2 |2 + : : : + ln |M An |2 = m};
|
{M : l1 r(M; l1 )+l2 r(M; l2 )+: : :+ln r(M; ln ) = m}:
x 6

. {M : |M A| + |M B | = c}.
. {M : ||M A| |M B || = c}.
. {M : |M A| = r(M; l)}.
. {M : |M A|=r(M; l) = c}.
| , , | .

x 3.

m
O

0
C
A

, , ,
.
, ,
.
.
|

.
, ,
:
a = b b = c, a = c.
3.1. ABC ( ) , ( ).
 mc ma AB BC ,
, O.
O
mc , , (x 2),
|OA| = |OB |. , O
ma , ,
|OB | = |OC |. , |OA| = |OC |
O mb
AC .
, O. 
3.2. ABC . (
.)
38

 , .
A0 B 0 C 0 , A, B , C
, ABC A0 B 0 , B 0 C 0 , C 0A0 .
, 3.1
. 
3.2, 3.1.
 ,
.
.
,
{M : |M A|2 |M B |2 = d}
| , AB . d , C . d = |C A|2 |C B |2 .
,
2
2
2
2
hc = {M : |M A| |M B | = |C A| |C B | }
,
C .
, :
2
2
2
2
ha = {M : |M B | |M C | = |AB | |AC | };
2
2
2
2
hb = {M : |M C | |M A| = |BC | |BA| }:
hc ha
H ,
|H A|2 |H B |2 = |C A|2 |C B |2 ;
|H B |2 |H C |2 = |AB |2 |AC |2 :
,
|H A|2 |H C |2 = |BA|2 |BC |2 :
, hb . 
3.3. ABC
( ).
39

O2

C
O1

O
A
B
O3

 a, b c | , .
la lb A B , , O ( ).
O
r(O; b) = r(O; c)
r(O; a) = r(O; c):
, r(O; b) = r(O; a) O lc C . 
. M , r(M; c) = r(M; b) r(M; a) =
= r(M; c) | O, O1 , O2 ,
O3 | .
, 3.3, , (
a b) .
,
.
| ,
|
.

O2
C

O1

O
A
B

O3

Z
B

, O1 O2 O3 A, B ,
C | , O1 , O2 O3 |
ABC .
O1 O2 O3
ABC .
3.4.
( ).
.
, , .
 ABC
`A , `B , `C , 1 , . `A `B
AB ; ,
Z . , Z
40

 , ,
Z . 
, ,
.
 ABC . , A,
B , C , () (. 2.17):
SAMB = SCMA ;
(1)
SAMB = SBMC ;
SBMC = SCMA :
,
, ,
Z . 
. ,
(1), ( 2.17)
| . , : Z , A0 , B 0 , C 0 . , A0 B 0 C 0 | A0 B 0 C 0 ,
3.2.
3.5. ) ,


(. 2.9).
) , , ( )
. 
3.6. ( .) ,
ABC
T ( ),
(. .
, AT B = BT C = C T A).
3.7. AB ,
f. :
) ;
) ; 
) . 
3.8. ) a, b, c,
A, B , C , w. ,
41

S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S

S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S

M
A

0
C
A

A
B

. 
) , ,
ABC AB , BC C A, | ABC . 
3.9. ( .) AB , BC
C A C1 , A1 , B1 .
, AA1 , BB1 C C1 ,

|AC1 | |BA1 | |CB1 |

= 1: 
|C1 B | |A1 C | |B1 A|
3.10. C1 , A1 , B1 , AB , BC , C A ABC ,
. , ,
|AC1 |2 + |BA1 |2 + |C B1 |2 =
= |AB1 |2 + |BC1 |2 + |C A1 |2 : 
.
,
.

.
, .
,
.
,
, :
,
,
.
:

f1 (x) = 0,
f2 (x) = 0

, .
42

43

f(
x)

, ,
, , , ,
,
. f (x) = 0,

f (x) = f1 (x)f2 (x);

f1 (x) = 0, f2 (x) = 0
.

, | .
f (x) > 0 f (x) < 0,
f (x) = 0.
f ( )
,
. ,
, ,
,
.
x 2.

.
3.11. A B . M ,
AM B
) ;
) ;
) .
 ) AM B | , :
1) AM B = 90 , 2) BAM = 90 , 3) ABM =
= 90 .
: 1) AB ; 2) lA , A -

A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A

B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B

AB ; 3) lB , B
AB .

A B , AB (
AM B ). 
 ) AM B | ,
:
1) AM B < 90 , 2) BAM < 90 , 3) ABM <

< 90 .
: 1) AB (. x 2 );
2) lA ,
B ; 3)
lB , A.
|
lA lB , AB . 
 ) , M ( AB )
: ) 4AM B , ) 4AM B , ) 4AM B ,
. )
, ), ).
| ( lA , lB ). AB . 
3.12. A B .
M , :
) AM B ;
) AM B AB |
;
) AM B AM |
.
3.13.
1. ,
1 ,
1/8 .
 M , 1 44

 | 1
. | , ;

3
1 2 . ,
1/8:

49
1 2 > 8 8 > 23 16
> 3:
,
1/8. 
3.14. O
,
. ,
M
1, |OM | 7/6.
3.15. ABC D . , AB ,
BC , C D DA.
3.16. ABC . M ,
AM B , BM C , C M A
ABC .
3.17. ABC D . ,
.
 ,
M , . , x 2, , AM B , BM C , C M D
DM A 360 ,
. 
3.18*. S p.
,
,
S=p.
3.19*. 1 n . ,
,

2= pn. 

.
45

O2

Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q

K
O1

O2

P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P

K
O1

3.20. ) O . 3 , 5 O,
5 , 3
O. , .
) , , | .
 ) r1 r2 | O1 O2
. K
,
K . ,
r2 =2
Q K O2 . (
(O2 ; r2 ) 1=2 .) , Q r1 =2
P | O1 O2 .
K (O1 ; r1 ), Q r1 =2 P . , r2 =2, r1 =2 P .
, .
, ,
(r1 + r2 )=2 |r1 r2 |=2. , r1 = r2 ,
. 
3.21. O , l,
,
n . , n ,
1. 
3.22. A,
,
46

. 5 /, | 2 /.
,
A .

.
3.23.

,
?
.

.
,
?
 .
. , , ,
.
:
; -

.
. , .
,
,
; h?i.
.
C1 , C2 , : : : , Cn .
Ci | .
, Ci
Cj .
, Ci , Cj (
j ), | , Ci Cj (). , Ci ,
, . . , , Cj (j 6= i). |

47

ii

C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C

 n 1 | , , h?i.

Ci Ci (
Ci Cj
!),
.

{M : |M Ci | 6 |M Cj | j 6= i}
Ci . ,

:
,
M ,
Ci
M ?. M
, M
, . . | . ,
,
.
,

; .

.

.
, . . .

