IRE TRANSACTIONS

30

Periodic

ON MICROWAVE

and Guiding

Microwave
A.

F.

(RATIONALIZED
UNLESS

Linear
c = Speed

dimension,
of
light

b =

meters
C=
d=
E =
H=
~.(l)

MKS

SYMBOLS
UNITS

OTHERWISE

ARE

Capacitance,
farads.
Linear dimension,
meters.
Electric
field, volts per meter.
Magnetic
field intensity,
ampere

function

order.
j = Operator,

of the

second

90 rotational=

Bessel function
of the first
Length,
meters.
Suffix for long.
Inductance,
henry,
Integer.

X 108

o = Pitch

of resonators

of periodic

turns

per

and nth order.

kind

and

nth

1.

kind

and nth order.

of

wave=

du/d@

meters

per

VP= Phase

velocity

of

wave=

w/b

meters

per

second.
w = Linear dimension,
meters.
IV, = Total
average stored energy

per unit

joules per meter.

~ = Linear coordinate,

meters

or SUffIXo

X,= Surface reactance,

y = Linear coordinate,

ohms.
meters

or suffix.

Y.=

Bessel
order.

function

2.=
20=

Coupling

of the
admittance

kind

and

of transmission

of stub, mhos.
coordinate,
meters

impedance

Characteristic

second

length,

of circuit,

impedance

nth
line,

or suffix.
ohms.

of transmission

line,

Z.= Wave impedance

of free space= 377 ohms.
21= Impedance
of loading element,
ohms.
a = Attenuation
coefficient,
nepers per meter.
~ = Phase-change

coefficient=

27r/h,,

radians

per

meter.
~~ = Value
~W= Value

of@ for nth space harmonic.

of@ in free space.

y = Propagation

coefficient=

a+j~.

Y* = Value of Y for nth space harmonic.

8 = Dielectric
loss angle.
8,= Skin
depth
in
a conductor=
2/(wppoo-) 1/2
meters.
6 = Dielectric
60= Electric

meters.

P = Power, watts,
Qti = Unloaded
Q factor.
r = Radial coordinate
or SUfiX,
Radius of helix, meters.
rl = Radius of rod, meters.
R,= Surface resistance,
ohms.
s = Suffix for short.
t= Time, seconds.
u = Radial propagation
coefficient=

6=
h =
~,=
h~ =
~=
y.=

?h =

Worcester,

2, 1959;
Eng.

(1/36r)

10-9

p = Amplitude
reflection
coefficient.
a = Conductivity,
mhos per meter.

a +jb.

January

constant.
space constant,

revised

farads

per meter.
Angular
coordinate
or suffix.
Free-space wavelength,
meters.
Cutoff wavelength
of waveguide,
meters.
Guide wavelength,
meters.
Relative
permeability.
Magnetic
space constant,
4~ X 10-7 henry
meter.

q5= Angular
* Manuscript
received by the PGMTT,
manuscript
received July 27, 1959.
~ Royal Radar Establishment,
Malvern,

velocity

second.

2.= Surface impedance = R, +jX.

ohms.
Z,h = Shunt impedance
of circuit,
ohms per meter.

or elements.

structure,

at

ohms.

n = Integer.
N = Number

v~ = Group

Y1 =Admittance
z = Axial linear

per second.

H.@J = Hankel

J.=
1=
1=
L =
m =

USED

INDICATED)

meter ( = 4m x 103 oersted).

= Hankel function
of the first kind

Structures

YO= Characteristic
mhos.

meters.
in
vacuo = 2.997929

January

TECHNIQUES

HARVEY~

monics and the effect of systematic modidcation

of loading are examined. A description is then given of the various types of surfacewave structures including dielectric rods, dielectric-clad
metals, and
corrugated surfaces, as well as surface wave instruments
and circuits. Practical slow-wave structures such as ladder lines, coupled
cavities and helices are finally treated. The survey concludes with a
bibliography.
OF PRINCIPAL

AND

Frequencies*

SummaryThe paper reviews the properties of periodic and

guiding structures which now play an important part in the operation
of components, antennas, electron tubes and low-noise amplifiers.
An account is first given of dispersive propagation in periodic-loaded
lines, showing how the frequency characteristic breaks into pass and
harstop bands. The formation of forward- and backward-space

LIST

THEORY

coordinate

or suftix.

+,= Pitch angle of helix.

a = Angular
frequency,
radians

per second.

per

Harvey:

1960

WAVES

IN

Periodic

crnd Guiding

PERIODICALLY-LOADED

Structures

at Microwave

31

Frequencies

LINES

Dispersion
The propagation
are modified
connected
intervals.

characteristics

with

line

reactance

L%EPIW5 !--Jm.dd

in series or parallel,
and spaced at regular
The analysis
of such periodic
structures,

familiar

[30 ] in

many

branches

extended
[50], [167 ], [233]
lines. An equivalent
circuit
tative

of a transmission

[39 ] when the line is loaded

description

of science,

Fig.

lLine

loaded

frequency

of the various

constant
structure

the

wave

phenomena,

providing

general

form

function

is multiplied

function

by

can be written

exp (~ + 27rnj/P)z.

NO

without

or imaginary.

If real, the exponential

n decrease

with

energy

increasing

If, on the other

dissipation

z and

hand,

attenuated

l--PASS

BAND

/
/

STOP
SAND

y must be real

y is imaginary,

,/

, #.-.-

that

for each value

\,

LOADING

in the

It can be shown

in a structure

result.

impedance.

complex factor exp ( 7P) on moving along the

by one section
or period.
For propagation

along the z-axis, the wave

lumped

to microwave
transmission
treatment
reveals a quali-

basis for exact analysis using Maxwells

theory.
Propagation
alonga transmission
line, loaded as shown
in Fig. 1, may be analyzed
by Floquets
theorem
[30],
[233] which states that for a given mode of oscillation
and

with

has been

..

d~
d/3

of

waves
putting
(1)

1% = PO+ 27rn/P,

2_x

the wave function

becomes exp j(wt ~mz), on inclusion
of the time dependent
term. This represents
a progressive wave with
~~/~~, traveling

angular
frequency
along the z-axis

Fig.

u and wavelength
with phase velocity

tions,

loaded

line may

each consisting

impedance
change

be considered

of a portion

ZO and a lumped

across a section

as a series of sec-

of line of characteristic

impedance

A C consists

Z1. The

phase

of the sum of the

phase changes along a portion of line AB and across the

lumped impedance
B C. The equations
of the frequeuc y
characteristics
of this infinite
mined by the usual analysis

loaded line may be deter[271 ] of ladder lines. The

phase change along a length of transmission

while

the

27rp/&

total

when

phase

change

n is considered

per

is @,,P or

zero. It can then

be shown

is

the

line

equation

loaded

with

2Tp
T+j

of the

frequency

series inductances

sin

(2)

characteristic.

For

the

resulting

will

be seen that

(2)

with

d.&Z~

as u is increased

(3)
is plotted

from

stop

occurs,

band

the wave

down

by successive

reflections

inductors

phase change

remains

constant

values

of L, the

while

at the value

r.

curves

have

higher

or lower

the total
For

similar

smaller

or larger

shapes but

frequencies,

follow

at the

the VP= c line to

respectively.

The

curves

always
have zero slope at cutoff
and propagation
is
possible at zero frequency.
A second pass band begins.
when the phase change across each portion
of the line
(not including
the inductor)
becomes ~; i.e., when w
change

Tc/P.

At

this

frequency

across the inductor,

duced with

the

there

a standing

nodes at the inductor.

frequency,

phase

constant

With

is no

wave
further

increases

phase

being

pro-

increase
until

the

cessive stop bands increase with frequency

since they
are dependent
on the reactance
COLof the inductor,
It
will be seen that the phase velocity
given by ti/fl is less
than

L,

Zl = jwL
and

phase change across each section of the line becomes

27r when a further
stop band occurs. The widths of suc-

2Tp

z,

2Z0

frequencies

~oaded line.

the line being attenuated

in

[167 ] that
27rp
cos T=cos
9

for inductively

becomes

line is 27rP/h,

section

characteristic

higher

Vp. =u/p..
The

2Frequency

p-

in

Fig.

2.

