CH 19

P1: PBU/OVY
JWDD027-19
P2: PBU/OVY
QC: PBU/OVY
T1: PBU
JWDD027-Salas-v1
984
January 4, 2007
SECTION 19.1
CHAPTER 19
SECTION 19.1
1. y + xy = xy 3
y 3 y + xy 2 = x.
Let v = y 2 ,
v = 2y 3 y .
1
v + xv = x
2
v 2xv = 2x
ex v 2xex v = 2xex
2
ex v = ex + C
2
v = 1 + Cex
1
y2 =
.
1 + Cex2
2. y y = (x2 + x + 1)y 2
y 2 y y 1 = (x2 + x + 1).
Let v = y 1 ,
v v = (x2 + x + 1)
2
v + v = x
+x+1
ex v = ex (x2 + x + 1) dx = x2 ex xex + 2ex + C
v = x2 x + 2 + Cex
1
y= 2
.
x x + 2 + Cex
3. y 4y = 2ex y 2
1
y 2 y 4y 2 = 2ex .
1
Let v = y 2 ,
v =
1 1
y 2y .
2
2v 4v = 2ex
v 2v = ex
e2x v 2e2x v = ex
e2x v = ex + C
v = ex + Ce2x
y = (Ce2x ex )2 .
4. y =
1
y
+
2xy 2x
yy
1 2
1
y =
.
2x
2x
Let v = y 2 ,
1
1
v
v
2
2x
1
v v
x
1
1
v 2v
x
x
1
v
x
v
v = 2yy .
1
2x
1
=
x
1
= 2
x
1
= +C
x
= Cx 1
y 2 = Cx 1.
v = y 2 y .
19:13
P1: PBU/OVY
JWDD027-19
P2: PBU/OVY
QC: PBU/OVY
T1: PBU
JWDD027-Salas-v1
January 4, 2007
SECTION 19.1
5. (x 2)y + y = 5(x 2)2 y 2
1
y 2 y +
1
1
1
y 2 = 5(x 2).
x2
1
v
x2
1
v +
v
2(x 2)
1
x 2v +
v
2 x2
x 2v
2v +
Let v = y 2 ,
= 5(x 2)
5
(x 2)
2
3
5
= (x 2) 2
2
= (x 2) 2 + C
v = (x 2)2 +
C
x2

2
C
2
y = (x 2) +
.
x2
6. yy xy 2 + x = 0.
v = 2yy .
Let v = y 2 ,
1
v xv = x
2
v 2xv = 2x
ex v 2xex v = 2xex
2
ex v = ex + C
2
v = 1 + Cex
y = 1 + Cex2 .
7. y + xy = y 3 ex
y 3 y + xy 2 = ex .
2
Let v = y 2 ,
v = 2y 3 y .
1
2
v + xv = ex
2
2
v 2xv = 2ex
ex v 2xex v = 2
2
ex v = 2x + C
2
v = 2xex + Cex
y 2 = Cex 2xex .
2
C=4
8. y +
y 2 = 4ex 2xex .
1
ln x 2
y=
y
x
x
y 2 y +
1 1
ln x
y =
.
x
x
Let v = y 1 ,
ln x
1
v=
x
x
ln x
1
v v =
x
x
1
1
ln x
v 2v = 2
x
x
x
v +
v = y 2 y .
v =
1 1
y 2y .
2
985
19:13
P1: PBU/OVY
JWDD027-19
P2: PBU/OVY
QC: PBU/OVY
T1: PBU
JWDD027-Salas-v1
986
January 4, 2007
SECTION 19.1
1
v=
x
ln x
1
dx = (ln x + 1) + C
x2
x
v = ln x + 1 + Cx
1
.
ln x + 1 + Cx
1
= y =
.
ln x + 1
y=
1=
1
ln 1 + 1 + C
9. 2x3 y 3x2 y = y 3
C=0
y 3 y
3 2
1
y = 3 . Let v = y 2 ,
2x
2x
1
1
3
v
v= 3
2
2x
2x
1
3
v + v = 3
x
x
v = 2y 3 y .
x3 v + 3x2 v = 1
x3 v = x + C
1=
1
C x
C=2
10. y + tan x y = y 2 sec3 x
y2 =
v=
C x
x3
y2 =
x3
C x
x3
.
2x
y 2 y + tan xy 1 = sec3 x.
Let v = y 1 ,
v + tan xv = sec3 x
v tan x v = sec3 x
cos xv sin x v = sec2 x
cos x v = tan x + C
cos x
= tan x + C
y
cos 0
= tan 0 + C
3
11. y
y
ln y = xy
x
C=
1
3
y
1
ln y = x.
y
x
cos x
1
= tan x.
y
3
Let u = ln y,
u =
1
u=x
x
1
1
u 2u = 1
x
x
1
u = x+C
x
u
u = x2 + Cx
ln y = x2 + Cx.
y
.
y
v = y 2 y .
19:13
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P2: PBU/OVY
QC: PBU/OVY
T1: PBU
JWDD027-Salas-v1
January 4, 2007
SECTION 19.1
y + yf (x) ln y = g(x)y
y
+ f (x) ln y = g(x)
y
u + f (x)u = g(x).
12. (a)
(b) cos y y + g(x) sin y = f (x).
u = cos y y .
Let u = sin y,
Thus we have u + g(x)u = f (x).

x2 + y 2
(tx)2 + (ty)2
t2 (x2 + y 2 )
x2 + y 2
;
f (tx, ty) =
=
=
= f (x, y)
2xy
2(tx)(ty)
t2 (2xy)
2xy
Set vx = y. Then, v + xv = y and
13. f (x, y) =
v + xv =
v
x2 + v 2 x2
1 + v2
=
2vx2
2v
1 + v2
+ xv = 0
2v
v 2 1 + 2xvv = 0
1
2v
dx + 2
dv = 0
x
v 1

1
2v
dx +
dv = C
x
v2 1
ln |x | + ln |v 2 1 | = K
Replacing v by y/x, we get
x
14. f (tx, ty) =
x(v 2 1) = C
or
y2
1
x2
=C
or
y 2 x2 = Cx
(ty)2
y2
=
= f (x, y).
2
(tx)(ty) + (tx)
xy + x2

v + xv =
dx
+
x
v2
1+v
v+1
dv = C
v
ln |x| + v + ln |v| = C
v + ln |xv| = C
y
+ ln |y| = C
x
xy
(tx) (ty)
t(x y)
xy
;
f (tx, ty) =
=
=
= f (x, y)
x+y
tx + ty
t(x + y)
x+y
15. f (x, y) =
v + xv =
x vx
1v
=
x + vx
1+v
v 2 + 2v 1 + x(1 + v)v = 0
987
19:13
P1: PBU/OVY
JWDD027-19
P2: PBU/OVY
QC: PBU/OVY
T1: PBU
JWDD027-Salas-v1
988
January 4, 2007
SECTION 19.1
1+v
1
dx + 2
dv = 0
x
v + 2v 1

1
1+v
dx +
dv = C
x
v 2 + 2v 1
ln | x | +
1
2
ln |v 2 + 2v 1 | = K
x v 2 + 2v 1 = C
or

x
16. f (tx, ty) =
y2
y
+2 1=C
x2
x
y 2 + 2xy x2 = C
or
tx + ty
x+y
=
= f (x, y).
tx ty
xy

v + xv =
ln |x| +
dx
+
x
1+v
x + vx
=
x vx
1v
v1
dv = C1
v2 + 1
1
ln |v 2 + 1| arctan v = C1
2
ln x2 + ln(v 2 + 1) 2 arctan v = C
(= 2C1 )
ln[x2 (v 2 + 1)] 2 arctan v = C

ln[x2 + y 2 ] 2 arctan
x2 ey/x + y 2
17. f (x, y) =
;
xy
y
x
=C

t2 x2 ey/x + y 2
(tx)2 e(ty)/(tx) + (ty)2
f (tx, ty) =
=
= f (x, y)
(tx)(ty)
t2 (xy)

v + xv =
x2 ev + v 2 x2
ev + v 2
=
2
vx
v
v 2 + xvv = ev + v 2
ev + xvv = 0
1
dx = vev dv
x

1
dx = vev dv
x
ln |x | = vev ev + C
Replacing v by y/x, and simplifying, we get

y + x = xey/x (C ln |x |)
19:13
P1: PBU/OVY
JWDD027-19
P2: PBU/OVY
QC: PBU/OVY
T1: PBU
JWDD027-Salas-v1
January 4, 2007
SECTION 19.1
18. f (tx, ty) =
(tx)2 + 3(ty)2
x2 + 3y 2
=
= f (x, y).
4(tx)(ty)
4xy

v + xv =
dx
+
x
x2 + 3x2 v 2
4x2 v
4v
dv = C1
1
v2
ln |x| + 2 ln |v 2 1| = C1
x(v 2 1)2 = C (= eC1 )
(y 2 x2 )2 = Cx3
y
(ty)
y
+ sin(y/x);
f (tx, ty) =
+ sin[(ty/tx)] = + sin(y/x) = f (x, y)
x
tx
x
vx
v + xv =
+ sin[(vx)/x] = v + sin v
x
xv = sin v
1
csc v dv = dx
x

1
csc v dv =
dx
x
19. f (x, y) =
ln | csc v cot v | = ln | x | + K
or
csc v cot v = Cx
Replacing v by y/x, and simplifying, we get

1 cos(y/x) = Cx sin(y/x)

y
y
y
ty
ty
y
1 + ln
; f (tx, ty) =
1 + ln
=
1 + ln
= f (x, y)
x
x
tx
tx
x
x
vx
vx
v + xv =
1 + ln
= v(1 + ln v)
x
x
xv = v ln v
20. f (x, y) =
1
1
dv = dx
v ln v
x