, 3.23 ,
.
,
,
. ,
,
. , g,
g ,
g ,
. ,
g; g
48

 - (.
2.9 3.5). ,
,
,
. 

3
O

4.

, ,

, .
,
,
, .
,
. ,
.
4.1. , ,
| 6 /,
| 3 /?
 . 60 .
,
(
)

!
h?i (. ). OA |
!
, AM |

!
!
!
. OA + AM = OM
(
!
). AM
3,
. M | 3
A. , 50

OM
!
OM0 , .
,
.
60 . 
4.2. A = f
BC .
 A,
BC , BAC =
= f. , ABC |
B C (. 3.7, ). ,
. 
4.3.
.
4.4.
, | u, | v.
, d .
? 
4.5. A,
, .

5 /, | 2 / ( ).
,
A B ,
13 5
?
4.6. . A ,
( A)
. 
4.7. O . , O 51

M0

O
b
N

M
b

a, | b.
O ?
 . a + b. AM N | , |OA| = a,
|ON | = b. , , , A: , , O . , ,
A | a O, N
b O. M ? 1.9: M ,
60 A1 ).
O0 , , a O ( 4OO0A
). , , b. , O M
a + b. 

:
,
.
4.8.
O M AK M N , ,
a) |OA| = |ON | = 1;
) |OA| = a, |ON | = b.
4.9.
. 
?
4.10.

A, B , C . ,
?
1)

, , |
O.

52

 r A, B C . K | | . r0 ,
|
K . , M |
, ,
r0 .
ABC
K | ,

ABC K | . 
 K
h?i. , .
K | . 
4.10.
 :
a) {M : |M A| > |M B | |M A| > |M C |},
b) {M : |M B | > |M A| |M B | > |M C |},
c) {M : |M C | > |M B | |M C | > |M A|}.
| ,
ABC . M a), A, b) |
B , c) | C .
ABC ,

(a), b)
c)), . . .
ABC
, , ,
. 
4.11. ,
,
. , ?
4.12*. )
. ,
53

C
K

C
A
B

C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C

b
b
b
b
b
b)
)))))
b
b

a
)
)
a
a
a
a
a)
a
a
))
a

A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A

B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B

c
c
c
c
c
c)
))))
c
c

C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C

A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A

B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B



?
) .
.
4.13*.

A
P

O , a = 1 .

,
T = 1 . ,
v, (
) .
v ?
 a, , . ,
A,
.
, a=v; ,
,
, . . a=v < T ,
v > a=T = 60 /:
, ,
v > 60 /
. , , , 60 / |
, ,
. . AO | ,
.
,
, 1 ).
, , OP , :
O, .
2p=T . 1)

,
- ,
v.

54

 r = vT =2p
,
. r O
, (
) v.
- , . | r=2: K
v, K O O ,
r, . . ,
(. 0.3), .
, | !
AO, | ,

1
a
a
v >
0; 862 = 51;7 /:
1 + 1=(2p) T
T

. , ,
!

v, .
, t | ,
vt A. , ,
OP .

D. ,
, : : : .
1) v ,
t D,
55

O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

P
A

D
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

A
P

O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

P
L
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

, :
, t , . .
. , t = t0
OP vt0 A
L. L (
),
v, t0
L.
2) v
v0 , D .
, v > v0
.
v0 , , , OP vt0
N , . v0 , N OA b :
v T
|N O| = r = 0 ; |AN | = v0 t0 ;
2p
|AN |
|N O |

bbbb
N

O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

= tg b;

O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

t0

|N O| = a cos b:

2p

= (2pa cos b)=T ;

b:
2p + b = tg b:
, , ; b 0;92p=2,
v0 0;8a=T 48 /:
, v0 ,
. 
4.14*. )
. , , ,
v0

2p + b

56

 , .
. .
?
) v u
(v | , , u |
, ) ?

x 5.

,
. ,
, |
|
.
.
5.1.

A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A

P1

P2

. , , . ,
?

.
l AB . l P ,
AP B .
, AM B , M
l. :
f , M l
AM B .

. (, : M
, f (M ) =
= AM B .)
: l,
AM B x | M |
58

 x .
f (x) .
.
, AM B M (
l).
 M , AM B f,

A B (. x 2 ).
f (0 < f < p),
,
, AB .
,
, f
. , f = p=2
AB .
M , l.
, AM B
.
-
: AM B = f, M
, f.
, ,
, l ,

AM B = f.
l C AB l.
( , AB l.
.) c1 ,
, ,
P1 AB
. , M l,
P1 , , c1 . (, . 26),
, AM B < AP1 B .
, C
: P2 ,
AB
59

pp
pp

4
4
4
4
4

pp
pp

3
3
3
3
3
3

pp
pp

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2pp
2
pp
3
3
3
3
3

2
2pp
2
2
pp
3
3
3
3
3

pp
pp

2
2
2
2
2

pp
pp

3
3
3
3
3

pp
pp

4
4
4
4
4
4

M
c
c
c
c
c
1
c1
c
c
c
1
11

P1
C

P2
c
c
c
c2
22
2
c
c
c
c
2

M
l

P1
C
P2

,
.
, , P P1 P2 ,
,
A B , l . P , P C A
. AB
l,
, P1 P2 :
. ( P1 P2 , .)
. 5.1 | f , AM B , . .
f (M ) = AM B .

. , , f (M ) = |OM |, f (M ) = r(l; M ), f (M ) =
= ABM ( O, A, B | , l |
), , ,
.
. , ,
. ( ) f , M ,
h, . .
{M : f (M ) = h}.
,
h | ;
,
,
f . , 5.1,
f (M ) = AM B .
. , . ,
, , , y = f (x), 60

,
. , ,
f , , M
, M
|f (M )|, f (M ) > 0, M |f (M )|, f (M ) < 0;

, f . ,
Oxy Oz , (x; y; z ), z =
= f (M ), (x; y) | M . ( , ,

.)
, {M : f (M ) = h} , , M , | h.
(. 62{63)
,
. , ,
f (M ) = AM B p
AB , . (,
5.1
, l.)
f
f (M ) = l1 r(M; l1 ) + l2 r(M; l2 ) + : : : + ln r(M; ln );
x 2 (
), Q,
l1 , l2 , : : : , ln ,
f (x; y ) = ax + by + c:
,
| ( a =
= b = 0) .
, , .
61

2
1

1
0

1,5

1
2

1;5

1;5
1
0

1
5
1;;;;;;;;;5
5
1
1
5
1
5
2 1
1
5
1
5
1;;;;;;;;;5
5
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0

1
1

11
1

, , | .
. f (M ) = r(M; l). | , |
.
. f (M ) = |M O |. | , | .
. f (M ) = AM B . | , | .
. f (M ) = |M A|2 |M B |2 . | , |
.