It

zero to about

two- thirds of me/P the value of B increases from zero to

T/@. At this higher frequency,
reflections
set up at the
inductors
add in phase, resulting
in a standing
wave on
the line with current
antinodes
at the inductors.
For

c, except

current

nodes

in the special case of standing

at the

inductors

pected, it is equal to c.
For a line loaded with
Z1

when,

series capacitances
=

l/jut

waves with

as may

be ex-

C,
(4)

and the resulting

(2) with
(1/co C) =3Z0
is plotted
in
Fig. 3. Once again a series of stop and pass bands is
obtained
but in this case the widths of the stop bands

IRE TRANSACTIONS

32

ON

MICROWAVE

than

c, except

at the capacitors
be observed
general

occurs

that

off frequency

when a standing
when

which

with

The equation

nodes

line

now

has a cutoccurs.

is the same for other

to the VP= c line for C large and to horizon-

are identical

with

ductance.
Microwave
resonant

is the length

lines

shown

for

are often

such as, for example,

the loading

impedance

series

tive

if 201= 2Z0, so that

features

loaded

which
occurs
with

If J

occurs

quency

is inductive,
at the stubs.

is less than

of the loading

LJ

.4t the resonant

.-
-- --
/

2. At low frequen-

wave

being

The frequency

the lowest
reactor.

a cutoff
produced

at which

this

or first

resonant

fre-

first

resonance

oc-

This

/
/
/

remains

constant

one section

frequency,

changes from inductive

ference across a section

PASS
BAND

of the guide

the loading

re-

on the guide

to capacitive
and the phase difchanges by r. The phase change

at zero

until

the

next

pass band

is

reached. At the beginning

of the second pass band, the
loading
is capacitive
with
a corresponding
frequency
characteristic.
When the effective
length
of the stub
becomes ~h, it is again resonant
with a node of electric

Trc

field

at the

mouth

of the

higher

frequency,

occurs

at a frequency

resonator

the loading

2_T
P

3Frequency

characteristic

loaded

capacitive

line.

approaching

to inductive

the value

and h. =A.

STUB

--------~

LENGTH

~~:

STOP
BAND

I NG
b

STUB

k
/

fl

LENGTH

--

/
-

L_
/
/
/

CUT-

OFF

/
o

2TT/p

T1/p

Fig.

4-Frequency

characteristic

for a parallel-plate

3T1/

line loaded

with

stubs.

for which

PASS
BAND

NO

For

and a cutoff

same cycle of events is

(wA + *A) /2 where m is

//

---&
/ ,----------?1
a Q/

LOAD

~, =).

a positive integer. At frequencies

for which the effective
length of the stub is ml/2,
the loading
changes from

P%

for capacitively

and

is inductive

the resonator
length is $A. The
repeated at all resonant lengths

Fig.

(7)

but as u increases

$A, the phase change along

mains at the value ~.

2rl
Cos

1/

Cos

the qualita-

curs when the effective length of the stub is *X and the

attenuation
in the guide is then infinite.
From the cutoff
frequency
to the frequency
at which the stub length is

3&c
P

2-Tf c

(6)

(6) becomes

Ag = 2P, a standing

antinodes

cutoff

of

when

affecting

in Fig. 4 for l~fl~l.

ties the loading

with

impedance

is plotted

without

27r(p + 1)

A,

is

STO P
i3AND

then becomes

21rp
2Tl
2Tp
201

tan sin.
A
220
A
A

is simplified

27rp

in-

series stubs.

and 201 is the characteristic

curves

The analysis

Cos

loading
while, by the
for shunt capacitance

already

transmission

circuits

such a stub,

those

of the dispersion

(5)

The

values

tal lines representing

no propagation
for C small. These
dispersion
curves for series capacitance
are identical
with those for shunt inductance
principle
of duality,
the curves

January

TECHNIQUES

2n-p
cos =cos
k,

to c. It should

no propagation

shape of the curves

of C, tending

it is equal

the transmission

below

wave

AND

ZI = jZOI tan (27d/A).

decrease with increasing

frequency.
The phase change
across the capacitor
is such that the phase velocity
is
greater

THEORY

4n

Harvey:

1960

At

frequencies

values

occur.

such

Periodic

that

and

u = mTc/~,

The stop band

Guiding

further

associated

with

Structures

cutoff

at Microwave

described

in terms

monics

depend

is controlled

mains constant

on a parallel

of the stop band,

the pass bands

tive or both capacitive,

a low-frequency
cutoff
ter,

it

is
this

On both

are either

both

guide.

sides
induc-

ing

In the former case, u = wmc/fi is

for the pass band, and in the lat-

a high-frequency

l/p = 0.2, the first

before

the stop band.

stub

frequency

cutoff.

For

resonance

occurs

is reached,

the

example,

rate

that

the

attenuation

v, is also the energy

dispersion

of flow

of energy

guide

to the

being

averaged

energy

coefficient

velocity

through
stored

per

[30]

to the resonance

of the

is not

too

dispersion
frequency

a periodic

or rate

structure

length,

section.

the

Information
by

about

+2,

substituting

attenuation

cos

for

per section

velocity
by

in

ap is then

(6),
given

2=*

infinite

is zero

at the center

remains

finite

bands.

The

teristics

in

treatment

both

conductor

complex
bands.

Q factor

inductive
given

has assumed

approached.
These
Butcher
[36 ] who,

the

edges

of the resonance

the

tem and, moreover,

infinite
attenuation

near

that

and

The
by

for the frequency

there

is a nearly

but
stop

charac-

loss-free

and
which

have been overcome

by
into account the effect of

dielectric

losses,

introduced

can be used in the pass and stop

Space Harmonics
The

frequency

characteristics

given

so far have been

for the case when n= O in (1); that is, only one value of
phase velocity
has been given explicitly
for a particular
frequency.
the guide
continuously

The instantaneous
is, however,

potential

not sinusoidal,

across the loading

waveform
but

impedances

changes

all

is shown

the

across

harmonics

space

corre-

harmonics

by the full

and

that

while

from

lines of Fig. 5(b).

the phase velocities

of the various

those

for

n = O, +1,

those for <v= 1 and 2

an equal and opposite

phase velocity.
Further
investigation shows that the amplitudes
of these pairs are also
and therefore

support

only

at a cutoff

standing

waves.

A, geometrical

phase velocity

frequency,

the guide

along
dis-

and can be

can

If VP is the phase velocity

considerations

at corresponding

points

show that

the

such as B, C, 1),

space harmonics

are

and to have the

as that of the energy. For n negative, the

is always opposite
in direction
to the
Such space harmonics
are termed reverse

or backward

waves

have periodic

structures

and, in particular,
in which

it is possible

the f u ndamenta~

to

is it-

self a reverse wave. The complete characteristic

contains
a range of upper branches corresponding
to resonances
of the stubs. Two conventions

sys-

the simple relation

of (8) predicts
as the edges of the pass band are
difficulties
in taking

includes

+3

same direction
phase velocity
group velocity.

becomes

capacitive

of the

seen to be equal for any given frequency

(lo)

stop bands,

and

waveforms

and E is given by vP15/(nhQ +P).

The group velocities
of all the

[167]

27rl

l=cos~-tan~sin~.

attenuation

is constant

wave

bl, assum-

7r/4P, (1) gives

are different

at a point

(9)

2ZII
The

strength

and +3 are positive,

equal
of

it is given

is obtained

27rP/A,

Zol

27rp

of a traveling

stubs of aperture

are negative.
At the cutoff frequencies,
for every space
harmonic
with positive phase velocity
there is one with

bands

Vp/V,) .

((?ja)fl

in nepers

cos(~ja)f

of phase

bands

which

1, 0, +1 are shown in Fig. 5(a).

characteristic
of a periodic stub loaded

be seen that

is short-cir-

(8)

the stop

to n=

harmonics

which

device;

dvP/d~ = (Vfl/w) (1 -

It will

ratio

the value

which

If Q,, relates

the useable bandwidth

in a practical

field

of the periodic

[167]

instantaneous

n=

of variation

may determine

field

by

sponding
to n=
The frequency
structure

a = w/ (vgQJ !

with

The

of the

cuited at both ends, the attenuation

in the pass
is given in nepers per meter by [233]

The

structure

the potential

electric

given

If (30is given

a cross section

line

of the potential

line with

of a

of these har-

curve

as the

unit

loaded

the
is

defined

over one complete

on the form

plate

as a sum

if

dispersion
curve is given by the slope of the line joining
the point to the origin. The group velocity
v~ = dm/d~ is
given by the slope of the curve at the particular
point.
Provided

that

mouth,

analysis

The amplitudes

by the particular

For example,

33

at w = 2.5rc/fi;

shows inductive
stop bands at both n-c/@ and 2Tc/~.
The phase velocity
VP= ti/$1 for any point P on the

great,

of Fourier

series of space harmonics.

this type of

cutoff is the same as that obtained

with inductive
or
capacitive
loading.
No resonance occurs in the cavities
and the phase change across a section of the guide rethroughout

Frequencies

are in use for the numberi-

ng of these branches.
In one, the fundamental
to be that space harmonic
with the highest
locity, while in the second, which is adopted
that
tude.

harmonic

which

In the latter

acteristic

tends

normally

case, with

to that

has the
small

largest

loading,

of the transmission

k taken
phase vehere, it is
ampli-

the charline.