1
1
dv =
dx
v ln v
x
ln |ln v| = ln |x| + K
y
ln
= Cx
x
y
= eCx
x
or
y = xeCx
21. The dierential equation is homogeneous since

f (x, y) =
y 3 x3
;
xy 2
f (tx, ty) =
(ty)3 (tx)3
t3 (y 3 x3 )
y 3 x3
=
= f (x, y)
=
(tx)(ty)2
t3 (xy 2 )
xy 2
989
19:13
P1: PBU/OVY
JWDD027-19
P2: PBU/OVY
QC: PBU/OVY
T1: PBU
JWDD027-Salas-v1
990
January 4, 2007
SECTION 19.2
v + xv =
(vx)3 x3
v3 1
=
v 2 x3
v2
1 + xv 2 v = 0
1
dx + v 2 dv = 0
x

1
dx + v 2 dv = 0
x
1
ln | x | + v 3 = C
3
y 3 + 3x3 ln | x | = Cx3
Applying the side condition y(1) = 2, we have
8 + 3 ln 1 = C
22.
C=8
and y 3 + 3x3 ln | x | = 8x3
dy
1
y
=
+ . Set y = vx. Then y = v + xv and
dx
sin(y/x) x
dx
v + xv =
1
+v
sin v
sin v dv = C
ln |x| + cos v = C

ln |x| + cos xy = C
y
=1
y(1) = 0 = 0 + cos 0 = C = C = 1 = ln |x| + cos
x
SECTION 19.2
1.
P
Q
= 2xy 1 =
;
y
x
f
= xy 2 y
x
the equation is exact on the whole plane.

f (x, y) =
1
2
f
= x2 y x + (y) = x2 y x
y
Therefore
f (x, y) =
1
2
x2 y 2 xy + (y)
=
x2 y 2 xy,
(y) = 0
(y) = 0 (omit the constant)
and a one-parameter family of solutions is:

1
2
x2 y 2 xy = C
We will omit the constant at this step throughout this section.

2.
x
x
(e sin y) = ex cos y =
(e cos y);
y
x
f (x, y) = ex sin y,
and ex sin y = C is a one-parameter family of solutions.
19:13
P1: PBU/OVY
JWDD027-19
P2: PBU/OVY
QC: PBU/OVY
T1: PBU
JWDD027-Salas-v1
January 4, 2007
SECTION 19.2
3.
P
Q
= ey ex =
;
y
x
f
= ey yex = f (x, y) = xey yex + (y)
x
f
= xey ex + (y) = xey ex = (y) = 0 = (y) = 0
y
Therefore
f (x, y) = xey yex ,

xey yex = C
4.
(sin y) = cos y =
(x cos y + 1);
y
x
f (x, y) = x sin y + y,
5.
and x sin y + y = C is a one-parameter family of solutions.
P
1
Q
= + 2x =
;
y
y
x
f
= ln y + 2xy =
x
f
x
= + x2 + (y) =
y
y
Therefore
the equation is exact on the upper half plane.

f (x, y) = x ln y + x2 y + (y)
x
+ x2
y
(y) = 0
f (x, y) = x ln y + x2 y,
(y) = 0

x ln y + x2 y = C
6.
2x
(2x arctan y) =
=
y
1 + y2
x
f (x, y) = x2 arctan y,
7.
x2
1 + y2

;
and x2 arctan y = C is a one-parameter family of solutions.
P
1
Q
= =
;
the equation is exact on the right half plane.
y
x
x
f
y
= + 6x = f (x, y) = y ln x + 3x2 + (y)
x
x
f
= ln x + (y) = ln x 2
y
Therefore
(y) = 2
f (x, y) = y ln x + 3x2 2y,
(y) = 2y
y ln x + 3x2 2y = C
8.
x
y
1
1
x
(e + ln y + ) = + =
( + ln x + sin y);
y
x
y x
x y
the equation is exact in the rst quadrant, not including the axes.
f (x, y) = ex + x ln y + y ln x cos y
and ex + x ln y + y ln x cos y = C is a
one-parameter family of solutions.

9.
P
Q
= 3y 2 2y sin x =
;
y
x
f
= y 3 y 2 sin x x
x
f (x, y) = xy 3 + y 2 cos x
1
2
x2 + (y)
991
19:13
P1: PBU/OVY
JWDD027-19
P2: PBU/OVY
QC: PBU/OVY
T1: PBU
JWDD027-Salas-v1
992
January 4, 2007
SECTION 19.2
f
= 3xy 2 + 2y cos x + (y) = 3xy 2 + 2y cos x + e2y
y
Therefore
f (x, y) = xy 3 + y 2 cos x
1
2
x2 +
1
2
(y) = e2y
(y) =
1
2
e2y
e2y , and a one-parameter family of solutions is:
xy 3 + y 2 cos x
10.
1
2
x2 +
1
2
e2y = C
2y
(e y cos xy) = 2e2y cos xy + xy sin xy =

(2xe2y x cos xy + 2y);
y
x
f (x, y) = xe2y sin xy + y 2
and xe2y sin xy + y 2 = C is a
one-parameter family of solutions.

11. (a) Yes:
[p(x)] = 0 =
[q(y)].
y
x
1
is an integrating factor.
p(y)q(x)
(b) For all x, y such that p(y)q(x) = 0,

Multiplying the dierential equation by
1
, we get
p(y)q(x)
1
1
+
y =0
q(x) p(y)
which has the form of the dierential equation in part (a).
12. Mimic the proof of the rst part.
13.
P
Q
the equation is not exact.
= eyx 1 and
= eyx xeyx ;
y
x

yx

1 P
Q
1
Since
= yx
xe
1 = 1, (x) = e dx = ex
Q y
x
xe
1
is
an integrating factor. Multiplying the given equation by ex , we get

(ey yex ) + (xey ex ) y = 0
This is the equation given in Exercise 3. A one-parameter family of solutions is:
xey yex = C
1
14. w =
P
factor.
P
Q
y
x

=
1
(ey + x) = 1
x + ey
1
(xey + 1) x2 ey y = 0 is exact;
2
1 2 y
is 2 x e + x = C.
15.
P
Q
= 6x2 y + ey =
;
y
x
f
= 3x2 y 2 + x + ey
x

doesnt depend on x, so e
= ey is an integrating
f (x, y) = 12 x2 ey + x and a one-parameter family of solutions
the equation is exact.

=
dy
f (x, y) = x3 y 2 +
1
2
x2 + xey + (y)
19:13
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P2: PBU/OVY
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T1: PBU
JWDD027-Salas-v1
January 4, 2007
SECTION 19.2
f
= 2x3 y + xey + (y) = 2x3 y + y + xey
y
f (x, y) = x3 y 2 +
Therefore
16.
x2 + xey +
1
2
y2 ,
x3 y 2 +
1
2
x2 + xey +
(y) =
P
= 3y 2
y
Since
1
2
y2

1
2
y2 = C
(sin 2x cos y) = sin 2x sin y = 2 sin x cos x sin y =

( sin2 x sin y);
y
x
f (x, y) = sin2 x cos y
17.
1
2
(y) = y
993
exact.
sin2 x cos y = C is a one-parameter family of solutions.
and
Q
= 0;
x

1 P
Q
1
= 2 (3y 2 ) = 1, (x) = e dx = ex
Q y
x
3y
and
is an
an integrating factor. Multiplying the given equation by ex , we get
3 x

y e + xex + ex + 3y 2 ex y = 0
f
= y 3 ex + xex + ex
x
f
= 3y 2 ex + (y) = 3y 2 ex
y
Therefore
f (x, y) = y 3 ex + xex + (y)
(y) = 0
f (x, y) = y 3 ex + xex ,
(y) = 0

y 3 ex + xex = C
1
18. v =
Q
P
Q
y
x

=
xe2x+y + 1
is an integrating factor.
P
Q
=1=
;
y
x
f
= x2 + y
x
2 = 2,
and xey + ye2x = C
independent of y,
so
f (x, y) =
f (x, y) =
1
3
1
3
is a one-parameter family of solutions.
x3 + xy + (y)
(y) = ey
x3 + xy + ey ,
Setting x = 1, y = 0, we get C =
1
3
4
3
(y) = ey

1
3
x3 + xy + ey = C
and
x3 + xy + ey =
4
3
is exact.
f
= x + (y) = x + ey
y
Therefore
2xe
2x+y
(ey 2ye2x ) + (xey + e2x )y = 0
Thus
f (x, y) = xey + ye2x ,

19.
or
x3 + 3xy + 3ey = 4
2 dx
= e2x
19:13
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P2: PBU/OVY
994
20.
QC: PBU/OVY
T1: PBU
JWDD027-Salas-v1
January 4, 2007
SECTION 19.2

(3x2 2xy + y 3 ) = 2x + 3y 2 =
3xy 2 x2 ;
y
x
exact
f (x, y) = x3 x2 y + xy 3 = x3 x2 y + xy 3 = C.
Substituting x = 1, y = 1 we get 1 + 1 1 = C = x3 x2 y + xy 3 = 1
21.
P
= 4y
y
Since
Q
= 2y;
x

1 P
Q
1
1
=
(2y) = , (x) = e (1/x) dx = eln x = x
Q y
x
2xy
x
and
is an
integrating factor. Multiplying the given equation by x, we get

2xy 2 + x3 + 2x + 2x2 y y = 0
f
= 2x2 y = f (x, y) = x2 y 2 + (x)
y
f
= 2xy 2 + (x) = 2xy 2 + x3 + 2x = (x) = x3 + 2x = = 14 x4 + x2
x
Therefore f (x, y) = x2 y 2 + 14 x4 + x2 , and a one-parameter family of solutions is:
x2 y 2 +
Setting x = 1, y = 0, we get C =
x2 y 2 +
1
22. v =
Q
P
Q
y
x

=
1
4
5
4
1
4
x4 + x2 = C
and
x4 + x2 =
2 6xy 2
2
=
2
2
3x y x
x
5
4
or
4x2 y 2 + x4 + 4x2 = 5
doesnt depend on y,

so e
2
x
dx
= x2
is an integrating factor. Thus (1 + yx2 ) + (3y 2 x1 )y = 0 is exact.