62

. f (M ) = |M A|2 + |M B |2 . | ,
| .
. f (M ) = |M A|=|M B |. A , B | . | , AB ,
|
AB .
K. f (M ) = r(M; l1 )=r(M; l2 ). : |
, | l1 ,
O l1 l2 ; , , . | , O.
. f (M ) = r(M; l1 ) + r(M; l2 ). | . | , l1 l2 .
63

; |
Q .
f
2
2
2
f (M ) = l1 |M A1 | + l2 |M A2 | + : : : + ln |M An |
l1 + l2 + : : : + ln = 0 ( | ),
l1 + l2 + : : : + ln 6= 0 |

2
f (M ) = d|M A| ;
A | .
| (
x 2), |
.
, f (M ) = AM B
f (M ) = |AM |=|BM |. ,
:
,
,
h?i |
, .
, | , , | . f (M ) = M AB
(A B | ).
, AB , | , .
. ,
. ,

|
.
. f (M ) |
M . {M : f (M ) =
= 200 }, {M : f (M ) = 400 } . .
64


:
{M : 0 < f (M ) < 200 } | ,
{M : f (M ) > 200 } | ,
{M : f (M ) < 0} |
.
,
|
,
, , |
,
( h) .

0, d, 2d, : : : ,
: ,
.
. 3.23
( )

f (M ) = min{|M C1 |; |M C2 |; : : : ; |M Cn |};
M
C1 , C2 , : : : , Cn . 3.23
, ,
,
.

.
n = 2 n = 3.
5.2. ) C1
C2 .
f (M ) = min{|M C1 |; |M C2 |}.
) C1 , C2
C3 . f (M ) = min{|M C1 |; |M C2 |; |M C3 |}.
 ) M ,
|M C1 | = |M C2 |. , , C1 C2 .
,
C1 , |
C2 .
65

1
5
1
5
1
1;;;;;;;;;5
5
1
5
2 1
1
5
1
5
1;;;;;;;;5
5 1
1
5
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0

1
11

1
1

C1

C2

 ,
( ) = |M C1 |, f (M ) = |M C2 |. , f (M ) = |M C1 | |
,
.
) ,
|M C1 | = |M C2 |, |M C2 | = |M C3 |
|M C1 | = |M C3 |. 3.1 |
C1 C2 C3 , O .
O . ,
C1 | f (M ) = |M C1 |,
C2 | f (M ) = |M C2 |,
C3 | f (M ) = |M C3 |. ,
f (M ) = min{|M C1 |; |M C2 |; |M C3 |}
,
| . 

f (M ) = min{|M C1 |; |M C2 |; : : : ; |M Cn |}
.

C1 , C2 , : : : , Cn ,
, | ,
, |
f . (,
,
45 ,
.)
3.11 3.12.

.
5.3. A B .
) f (M ) = max{AM B; BAM ; M BA},
) f (M ) = min{|AM |; |M B |; |AB |}
.
. f |
. .
f (M )
f M

C
C
C
C
C
C3
C
C
C
3333

C
C
C
C
C
C2
C
C
2222
C
C
C
C1
C
C
C
C
C
1111

66

 , |
.
, ,
. , f (M ) = |M A|2 +
+|M B |2 M0
AB , |
M0 .

f (M ) = AM B . p
AB , 0 | AB .
A B (
f ):
.

5.1. | ,
. :
; f; ; -

g (
g ). , 5.1, : , ( ) -

;
f

1 ).

, , f g P f (P ) = c. g {M : f (M ) > c} | {M : f (M ) 6 c}, P
: {M : f (M ) = c}. ,
g {M : f (M ) = c}, . .
P .
1)

, f ,

67

gg
g
g
f

>

gg
gg

,

x 4.

f (M ) = r(M; l );
f (M ) = M OA;
f (M ) = |M A|
g. , , g.
, g .
( )
.
5.4. ) ,

.
)* M
, . 
5.5. O A . M , AM O .
5.6. A B | . g M ,
) ,
)
A B .
5.7. l AB . M
l, |AM |=|M B |
. 
5.8. .
, ? ,

) ,
) .
68

,
y = f (x) .
f | . f |
. , ,
Ox,
,
.

M0

x 6.
, , .
,
: . . : , . , , . 78.
,
,
x 2.
. , , ,
.
. |


.
,
, , | .
. . M ; A B .
A

{z
2c

(
) 2a, |AB |
A B | 2c. ,
70

a 6 c : a < c,
, M ,
|AM | + |M B | < |AB |; a = c
AB .
, a > c, . A B ,
2(a + c),
,
.
.
. A B .
, :
AB ,
O AB .
,
, , O |
.
, ,
|
f (M ) = |M A| + |M B |:
. .

;
A B

2a (a > 0).
- |AB | = 2c. a > c,
,
M , |AM | |M B | >
> |AB | |M B | |M A| > |AB |; a = c
AB | (AB ) [AB ].
a < c
(), ( | {M : |M A||M B | = 2a}, | {M : |M B | |M A| = 2a}).
, A B | .
, . O AB .

71

f (M ) = ||M A| |M B ||;
A
B AB ( f (M ) = 0).
. . M; F

.
F , l | (
).
, F
.
. :
. {M : |M A| + |M B | = 2a}.
. {M : ||M A| |M B || = 2a}.
. {M : |M F | = r(M; l)}.
,
, , , . , ,
, , | , a.
6.1. A B .
M , :
) AM B p;
) AM B p;
) |M A| |M B | d.
6.2. AB T .
M , , AM B , AB T .
6.3. ,
) ;
)
;
l;

M
F
l

72

)
;
) ;
)* . 
6.4.

ABC D , |AD | = |BC | = a |AB | =
= |C D| = b, AD .
AB C D,
) a < b;
) a > b.
6.5. ) A
B , |
n ( n = 12).
A B .
(
),
| . ,

, .
) l |
F . F ,
l l . ,
,
, ), F .
, , , ,
.
.
, .
,
.
6.6. l A B
. l
X , |AX |+
+ |X B | A B .
73

B
A

, A0 ,
A l.
M |A0 M | = |AM |.
|AM | + |M B | = |A0 M | + |M B | |A0 B | X
A0 B l. 
, X : AX BX l .
6.6 , x 5, |
, | :
{M : |AM | + |M B | = c} A B , c,
, l.
, X , ( A B ) l .
M , X , , . .
|AM | + |M B | .
,

: ;


B
A

X
A

B
A

0
A

A
X
l
A

; -

.

. () ,
| | A,
B . ( .)
: ;
X

X ;
A

0
B

l
X

.
,
.
6.7. l A B , A l, B .
74

 X , |AX | |BX | .
:
A0 ,
A l,
X A0 B
l h?i. , X AX X B
l.
( x 5) , : X |
l (
A B ). ,
.
,

B
l

A B.
,
X . X ,
-

AX BX . , , .

, |
, | . , -

,
A B (. . 64): -

.
,

6.5),

F l,
X | - . X F
.