If electromagnetic
energy is propagated
in both direc-
tions, then as shown by the dotted
lines of Fig. 5(b),
additional
curves which represent
waves with negative
group velocity
appear to complete
the frequency
characteristic.
If the forward
and backward
energies are
equal, standing
waves are produced not only at the cutoff values but at all frequencies.
This analysis
may
readily
be extended
from parallel
plate lines to waveguides. The characteristic
impedance
is now given for
any one mode of propagation

by the ra,tio of the trans-

IRE TRANSACTIONS

34

ON

MICROWAVE

THEORY

AND

TECHNIQUES

January

?
MAIN

b,

GUIDE

STUBS
I

~E
P
d

(a)
n=.,

+--.

=-,

-.

~:.

n=+3

n.+2

n.+1

.-

.
.
,
.

L
-*

\
.

i,

\&

..

-.

I,

..

. .
\

\
\

\
\\

..- ,
P

--

-~

-3Jn
P

-fl

(b)
Fig.

verse

5Forward

electric

quency

to

may

transverse
guide

backward
space harmonics.
(a) Stub structure
(b) Frequency
characteristics
of the n = 2

transverse

characteristics

above except
hibits a cutoff.
It

and

at low

be shown
in

[167]

the

that

of the electric

quadrature.

For

vary

The

those

the

guide

longitudinal
field

fregiven
ex-

Multiply-Periodic

from

Other properties
of periodic
the loading
is systematically

structures
emerge when
uneven
[24],
[256]. For

example,
in the structure
shown in the inset of Fig. 6,
which consists of series stubs of alternate
length, it will

~=

Cos (47rp/xJ

The

+ (Zo12/2Z0)
(47r#/&J

[tan (27rlJX)

sin (27rp/k)

is the phase change

section of the line

The frequen~i~s
given by

(including
at cutoff

tan (27rl@),

mrc
1+;+!

(16)

P}

of u in (15) are the capacitive

frequencies,
The values

1, give

the cutoff

frequencies

when

adjacent

for ~= rr/2P

Cos (4rp/kg)
and, for 2.1 = 22.,

or inductive

being the beginning

or end of a stop
of a in (16) which depend upon 11and

= 1,

(17)

7rc2m+l
(18)
2

p+lt

7rc2m i-1
~.
2 p+
l,

are all of length

from (7) by

(13)

a long and a short stub).

for @= O and @= x/P are

by

(13) gives
~=

stubs
given

across one compIete

resonators

are given

(19)

These values of w correspond

to the occurrence
at the long and short resonators,
respectively.

+ tan (2m?,/X) ]

tan (27rlJA)

values

cutoff
band.

of this
of the

= Cos (47rp/x)

(ZCU/2ZJ sin (4@/})

where

the equivalent
circuit
gives [167 ] the equation
as

(15)

be evident that the number of degrees of freedom of the

system
are now doubled
and therefore
there will be
twice-the
number of branches in the frequency
characteristic.
Analysis
of
double-stub
structure
frequency
characteristic

(14)

= 1.

mm

are oscillating
in antiphase.
The frequencies
at cutoff

Load%g

space harmonics.

direc-

surface.

+1

(13) then gives

~=

loading

decay according
to
these become expo-

the loaded

For ZOI = 22.,

in the main

capacitive

to sine and cosine laws. For inductive

VP< c, the transverse
propagation
con-

some distance

Cos (47rp/Ag)

and

in the transverse

stant is real and the amplitudes

hyperbolic
sine and cosine laws;
nential

to

where

where VP> c, the amplitudes

tion according
loading
where

field.

be similar

frequencies

components

oscillate

magnetic

will

and wave forms of the n = 1, 01 and

to n= +3 inclusive
space harmomcs.

~.

1, the frequency

for ~ =7r/2P

is

7rc2m+l
(20)
2

Comparison
of (20) with
values of ~ at ~ = m/2p

of nodes
If the

p+l

(18) and (19) shows that cutoff

for the double-stub
structure

7960

Harvey:

Periodic

and

Guiding

Structures

af Microwave

Frequencies

35

nnnnn

rlrl

E-T
D

-0

0- .

iy2

TT/p

occur

at all

6Inductive

points

where

structure.

ordinate

(a) Frequency

7r/2P

cuts

curves of the two uniformly-loaded

Thus the frequency
characteristic

rT_c

the

lines.
of the double-stub

depart

at these

with

resonators.

nodes

These

standing

wavelength

but

placed

respect

with

points

either

since

standing

waves

or antinodes

at the

waves

have

different

will

frequencies

to each other

and

will

can

frequency

characteristic

then

waves

at B and

f~re, in passing from one branch

remains

inductive

and there

C when

be dis-

belong

resonators

differs

the phase

by less than

mains

capacitive

i.e., the phase velocity

until

is no change

*LL

A.?t
&

the loading

and
are
of

in the

~r and tends to zero when

is equal

/---

,
>.

in the phase

of the oscillations

a frequency

@= n-/2P. There-

to the other,

6 approaches
zero. The upper curve is termed the optical branch and the phase of the neighboring
resonators
differs by more than ~~ and approaches
r as 6 approaches x/@.
In the second class illustrated
by Fig. 7, a resonance
of the larger stub occurs between
the two standing
waves at D = T/2P when 11= 4A and results in a change
from inductive
to capacitive
loading.
The loading
re& =k;

to two

crystal lattices containing

diatomic
molecules, the lower
curve is sometimes termed the acoustical
branch and, ,as
6(b),

;?=4?.s
.

the resothan the

lengths tends to follow the v.= c line more closely

vice versa if ZO1 is increased;
the cutoff frequencies
also modified.
From analogy with the characteristics

in Fig.

STUBS

L>

same

Fig.

coefficient
at d = 7r/2P. As ZO1 is reduced from the value
220, the initial
portion
of the characteristic
for all stub

shown

--

classes. In the first class shown in Fig. 6(a),

nances of the stubs occur at a higher frequency
two standing

_-*

LENGTH

by ~h,.

may

of the stubs.

ALL

The useful properties

of this structure
occur when the
ratio 11/1, is not too great, for instance, between 1 and 2.
The

phases

modified
the

(b) Relative

periodic
structure
will be similar
to that of the simple
structure
until
the phase constant
approaches
the
values at which the cutoffs occur. The characteristics
will

_.
..
[F
TL

characteristic.

occur

(b)

double-stub

the

(a)
Fig,

is reached

where

to the free-space

7Resonant

velocity.
At this frequency
resonator
and inductance
be regarded
approximately
At a still higher frequency
ive.

For periodic

of stubs,

structures

the number

double-stub

structure.

the capacitance
of the small
of the larger :resonator may
as a series resonant
circuit.
the loading
is again inductwith

of branches

more than

two lengths

in the frequency

char-

acteristic
will equal the number
of different
lengtlhs of
resonator;
i.e., the number of frequencies
corresponding
to a given phase constant
is equal to the number
of
degrees of freedom
associated with each section of the
line. For example,
in a structure
in which
there are
three stubs per section and every third is modified,
one
of the many
possible
characteristics
takes the form
shown in Fig. 8. It has been shown [167] that under
certain conditions
and over a limited
frequency
range,
the dispersion
is small since the phase velocity
is nearly
constant.

IRE TRANSACTIONS

36
DIELECTRIC-CLAD

Plane

METAL

Waves Over Flat

In conventional
frequencies
confined
ducting

the

ON

MICROWAVE

STRUCTURES

Swfaces

Such

radiation

along

different
extends

physical
to infinity

systems,

at microwave

the energy

energy

is effectively

practice,

a guiding

structure

can support

[32]

launching,
These
forms

more

surface

waves

which,

by

port

can be made to predominate.

surface

waves

of electromagnetic

[20],

[190],

energy

[292],

which

[293]

propagate

the

are

so that,

in

is constrained

media

and magnetic
having
both

concerned.

field vectors.
resistive
and

components.
with

of surface

the conditions

waves,

external

medium

required

the interface

the direction
of propagation
versely, it can take a variety

with-

distance

of these waves are governed

by the surZ. defined as the ratio of the tangential

of the electric
Z, is complex,

To comply

careful

with

of the wave

losses in the

to supply

reactive

or

decreases

required

evanescent
waves which are exponentially
in the direction
of propagation.
The third
one

media

neighborhood
of the structure.
away from the interface
is that

components
In general,

sents

two

to flow in the immediate

The only flow of energy

classes of waves: first, a continuous

spectrum
of propagating
waves and second, a continuous
spectrum
of
attenuated
class repre-

between

properties.
The electromagnetic
in the transverse
direction
but

of the energy

The properties
face impedance

three

an interface

density

most

January

TECHNIQUES

out

transmission

to a closed region of space by means of conwalls. Under certain conditions

other types of

AND

with
field

electromagnetic

transmission
may exist in which
the energy
is not
rigidly confined but rather is bound to a surface or structure.