y
y
f (x, y) = x + y 3 = x + y 3 = C
x
x
y
Substituting x = 1, y = 1 we get 1 1 + 1 = C = x + y = 1.
x
23.
P
= 3y 2
y
Since
Q
= y2 ;
x

1 P
Q
1
2
= 3 (2y 2 ) = , w(y) = e (2/y) dy = e2 ln y = y 2

P y
x
y
y
and
is an
integrating factor. Multiplying the given equation by y 2 , we get

y + y 2 + x y = 0
f
= y = f (x, y) = xy + (y)
x
f
1
= x + (y) = y 2 + x = (y) = y 2 = (y) =
y
y
1
1
Therefore f (x, y) = xy , and a one-parameter family of solutions is: xy = C
y
y
1
Setting x = 2, y = 1, we get C = 3 and the solution xy = 3.
y
19:13
P1: PBU/OVY
JWDD027-19
P2: PBU/OVY
QC: PBU/OVY
T1: PBU
JWDD027-Salas-v1
January 4, 2007
SECTION 19.2
24.
25.
995
(x + y)2 = 2(x + y) =
(2xy + x2 1); exact.
y
x
x3
x3
f (x, y) =
+ x2 y + xy 2 y =
+ x2 y + xy 2 y = C
3
3
x3
4
Setting x = 1, y = 1, we get C = 43 and the solution
+ x2 y + xy 2 y = .
3
3
P
Q
= 2y sinh(x y 2 ) =
;
y
x
f
= cosh(x 2y 2 ) + e2x
x
f (x, y) = sinh(x y 2 ) +
f
= 2y cosh(x y 2 ) + (y) = y 2y cosh(x y 2 )
y
Therefore
f (x, y) = sinh(x y 2 ) +
1
2
e2x +
1
2
y2 ,
sinh(x y 2 ) +
Setting x = 2, y =
1
2
e2x + (y)
(y) = y
(y) =
1
2
y2

1
2
e2x +
1
2
y2 = C
2, we get C = 12 e4 + 1 and the solution

sinh(x y 2 ) +
1
2
e2x +
1
2
y 2 = 12 e4 + 1
26. Write the linear equation as p(x)y q(x) + y = 0. Then P (x) = p(x)y q(x), Q(x) = 1

1 P
Q
and v =
= p(x) depends only on x. Therefore v = e p(x) dx is

Q y
x
an integrating factor.
27. (a)
P
= 2xy + kx2
y
and
P
= e2xy + 2xye2xy
y
(b)
Q
= 2xy + 3x2
x
and
k = 3.
Q
= ke2xy + 2kxye2xy
x
28. (a) We need g (y) sin x = y 2 f (x).

(b) We need g (y)ey + g(y)ey = y,
k = 1.
Take g(y) = 13 y 3 and f (x) = cos x

d
[g(y)ey ] = y.
dy
that is
It follows that g(y)ey = 12 y 2 + C, = g(y) = ey ( 12 y 2 + C).

29. y = y 2 x3 ;
the equation is separable.

y 2 dy = x3 dx
1
=
y
1
4
x4 + C
y=
4
x4 + C
30. y y = 4xe2x+y = 4xe2x ey = the equation is separable.

yey dy = 4xe2x dx = yey ey = 2xe2x e2x + C
4
y = x4 ; the equation is linear.
x

4
H(x) = (4/x) dx = 4 ln x = ln x4 , integrating factor: eln x = x4
31. y +
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SECTION 19.3
x4 y + 4x3 y = x8
d
dx
4
x y = x8
x4 y =
1
9
x9 + C
y=
1
9
x5 + Cx4

2
32. y + 2xy = 2x3 ; the equation is linear with integrating factor e 2x dx = ex
d x2
2
2
2
2
(e y) = 2x3 ex = ex y = ex (x2 1) + C = y = x2 1 + Cex .
=
dx
33.
P
Q
= exy + xyexy =
;
y
x
f
= yexy 2x = f (x, y) = exy x2 + (y)
x
f
2
2
= xexy + (y) = + xexy = (y) =
=
y
y
y
f (x, y) = exy x2 + 2 ln | y |,
Therefore
(y) = 2 ln | y |
exy x2 + 2 ln | y | = C
34. w =
1
P
Then
P
Q
y
x
1
(1 2y) depends only on y, so an integrating factor is
y

1
e w(y) dy = e [2(1/y)] dy = e2yln y = e2y .
y

1
e2y dx + 2xe2y
dy = 0 is exact.
y
=
f (x, y) = xe2y ln y,
and a one-parameter family of solutions is xe2y ln y = C .
SECTION 19.3
1. y = y
y = Cex .
Also, y(0) = 1
C=1
Thus y = ex and y(1) = 2.71828

(a) 2.48832, relative error= 8.46%.
(b) 2.71825, relative error= 0.001%.
2. y = x + y
y = Cex x 1, y(0) = 2
C=3
Thus y = 3e x 1 and y(1) 6.15485

x
(a) 5.46496, relative error = 11.2%.

(b) 6.15474, relative error = 0%.
3.

(b) 2.71828, relative error= 0%.
4.

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SECTION 19.3
5. y = 2x
y = x2 + C.
Also, y(2) = 5
C=1
Thus y = x + 1 and y(1) = 2.

6. y = 3x2
y = x3 + C.
Also, y(1) = 2
C=1
Thus y = x + 1 and y(0) = 1.

7.
9.
1
2y
Thus y = x and y(2) = 2 1.41421.

y =
1
3y 2
1
Thus y = x 3 and y(2) 1.25992.
y =
8.
10.
PROJECT 19.3
1. (a) and (b)
y' = y
3
2.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
1
3
(c) y y = 0
2.5
H(x) =
1.5
0.5
dx = x;
d x
(e y) = 0
dx
ex y = C
y = Cex
=
C = 1.
1.5
integrating factor: ex
ex y ex y = 0
y(0) = 1
0.5
Thus y = ex .
997
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SECTION 19.3
2. (a) and (b)

y' = x+2y
z
0
1
1
(c) y 2y = x
0.5
H(x) =
0.5
1.5
2 dx = 2x;
integrating factor: e2x
e2x y 2e2x y = xe2x

d 2x
(e y) = xe2x
dx
1
1
e2x y = xe2x e2x + C
2
4
1
1
y = Ce2x x
2
4
y(0) = 1
C=
5
.
4
Thus y =
5 2x 1
1
e x .
4
2
4
3. (a) and (b)

y' = 2xy
8
1
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
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SECTION 19.4
(c) y 2xy = 0
H(x) =
2x dx = x2 ;
999
integrating factor: ex
ex y 2xex y = 0
d x2
(e y) = 0
dx
2
ex y = C
2
y = Cex
y(0) = 1
Thus y = ex .
C = 1.
4. (a) and (b)

y' = 4x/y
3
3
2
(c) y =
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
4x
;
y
y(1) = 1
1
1 2
y = 2x2 + C or x2 + y 2 = C
2
4
5
= C = .
Thus 4x2 + y 2 = 5.
4
SECTION 19.4
1. First consider the reduced equation. The characteristic equation is:
r2 + 5r + 6 = (r + 2)(r + 3) = 0
and
u1 (x) = e2x ,
u2 (x) = e3x
are fundamental solutions. A particular solution of the given
equation has the form

y = Ax + B.
The derivatives of y are:
y = A,
y = 0.
Substituting y and its derivatives into the given equation gives

0 + 5A + 6(Ax + B) = 3x + 4.
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SECTION 19.4
Thus,
6A = 3
5A + 6B = 4
A = 12 , B = 14 ,
The solution of this pair of equations is:

2. The constant
yp = 12
and
y=
1
2
x + 14 .
is a solution.

r2 + 2r + 5 = 0
and
u1 (x) = ex cos 2x,
u2 (x) = ex sin 2x
are fundamental solutions. A particular solution of
the given equation has the form

y = Ax2 + Bx + C.
y = 2Ax + B,
y = 2A.

2A + 2(2Ax + B) + 5(Ax2 + Bx + C) = x2 1.
Thus,
5A = 1
4A + 5B = 0
2A + 2B + 5C = 1
4
27
A = 15 , B = 25
, C = 125
,
The solution of this system of equations is:

y=
4. We try
1
5
x2
4
25
and
27
125 .
y = Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx + D :
y + y 2y = (6Ax + 2B) + (3Ax2 + 2Bx + C) 2(Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx + D) = x3 + x.

= 2A = 1,
3A 2B = 0,
6A + 2B 2C = 1,
17
= A = 12 , B = 34 , C = 11
4 , D = 8 ;
2B + C 2D = 0
yp = 12 x3 34 x2
11
4 x
17
8 .

r2 + 6r + 9 = (r + 3)2 = 0
and
u1 (x) = e3x ,
u2 (x) = xe3x

y = Ae3x .
y = 3Ae3x ,
y = 9Ae3x .
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SECTION 19.4
1001

9Ae3x + 18Ae3x + 9Ae3x = e3x .
Thus,
36A = 1
1
,
36
A=
and
y=
1
36
e3x .
6. Since 3 is a double root of the characteristic equation r2 + 6r + 9 = 0, we try

y = Ax2 e3x .
Then y = A(3x2 + 2x)e3x , y = A(9x2 12x + 2)e3x , and
[A(9x2 12x + 2) + 6A(3x2 + 2x) + 9Ax2 ]e3x = e3x ,

Thus
A=
or 2Ae3x = e3x
and yp = 12 x2 e3x .
1
2

r2 + 2r + 2 = 0
and
u1 (x) = ex cos x,
u2 (x) = ex sin x
are fundamental solutions. A particular solution of the
given equation has the form

y = Aex .
y = Aex ,
y = Aex .