; X l ,

.
. H | , X l.
|X F | = |X H |. , X
m F H .
, m . ,

( , X )
X

75

X
F
l
H

M0
M0

X
N

m. m .
M , F ,
H .
, , . . M
( X ) |M F | < |M H |.
, |M F | = r(M; l), r(M; l) < |M H | ( ).
.
: g M0 | l,
M0 , g (
, M0 ),
l.
.

F , :

.
6.8. . : , | . ,
.
,
, , 6.5, ) .
.
6.9. ) A
B . , , A , | .
) , , A
, | .
 ) l | X , N | , 76

 A l. , (. 6.6), X N B
|N B | = |AX | + |X B |
. , , 2a.
, N B | B 2a.
) M | ,
A l. ,
1
|AM | = |AN |:
2
6.9, ) ,
N , . B 2a
A , AN , N |
. | a O AB . 
6.10. ), ).
) ) 6.9 .
6.11. F
l.
) ,
F .
) , , F , , l.
6.12*. ) , | (
). 
) , .
6.13*. 6.12, ) .
6.14*. ) 6.12 .
6.15*. P0 P1 P2 P3 : : :

A B (P0 , P1 , P2 , : : : |
). , :
) P0 P1 AB , P1 P2 , P2 P3 ,
77

X
F

P1

P0

P3

P2

1)

2)

, | , (. 1 ).
, ,
,
,
.
, l l
| , (. 2 ). , l.
. , , | ,
.
78

3)

4)

5)

6)

P N
, P N , ( ) (. 3 ). P N
, | P N ().
;
| .
, l1 , l2 ( l1 l2 ).
. 4 {6 6.16 6.17. ,
, , : ,
.
79

, : : : AB A
B; 
) P0 P1 AB ,
P1 P2 , P2 P3 , P3 P4 , : : :
AB , P0 P1 ,
P1 P2 , P2 P3 , : : :

A B . 
.
| , ,
, | , . : . , .
6.16. O A. M , M A.
,
) , A O;
) , A ;
) , A . 
6.17. l A. M l , M A. ,

. 

. 78{79. : ,
| , |
, , ,
, | ( ).
. , .
P3 P4

80

 , .
.

2
y = ax :
(1)
, , , .
F l 2h.
y

Oxy , Ox
l F l,
Oy F

( Oy, ,

). ,

, (1):

x2 + (y

h)2

O
=

|y + h|;

m
x

+ y

2 2yh + h2

= y

+ 2yh + h ;

m
2

y = x =(4h)
( a = 1=(4h)).
y = ax

+ bx + c |

. y = ax
.
(x; y)
y = x

(ax; ay) a

y = ax .

, . a, ,
: a, . , y = ax
y = x

( )

: (x; y)
(x; y)

(x; y=a).

(x

a; y), -

A B .
Ox Oy | A B
A(c; 0) B (c; 0), |

p:
p
(x + c)2 + y2 + (x c)2 + y2 = 2a,
(20 )
a > c.
,
:
p
y2
x2
2
2
+
=
1
;

b =
a c :
(2)
2
2
a
b
0
(2 ) (2),
.
81

(c; 0)
A

(c; 0)
O

 (2) ,
: a
x

+ y

= a

a=b Ox.

(x; y) (x; y ), y

= yb=a. (-

y = y a=b , -

x2

a2

(y )

b2

= 1.) ,

, ; ,
, | . :
,
, | .
, b=a.

,
,
p
p
| (x + c)2 + y 2 (x c)2 + y 2 | = 2a,
(30 )
a < c,
, ,
y2
x2
2
2
a
b

= 1; b =

(3)

a2 :

> 0,

> 0,

y =

b
a

x2

a2 :

, x

>

. , x
y

y =

x, . ., ,

a
1 ).
y =

O
x

y = bx=a

bx=a.

, , ,
xy = d (d | , d 6= 0):
(4)
1)

, ,
n ,

b p
2 b xn .

x2

a
n

a
a

,
x

82

x2

a2

a2

x2

a2 + x

 ?
?
, , . : xy = d . (3)

x2
y2

= 1;
2d
2d
,
:
, |
h?i.

,
x

x2

a2

y2

2
b

+ y

= a .

= 1 ( a b)

2 y2

= a

Ox a=b.

, b=a, , , 2g (tg g = b=a).

.
0
0

, -

(2 ) (3 )
(2) (3) (. 81{82).

(x +

z1 =

c )2

y2

(x

c )2 + y 2

!2

c )2 + y 2

!2

c )2

(x +

z2 =

y2

(x

00

(3

(2

00

x = 0 y = 0. , 0 < z1 <
< z2 , z1 + z2 = x

+ y

2 2

+ c , z1 z2 = c x . ,

z1 z2 | z
z

2 (x2

+ y

2 2

+ c )z + c x

= 0:

(5)

, (5), -

z = c , z1 < c , z2 > c . ,
(5) :

x (z

c2 ) + y 2 z

= z(z

c2 );

m
x2
z

y2
z

c2

= 1:

, z a

(5 )

(5 )

( a > c) ( a < c)
Oxy.
a

>

>

0. , , (

00 )

x = 0, y = 0) (3

(2

00 )

83

x
O

(5 ), z1 < c

< z2 .

(2 ) , ,
z2

= a , z2 -

(5 ), (x; y) (x = 0, y = 0)

x2
a2

y2

= 1:

a 2 c2

(6)

, (x; y) (6),
z = a
a
a

(5 ), ,

> c , . . a

| (5 ), -

= z2 . , a > c (2 ) (6).

, a

<

(6), . . z1 = a

c (3 )

(6).
, x = 0 y = 0 -

(6) (2 ) (3 ) (
a > c a < c).

(6)

(2 ) (3 ) .
b =

a2

c2

( a > c) b =

c2

a2

( a < c), (2)

(3). , (6)

(2) (2 ), (3) (3 ).
,

| .

. , ,
, , .
.
.

l;

F . ,
F l -

k; | ( k < 1);
( k = 1) ( k > 1):

. ,
. :

x2

h )2
|y + h |

+ (y

= k;

k = 1, , -

y = ax , a = 1=(4h). 0 < k < 1

x2
a2

(y

d )2
b2

= 1

(),

(7)

= 1

(),

(8)

k > 1 |

x2

2
a
84

(y

d )2
b2

| 2 1|;

p
|k2 1|;

a = 2kh=

d =

h(k2

b = 2kh= k

2
+ 1)=(k 1):

(7) (8) (2),

(3) , x
y. Oy,
(0; d). , F
, . l .

, ,

f (M ) = r(M; F )=r(M; l )
, .

70

78),

: f1 (M )

f2 (M )

k (M; l).
,

(.

r(M; F )

(.
-

62)

(k |

).

: , .

{M :

} = {M : r(M; F ) = kr(M; l)}:

f1 (M ) = f2 (M )

l (

k 2 + 1 ). -

| , .

, , , | , | .