THEORY

is usually

must

for the supbe straight

in

of the wave but, transof shapes and forms. The

air, while

the structure

may

consist of dielectric,
either alone or in combination
with
a conductor,
and metal surfaces provided
with periodic
corrugations.
out change
two

For example,
a wave which
of pattern
over a flat surface

homogeneous

permittivity
ticular

media

of different

was shown

solution

characterized

conductivity

by Zenneck

of Maxwells
[93 ] by

the

travels withbounding
[6]

[291]

equations.
presence

and

to be a par-

Such a wave

is

of a longitudinal

component
of the electric field vector; it is a TM wave.
Surface waves can be propagated
[44], [239], [257] in
plane or radial form over a dielectric-clad
flat structure
and in axial form along a cylinder.
Such waves can also
be supported
by conical guides and, in particular,
there
are surface

waves

and the radial

Fig.

of various

variety.

9(a) in which

forms

A typical

medium

in between

flat surface

(m) is a metallic

the axial

is shown

in

conductor,

(d) is a dielectric
slab, and (a) is air. For the dominant
TMO plane wave traveling
in the z direction
with
(

0
Fig.

Zrr

3p

8Triple-stub

propagation
coefficient
y, the three components
of field
required
to satisfy the wave equation
in the metal are
given by Barlow and Cullen [15] as

multiply-periodic

structure.

-.--rm%

---Jf.t-lx

-- -

,= ---I

+-

Lb- \

Ri-Wa
.

---e

_--

I
\

i
\
\

I/H/

- -->

.oTw

(a)
Fig. 9Propagation

over

flat dielectric-clad
surfaces.
(a) Plane wave. (b) Radial wa~e. The properties
of the media
pm =,w, e~q, am, (d) Dielectric,
p~=,ao, e~c,, a~=O, and (a) Au-, pa=p,,
ECC,,aa=O.

are (H)

Metal,

1960

Harvey:

Periodic

and

Guiding

H.m =

Structures
(21)

at Microwave

The

total

surface

dielectric
E.% =

(22)

E,.

(23)

=
\Um + jtiemeo~

The factor
constant.

efi?) is omitted
The

for convenience

propagation

coefficient

and A is a

along

from

the surface

b~ for a

where

y <0.

(25)

Y2 + ums = .@wl(un + jw%eo) .

In

the

externaI

similarly

given

air

medium

the

fields

for

reactance
the metal

X. is made up of one component

and another,

which

These
tude

(26)

of the dielectric

to the skin depth a. of the metal.

If 1 is assumed to be small so that
zldl<<l, (33) gives

tanh

decays

distance

but

b. for a wave
medium

the

at the rate aa with

also suffers
traveling

in-

a progrestowards

propagation

the

coefficients

In

general,

the

higher= the

the frequency,

that

surface

the greater

the field becomes

circuits
reduced

from

that
by

H%d = Ad cosh ib,jy + A~ sinh

gation,

reacti~nce

along

%bdy

layers

more closely

and this,

the
aa so

in the

increase of R,
at the surface,

in turn,

increases

On the other
with electric
would be
and in-

and phase-change

in the direction

(30) are substituted

of propa-

in the expression

[137]

++(%3

(31)

(32)

the field components

the different

the surface

and

factor

a standing

72 + tfid2 = QW2/C2.
for matching

concentrated

the normal

(29) and

and In this medium

between

and

(38)

the decay

creased by a capacitive
one.
In order to obtain the attenuation

for T to give
Within
the solid dielectric
there exists
wave whose magnetic
field is given by

udl~udl

the corresponding
phase velocity
an inductive
surface
reactance

coefficients
(30)

equal

U. = aa jba = j@.Z,/Zw.

the phase velocity

along the interface.
hand, it may be anticipated
by analogy

not only

of magni-

i!> about

(29)

jba

T2 + ua2 = W2/G~.

boundaries

are of the same order

the thickness

immediate
vicinity
of the surface. Any
increases the inclination
of the wavefront

satisfy

The conditions

is responsible.

(28)

sive phase change

this

dielectric

EUO = A (y/jcoeO) e.~.

transverse
In

of solid

two components

measured

surface.

layer

(27)

the field

from

(37)

Ea. = A (ai./jcoeo)e-U#,

Here

because

the

when

higher

creasing

arising

Xd = w.hl(cd 1)/6d,

y z 1 are

= .4 eu.~,

ua=aa

(36)

This resistance therefore depends upon the conductivity

of the metal if the dielectric
is loss free. The surface

by
llx.

in the case of loss in the

by

(24)

am and phase change

wave traveling
inwards
Within
this medium

37

R, = R~ + Ra = R. + (6wt/@Zw) tan 8.

for
an attenuation

resistance

is given

the y-axis,

t~~ = am + jb~,
represents

Frequencies

lf ~s~~,

the velocity

of propagation

40)
becomes

at the

yields
Eq. (39) shows that a is proportional
to h!, and X, while
(41) shows that VP> c if R, is substantially
greater than
X,, and vice versa. Values of loss and phase velocity
have been calculated
[12 ] for frequencies
of 0.330 kmc
for a dielectric
with @=4, tan 8 = 0.001, and thicknesses

aDhdz=-[::(:;);;J
33)
of 0.110

The
dielectric

impedance

looking

into

the surface

of the solid

mm.

At

loss of 10-3 dbjm

10 kmc a layer

0.5 mm thick

and a phase velocity

gave a

of 0.65 c.

is
Radial

Z, = R, + jX.

= Ez./H..

= u./ja~o.

FVaves Over

The geometry
In the case of a good conductor,
the surface impedance
has nearly equal real and imaginary
parts and is given
by
Z~ = R~ + jX~

== (1 + j)(tipo/2u~)12.

Flat

Sk-faces

(34)

(35)

radially

over

and field pattern

a flat

dielectric-clad

shown in Fig. 9(b). The

omitting
the time factor

of a wave propagating
metal

field components
e~ut, are [15]

H*m = i4&*~H,(2) ( j~r) ,

surface

are

in the metal,

(42)

IRE TRANSACTIONS

38

ON

MICROWAVE

THEORY

usually

AND

focused

geometry

on

and field

January

TECHNIQUES
the

dominant

distribution

in Fig. 10; when the radius

TMOO

of the cylinder

this axial wave becomes identical

wave over a flat surface.

with

(24)

and

(25)

as previously.

In

the

external

[94]

air

amined
[22],
[133],
[134],

medium,
(45)

H$a = A e-U#211@j( jyr),

with

E,. = A (u./jcoeo) e-U.~Hlt2J ( j~~),

(46)

Eva = A (~/c,)e-W.vHof2J ( j~Y)

(47)

wire

with

the work

to

the plane
of Goubau

has been extensively

ex-

[42], [54], [55], [58], [72], [89], [131],

[136],
[157],
[210],
[224] as a transmis-

sion line for microwave

frequencies.
For propagation
along the z-axis, the field components
inside
by

the

metal,

omitting

the

term

e@~-w),

are given

[15]

(29) and (30) as previously.

By

comparing

and (45)(47),
modified

(21)-(23)
it will

Zenneck

and

(42)-(44)

be seen that

wave

or (26)-(28)

the radial

has the same field

in the y direction
as the
Along the radial coordinate

corresponding
r, the wave

form

e-r/r3.
There

is again

a standing

medium

and

surface

the

dielectric-clad

metal

is given

Z, = R, + jX,
values

of R,,

phase-change

wave

coefficients,

E,m = A (y/j?&)

with

distances,
the form

Cylindrical

magnetic

into

(48)

= E,a/Hda.
as the

attenuation

with

and

sheath,

surface

[244 ] that a

wave

propagation

functions

is imaginary

The argument

and thus

which,

was

with

r = rl, is

when

flat surface

rls
given

m, becomes
in (34).

j(uJaco),

the value

For cylinders

of small

t
I

H
10Axial

,/

(b)

(a)
Fig.

propagation

on-a
(d)

dielectric-clad

cylinder.

for the
diame-

ter, the curvature

of the equiphase
surfaces near the
wire has an important
effect on the wave impedance
which may change from being inductive
at a great dis-

E
?

the ex-

$=RS+X$=%=(:)[XHI
)

with a dielectric
layer. Although
higher-order
modes are
[13 j,
[116]
with
this guide,
attention
is
associated

air

ternal fields decay at a rate which becomes exponential

for large radii.
The surface
impedance
looking
into the dielectric

shown to take place for infinite

conductivity
by Harms
[109] provided
that the surface of the metal is coated

MEDIUM

(29) and (30) as for the flat surface.

of the Hankel

are the same as for the plane

y shown by Sommerfeld

This

In the external

the

cylindrical
conductor
of finite conductivity
and
a smooth surface can act as a guide for electrowaves.