Aex + 2Aex + 2Aex = ex .
Thus,
5A = 1
A=
8. Try y = (A + Bx)ex .
A = 2, B = 1;
1
5
and y =
1
5
ex .
Substituting into y + 4y + 4y = xex gives
yp = (x 2)ex

r2 r 12 = (r 4)(r + 3) = 0
and
u1 (x) = e4x ,
u2 (x) = e3x

y = A cos x + B sin x.
y = A sin x + B cos x,
y = A cos x B sin x.

A cos x B sin x (A sin x + B cos x) 12(A cos x + B sin x) = cos x.
Thus,
13A B = 1
A 13B = 0
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SECTION 19.4
13
1
A = 170
, B = 170
, and
13
cos x
y = 170
1
170
sin x.
is a particular solution of the complete equation.

Substituting into y y 12y = sin x gives
10. Try y = A cos x + B sin x.

A=
1
170 ,
B=
13
170 ;
yp =
1
170
cos x
13
170
sin x.
r2 + 7r + 6 = (r + 6)(r + 1) = 0
u1 (x) = e6x ,
and
u2 (x) = ex

y = A cos 2x + B sin 2x.
y = 2A sin 2x + 2B cos 2x,
y = 4A cos 2x 4B sin 2x.

4A cos 2x 4B sin 2x + 7(2A sin 2x + 2B cos 2x) + 6(A cos 2x + B sin 2x) = 3 cos 2x.
Thus,
2A + 14B = 3
14A + 2B = 0
y=
12. Try y = A cos 3x + B sin 3x.
1
2
A = 15
, B = 15
;
A=
3
10
3
100 ,
cos 2x +
21
100
B=
21
100
and
sin 2x.
Substituting into y + y + 3y = sin 3x gives
1
yp = 15
cos 3x
2
15
sin 3x.
r2 2r + 5 = 0
and
u1 (x) = ex cos 2x,
u2 (x) = ex sin 2x
are fundamental solutions. A particular solution of the
given equation has the form

y = Aex cos 2x + Bex sin 2x
y = Aex cos 2x 2Aex sin 2x Bex sin 2x + 2Bex cos 2x,
y = 4Aex sin 2x 3Aex cos 2x 4Bex cos 2x 3Bex sin 2x.

4Aex sin 2x 3Aex cos 2x 4Bex cos 2x 3Bex sin 2x
2 (Aex cos 2x 2Aex sin 2x Bex sin 2x + 2Bex cos 2x) +
5 (Aex cos 2x + Bex sin 2x) = ex sin 2x.
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SECTION 19.4
1003
Equating the coecients of ex cos 2x and ex sin 2x we get,

8A + 4B = 1
4A 8B = 0
y=
1
10
A=
1
10 ,
ex cos 2x +
B=
1
20
1
20
and
ex sin 2x.
14. Try y = e2x (A cos x + B sin x). Substituting into y + 4y + 5y = e2x cos x gives
1

1
1
1
A = 20
, B = 40
;
yp = e2x 20
cos x + 40
sin x .
r2 + 6r + 8 = (r + 4)(r + 2) = 0
and
u1 (x) = e4x ,
u2 (x) = e2x

y = Axe2x .
y = Ae2x 2Axe2x ,
y = 4Ae2x + 4Axe2x .

4Ae2x + 4Axe2x + 6 Ae2x 2Axe2x + 8Axe2x = 3e2x
Thus,
2A = 3
A=
3
2
3
2
y=
xe2x .
Substituting into y 2y + 5y = ex sin x gives
16. Try y = ex (A cos x + B sin x) .

A = 0, B = 13 ;
and
yp = 13 ex sin x.
17. First consider the reduced equation: y + y = 0.
The characteristic equation is:
r2 + 1 = 0
and
u1 (x) = cos x,
u2 (x) = sin x

y = Aex .
y = y = Aex .
Substitute y and its derivatives into the given equation:

Aex + Aex = ex
The general solution of the given equation is:
A=
1
2
and y =
1
2
ex .
y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x +
1
2
ex .
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SECTION 19.4
18. r2 2r + 1 = 0 = r = 1 = y = C1 ex + C2 xex is the general solution of the reduced

equation. To nd a particular solution, we try y = A cos 2x + B sin 2x.
Substituting into
y 2y + y = 25 sin 2x gives A = 4, B = 3, so yp = 3 sin 2x 4 cos 2x.

y = C1 ex + C2 xex + 3 sin 2x 4 cos 2x.
Therefore the general solution is:
19. First consider the reduced equation: y 3y 10y = 0.
r2 3r 10 = (r 5)(r + 2) = 0
and
u1 (x) = e5x ,
u2 (x) = e2x

y = Ax + B.
y = A,
y = 0.

3A 10(Ax + B) = x 1
A=
1
10 ,
B=
7
100
and y =
1
10
x+
7
100

y = C1 e5x + C2 e2x +
1
10
x+
7
100
20. r2 + 4 = 0 = r = 2i = y = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x, general solution of reduced equation.

Particular solution: try y = x(A + Bx) cos 2x + x(C + Dx) sin 2x.
1
Substituting into y + 4y = x cos 2x gives A = 16
, B = 0, C = 0, D = 18 ;
1
1
yp =
x cos 2x + x2 sin 2x. General solution: y = C1 cos 2x + C2 cos 2x +
16
8
+ 18 x2 sin 2x.
21. First consider the reduced equation: y + 3y 4y = 0.
1
16 x cos 2x
r2 + 3r 4 = (r + 4)(r 1) = 0
and u1 (x) = ex ,
u2 (x) = e4x
are fundamental solutions. A particular solution of the given equa-
tion has the form

y = Axe4x .
y = Ae4x 4Axe4x ,
y = 8Ae4x + 16Axe4x .

8Ae4x + 16Axe4x + 3 Ae4x 4Axe4x 4Axe4x = e4x .

This implies
5A = 1,
so
A = 15
and y = 15 xe4x .
y = C1 ex + C2 e4x
1
5
xe4x .
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SECTION 19.4
1005
22. r2 + 2r = 0 = r = 0, 2 = y = C1 + C2 e2x , general solution of reduced equation.

Particular solution: try y = A cos 2x + B sin 2x.
Substituting into y + 2y = 4 sin 2x gives A = B = 12 ;
General solution:
y = C1 + C2 e2x
1
2
cos 2x
1
2
yp = 12 cos 2x
1
2
sin 2x.
sin 2x.
23. First consider the reduced equation: y + y 2y = 0.
r2 + r 2 = (r + 2)(r 1) = 0
and
u1 (x) = e2x ,
u2 (x) = ex

y = x(A + Bx)ex .
y = (A + (2B + A)x + Bx2 )ex ,
y = (2A + 2B + (4B + A)x + Bx2 )ex .

(2A + 2B + (4B + A)x + Bx2 + A + (2B + A)x + Bx2 2Ax 2Bx2 )ex = 3xex .
This implies
A = 13
,B =
1
2
so
y = x( 13 + 12 x)ex .
y = C1 e2x + C2 ex 13 xex + 12 x2 ex .
24. r2 + 4r + 4 = 0 = r = 2 = y = C1 e2x + C2 xe2x , general solution of reduced equation.

Particular solution: try y = x2 (A + Bx)e2x .
Substituting into y + 4y + 4y = xe2x gives A = 0, B = 16 ;
General solution:
yp = 16 x3 e2x .
y = C1 e2x + C2 xe2x + 16 x3 e2x .
25. Let y1 (x) be a solution of y + ay + by = 1 (x), let y2 (x) be a solution of y + ay + by = 2 (x),

and let z = y1 + y2 . Then
z + az + bz = (y1 + y2 ) + a(y1 + y2 ) + b(y1 + y2 )
= (y1 + ay1 + by1 ) + (y2 + ay2 + y2 ) = 1 + 2 .
26. (a)
1
y = 15
x
2
225
is a particular solution of y + 2y 15y = x
y = 17 e2x is a particular solution of y + 2y 15y = e2x

Therefore
(b)
1
y = 15
x
2
225
17 e2x is a particular solution of y + 2y 15y = x + e2x .
y = 14 ex is a particular solution of y 7y 12y = ex .

y=
7
226
cos 2x
4
113
sin 2x is a particular solution of y 7y 12y = sin 2x.
Therefore y = 14 ex +
7
226
cos 2x
y 7y 12y = ex + sin 2x.
4
113
sin 2x is a particular solution of
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SECTION 19.4
27. First consider the reduced equation: y + 4y + 3y = 0.
r2 + 4r + 3 = (r + 3)(r + 1) = 0
and
u1 (x) = e3x ,
u2 (x) = ex
are fundamental solutions. Since
cosh x =
1
2
(ex + ex ),
particular solution of the given equation has the form

y = Aex + Bxex
y = Aex + Bex Bxex
y = Aex 2Bex + Bxex .