: . ,
(1), (2), (3), (4), . .
y2
x2
y2
x2
2
+
=
1
;

= 1; xy = d;
y = ax ;
a2
b2
a2
b2
| ,
. ,

2
2
ax + bxy + cy + dx + ey + f = 0
(9)
85

( a, b, c, d, e, f | , a2 + b2 +
+ c2 6= 0).
, :
p(x; y) = 0, . . (9),
. .
(9) ; -

( )
( ,
).
, :
.
, ,
,
: ,

, ,
| , .
(, , |
, . .) ,

(, , . .).
6.18. ,
c .
6.19. l A.

) A l
c;
) A
l ( ) c;
) A
l c,
c | .
6.20.
) ;
)

y
l1

l2

86

 l1 , l2 d.

) f (M ) = r2 (M; l1 ) + r2 (M; l2 );
) f (M ) = r2 (M; l1 ) r2 (M; l2 ).
6.21. F l.
) f (M ) = r2 (M; F ) + r2 (M; l);
) f (M ) = r2 (M; F ) r2 (M; l).
6.22. O OP M Q , OP
OQ .
M ?
 |OP | = p, |OQ| = q .
OP OQ , .
:
t = 0, | Ox ( O). OP OQ w.
P , Q t
(p cos wt; p sin wt); (q cos wt; q sin wt):
, M (x; y)

x = (p + q ) cos wt;
y = (p q ) sin wt
!
!

!
( OM = OP + OQ). , M

x2
(p + q )2

y2
( p q )2

= 1:

y
P

M
Q

(x; y)
x = a cos wt;
y = b sin wt
(10)
(t | ).
, (x; y) t, . t .
87

w
A

M
A

6.23*. A B , . M ,
? 
6.24*. M , M BA = 2M AB ,
AB | . 
6.25*. ) , S . ,
, | . 
) ,
. 
) , , , . 
6.26*. )
ABC (|AC | = |BC |).
M , AB AC BC .
) , , .
M ,

.
6.27*. AB , BC C D
ABC D.
?
. , , , . .
,
F1 F2 p, . |

f (M ) = r(M; F1 ) r(M; F2 ):
88

q(

}|

M
l

|
q(

{z
)

:
((x c)2 + y2 )((x + c)2 + y2 ) = p2 :

p = c2 . p < c2
,
F1 F2 .
. F
l. q(M )
M F M
l. {M : q(M ) = d} .
, F | , l y + a = 0, :
(x2 + y2 )(y + a)2 d2 y2 = 0:
,
P (x; y ) = 0, P (x; y ) | x y ,
.
P ( , )
. ,
| .
, ( 2)
, (, a = d,
),
.
.

x 7.

d
M

,
,
. .
, 0.1
| . ,
, , ,
| .
,
,
| .

.
. ,
:

; .
, , . .
7.1. ,
) , A
, | ;
90

) ,
A , |
.
 ) g,
d A . g d M ,
A.
,
. , AT M T (T |
). , M A , T .
T d, M | .
) ,
, ),
1=2 A.
| ,
. 
7.1,
. |
, A | .
, , | (kardia |
).
, , 7.1.
7.2*. | A.
, ,
A,
, | , . 
. ,
,
91

dddd

d
O

. ,
7.1, ).
, T
A .

, :
, . . ? , P
g ( , T ) . g (
, g, )
P
. .
7.3. P g, d , . g (
P )?

g,
P M ; - E
!

E N , E N =
!
= P M . , 7.3,
:
E N E
, OP 360 ?
, ?
,
.
, OP 90 , E N 180 .
, | OP 360 E N 720 , . .
. (
2.) 7.3. 
E 7.3 O

! !
OQ = P M , OP M Q.
g d O ,
OP OQ 92

 w 2w (
). ,
,
:
OP OQ (|OP | = 2|OQ|) O

2w;

OP M Q | .

.
7.4. l,
A d r,
Q l d (A 6= Q)
QM 2r, M .
 l
OP M Q,
Q M | , .
l A
w OP OQ w 2w ( x 1), M
. 
, 7.1 7.4,
, . , . , 7.4
Q QM 2r
. M1
M2 ; ( Q
, OM 180 , M1
M2 ). .
7.5. , M1 M2 , A,
4r, ( r), .
93

P
Q

M1

P1
Q

M2

P2

M1

A
O
Q

M2
P
M

O
Q

, .
7.6. 2r , , ( ) r
. ,
.
7.7. r , , 2r. , | .
 ,
0.3: , r, 2r
.
, | M1 M2 ,
A
. Q
M1 M2
d, |M1 Q| = |QM2 | = 2r,
7.4 , M1
M2 .
,
.
M | , , Q | () .
OP M Q. OQ
2w, ,
QM ,
w. 
, , | | ,

7.4 -

l, A, QM h ( ), h > 0
; h = 2r . (

6, . 89.) , -

h . .

94

7.8.

) , M

OP OQ 2

w,

) r.
r, -

P
P
P
O P
P
P
P
P
P

() . , .
)

r 2r,
.

,

,
, ,
. 96{97.
7.9. R () ) R=2;
) R=3; ) 2R=3. ,

? 
7.10. , .
7.11.
6
10 2 .
,
, ,
) ; )
,
100 .
7.12. ,
, , . , () 12
OQ, .
, . ,
. ,
, |

. , 7.7 ,
95

M
P

7
P

8
O

1)

2)

3)

4)

k- , M OP M Q, O , OP OQ , wOP =wOQ k, |OP |=|OQ| 1=|k|

(k 6= 0, +1, 1).
P N
, wP =wQ k,
P N k- (7.19).
k- (1=k)- (7.14).
k - r,
|k 1|r, k > 1 , k < 1 |
.
96

5)

6)

7)

k- k > 0 ,
0 | .
. 1{6 k- k = 3=8, 1=7, 3, 2,
2 3. : , , . . 3{6
, ; (7.4,
. 99, 7.21).
. 7 ,
. .

( ).
k <

97

M1

M2

M3

M1

M
M
M
M
M
M2
M
M
M
2222

. , ,
.
.
7.13. ) , M1 M2 2R=3,
R,
. 
) , M1 , M2 , M3
3R=4,
,
|
, () R.
) , 3R=4 3R=2, | ( - ).
,
| ( ), ( astra |
) ( nephros | )
,
,
. 96{97.
,
, ( 7.7:

P OP QM , | Q). , ,
.
7.14*. ) , ,
R, ,
R + r , , .
98

) , r, R,
R r . 

. , ,
, ,
.
. ,
M r , g.
g 2r K L ( ), , K M
A g. ,
K L M .
, K L.
. ,
. ,
, |
, g
,
.
, , M
K L
.
, K L , M ,
.
.
, . r
M
R = 4r.
2r K L ( K M
99

L
M
K

B
L
M

K
B

M
K

A
O

A;

.
| .
7.15*. B .