(24) and (25) for the flat surface.

intervening

looking

Waves

It was theoretical
straight
having

(51)

medium,

wave.
Axial

~l(j&#)

by

as well

X,

(50)

Ez~ = AJO(jzt~r) ,

plane wave.
propagates
ac-

in the

impedance

of the

distribution

cording to the Hankel function

and, at large
the amplitude
follows
an exponential
of

The

Following

the dielectric-coated

The

are shown

is increased

m=
A(um;@em6)mvHo(2-~y
44)
infinity,

mode.

of this wave

The

properties

of the media

are (m) Metal,

Dlelectrlc, W=W, w,, m,= O,and (a) Air, p. =&,, ,a~= a, a. =0.

pm=

.uo,

emq

um,

Harvey:

Periodic

to being

capacitive

Y960
tance

from

the wire

In fact: a bare copper

tive component
guide

for

wire which

of impedance

the

Sommerfeld

are found
which

!ifrucfures

has a very small induc-

surface

wave

[97],

with

Fig.

Transverse

is a practical

coating

wires have been re[92], [95], [98], [21 I ]

shows

by theory.

the radius

the field is 90 per cent of its maximum,

tion

&JP/Vp of phase velocity

the

energy

propagated

in

and the fraction

the

dielectric

Y2 at

the reduc~~/

layer,

of

all

as

reactance

it with

SURFACE CIRCUITS

of a guide

an artificial

maybe

dielectric

enhanced

such

sidered
stubs

the corrugations
with

the surface
factor

as short-circuited

an impedance

given

has infinite

outside

the grooves
H..

by

and omitting

components

are given

parallel-plate

(5). Assuming

conductivity

e~@-@l, the field

E..

= jA (PJu.Z.)

(56)

eu.v,

(57)

= jA (P/u.)

(58)

eu.v,

and (3o) becomes

10rm=5--)I
t+,=

(59)

0,1 I
0.3

05

71

W?4
I

l\

23

I /
Y

)/

-.-A

H
/

,/

b%

i?o
56789

234

I
[0

-.l__l

20 30

kmc

(,cnl

(a]

(b)

Fig. 1lProperties of a dielectric coated wire. (a) 90 per cent field radius, change in phase velocity and propagation of energy
stored in the dielectric. (b) Attenuation for two sizes of enamelled wire.

E=l==2

Ibr
,

(a)

the

by

p U.2 = but = &P/G2.

.;+

that

in the air medium

E,. = A eu.~,

ing of enamel.

IMP

by

as a corru-

gated structure
[27 ], [76], [121]. The flat surface shown
in Fig. 12(a) was first examined by Cutler [64] who con-

functions
of the thickness of the layer. The wire radius
was assumed to be 0.1 cm and the frequency
was 3 kmc.
The attenuation
for wires coated with enamel,
e= 3,
tan 5== 0.008 is given in Fig. 11(b). A conductor
for 3.5
kmc need only be 0.056-inch
diameter
with a thin coat-

39

Frequencies

Corrugations

Ihe surface

at microwave

those predicted

11(a)

af Microwave

MISCELLANEOUS

[99], 10 kmc [45], [145] and at ultra[198 ], [231]. The properties

of the lines

to agree closely

As an example

Guiding

near the wire.

at its surface

frequencies.
Experiments
on dielectric-coated
ported at microwave
frequencies
including
3 kmc
high frequencies

and

\
GROOVE

1?

STUB

(b)

Fig. 12Propagation along corrugated surfaces. (a) Plane with parallel grooves. (b) Cylindrical with radial grooves.

IRE TRANSACTIONS

40
The

wave

is a TM

type

since

the

magnetic

consists
relative

stub width,

length,

the surface

between

vanishes
pared

there.

with

and pitch.

z,
Matching

this

by Ea./H..

wave

The surface

the corrugations

If the width

its average

field

lies

impedance

of

is zero, since E..

of the stub

is small

the surface

com-

impedance

13(a) while

(60)

tan (27rl/A).

to the uniform

surface

impedance

given

gives

relation

shows

that

(61)

tan (2rl/h).

propagation

shows the effect

of varying

either

of the stubs.

If the surface-wave

is possible

in cer-

structure

is curved

tion of propagation,
radiation
nomenon
can be qualitatively
considering
which

the

the field

adjacent
is normally

the planes

in the direc-

takes place. This pheexamined

[15], [20] by

equiphase

planes

evanescent.

On bending

diverge

so that

between

the spacing

the
even-

tually
becomes sufficient
for them when considered
waveguides
to allow propagation
and hence radiation
energy.
the

This

13(b)

January

E~ect of Curvature

It may

would

u. = &(b/p)

Fig.

or pitch

structure,

value,

= jZw(b/p)

AND TECHNIQUES

THEORY

traveling

of a fundamental
plus space
amplitudes
are functions
of

the guide wavelength,

can be given

MICROWAVE

the length

totally
within
the transverse
plane.
Since the structure
is periodic,
the
along the surface
harmonics
whose

ON

be visualized

increase
surface

the

that

radiation

reactance

would,

reduce

the radiation.

more closely,
been

employed

from

a curved

increase

while
by

of curvature

enhancement

confining
This

[19 ] to calculate

as
of
of

the

field

conception

the

power

has

radiated

surface.

tain bands where u. is positive, whereas, for other regions,

U. is negative
and waves cannot be propagated.
In the
first pass band as 1 increases from O to $A, the surface

These azimuthal
surface waves may be analyzed
by
finding
[77], [117 ], [178] a solution
of Maxwells
equa-

impedance
is inductive
and increases
from
zero to
infinity.
Moreover,
the phase velocity
varies from c to

tric

zero while
from

the field

the surface

nential

changes

decrease,

by experiments

intensity

as a function

from

Such results
on flat

a small

field

corrugated

expo[213 ]

surfaces.

cylinder

has components

E,. = AH,(l)

to a large

have been confirmed

In the case of the corrugated

surface-wave

of distance

in Fig. 12(b) the

given

by
(62)

(j&?),

E,. = A (@/u.) H,cl)

(jU,#)

(63)

Hda = A (&J24GzJH,(l) (j&?) ,

with

(59) as previously.

If the dimensions

the field is caused by the principal

behaves

as if it had a uniformly

pedance

given

(64)
are such that

wave only,
distributed

the guide
surface

im-

by

uazw

270(1)
(htaf)

/3w

H,() (jzia?)

z.=g=
The TEM
wave impedance
ual stub elements is given by

presented
[140]

(65)

by the individ-

tions

which
sheet,

inside

by a perfect

z may

be constructed

Assuming

z, = jzw

JO(LJ2) ~ow1)

17rJ(pw?2)Jl(fLf1)

for the surface

a more accurate

result,
Z. = (b/p)Zl

is applicable
vided

(66)

-70(LZJ2)~1(1%)

Here, again, a first-order

approximation
impedance
includes a factor (b/p), but
empirical

that

surface

reactance

for

all values

p <*L

The

reactance

of Barlow
kmc using

(1 ; e+

have

of surface

theoretical
been supported

and Karbowiak
resonant
lines
as a function

; O-/),

[17]
about

of stub

parameters
relations

for

It

will

propagation.

of Fig.

conductor,
from

there

For

14(a),

the fields
cylindrical

is TM

a dielec-

bounded

on the

at a point
wave

r, O,

functions.

mode propagation

and a di-

of 4.0, the dotted

lines in Fig. 14(a)
thickness for various radii of bending.

be observed

that

as the

cylinder

radius

is de-

creased, a thicker dielectric

film is required
to maintain
the same degree of trapping
of the wave. However,
for
radii greater than a few wavelengths,
the required
film
thickness is a slowly changing
function
of radius which
smoothly
approaches
the
TE waves yields the full
again,

many

gated

surface

angular
plotted

plane value.
lines of Fig.

An analysis
for
14(a) and, here

of the same considerations

is shown

in Fig.