Aex 2Bex + Bxex + 4 (Aex + Bex Bxex ) + 3 (Aex + Bxex ) =
Equating coecients, we get
A=
1
16 ,
B = 14 ,

28. r2 + 1 = 0 = r = i.
and so y =
ex +
y = C1 e3x + C2 ex +
Fundamental solutions: u1 = cos x,
1
16
1
2
1
4
1
16
(ex + ex ) .
xex .
ex +
1
4
xex .
u2 = sin x.
Wronskian: W = u1 u2 u1 u2 = 1;
(x) = 3 sin x sin 2x

u2
3
z1 =
dx = 3 sin2 x sin 2x dx = 6 sin3 x cos x dx = sin4 x,
W
2

u1
3
3
z2 =
dx = 3 cos x sin x sin 2x dx =
sin2 2x dx =
(4x sin 4x).
W
2
16
Therefore
yp = z1 u1 + z2 u2 = 32 sin4 x cos x +
3
16 (4x
sin 4x) sin x.
29. First consider the reduced equation y 2y + y = 0. The characteristic equation is:
r2 2r + 1 = (r 1)2 = 0
and u1 (x) = ex ,
u2 (x) = xex
are fundamental solutions. Their Wronskian is given by
W = u1 u2 u2 u1 = ex (ex + xex ) xex (ex ) = e2x

Using variation of parameters, a particular solution of the given equation will have the form
y = u 1 z 1 + u 2 z2 ,
where

xex (xex cos x)
dx
=
x2 cos x dx = x2 sin x 2x cos x + 2 sin x,

e2x
x x

e (xe cos x)
z2 =
dx
=
x cos x dx = x sin x + cos x
e2x
z1 =
Therefore,

y = ex x2 sin x 2x cos x + 2 sin x + xex (x sin x + cos x) = 2ex sin x xex cos x.
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SECTION 19.4
30. r2 + 1 = 0.
Fundamental solutions: u1 = cos x, u2 = sin x.
W = u1 u2 u1 u2 = 1;
(x) = csc x.

u2
z1 =
dx = sin x csc x dx = x,
W

u1
z2 =
dx = cos x csc x dx = cot x dx = ln(sin x)
W
Wronskian:
Therefore
1007
[sin x > 0 since 0 < x < ].
yp = z1 u1 + z2 u2 = x cos x + ln(sin x) sin x.
31. First consider the reduced equation y 4y + 4y = 0. The characteristic equation is:
r2 4r + 4 = (r 2)2 = 0
and u1 (x) = e2x ,
u2 (x) = xe2x

W = u1 u2 u2 u1 = e2x e2x + 2xe2x xe2x (2e2x ) = e4x .
y = u1 z1 + u2 z2 ,
where
Therefore,

1
z1 =
dx = 13 x,
dx =
e4x
3

2x
1 1 2x
e
1
1
3 x e
z2 =
dx = 13 ln |x|.
dx
=
e4x
3
x
xe2x
x1 e2x

y = e2x 13 x + xe2x 13 ln |x| = 13 xe2x +
Note: Since
u = 13 xe2x
1
3
x ln |x| e2x .
is a solution of the reduced equation,

y=
1
3
x ln |x| e2x
is also a particular solution of the given equation.

32. r2 + 4 = 0 = r = 2i.
Fundamental solutions: u1 = cos 2x, u2 = sin 2x.
(x) = sec2 2x
Wronskian: W = u1 u2 u1 u2 = 2 cos2 2x + 2 sin2 2x = 2;

u2
sin 2x
1
z1 =
dx =
dx = sec 2x,
W
2 cos2 2x
4

cos 2x
1
1
u1
dx =
dx =
sec 2x dx = ln | sec 2x + tan 2x|.
z2 =
W
2 cos2 2x
2
4
Therefore
yp =
1
1
1
sec 2x cos 2x + ln | sec 2x + tan 2x| sin 2x = (1 ln | sec 2x + tan 2x| sin 2x) .
4
4
4
33. First consider the reduced equation y + 4y + 4y = 0. The characteristic equation is:
r2 + 4r + 4 = (r + 2)2 = 0
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SECTION 19.4
and u1 (x) = e2x ,
u2 (x) = xe2x

W = u1 u2 u2 u1 = e2x e2x 2xe2x xe2x (2e2x ) = e4x .
y = u 1 z 1 + u 2 z2 ,
where

xe2x x2 e2x
1
dx
=
dx = ln |x|
e4x
x
2x
2 2x

e
x e
1
1
dx
=
dx =
z2 =
4x
2
e
x
x
z1 =
Therefore,
Note: Since

1
y = e2x ( ln |x|) + xe2x
= e2x ln |x| e2x .
x
u = e2x
is a solution of the reduced equation, we can take

y = ln | x |e2x .
34. r2 + 2r + 1 = 0 = r = 1.
Fundamental solutions:
u1 = ex , u2 = xex .
Wronskian: W = u1 u2 u1 u2 = (1 x)e2x + xe2x = e2x ;

(x) = ex ln x.

u2
1 2
x2
xex ex ln x
z1 =
dx
=
x
ln
x
dx
=
ln
x
+
dx =
x
,
W
e2x
2
4
x x

e e ln x
u1
z2 =
dx =
dx
=
ln x dx = x ln x x.
W
e2x
Therefore
x
y p = z1 u 1 + z 2 u 2 = e
=

x2
1 2
x ln x + xex (x ln x x)
4
2
1 2 x
x e (2 ln x 3)
4
35. First consider the reduced equation y 2y + 2y = 0. The characteristic equation is:
r2 2r + 2 = 0
and u1 (x) = ex cos x,
u2 (x) = ex sin x
W = ex cos x [ex sin x + ex cos x] ex sin x [ex cos x ex sin x] = e2x

y = u 1 z 1 + u 2 z2 ,
where

ex sin x ex sec x
dx
=
tan x dx = ln | sec x| = ln | cos x|

e2x
x

e cos x ex sec x
z2 =
dx
=
dx = x
e2x
z1 =
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SECTION 19.4
1009
Therefore,
y = ex cos x (ln | cos x|) + ex sin x(x) = ex cos x ln | cos x| + xex sin x.
36. v + (2k + a)v + (k 2 + ak + b)v = cn xn + cn1 xn1 + + c1 x + c0 .
37. Assume that the forcing function F (t) = F0 (constant). Then the dierential equation has a particular
solution of the form i = A. The derivatives of i are: i = i = 0. Substituting i and its derivatives
into the equation, we get
1
A = F0
C
A = CF0
i = CF0 .
The characteristic equation for the reduced equation is:

R R2 4L/C
R C CR2 4L
1
Lr2 + Rr +
= 0 = r1 , r2 =
=
C
2L
2L C
(a) If CR2 = 4L, then the characteristic equation has only one root:
and u1 = e(R/2L)t ,
u2 = t e(R/2L)t
r = R/2L,
are fundamental solutions.

i(t) = C1 e(R/2L)t + C2 t e(R/2L)t + CF0
and its derivative is:
i (t) = C1 (R/2L)e(R/2L)t + C2 e(R/2L)t C2 (R/2L)t e(R/2L)t .
Applying the side conditions i(0) = 0,
i (0) = F0 /L,
we get
C1 + CF0 = 0
(R/2L)C1 + C2 = F0 /L
The solution is
C1 = CF0 ,
The current in this case is:
C2 =
F0
(2 RC).
2L
i(t) = CF0 e(R/2L)t +
F0
(2 RC) t e(R/2L)t + CF0 .
2L
(b) If CR2 4L < 0 then the characteristic equation has complex roots:

4L CR2
r1 = R/2L i, where =
(here i2 = 1)
4CL2
and fundamental solutions are: u1 = e(R/2L)t cos t,
u2 = e(R/2L)t sin t.
The general solution of the given dierential equation is:

i(t) = e(R/2L)t (C1 cos t + C2 sin t) + CF0
and its derivative is:
i (t) = (R/2L)e(R/2L)t (C1 cos t + C2 sin t) + e(R/2L)t ( C1 sin t + C2 cos t) .
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SECTION 19.4
i (0) = F0 /L,
Applying the side conditions i(0) = 0,
we get
C1 + CF0 = 0
(R/2L)C1 + C2 = F0 /L
The solution is
C1 = CF0 ,
C2 =
The current in this case is:

i(t) = e(R/2L)t
38. (a)
F0
(2 RC).
2L

F0
(2 RC) sin t CF0 cos t + CF0 .
2L
x2 y1 xy1 + y1 = x2 0 x 1 + x = 0 : y1 is a solution.

x2 y2 xy2 + y2 = x2 x1 x(ln x + 1) + x ln x = 0 : y2 is a solution.
W = y1 y2 y1 y2 = x(ln x + 1) 1(x ln x) = x
is nonzero on (0, ).
(b) To use the method of variation of parameters as described in the text, we rst re-write
the equation in the form
y
1
1
4
y + 2 y = ln x.
x
x
x
Then, a particular solution of the equation will have the form yp = y1 z1 + y2 z2 ,

x ln x [(4/x) ln x]
4
1
z1 =
dx = 4
(ln x)2 dx = (ln x)3
x
x
3
and

z2 =
x [(4/x) ln x]
dx = 4
x
Thus, yp = 43 x (ln x)3 + x ln x 2(ln x)2

39. (a) Let y1 (x) = sin ln x2 . Then

2

y1 =
cos ln x2
x
and
ln x
dx = 2(ln x)2
x
yp = 23 x (ln x)3 .
which simplies to:
y1

=
4
x2
where
sin ln x
2
x2
cos ln x2
Substituting y1 and its derivatives into the dierential equation, we have

2
2
4
2
2
2
+
x
+ 4 sin ln x2 = 0
x2
sin
ln
x
cos
ln
x
cos
ln
x
2
2
x
x
x
The verication that y2 is a solution is done in exactly the same way.
The Wronskian of y1 and y2 is:
W (x) = y1 y2 y2 y1

2
2
sin ln x2 cos ln x2
cos ln x2
= sin ln x2
x
x
= x2 = 0 on (0, )
(b) To use the method of variation of parameters as described in the text, we rst re-write the equation
in the form
y + x1 y + 4x2 y = x2 sin(ln x).
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SECTION 19.5
Then, a particular solution of the equation will have the form y = y1 z1 + y2 z2 ,

cos(ln x2 )x2 sin(ln x)
z1 =
dx
2/x

= 12 cos(2 ln x)x1 sin(ln x) dx

= 12 cos 2u sin u du
(u = ln x)

= 12 (2 cos2 u 1) sin u du
= 13 cos3 u +
and
1
2
sin u
sin(ln x2 )x2 sin(ln x)

dx
2/x

= 12 sin(2 ln x)x1 sin(ln x) dx

= 12 sin 2u sin u du
(u = ln x)

= sin2 u cos u du
z2 =
Thus, y = sin 2u 13
= 13 sin3 u

cos3 u + 12 sin u cos 2u 13 sin3 u
y=
1
3
sin u =
1
3
which simplies to:
sin(ln x).
SECTION 19.5
1. The equation of motion is of the form
x (t) = A sin (t + 0 ) .
The period is T = 2/ = /4. Therefore = 8. Thus
x (t) = A sin (8t + 0 ) and v (t) = 8A cos (8t + 0 ) .
Since x (0) = 1 and v (0) = 0, we have
1 = A sin 0
and
0 = 8A cos 0 .
These equations are satised by taking A = 1 and 0 = /2.