(
). ,
| .
 O , C | ,
B .
BP P
N BC ( ,
P BC 6 45 ). P N C = BP N + P BN =
= 3P BC . , BP w,
3w, P
2w (
x 1). ,
P BC > 45 .
P N
. r =
= |OB |=3 O 2r
K L,
BC . P
( 3r O) 2w,
K L
3w h?i | , .
K L M r,
r O, . . ;
M A, BC 2 : 1, |
. 
0

B; A ; B

A ). K L

AA0 BB 0 . , ,
K L M , . . K L

100

 , ,
,
. ,
, . ,
.
.
7.16*. , , , ( ),
.
, ,
x 6, | .

: .
7.17. , r,
) r ;
) 3r=2 .
| , ,
.
.
, , , , , 7.4. , |
, ()
.
( ),

, , | . ,
l2 l1
f0 , l3 l2 | f, l3
101

l3

l1

l2

f + f0
f0

 l1 yro
, g2
g1

2w

w0 ; g3
w; g3

f0 .

g2

0
g1 w + w . (
,
, ,
.)
, . r,
2r
. ,
: , ,
w, w. , (
, ).
v M , r , w, v = wr,

( ).
, .
w: 0,
| 2w. 7.4.
. ( ) O P R = 2r r r.
w 2w ( ).
, ,
: w 0 ( | , 0.3). , , 0 w ( 7.7).
, ,
. , () -

102

 .
, .
, :
r, ;
T ,

.
( ).
?

:

P
T

;
; ;

, . .
, ;
, . . T ,
M |M T |w (
w | )
M T .

, T |
| .
( ,
.)
, w1
w2 , P O
.
P :
, 2rw2 , , T | , rw1 .
, 2rw2 = rw1 , w1 = 2w2 .
r,
2r
, (
r) w2 > 0,
. w1 , w1 < 0.
P , :
|w1 r| = |w2 r|, w1 = w2 .

.

103

T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T

P
T

P
O

T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T

,

:
M M T ,
T .
. M |
r,
2r O. M
T M , T | (
). , M O
( T O |
). , M
, |
.

. (
) g r 2r. M K ,
A
g, T |
(
g). M T . ,
M
, , M K L
K L
M .
.
,
: | ;

, : , ,
(-

104

 ), , T
( ). . T

, ().
| -

, | . ,

, |
. ,
( ) -

. ,
() () .
:
, | .

1 ): , ,

.
7.18. , , ,
, ,
3r, r | . 
7.19*. P Q,
k (k 0, 1
1). P Q. 
7.20*. , . ,
, ,
, .
1)

, . . ,
., , 1948.

105

T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T

K
M

N
L

7.21*. , 2r. ,
( M ) K L ,
K L 4r ,
, K L
N ,
,
K N LN . 
7.22*. ,
2r. ,
P P T1 , P T2 , P T3 ,
,
( 60 ),
T1 , T2 , T3 ,
3r, , .
, ,
, , , .
7.23*. ABC . ,

) , AB ,
BC AC , (
);
) , , , , ( );
) ABC
,
. 
.
106

 .
,
(x; y) M t
(). 6.22.
M
OP M Q, O !
! !
. (, OM = OP +OQ.)
P r1 O
w1 , Q | r2 O w2 , t P
(r1 cos w1 t; r1 sin w1 t), Q |
(r2 cos w2 t; r2 sin w2 t),
M OP M Q:
x = r1 cos w1 t + r2 cos w2 t;
y = r1 sin w1 t + r2 sin w2 t
( t = 0 OP
OQ
Ox). 6.22,
w2 = w1 M .
,
w1 =w2 = k; r2 =r1 = |k |;
M ( . 96 k-).
, t,
, x y. . r1 = 3r2 ,
w2 = 3w1 ; w1 = 1,
w2 = 3, (r2 = r):
x = 3r cos t + r cos 3t;
y = 3r sin t r sin 3t;
, h?i:
3
3
x = 4r cos t;
y = 4r sin t:

:
2=3
x
+ y2=3 = (4r)2=3 :
,
, . ,
107

y
P

M
Q

4r

 (x; y)
:
(x2 + y2 4r2 )3 + 108r2 x2 y2 = 0
(),
(x2 + y2 2rx)2 4r2 (x2 + y2 ) = 0
(),
2
2
2 3
2 4
(x + y 4r ) 108x r = 0
(),
2
2
2 2
2
2
(x + y + 9r ) + 8rx(3y x ) 108r4 = 0
( ).
, |
,
| .

2r

w1 =w2

= k

,
k | ;

3r

O, r1 + r2

|r1 r2 |,

, ).

K
b

y
d

a
b
O

d
x

,
. , .
7.24. ) |
K , a b
. K
d ?
) , |
, , a, | b. d
d?
 ) . d
,
d. :
2=3 + y 2=3 = d 2=3 . K
x
, ,
( | , K ), K
| . , ,
a2=3 + b2=3 6 d 2=3 . 
108

, ,
a2=3 + b2=3 6 d 2=3 ,
.
,
,
20 . ,
, (III . .).

, :
,
,

.



, ,
| ,
.
,
, ,
, XVII , , ,
. ,
, , .
,
, . ,
, , ,
:
.

, ,
1.13.

, M AM B -

AB AB.

1.14.

M .

AB O.

|AO|

|OB |

|OM |

( -

, O , ).

1.15. :

. A, B, C D |

. A l, C , l,
B D , l. .
L | AC , K | BD; ,

LM K

= 90 , M | . l

A , ,
M | K L.
A, B, C , D : (A; B) (C; D); (A; C ) (B; D); (A; D) (B; C ),
.

1.25. :

. P

, , P Q .

! !

O. O .

v1 v2 | ,
, , -

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

. t P , |

Q, OP = a + tv1 OQ = b + tv2 ( a

t = 0).

! ! ! !1 !2

M P Q , , M ,

OM =

OP

+
2

! !2

OQ

+
2

+ t

+
2

v1

. , 2
, , .
.
P0 P1 Q0 Q1 | () , M0 M1 ,

M0

M1

| P0 Q0

L1 M0 N1 , L1

N1

P1 Q1 , -

| P1 P0 M0 L1

Q1 Q0 M0 N1 (. . 1; P1 L1 Q1 N1 | ,
P1 Q1 N1 L1 | ).

110

, P1 Q1 Q0 Q1 P0 P1

Q, P0 P

= tP0 P1 Q0 Q = tQ0 Q1 , , ,

LM0 N ( M0 M ),
t M0

N1 M1 L1 ( M0 M1 ), . . -

M M0 M1 , M0 M =

= tM0 M1 .

1.28.

. 1

1.25.

Q1

Q0

P0 P1 Q0 Q1 -

M1

L1
P1

N1
M0

P0 Q0 (1

P0

), N1 M0 L1 , -

M0 M1

. 1

M0 .

1.29. :

. .