14(b)

apply.

where

A corru-

6P, & are the

stub pitch and width,

respectively.
The curves
again show that for radii of curvature
exceeding

several wavelengths,
the value
pendent
of radius but depends
tion geometry.
Launching

of X/AQ is almost indechiefly on the corruga-

and Other Devices

important

launching
matching

practical

of surface waves
their field pattern

aspect
may
with

of

the

efficient

be ensured
[162] by
that of the launching

device as closely as possible.

The exponential
decay
of the fields above a plane surface does not approximate
closely to the constant
or sinusoidal
distribution
inside

(67)
pro-

range

the

by experiments

is shown

their

waveguides
and parallel plate lines and the launching
of
a pure surface wave presents some difficulty.
In an unpublished
work, G. G. Macfarlane
calculated
that the

at 2.35 kmc and 9.4

4 feet in length.
The
width

that

electric
constant
give the dielectric

The
FO((M2)JO((M1)

represents

as in the inset

in Fig.

of the surface

wave

stricted
to a distance
angle of the material.
surface,
finite.

00 is purely
Not

imaginary

all the energy

cause the finite

from

aperture

a finite

aperture

h is re-

h csc 00 where 00 is the Brewster

For a lossless dielectric
coated
and the range

goes into
leads

the surface

[15 ], [61]

is then

in-

wave

be-

to an outward

7960

Harvey:

Periodic

and

Guiding

Structures

at Microwave

Frequencies

41

bjp

(b)

(a)

Fig. 13Properties of a corrugated cylindrical surface. (a) Surface reactance vs groove width.
(b) Surface reactance vs groove depth and number per wavelength.
05

04
4
?
03

0.2

01

0
10

20

50

100

200
2TrT,

Fig.

14Azimuthal

traveling
energy.
power

launching

in the desired

the launcher.
The optimum
over a flat
[87],
[96],
experimental
arrangement

/x

1000

0 I
20

I
50

100

wave

which

efficiency
mode

conditions

divided

represents

a loss of

[143 ] is defined
by that

for launching

as the

supplied

surface

to

waves

structure
have been extensively
studied
[168],
[273]. In a typical
theoretical
and
investigation,
Rich
[208 ] employed
the
shown

in Fig.

15 in which

a 6-foot X l-foot

brass sheet is coated with +-inch

polystyrene.
The frequency was 9.5 kmc and the vertical
aperture
of the
flare could be restricted
to various heights by a nonreflecting absorbing
sheet. The efficiency
of the launcher
can be determined
by first matching
it to the surface
when terminated
by a resistive load. The latter is then
replaced
by a short circuit
and the VSWR. measured
again; the launching
efficiency is then equal to the volt-

age reflection

coefficient.

and 3 cm the efficiencies

\--

200
2TTrl

waves on curved guiding

surfaces.
(a) Dielectric-clad
metal, with TM (dotted
(b) Corrugated
surface, TM modes. The parameter
marked
on each curve

radiation
The

500

500

line) ancl TE
is ?&

With

1,000

(fu 11line)

aperture

measured

modes.

height

of 1, 2,

were respectively

30

per cent, 60 per cent, and 85 per cent, while from 5 cm,
the efficiency
flattened
out to approach
nearly 100 per
cent asymptotically.
Such results agree very closely with
the theoretical
values. A. practical
launcher
[213] for a
wave along a corrugated
surface is shown in Fig. 16(a) ;
two such devices, one for the input and the other
output,
give a power transmission
ratio of 0.7.

for the

The launching
of a radial
surface wave over a flat
structure
has also been the subject of investigation
[2S ],
[29]. In one series of experiments
[81] the surface took
the

form

ameter

of a large
and

~-inch

aluminium
thick;

disk,

S-foot,

it was electrically

6-irLch diloaded

to

enhance
its reactance
by either
a dielectric
sheet or
circumferential
grooves. Radial slots were provided
in
the surface
to enable
probe
measurements
of field

IRE TRANSACTIONS

42

QN

MICROWAVE

THEORY

AND

Jan vary

TECHNIQUES

DOUBLE-CHEEsE
LAUNCHER
\

WAVEGUIDE,09X

O 4

[NT.

POWER
SUPPLY

Fig.

15Launching

Frequency,
e = 2..5.

9 kmc;

width

of surface,

~J

WAVEGUIDE

2X (

of waves over a dielectric

surface.
12 inches; dielectric-polystyrene,

EXT

BINOMIAL
TRANSFORMER

(b)

(a)

Fig. 16Launching of waves over a corrugated surface. (a) Plane surface, frequency 5 kmc.
(b) Cylindrical surface, frequency 3 kmc.

strength
dipole
At

to be made.
whose

height

a frequency

The

launching

above

was via a vertical

the surface

of 9,5 kmc,

the

was

launching

were as high as 80 per cent for a particular

dipole.
Slot excitation
has been shown
venient,
and efficient and the use of
slot in a conducting
cylinder
leads
launching.
In one arrangement
[33]
slot is at the circumference
of a radial
axial

line within

Launching
on
cilitated
because

data have been given

circuits

efficiencies

been constructed.

height

of the

[62 ] to be cona circumferential

to symmetry
of
for 9.5 kmc, the
line fed by a co-

the cylinder.
a cylindrical-surface
the Hankel
function

Practical

adjustable.

the radial
field intensity
approximates
to the inverse
radius law obeyed by fields inside a coaxial line. The
wave is therefore
usually
[18], [74] launched
by flaring
the outer conductor
of a coaxial line into a cone and
continuing
the inner conductor
to form the transmission line. An alternative
is to employ a tapered tube of
solid dielectric
slipped over the guide but, in either case,
the surface wave tends to be contaminated
by radiation
from the launching
device. As an example
[213], Fig.

many

[262 ] on surface-wave

instruments
Simple

and

corners

components

can be made

have
by em-

ploying
[41 ] a large reflecting
sheet situated
at the intersection
of the axes of the mating
guides. Similar
reflectors have been used to form surface-wave
resonators.
In one example
[14], [16] for 9 kmc the short-circuited
ends took the form of flat metal plates about 4-foot
diameter
and mounted
at right angles to the guide. The
energy

structure
is fadistribution
of

and

was fed into

the resonator

by a small

annular

opening adjoining
the guide at one end as shown in Fig.
17(a) ; the observed
surface wave was very pure and
thus
shown

measurement
from

techniques

are facilitated.

and, since the length of the circuit

integral
number
of half-wavelengths,
propagation
the tangential

It may be

(40) that

can be determined.
magnetic

at resonance is an
the velocity
of

The radial

variation

field can be measured

16(b) shows a corrugated

cylinder
fed from a rigid coaxial line; a typical
value of launching
efficiency
is 90

probe in the far end-plate

of the resonator.
Neighboring
surface-wave
lines can interact

per cent.

[174]

and

thus

impedances

can

be measured

of

by a loop
[173 ],
by

re-

1960

Harvey:

Periodic

and

Guiding

Structures

at Microwave

Frequencies

LAUNCHING
. HORN

PRoBE
COAXIAL.

43

JOINED
FEED

TO

J3
<~
;Zj

<

ANNULAR

o\
o\

[r

LAUNCHING

APERTURE

/;
.

GUIDE

LOOP
RADIAL

FOR

(b)

OF

PROBE
VA RWTIO

FIELC

FOUR

CARBON

-LOADED

PAPER

/
LENGTH

OF

ABOUT

RESQNATOR

4-0

/
/

(a)
Fig.

flectom eter techniques

structure

[226].

achieved

lmethod
line

itself

shown

in Fig. 17(b).

metal

tube

the

whose

the

consists

probe

field.

[16]

The

remains

mination

stationary.

is shown

A suitable

ex-

matched

ter-

propagating

considered
along

so far

a surface.

have

been

TM

modes

In the case of a thick

di-

electric slab, higher modes may propagate

and, depending upon the cross-sectional
area of the guide,
the
proportion
of energy flowing in the dielectric
or in the
external

medium

structure,
between

can be controlled.

the H-guide
two

parallel

One such practical

[255 ], consists
conducting

of a dielectric

strips.

Provided

may

of energy

be examined

Maxwells
breaking
ponents

[220],

leads directly
place

which

for TE

= ZWe112/sin O,

(70)

= Zwe-112 sin 6.

(71)

by
= E./Hw

coefficient
is parallel

for the E. component

inside

dielectric

[248],

[288]

by

to the cutoff

for the transverse

to the interface

field com-

is

of TE waves and

provided

that

these

[263]
use of

efficient

of TM

waves.