Therefore the equation of motion reads

x (t) = sin 8t + 12 .
The amplitude is 1 and the frequency is 8/2 = 4/.

1
2. x(t) = A sin(t + 0 ). = 2f = 2
=2
0 = x(0) = A sin 0 , 2 = x (0) = A cos 0 = A = 1,

Amplitude 1,
period T =
1
f
= .
0 = .
where
1011
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SECTION 19.5
3. We can write the equation of motion as

x (t) = A sin
Dierentiation gives
v (t) =
2A
cos
T

2
t .
T

2
t .
T
The object passes through the origin whenever sin [(2/T )] = 0.

Then cos [(2/T ) t] = 1
and v = 2A/T .
2
t + 0 , v = x (t) = 2
T A cos T t + 0 .
T 2
Note that x2 + 2
v = A2 .

T 2
At x = x0 , v = v0 , so A = x0 2 + 2
v0 = (1/2) 4 2 x20 + T 2 v02 .
4. x(t) = A sin
5. In this case 0 = 0 and, measuring t in seconds, T = 6.

Therefore = 2/6 = /3 and we have
x (t) = A sin

t ,
3
v (t) =

A
cos
t .
3
3
Since v (0) = 5, we have A/3 = 5 and therefore A = 15/.

The equation of motion can be written
x (t) = (15/) sin
6. (a)
(b)
A sin(t + 0 ) = A cos(t + 0 2 );
3 t
take 1 = 0 12 .
A sin(t + 0 ) = A cos 0 sin t + A sin 0 cos t = B sin t + C cos t.
7. x (t) = x0 sin
8. (a)

k/m t + 12
maximum speed at
x = 0.
x = x0 .
(b)
zero speed at
(c)
maximum acceleration (in absolute value) at x = x0 .
(d)
zero acceleration at x = 0
(when total force is zero).
9. The equation of motion for the bob reads

x (t) = x0 sin t k/m + 12 .
(Exercise 7)

k/m x0 cos
k/m t + 12 , the maximum speed is k/m x0 .

The bob takes on half of that speed where cos
k/m t + 12 = 12 . Therefore

sin
k/m t + 12 = 1 14 = 12 3 and x (t) = 12 3 x0 .
Since v (t) =
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SECTION 19.5

10. v =
11.
k
x0 sin
m

k
t
m

has maximum value
1013
k
x0 , so the maximum kinetic energy is
m
1
1 k
1
mv 2 = m x0 2 = kx0 2 .
2
2 m
2

k/m t + 12
KE = 12 m[v(t)]2 = 12 m(k/m)x0 2 cos2

= 14 kx0 2 1 + cos 2 k/m t + .
1

Average KE =
2 m/k
m/k

1
kx0 2 1 + cos 2 k/m t + dt
4
= 14 kx0 2 .

12. v(t) =
k
x0 sin
m

k
t
m
y (t) = x (t) 2,
13. Setting

=
k 2
x0 [x(t)]2 .
m
we can write
x (t) = 8 4x (t)
as
y (t) + 4y (t) = 0.
This is simple harmonic motion about the point y = 0; that is, about the point x = 2. The equation
of motion is of the form
y (t) = A sin (2t + 0 ) .
The condition x(0) = 0 implies y(0) = 2 and thus
A sin 0 = 2
()
Since y (t) = x (t) and y (t) = 2A cos(2t + 0 ), the condition x (0) = 0 gives y (0) = 0, and thus
()
2A cos 0 = 0.
Equations (*) and (**) are satised by A = 2, 0 = 32 . The equation of motion can therefore be
written

3
y(t) = 2 sin 2t + .
2
The amplitude is 2 and the period is .

sin
= 1,
sin
= for small .

g/L t + 0
(b) The general solution is (t) = A sin

(i) Here A = 0 and 0 = 2 , so (t) = 0 sin
g/L t + 2 = 0 cos
g/L t .

g
g
(ii) 0 = (0) = A sin 0 ,
0 = (0) = A
cos 0 = A = 0 , 0 = .
L
L

Therefore, the equation of motion becomes (t) = 0 sin
g/L t

g
L
2
g
(c) =
, T =
= 2
= 2 = L = 2
= 3.24 feet or 0.993 meters.
L
14. (a) Since lim
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SECTION 19.5
15. (a) Take the downward direction as positive. We

begin by analyzing the forces on the buoy at
a general position x cm beyond equilibrium.
First there is the weight of the buoy: F1 = mg.
This is a downward force. Next there is the
buoyancy force equal to the weight of the uid
displaced; this force is in the opposite direction: F2 = r2 (L + x) . We are neglecting
friction so the total force is

F = F1 + F2 = mg r2 (L + x) = mg r2 L r2 x.
We are assuming at the equilibrium point that the forces (weight of buoy and buoyant force of
uid) are in balance:
mg r2 L = 0.
Thus,
F = r2 x.
By Newtons
(force = mass acceleration)
F = ma
we have
ma = r2 x
and thus
a+
r2
x = 0.
m
Thus, at each time t,

x (t) +
(b) The usual procedure shows that
r2
x (t) = 0.
m

x(t) = x0 sin r /m t + 12 .

The amplitude A is x0 and the period T is (2/r) m/.
16. Uniform circular motion consists of simple harmonic motion in both x and y, the two being out of
phase by
2.
17. From (19.5.4), we have

x(t) = Ae(c/2m)t sin(t + 0 ) =
A
e(c/2m)t
sin(t + 0 )
where
4km 2
2m

A
If c increases, then both the amplitude, (c/2m)t and the frequency

decrease.
2
e
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SECTION 19.5
18. Assume that r1 > r2 . If C1 = 0
or C2 = 0,
If both C1 and C2 are nonzero, then
x = C1 er1 t + C2 er2 t
then
r1 t
C1 e
r2 t
+ C2 e
1015
can never be zero.

C2
= . Since
C1
(r1 r2 )t
= 0 implies
C2
at most once.
C1
can be zero at most once. Therefore the
e(r1 r2 )t is an increasing function (r1 > r2 ), it can take the value

By the same reasoning,
x (t) = C1 r1 er1 t + C2 r2 er2 t
motion can change direction at most once.

19. Set x(t) = 0 in (19.5.6). The result is:
C1 e(c/2m)t + C2 te(c/2m)t = 0
C1 + C2 t = 0
t = C1 /C2
Thus, there is at most one value of t at which x(t) = 0.

The motion changes directions when x (t) = 0:
x (t) = C1 (c/2m)e(c/2m)t + C2 e(c/2m)t C2 (c/2m)te(c/2m)t .
Now,
x (t) = 0
C1 (c/2m) + C2 C2 t(c/2m) = 0
t=
C2 C1 (c/2m)
C2 (c/2m)
and again we conclude that there is at most one value of t at which x (t) = 0.
20. If = , we try xp = A cos t + B sin t as a particular solution of x + 2 x =
2 xp + 2 xp =
Substituting xp into the equation, we get

F0 /m
giving xp = 2
cos t.
2
F0
m
F0
cos t.
m
cos t,
F0 /m
cos(t)
2 2
If / = m/n is rational, then 2m/ = 2n/ is a period.
21. x(t) = A sin(t + 0 ) +
22. If = , we try xp = At cos t + Bt sin t as a particular solution of x + 2 x =
F0
cos t.
m
Substituting xp into the equation, we have

F0
cos t,
m
(2B A 2 t) cos t (2A + B 2 t) sin t + 2 (At cos t + Bt sin t) =

which gives
A = 0, B =
F0
, as required.
2m
23. The characteristic equation is

r2 + 2r + 2 = 0;
the roots are r1 , r2 =
2 2
Since 0 < < , 2 < 2 and the roots are complex. Thus, u1 (t) = e t cos t,
where = 2 2 are fundamental solutions, and the general solution is:

2
x(t) = e t (C1 cos t + C2 sin t); = 2
24. Straightforward computation.
u2 (t) = e t sin t,
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REVIEW EXERCISES
25. Set = in the particular solution xp given in Exercise 24. Then we have
xp =
c = 2m 0+ ,
As
26.