O1 K O2 L. K L

O1 K

w,

w.

O2 L

. . O1 K

O2 L . .

2.11,

. 2

2.19,

. 3

m<h

. 4

h | ABC , -

m=h

| (. 2),

m<h

(. 3).

2.20, ) . . 4.
3.5, )

3.5,

), -

: (

a)

,
( |
), ( |
).

3.7,

AM B

+ f,

M |
2
.

) ,

M | A, B.
)

f < 90 ,

A lB

, , ,

= 90 , ) f > 90 .)

(. 5,
)

= 90

. 5

| , A B -

A kB | , A B,
B , kB lA . lA lB A B,
kA kB A B
k
.
A kB
, k

111

, l

g,

3.8,

AB.

) a, b, c | , A, B, C -

; K , L, M | a b, b c, a c .

K AB, L |

BC . H | , B.
b ( K L) H ,
K L M , a c H .
( , B ,
. | M B, |
K , L M : a, b c .)
, K LM
, H , ,
, a, b c
AH , BH C H : , H ().
) AH , BH C H (H | ABC ) A, B C .
, .

3.9.

M ,

AMB
SBMC

ff

M :

= k1

(.

M :

BMC
SAMC

ff

= k2

M :

AMC
SAMB

ff

= k3

k1 k2 k3 = 1.

3.10.

{ M : |M A |2 | M B |2

= h1

(.

};

{ M : |M B |2 | M C |2

= h2

};

{ M : |M C |2 | M A |2

3.19.

n C

}:

h1 + h2 + h3 = 0.
C

= h3

1=

3.21.

!i

( OE

pn

, -

(i = 1, 2, : : : , n).

!n

OM = OE1 + OE2 + : : : + OE

| , -

) n = 1, n = 2 (. 6).

4.4. :
du

O
. 6

u2

v2

P u , Q | -

v ( u v ).

! !

P , c Q |

(.

1.3).

, P P0 , Q0

P0

! !

|Q0 P0 |

= d

v.

, , P0 l,

( | P ,

Q)

112

| Q0 H |

Q0 l (H | -

! ! ! !

!
!
! !

! !

Q0 l). Q0 P0 H ,

u , v

((Q0 P0 )

| Q0 H |
| Q0 P0 |
4.6.

u , (Q0 H ) ( u v )),

|u |
u
:
= 2
u + v2
|u v |

O1 O1 N -

l, A, O2 | O2 M O1 N .

| O2 M |

l ( A).

4.9. : . 2.8.
5.4, ) , K L

A, M ,
K L K A LA , A
(

5.7.
f (M ) =

0.3

).

|AM |=|M B |

, A B

(. 64).

6.3,

( , ); , ; ,
( , ).
.

: r
R d , R + r = d

6.12,

|R r| = d.

) ( ) ,

6.9,

) , , -

6.15.

) ( ) ) A B, -

P0 P1 , , P1 P2 .
,
P0 P1 , B

4A0 P1 B

AA

6.16,

4AP1 B 0

| , A

| , B P1 P2 .

BB

(6.9, ),

6.10,

)).

) N , AN

. | . B, |
R. , A, N , ,
AN A. ,
:

{M : |M A| |M B | 6 R};
. . | .

6.17.

6.16

6.23.

AB, Ox

, Ox. t,
t (

6.22),

(4) (. 82).

6.24.

, A B

, . , , ,

60
AB

AB, C

|AC |=|BC |

= 2. , :

. ,

113

. M , M -

l AB, , BM
ABM

|M M 0 | = |M B |,

6.25,

|M B |=r(M; l) = 2.

) , -

y = kx y =

kx,

>

0, OP Q, P

Q , P Q (x; y),

2 y 2 =k.

kx

1.7,

).

) ) ).

7.2.

M ,

P ,

|M P | 6 |P A|,

M , M A
.

7.9. :

6.16, 6.17.

) 3; ) 4; ) 2,5. ,

. 101{103.

7.13,

) R, -

(120 ), , 2R=3.

7.14,

) , M

, R

w1 =w2

r=(R r)

r,

( , . . 101).

7.18. 7.7 .
7.19. : k- (. . 96).
7.21. 7.13, ), .
7.23. M | ,

w.

(1) M1 , M2 M3 , M BC , C A
AB, (

w);

(2) H | ABC (3.8, ));

(3) M M
H ;

(i = 1, 2, 3)

M,

(4) M1 , M2 , M3 l

w=2

M );

(. . M M | l
(5) M M

(i = 1, 2, 3) K M H

| ;
(6) K

g,

1/2 H ;
(7)

(8)

g , )

7.23;

g.

( )
Oxy, | .
(
).

1.

A(x1 ; y1 ) B(x2 ; y2 )

|AB | =
2.

(x

a)2 + (y b)2

(a; b)

= r

x2 )2 + (y1 y2 )2 :

(x1

(x; y),

( a, b r | , r > 0) |

r.

+ y

r .

3.

A(x1 ; y1 ) B(x2 ; y2 )

x1

x2

y1

y2

, AB p : q (p q |
),

qx1

px2

qy1

py2

, p q ,
q + p = 1.

4.

, ax + by +

+ c = 0 (a, b, c | , a b , . .
a

+ b

2 6=

0) | . , ax +

+ by + c = 0. a, b c
: k

(k = 0), kax + kby + kc = 0 .

: (x; y),
ax + by + c > 0, (x; y), ax + by + c < 0.

5.

r(M; l)

M (x0 ; y0 ) l,

ax + by + c = 0,

r(M; l) =

|ax0 + by0 + c |

:
a2

b2

, a

ax + by + g = 0 (a2 + b2 6= 0)

a2 + b2

+b

= 1.

a2 + b2

115

II

I.
1. .

l1

,
l2 , l2 , .

2.

, -

, , .

3. .

, .

4. .

AB C D

E,

|AE | |BE | = |DE | |C E |:

5. .

A, -

, AT , B
C ,

|AT |2

= AC

| |AB |:

1.

(. 17) . , | . 34.

3.

2.5

(. 25) -

| ,

(. 24).

5.

(. 28).

II. .
1. A

l, , A l.

2.

, -

3.

, l,

, l.

4.

) , -

.
) ,
.
:
, , .

5.

) ,

.
) , , ,
.
) ) , , , .

6.
7.

.
, -

116

1{2.

5 (. 67).

A. -

| f (M ) =
=

|AM |.

g,

f , |

3{4.

g.

(. 23). -

, ,
:

3,

5.

, -

(. 24).

6.
7.

3.3
3.1

III.
1. , , .
2. . A
AT1 AT2 (T1 T2 | ),

(. 39).
(. 38).

|AT1 | = |AT2 |.

3. .

, .

4.

AB AB ( A B).

5. .

, .

6.

, , ,

7.

, -

, |
.
, , , .

8. .

, -

180 .

4.
5.

. 8 .
(. 16)

. ,
, |

6{7.