(73) represent

outside

the dielectric.

in the x direction

are

(69)

The

imaginary

an exponential
The

decay

propagation

is real and given

The

reflection
and thus
dielectric

coefficients
transverse
which

always

have

standing

(74)
a magnitude

waves

are cosinusoidal

co-

by

y = (27r/X)(.s sin2 O 1)12.

for

are set up
odd-num-

bered modes and sinusoidal

for even-numbered
modes.
The electrical
length @ of the standing
wave from the
midplane
to the boundary
for both TEo~ and TM on
modes is given by
$ = COS-ll (1 + P)/2 I + (~
If ~, is the transverse

wavelength,

A/Az = N2 Cos e

Guid-

totally
reflected
at the dielectric/air
interface.
From
Fig. 18(a), this means that the angle of incidence
must
be greater than the critical angle sin]@12; that is,
AfAg = dlz sin 6.

of the fields

of unity

the

components

HV component
in (72) and

in the

sheets

frequencies.

the

terms

slab

equations,
but an analysis depending
on the
up of the wave into two criss-crossing
com-

ance takes

The reflection
ponent

that

the dielectric
has low loss, the attenuation
of such a
guide is not only less than that of the corresponding
rectangular
guide but decreases as the frequency
increases.
Propagation

waves
Z~~

for

waves

is given

LINES

Slabs

The

detail.

in Fig. 17(c).

WAVES ON DIELECTRIC
Plane

and for TM

projects

loop

in the z direction

ZTE = EJH.

is

tracted by the probe is taken to the detector

via a coaxial line formed by an insulated
wire drawn through
the tubular
guide. The probe projection
is fixed and the
whole guide with the probe is moveable
while the field
pattern

impedance

of a

energy

resonator
with
VSWR=l.02.

by

is

in the

example

waves

by

versatility

waveguide

wall

surrounding

The wave

the reflec-

constructed

a typical

The surface

through

into

Greater

meter

and

while

can be determined

[230].

by a standing-wave

surface-wave

slightly

[219]

of a discontinuity

Deschamps

forwaves
oncyfindricaI
surfaces. Surface-wave
meter forsurface
waves.(c)
Matched
termination,

The loss of a surface-wave

can also be measured

tion-coeficient
the

(c)

17-Measuring
apparatus
(b) Standing-wave

and, therefore,

Combination

of (76) and (77) gives

Fig.

1)7/2.

(75)

18(a) gives
(76)

IRE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE

44

THEORY

AND

January

TECHNIQUES

i
TMOn

WAVES

C=

2.56

\
+

*
(N3

~3

n=[

2 -\

Yi

E o

EEkHikd

ho

ho

A/ig

modes in dielectric
sheets.
the system.
(c) Guide

~= O and cos (1= [(e 1)/e]w

A. _ ~ (e

for a given

(69) and @ from

A/21 vs h/?I,

18(b)

O may

be found
(78).

for polystyrene

from

Values

material

and 18(c) for various

of

with

TE and TM

The
along

of

a dielectric

the

[153],

[225].

[209],

nonradiative

rod was give

[115 ] and confirmed

Schriever

16

15

tionally

corresponds

ud and u. is obtained

and thus enables

for given

symmetrical

values

as shown
and

to a TM

of

there

by IHondros

experimentally

Their

[217],

modes

of u, n, and e.

in Fig.

19(a)

are two

solutions.

One

the magnetic

lines

mode in which

axis;

study

[218],

has a long

[234]

mode

and

field

history

and is still

Debye

[290]

and
[53],

the subject

they

go to infinity

and

in which
vectors

the

roles

of the

are interchanged.

asymptotically

traveling

to the rod and

system

The
radius

free-space

side the rod with

polystyrene.
The attenuation
ibels per meter by
(80)

H.~ = B sin n$J.(u~r),

(81)

where

along

it.

which

There

thus

is no

exists

for

guide wavelength
is given as a function
of rod
in Fig. 19(b) for the n = O and n = 1 modes, the

along the rod of radius Y1. The longitudinal

components
of the field vectors, omitting
the factor e@ ~--YzJ are, in-

E.~ = A cos nOJ.(u~r),

electric

is an un-

dicular

is a cylindrical

r < rl,

and

there

wave which may be roughly dedielectric

polarization
perpen-

[1],
[127],
[128],
[249],
[40], [78] assumes that there
its z-axis

ap-

are spaced
to a TE

symmetrical
or dipole
scribed as a sinuosidal

of extensive
investigation
[286]. A typical
analysis

r, 0, z having

magnetic

If n =1,

cutoff
frequency
for this wave,
thin rods or low frequencies.

coordinate

are rota-

of force are circles centered on the rod axis. The electric

lines of force lie in the meridional
planes through
the

propagated

by Zahn

from

these quanti-

proach planes perpendiuclar

to the rod that
*A. apart.
The other
solution
corresponds

Rods

theory

14

(b) Geometry

between

conditions

ties to be obtained

rod

waves.
Cylindrical

relation

For n = O, the fields

(75) to give h/21 from

e = 2.56 in Figs.

for TEon modes.

modes.

the boundary

1)/

of ~/h~,

are plotted

wavelength
for TMo~

A further

so that

nl

value

[3

(c)

(a) Guide
wavelength

(79)
Thus,

1.2

(b)

18Propagating

1,1

A/ag

(a)
Fig.

At cutoff,

wavelength

being

1.25 cm

and

coefficient

ad = 2729e(F/h)

c = 2.56

is given

for

in dec-

(86)

tan ~,

where F is a dimensionless
quantity
plotted
in Fig.
19(c). For large radii of the rod, F tends to its planewave value of e~= 0.625 while
for thin rods, it be-

Outside

the rod, with

r> Yl,

E,. = C cos n9H.tlJ(juar),

(83)

Hz. = D sin n8Hmf1j(ju.r),

(84)

with

(30)

as previously.

other

field components.

Similar

relations

hold

for the

Eqs. (30) and (82) give

[(%? + wa)/(e

1)]1/

= @/c.

(85)

comes smaller because a greater fraction

of the energy
resides in the external
medium.
Nonradiative
modes
similar
to those discussed can also exist on dielectric
tubes [264].
The n = O, TM

mode

on

a dielectric

rod

can

be

launched
[123 ] from the end of a TEM
mode coaxial
line or a TM mode circular
waveguide
[7]. The n = O,
TE

mode can be excited

from

a similar

plate

containing

Harvey:

7960

Periodic

and

Guiding

at Microwave

Structures

.80,

I n

=1

DIPOLE

ma

45

Frequencies

Ud

-\iy:=oTM
,

L4

1,3

m
~
1.2

II

bo
o

0.2

05

04

03

06

T, /~

(iii) p=l,

(b)
Fig.

slots

which

field

configurations

are roughly

similar

cular waveguide,

orientated

of the

to those

of the

excited.

The

Furthermore,

the impedance

mode

if one layer

of the composite

mode

in cir-

number

thinner

TE1l

and, thus, a suitable

(a) Field configurations

of various
(c) Attenuation
vs radirrs.

or HEI1

and

n= 1, dipole,

cylinders.
vs radius.

transition

is one in

(c)

(a)

19Propagation
along dielectric
(b) Guide wavelength

are suitably

DIPOLE

of

others;

layers

it is the total

modes.

will

remain

medium
and

thickness

the

same

is split

intermixed

with

is important.

end. The portion

of the rod external
to the guide may
be further
tapered
to any size required.
An experi-

coated with a slab of magnetized

ferrite.
the TM
mode is dominant
and if the

mental

field is perpendicular
to the surface, it may
[195 ] that the phase velocity
can be controlled

that

investigation

the guiding

was only

[41 ] of this mode at 24 kmc showed

effect

a fraction

polystyrene

was retained

of a wavelength

material,

the

with

resonant

(86).
by

supporting

of the

could

good agree-

dielectric

it between

tion

With

coefficient

the values showing

A length

the rod

in diameter.

attenuation

be as small as 0.004 db/m,

ment

even when

two

rod

plane

made

shielding
[259 ] the rod by a metal tube.
In the case of TM modes supported
by a 10SSYdielectric,

it may

be shown

[18]

exceeds

a certain

value,

inductive
capacitive.

and when

that

when

is

it is less, the surface

impedance

is

rod,

e = 2.61, radius
below

is thick

that

0,978 cm,

9.2 kmc

was

case of the plain

fields

tions in the
external
air
unpublished
the (n+ 1) th

ticular,
the properties
have been analysed
of a cylindrical conductor
embedded
in two [122] or three [43]
along

several

An analysis
layers

the conductor

of surface

of different

media

wave
has

been given by Karbowiak

[137] who showed that the
surface impedance
is then given by the sum of the surface impedances
of the individual
layers
taken
by
themselves
each over a perfectly
conducting
sheet.

is

For thin slabs,

applied
steady
be shown
by varia-

coating
order

slab can propagate.

have one or more

tan

found

The

in the

electric

half-sinusoidal

and
varia-

+i7-r 8

2@.(~d 1)112
[

The cutoff

on the conductor

modes

dielectric
but decay exponentially
in the
medium.
The TM modes were given in an
work by R. B. R. Shersby-Harvie
by P.,
solution
of

-3
wavelength

for the nth

moc[e is given

by
(88)

guide wavelength

is given

by

~2
=
()

propagation

the higher

and the corresponding

dielectric.

when

h. == 21(ed 1)~/2/n

Media

of coaxial

the dielectric

enough,

Surface waves may be propagated

under more complicated conditions
than those considered
so far. In par-

layers

difficult

of the

impedance

the phase velocity

at frequencies
greater than the velocity
of light.
Multiple

the radius

surface

For a perspex

the

becomes

that

of its magnitude.