F0
2m
the amplitude

2
F0 /m
( 2 ) cos t + 2 sin t
2
2
2
2
) + 4

F0 /m
2 2
2

=
cos t +
sin t
( 2 2 )2 + 42 2
( 2 2 )2 + 42 2
( 2 2 )2 + 42 2
2

2
Setting = tan1
, this expression becomes.
2
( 2

27.
F0
sin t
2m
F0 /m
( 2 2 )2 + 42 2
2 2
F0 /m
(sin cos t + cos sin t) =
( 2 2 )2 + 42 2
sin(t + )
+ 42 2 = 4 + 4 + 2 2 (22 2 ) increases as increases.
28. (a) To maximize the amplitude, we need to minimize

( 2 2 )2 + 42 2 = 4 2( 2 22 ) 2 + 4 .
This is a parabola in 2 , and the minimum occurs when 2 = 2 22 .
Therefore the maximum amplitude occurs when = 2 22

2
2
(b) f =
=
2 22
F0 /m
F /m
0
(c) When 2 = 2 22 , the amplitude is:
=
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
( ) + 4
(d) Since 2 = c/m,
the resonant amplitude in (c) can be rewritten
F0

.
2
c c2 /4m2
This gets large as c gets small.
REVIEW EXERCISES

1. The equation is linear:
H(x) =
1dx = x = eH(x) = ex
d x
(e y) = 2ex = ex y = 2ex + C;
dx
2. Since
(2x3 y + 4y 3 )
(3x2 y 2 )
=
,
x
y
f (x, y) =
the solution is: y = 2e2x + Cex
3x2 y 2 dx = x3 y 2 + (y).
f
= 2x3 y + (y) = 2x3 y + 4y 3 = (y) = 4y 3
y
The solution is:
x3 y 2 + y 4 = C
and (y) = y 4 .
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REVIEW EXERCISES
3. The equation is separable:
y
1
dy =
dx = sec2 x dx
y2 + 1
cos2 x
1
ln(y 2 + 1) = tan x + C
2
The solution is:
ln(1 + y 2 ) = 2 tan x + C

y ln y dy = xex dx

y ln y dy = xex dx
1 2
1
y ln y y 2 = xex ex + C
2
4
The solution is:
1 2
1
y ln y y 2 = xex ex + C
2
4
y
5. The equation can be written
2
1
y = 2 y2
x
x
a Bernoulli equation.
2 1
1
y = 2
x
x
Let v = y 1 . Then v = y 2 y , and we get the linear equation
y 2 y
v +

Integrating factor:
H(x) =
2
1
v= 2
x
x .
(2/x) dx = ln x2 and eH(x) = x2 .

x2 v + 2xv = 1
x2 v = x + C
v=
The solution for the original equation is y =
1
C x
C
+ 2 =
x x
x2
x2
C x
2
cos x
6. Rewrite the equation as y + y = 2 , a linear equation.
x
x

2
H(x)
H(x) = (2/x) dx = ln x ; e
= x2 .
x2 y + 2xy = cos x
x2 y = sin x + C
y=
7. Since
C
sin x
+ 2
2
x
x
(y sin x + xy cos x)
(x sin x + y 2 )
= sin x + x cos x =
, the equation is exact.
y
x

f (x, y) = (y sin x + xy cos x) dx = xy sin x + (y).
1017
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f
y
January 4, 2007
REVIEW EXERCISES
= x sin x + (y) = y 2 + x sin x = (y) = y 2
(y) = 13 y 3
The solution is x sin x + 13 y 3 = C

8.
1
1
1
(Py Qx ) =
(2y y) = .
Q
x
xy
(1/x) dx
Therefore, e
= x is an integrating factor;
(x3 + xy 2 + x2 ) dx + (x2 y dy) = 0
is exact.
1
f (x, y) = x2 y dy = x2 y 2 + (x).
2
f
= xy 2 + (x) = x3 + xy 2 + x2 = (x) = x3 + x2
x
The solution is:
1 4
4x
and (x) =
+ 13 x3 + 12 x2 y 2 = C or 3x4 + 4x3 + 6x2 y 2 = C

1+y
dy = (x2 1) dx
y
1
ln |y| + y = x3 x + C
3
10. The equation is a Bernoulli equation. We write it as
y 1/3 y
3 2/3
= x4
y
x
Let v = y 2/3 . Then v = 23 y 1/3 y , and get the linear equation

v

H(x) =
2
2
v = x4
x
3
(2/x) dx = ln x2 ;
eH(x) = x2 .
y 2/3 = 29 x5 + Cx2
2 2
x
3
2
x2 v = x3 + C
9
2
v = x5 + Cx2
9

2 5
2 3/2
or y = 9 x + Cx
.
x2 v 2x3 v =
Therefore,
11. The equation can be written as y +

H(x) = ln x2 ;
2
y = x2 , a linear equation.
x
eH(x) = x2 .
x2 y + 2xy = x4
1 5
x +C
5
1
y = x3 + Cx2
5
x2 y =
1 4 1 3
x + x .
4
3
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REVIEW EXERCISES
1019
dy
3y 2 + 2xy
; a homogeneous equation.
=
dx
2xy + x2
dy
dv
Set v = y/x. Then y = vx and
=v+x .
dx
dx
12. Rewrite the equation as
v+x
x
dv
3v 2 x2 + 2x2 v
3v 2 + 2v
=
=
2
2
dx
2x v + x
2v + 1
dv
3v 2 + 2v
v2 + v
=
v =
dx
2v + 1
2v + 1
2v + 1
1
dv = dx
2
v +v
x
ln |v 2 + v| = ln |x| + C
v 2 + v = Cx
Replacing v by y/x, we get y 2 + xy = Cx3 .
13. The dierential equation is homogeneous.
dy
dv
Set v = y/x. Then y = vx and
=v+x .
dx
dx
v+x
dv
x2 + x2 v 2
1 + v2
=
=
dx
2x2 v
2v
dv
1 + v2
1 v2
=
v =
dx
2v
2v
2v
1
dv = dx
1 v2
x
ln |1 v 2 | = ln |x| + C
1 v2 =
C
x
Replacing v by y/x, we get x2 y 2 = Cx.

Applying the initial condition y(1) = 2 gives C = 3. The solution of the initial-value problem is:
x2 + 3x y 2 = 0.
2y
14. Write the equation as y +
= x; the equation is linear.
x

H(x) = (2/x) dx = ln x2 and eH(x) = x2 .
x2 y + 2xy = x3
1 4
x +C
4
1
y = x2 + Cx2
4
x2 y =
Applying the initial condition y(1) = 0 gives C = 1/4
and
y=
1
x2
2
4
4x
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January 4, 2007
REVIEW EXERCISES
(x + y)2
(2xy + x2 1)
= 2x + 2y =
, the equation is exact.
y
x

1
f (x, y) = (x + y)2 dx = (x2 + 2xy + y 2 ) dx = x3 + x2 y + xy 2 + (y).
3
15. Since
f
= x2 + 2xy + (y) = 2xy + x2 1 = (y) = 1
y
The general solution is:
1 3
3x
(y) = y
+ x2 y + xy 2 y = C
Applying the initial condition y(1) = 1 gives C = 4/3. The solution of the initial-value problem is:
1 3
3x
+ x2 y + xy 2 y = 4/3

y
dy = 4x dx
+1

y 2 + 1 = 2x2 + C
y2
y 2 = (2x2 + C)2 1
Applying the initial condition y(0) = 1 gives C = 2. The solution of the initial-value problem is:
y 2 = (2x2 + 2)2 1.
17. The equation is a Bernoulli equation; rewrite it as: y 2 y + xy 1 = x.
Set v = y 1 . Then v = y 2 y , and we have
v xv = x,

2
a linear equation. H(x) = (x) dx = 12 x2 and eH(x) = ex /2
ex
/2
v xex
/2
v = xex
ex
/2
v = ex
/2
/2
+C
2
v = 1 + Cex
y=
/2
1
1 + Cex2 /2
Applying the initial condition y(0) = 2 gives C = 1/2. The solution of the initial-value problem
2
is: y =
.
2 ex2 /2
dy
= dx
y y2

1
1
+
dy = dx
y 1y

y
= x+C
ln |y| ln |1 y| = ln
1 y
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REVIEW EXERCISES
1021
Applying the initial condition y(0) = 2 gives C = ln 2. The solution of the initial-value problem is:

y
2

= x + ln 2 or y =
ln
.

1y
2 + ex
19. The characteristic equation is: r2 2r + 2 = 0. The roots are: r1 , r2 = 1 i.
ex (C1 cos x + C2 sin x).
20. The characteristic equation is: r2 + r +
1
4
= 0. The roots are: r1 = r2 = 1/2.

y = C1 ex/2 + C2 xex/2 .
21. The characteristic equation for the reduced equation is: r2 r 2 = 0. The roots are: r = 2, 1.
Use undetermined coecients to nd a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equation:
z = A cos 2x + B sin 2x
z = 2A sin 2x + 2B cos 2x
z = 4A cos 2x 4B sin 2x
Substituting z, z , z into the dierential equation yields the pair of equations:
6A 2B = 0, 2A 6B = 1
The general solution is: y = C1 e2x + C2 ex +
1
20
cos 2x
A=
3
20
1
3
, B= .
20
20
sin 2x
22. The characteristic equation is: r2 4r = 0. The roots are: r1 = 4, r2 = 0.

y = C1 e4x + C2 .
23. The characteristic equation for the reduced equation is: r2 6r + 9 = 0. The roots are: r1 = r2 = 3.
Use undetermined coecients to nd a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equation.
Since z = e3x and z = xe3x are solutions of the reduced equation, set z = Ax2 e3x .
z = Ax2 e3x
z = 2Axe3x + 3Ax2 e3x
z = 2Ae3x + 12Axe3x + 9Ax2 e3x
Substituting z, z , z into the dierential equation gives:
2A = 3
The general solution is: y = C1 e3x + C2 xe3x + 32 x2 e3x .
A=
3
.
2
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REVIEW EXERCISES
24. The characteristic equation for the reduced equation is: r2 + 1 = 0. The roots are: r1 = i, r2 = i.
Use variation of parameters to nd a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equation.
Set u1 = cos x and u2 = sin x. Then their Wronskian is W (x) = 1.