IV.
1. .

2.6.

, .

2. .

2 : 1 ( ).

3. .

4. .

5.

117

6.

) ,
) .

2{3.

3.4

. 38{40

3.2

( , 2 : 1,

3.4).

III

.
,
.
, , , , ,

. . -

, , ,
. :

1.1

1.3

| M , AC ,

| );

, , , ,
.

1.
| |
, .

2: (. . 36)

2.1; 2.2; 2.3; 2.4; 1.16,

), );

5.4

a);

1.11; 1.12

2.13; 2.15; 2.16; 3.6.

:
.

5.4,

1.16,

).

| . .
(.

1.14).

( ) , -

2.13

118

2.12.

2.
, , , . 18{19
(6.9, ), );

1.20; 1.21; 1.22; 1.23; 1.24,

), )

3.7,

);

4.8,

7.1

), )).

).

1.20. ( 1.9) A.
1.22. . 1.7, ).
1.23. . 1.6.
1.24, ). .
3.7, ). ,

2 : 1, .

4.8.

4.7.

. , , . ,
.

3.

.
:
),

1.1,

(. 16),

0.1

(. 25{26). , ( , )
: |
; ,
( ) .

1.8; 1.9; 1.10; 1.13; 1.18; 2.6,

), )

1.27; 2.7; 2.8,

);

4.6; 7.5; 7.6.

1.9. A.
1.10. B ,

A , -

A , BA .

1.8 1.10 |
1.10 1.8?

1.13.
1.27.

, .
.

: , .

2.6.
2.8,

, .
).

2.8,

).

, . 27.

4.
, .
:

1.2

1.3

(. 13{15), (. 17)
(. 34),

, ,

(. 27{35).

1.24,

), );

2.18; 2.19,

);

3.9; 3.14; 3.15; 3.16

1.26; 1.27; 2.14; 2.20,

2.18.

2.5

2.17.

119

a);

3.18.

2.19,

). , a

2.19,

(.

3.14{3.16. .
1.27. a

)).

b | . -

2.20.
3.18.

3.17.

5. ( )
. , ( ,
) , .

5.1

4.1, 4.2

4.7

(. 50{52),

x 5, . 66{68, ( )

. 62{63.

4.3; 4.9; 5.4,

);

5.5; 5.6,

), );

5.8

4.8; 5.4,

);

5.7.

5.4,

a). .

1.16,

).

6.
,
, (, ), .

2 . , -

M , f (M ) = a, | f (M ) < a,
f (M ) > a ( f
, f

| , . . 60).

g | , M ,

f (M ) = g(M ), ; f (M ) > g(M ),

| f (M ) < g(M ).

3.23

3 (. 42{43),

3.11,

( ).

1.19; 3.12; 3.14; 5.3,

), );

3.15; 3.16

3.18; 3.19; 4.11; 4.12,

), ).

1.19.

BC A -

ABC , ), ), );

.
3.14. 3.13.
3.15{3.16. , 3.16 2.4.
3.18. ,

h = S=p. S?

4.11{4.12.

4.10.

7. , ,
| :

, , .

: (

6.1, ), , ); 6.2; 6.3, ), ),

6.8; 6.12 ), ); 6.13, ); 6.14; 6.24.

), );

6.4,

), );

6.5,

6.5,

), ) ).

), );

6.10,

), );

6.11,

), )

6.1,

), ), ). , (

120

|AB | = 2c).

6.2.
6.4,

.
). ABC D , BC -

AD.
.

6.10,

6.9,

).

) -

6.7.

6.11, ). ,
) .
6.8.

(. 75).

8. .
.
. ,
. ,
| ( ), . (,

1.5

. 18 -

,
, .)
; | , (
. 79).
. 78{80, . 11,

3.20,

),

6.6, 6.7

(. 75{76).

1.30,

), );

3.20,

);

3.22; 4.5; 6.16,

a), );

6.17

6.15,

);

6.25,

), );

7.2; 7.20.

1.30.
3.20.

.
M -

OP M Q 3 5 ;

3.22.

x 7 (. 90{98).

t , | ,

? t 0
60.

4.5.

3.22,

1 T -

? , T B.

7.20.

7.1,

),

7.2

7.16.

(. 99).

9.
,
, | .
.
. 99{100,
(. 101{105).

7.17,

), );

7.16; 7.18; 7.19

7.21; 7.22; 7.23.

7.17.

, ,

. (

7.16.

. 97.)

, -

7.15.

10.

121

2,

29{30,

35{36,

6,

80{86).

. ,
. .
(.

1.16,
6.26,

6.18; 6.19,
6.27.

);

), );

), ), );

0.2,

6.20,

. 8).

), );

7.24,

6.21,

), );

6.23; 6.25,

);

,
. | .
, (. 82), |
( , ).

6.26,

M , -

, , .

11.
, .
.
: |
.
: |
, , , -
.
( | )
, . , ,
, .
,
.
1.

(. 11). , -

, .
, | .
2.

(. 64). |

, A B (.

2.1).

| , AB; M |
, | , M
AB.
3.

6.5,

(. 73). -

), ).

(. . 75

, .

6.5,

6.8).

), ) -

(. 79, 4{6 ). 6.16 6.17.

5. . ,

(. 25). , 12 .
4.

122

 A ,
A: ( 12 ,
24 ). ,
, M

AM

. B (,
A) 12 ,
A. M AM
BM ( !).

, 23

, 110 ( A B)

h?i.

11 | 10

, .
, A B (
12, 24 ). , ,
A B, ,
(6.23).
6.

(. 89 94{95).

. . ,
,
d .
( d).
. . , , .
7.

(.
7.20).
(.

91,

7.2

. 105,
8.

101).

, ,
.
9.

3 {6

7.19,

k =

3, 2,

. 79. -

. 96{97),

2, 3.

k =

2. , , 24 -

. A | P Q
. k =

2, -

Q P .
( P ) P Q ( ,
). .

12.
| , , .
,
.

4.12,

), );

4.14,

4.14,
6.15

), );

6.15,

), );

7.23,

), ), ).

) .

7.23

, ( | ).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . (. . ) . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. ( ) . . . .
II. . .
III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3
4
7
12
23
38
50
58
70
90
110
115
116
118

6- ., | .: , 2006. | 128 .: .
. . . , . . .
dmvn@mccme.ru.
. 01335 24/III 2000 .
21/VII 2006 .
60 88 1=16 . .
8,00 . . . 3000 .

.
119002, , . ., . 11.

.
119002, , . ., . 11.
. (495) 241{72{85.
Internet: http://biblio.mccme.ru.
E-mail: biblio@mccme.ru.

- .
140010, . .,
-, 403. . 554{21{86.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

. .

. .

(100 )
. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. . , . .

:

. .

. .

. .

. .

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

. .

. .

. .

( )
. .

. .

. .

p
. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. . -

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. . , . .