1
z1 = sin x sec3 x dx = sec2 x,
z2 = cos x sec3 x dx = tan x
2
yp = 12 sec x + tan x sin x.
The general solution of the equation is:
y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x
1
2
sec x + tan x sin x
25. The characteristic equation for the reduced equation is: r2 2r + 1 = 0. The roots are: r1 = r2 = 1.
Set u1 = ex and u2 = xex . Then their Wronskian is W (x) = e2x .

x

xex (1/x)ex
e (1/x)ex
z1 =
dx
=
dx
=
x
z
=
dx
=
(1/x) dx = ln x
2
e2x
e2x
yp = xex + xex ln x
y = C1 ex + C2 xex + xex ln x, x > 0
26. The characteristic equation for the reduced equation is: r2 5r + 6 = 0. The roots are: r1 = 2, r2 = 3.
z = A cos x + B sin x + C
z = A sin x + B cos x
z = A cos x B sin x
Substituting z, z , z into the dierential equation yields the equations:
5A 5B = 0, 5A + 5B = 2, 6C = 4
The general solution is: y = C1 e2x + C2 e3x +
1
5
cos x +
1
5
A=
1
1
2
, B= , C= .
5
5
3
sin x + 23 .
27. The characteristic equation for the reduced equation is: r2 + 4r + 4 = 0. The roots are: r1 = r2 = 2.
z = Ax2 e2x + Be2x
z = 2Axe2x 2Ax2 e2x + 2Be2x
z = 2Ae2x 8Axe2x + 4Ax2 e2x + 4Be2x
2A = 4, 16B = 2
A = 2, B =
The general solution is: y = C1 e2x + C2 xe2x + 18 e2x + 2x2 e2x
1
.
8
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REVIEW EXERCISES
1023
28. The characteristic equation for the reduced equation is: r2 + 4 = 0. The roots are: r1 = 2i, r2 = 2i.
Set u1 = cos 2x and u2 = sin 2x. Then their Wronskian is W (x) = 2.

sin 2x tan 2x
1
1 cos2 2x
1
1
z1 =
dx =
dx = ln | sec 2x + tan 2x| + sin 2x
2
2
cos 2x
4
4

cos 2x tan 2x
1
1
z2 =
dx =
sin 2x dx = cos 2x
2
2
4
yp = 14 cos 2x ln | sec 2x + tan 2x|
y = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x
1
4
cos 2x ln | sec 2x + tan 2x|
29. First nd the general solution of the dierential equation.

The characteristic equation for the reduced equation is: r2 + r = 0. The roots are: r1 = 1, r2 = 0.
Set z = Ax2 + Bx
z = Ax2 + Bx
z = 2Ax + B
z = 2A
2A = 1, A + B = 0
A = 1/2, B = 1.
The general solution of the dierential equation is: y = C1 ex + C2 + 12 x2 x

Applying the initial conditions y(0) = 1, y (0) = 0, we get the pair of equations
C1 + C2 = 1, C1 1 = 0,
The solution of the initial-value problem is:
C1 = 1, C2 = 2.
y = 2 ex + 12 x2 x

The characteristic equation for the reduced equation is: r2 + 1 = 0. The roots are: r1 = i, r2 = i.
Set z = A cos 2x + B sin 2x + Cx cos x + Dx sin x
z = A cos 2x + B sin 2x + Cx cos x + Dx sin x
z = 2A sin 2x + 2B cos 2x + C cos x Cx sin x + D sin x + Dx cos x
z = 4A cos 2x 4B sin 2x 2C sin x Cx cos x + 2D cos x Dx sin x
3A = 4, 3B = 0, 2C = 4, 2D = 0 A = 4/3, B = 0, C = 2, D = 0.
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REVIEW EXERCISES
The general solution of the dierential equation is:

4
cos 2x + 2x cos x
3
y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x
Applying the initial conditions y(/2) = 1, y (/2) = 0, we get C1 = 16/13, C2 = 25/13.

y = cos x
7
4
sin x cos 2x + 2x cos x
3
3

The characteristic equation for the reduced equation is: r2 5r + 6 = 0. The roots are: r1 = 2, r2 = 3.
Set z = Axe2x
z = Axe2x
z = Ae2x + 2Axe2x
z = 4Ae2x + 4Axe2x
Substituting z, z , z into the dierential equation gives: A = 10, A = 10.
The general solution of the dierential equation is: y = C1 e2x + C2 e3x 10xe2x
Applying the initial conditions y(0) = 1, y (0) = 1, we get C1 = 8, C2 = 9.
y = 9e3x 8e2x 10xe2x

The characteristic equation is: r2 + 4r + 4 = 0. The roots are: r1 = r2 = 2.
The general solution of the dierential equation is: y = C1 e2x + C2 xe2x
Applying the initial conditions y(1) = 2, y (1) = 1, yields the equations
C1 e2 C2 e2 = 2, 2C1 e2 + 3C2 e2 = 1,
C1 = 7e2 , C2 = 5e2 .
y = 7e2(x+1) + 5xe2(x+1)
33. Assume x(t) = A sin(wt + 0 ).

From T = 2/ = /2, = 4 and x(t) = A sin(4t + 0 )
x(0) = 2
A sin()0) = 2;
x (0) = 0
4A cos(0 ) = 0
0 =
and A = 2.
2
Therefore,
x(t) = 2 sin(4t + /2);
amplitude A = 2;
frequency 2/.
34. Assume x(t) = A sin(wt + 0 ).

The period T = 8. Therefore 2/ = 8 which implies = /4 and x(t) = A sin

The condition x(0) = 0 implies that 0 = 0. Therefore, x(t) = A sin 14 t .
4 t

+ 0 .
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REVIEW EXERCISES
The condition x (0) = 8 =
4 A cos 0
1025
implies A = 32/. Hence

32
1
x(t) =
sin
t .
35. Assume that the downward direction is positive. Then

1
4x (t) = 64x(t) + 8 sin 4t, x(0) = , x (0) = 0
2
This equation can be written as
x + 16x = 2 sin 4t
The characteristic equation for the reduced equation is: r2 + 16 = 0 and the roots are r = 4i.
Set z = At cos 4t + Bt sin 4t
z = At cos 4t + Bt sin 4t
z = A cos 4t 4At sin 4t + B sin 4t + 4Bt cos 4t
z = 8A sin 4t 16At cos 4t + 8B cos 4t 16Bt sin 4t
Substituting z, z , z into the dierential equation yields the equations, we get A = 14 , B = 0.
1
x(t) = C1 cos 4t + C2 sin 4t t cos 4t.
4
Applying the initial conditions x(0) = 1/2, x (0) = 0, we get C1 = 1/2, C2 = 1/16.
The equation of motion is:
1
1
1
x(t) = cos 4t t cos 4t +
sin 4t
2
4
16
36. Assume that the downward direction is positive. Then
10x (t) = 60x(t) 50x (t) + 4 sin t, x(0) = 0, x (0) = 1.
The dierential equation can be written as
x + 5x + 6x =
2
sin t
5
The characteristic equation for the reduced equation is: r2 + 5r + 6 = 0 and the roots are:
r1 = 2, r2 = 3.
Set z = A cos t + B sin t
z = A cos t + B sin t
z = A sin t + B cos t
z = A cos t B sin t
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REVIEW EXERCISES
Substituting z, z , z into the dierential equation gives A = 1/25, B = 1/25.

x(t) = C1 e2t + C2 e3t
1
25
cos t +
1
25
sin t.
Applying the initial conditions x(0) = 0, x (0) = 1, we get C1 = 23/25, C2 = 24/25.

The equation of motion is:
x(t) =
23 2t 24 3t
1
1
+ e
e
cos t +
sin t.
25
25
25
25
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CH 19

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P1: PBU/OVY

10. y + tan x y = y 2 sec3 x

(b) cos y y + g(x) sin y = f (x).

Thus we have u + g(x)u = f (x).

14. f (tx, ty) =

Set vx = y. Then, v + xv = y and

Replacing v by y/x, we get

Set vx = y. Then, v + xv = y and

ln[x2 (v 2 + 1)] 2 arctan v = C

Set vx = y. Then, v + xv = y and

Replacing v by y/x, and simplifying, we get

Set vx = y. Then, v + xv = y and

Replacing v by y/x, and simplifying, we get

21. The dierential equation is homogeneous since

and y 3 + 3x3 ln | x | = 8x3

the equation is exact on the whole plane.

(y) = 0 (omit the constant)

and a one-parameter family of solutions is:

We will omit the constant at this step throughout this section.

the equation is exact on the whole plane.

and ex sin y = C is a one-parameter family of solutions.

f (x, y) = xey yex ,

and a one-parameter family of solutions is:

and x sin y + y = C is a one-parameter family of solutions.

the equation is exact on the whole plane.

the equation is exact on the upper half plane.

and a one-parameter family of solutions is:

the equation is exact on the whole plane.

and x2 arctan y = C is a one-parameter family of solutions.

f (x, y) = y ln x + 3x2 2y,

and a one-parameter family of solutions is:

one-parameter family of solutions.

the equation is exact on the whole plane.

e2y , and a one-parameter family of solutions is:

(e y cos xy) = 2e2y cos xy + xy sin xy =

and xe2y sin xy + y 2 = C is a

one-parameter family of solutions.

(b) For all x, y such that p(y)q(x) = 0,

an integrating factor. Multiplying the given equation by ex , we get

f (x, y) = 12 x2 ey + x and a one-parameter family of solutions

the equation is exact.

and a one-parameter family of solutions is:

(sin 2x cos y) = sin 2x sin y = 2 sin x cos x sin y =

sin2 x cos y = C is a one-parameter family of solutions.

an integrating factor. Multiplying the given equation by ex , we get

f (x, y) = y 3 ex + xex + (y)

and a one-parameter family of solutions is:

and xey + ye2x = C

is a one-parameter family of solutions.

and a one-parameter family of solutions is:

the equation is exact.

(ey 2ye2x ) + (xey + e2x )y = 0

f (x, y) = xey + ye2x ,

integrating factor. Multiplying the given equation by x, we get

is an integrating factor. Thus (1 + yx2 ) + (3y 2 x1 )y = 0 is exact.

= 3 (2y 2 ) = , w(y) = e (2/y) dy = e2 ln y = y 2

integrating factor. Multiplying the given equation by y 2 , we get

the equation is exact.

and a one-parameter family of solutions is:

2, we get C = 12 e4 + 1 and the solution

= p(x) depends only on x. Therefore v = e p(x) dx is

28. (a) We need g (y) sin x = y 2 f (x).

Take g(y) = 13 y 3 and f (x) = cos x

(b) For all x, y such that p(y)q(x) = 0,

Thus y = 3e x 1 and y(1) 6.15485

Thus y = x and y(2) = 2 1.41421.