Provided

magnetic

mirrors

36-inches square, gave a maximum

Q factor of 53,000.
The propagation
in the dielectric
is, of course, altered by

rod

analysis

the

of any clne medium

which the dielectric

rod, tapering
from a point to minimize reflection,
is inserted in the guide to fill the open

The

even

up into

Propagation
this is the
layers.
For TE

1 +

(cd

1)(1

(89)

p.q.

x
is possible

TMo
modes,

cot hpn(cd
[

mode

at all

pn is a solution

frequencies

previously

when

considered

for

n = O;
thin

of

1)2
=-(;>--)12
90)
+-1

46

IRE TRANSACTIONS

MICROWAVE

ON

THEORY AND

TECHNIQUES

January

(a)

(c)

DIRECTION

//
(b)

.8
2U

Fig. 20Arbitrary-polarization

This

has no real solutions

small

case has a cutoff

so that

wavelength.

+ 27J)

guide wavelength

1.0 for the TM

Such

(91)

is given

by

mode.

able to support

Surface-wave

vantages

requires
eral

equations

for

an n-layered

slab

have

The
been

and

[107]

shown

as a transmission

ductor.

coefficient,

surfaces

their

but

in Fig.

gen-

The

given

mined

line. This image

it are replaced

image
ad-

line is essen-

polarization
while

of such

by an image in the con-

a line

the phase-change

is uniquely

coefficients

layer earthed

if for

Typical

applica-

21 (a) has several

to those of the complete rod. The extent

is determined
by the ratio of rod radius

slab shown in Fig. 20(a).

main

the dielectric

[75] and it has been shown [205] that the requirements

for arbitrary
polarization
can be met by the doubledielectric

are, of

waves.

tially
a dielectric
rod supporting,
as in field configuration (iii) of Fig. 19(a), the dipole mode in which a conducting
sheet is placed in the plane of symmetry
and
normal
to the electric field, Thus half the rod and the
space surrounding

and TE waves be supported

have found

field

[146]

For some applications

of surface-wave
structures
it is
desirable
to support
a wave of arbitrary
polarization;
this means the combination
of two principal
polarization components
with arbitrary
amplitudes
and phase.
Propagation
of such a wave over a surface-wave
system
TM

mode and 27rlJA = 2.1

velocity

circularly-polarized

systems

in the antenna

(+J
=+($P+2n21-~n2<
2)
both

equal

Image Lines

line of King

that

t Ja

for the TE

tion

also possess the same propagation

3.2

ness 27r(lI 12)/A=

course,

xc = 41(ed 1)1//(1
and the corresponding

2.4

surface-wave structures. (a) Double-dielectric slab. (b) Contours of equal phase velocity
for TM and TE modes. (c) Smgle-dielectric slab with septa.

if 1 is sufficiently

the lowest mode in this

For the nth mode

16

example,

this

is 0.142,

then

deter-

are identical
of the RF fields
to wavelength;

80 per

cent

of the

contours of equal phase velocity

for TM and TE waves
on the slab-thickness
plane are given
[205] in Fig.
20(b) ; the lower slab is air filled, the parameters
are l/AQ,

power flows in a region of radius ten times that of the

rod. For i = 1.25 cm, a typical line in polystyrene
would
have a radius of 2 mm, the total width
of the image

and Q. is the dielectric

constant of the upper
A corrugated
surface is unable to support

plane being 10 cm.

The loss in the dielectric

and thus

an alternative

medium

for arbitrary

slab.
a TE

mode

polariza-

tion involves
[108 ] the use of a mode filter
consisting
of septa embedded
within
a single dielectric
slab whose
initial
thickness
1 and dielectric
constant
are adjusted
for a given trapping
of the TE mode. The septa shown
in Fig. 20(c) are spaced considerably
less than +X in the
dielectric
medium
so that a wave with the electric field
polarized
parallel
to them
is reflected.
The height
(11Q
of the septa is chosen so that the TM
mode
is trapped
to the degree
desired.
For example,
with a slab of dielectric
constant
2.5, an inverse velocity ratio (h/Xg) of 1.2 is obtained
with a slab thick-

but

is supplemented

the finite
sence

conductivity

of artificial

material

by losses caused
of the Image

boundaries

to

the

is given

by

(86)

by radiation
plane.
field,

and

In the abthe

radial

component
of the Poynting
vector is purely imaginary
and the radiation
is zero. Loss caused by radiation
does, however, occur in the presence of bends, obstacles
and a finite image surface. The attenuation
coefficient
caused
by

by conductor

loss is given

in decibels

per meter

a. = 69.5 R. F1/hZa,
where

F is a factor

which

must

be calculated

(93)
[149]

for

7960

Harvey:

Periodic

and

Guiding

100

(a)

Sfrucfures

af Microwave

?I=I.

II CM.

t/x=

o.35

.-

=1

nL1-uJ.

60
\

u~
VARIABLE

+r

z
v
z
22

(b)

m:
i

/-

>
u
~
u
$
m

47

1.0

xg/A=o.818

80

Frequencies

7
0.5

0.8

0.80

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

10

h /r,

0.02
(AREA

0.04
OF

0.06
O*OB
ROD) / A

0.10

(d)

(c)

Fig. 21Dielectric image lines. (a) Monopole launching. (b) Ring launching. (c) Efficiency of slot excitaticm.
(d) Effect of varying the area of a rectangular rod. The frequency is 9.7 kmc.

the particular

geometry.

than

that

caused

wave

is only

by

loosely

This
the

bound

10SS is generally

dielectric

except

to the line.

smaller
when

the

For example,

at

9.6 kmc the total

attenuation
coefficient
in decibels
per meter is 4.0 and 0.2 for values of rJh of 0.4 and 0.15,
respectively.
There

are

[73] a pure
pole in Fig.
provided

several

methods

of efficiently

launching

dipole mode on an image line. The rnono21(a). achieves an efficiency

of 75 per cent

that

l/h

exceeds

0.15.

It is necessary

to posi-

important.
able

Such

[289 ] for

waveguide

between

achieves

75 per cent

0.1 and 0.2. The efficiency

efficiency

for

rJh

of resonant-slot

ex-

citation
as a function
of distance from the image plane
is shown in Fig. 21(c).
The small dielectric
cross sections used in the dipole
mode

do not

the dielectric

permit

the rod depends

of high electric
system

should

any

transverse

resonances

and the concentration

of the field

upon the volume

of dielectric

field. The properties

of the

therefore

shape of the dielectric

pendent upon the total

be insensitive
cross section,
cross-sectional

within
about

in regions

transmission
to

the

exact

but strongly
area occupied

deby

the dielectric.
Typical
sections studied
[147 ] at a frequency of 24 kmc were a half round, radius 0.066 inch,
both in the normal and inverted
0.280
square, and a rectangle,
either

face in contact

with

positions,
a 0.084-inch
inch xO.030 inch, with

the image plane.

as well as recessed and twin

same dielectric
loss and field
tangular
shape does, however,

image

line with

better

than

thin

an insulated

tion and Fig. 21(d) gives data [223] at 9.7 kmc for a
particular
sample.
Experiments
[148 ] show that the system is insensitive to minor twists and imperfections
in the dielectric
rod while the surface finish of the image plane is not

the

metal

1.2. A variable

resistive

sheet

image

line

Simple

suitbends

couplers

pin tc) give a VSWR

attenuator

is placed

COUPLED-RESONATOR

when

plane

whose

plane can be adjusted.

meters and directional

can also be made in image

Tape-Ladder

results

in a radial

angle with respect to the image

Such devices as standing-wave

line.

STRUCTURES

Lines

Systems propagating
slow electromagnetic
waves are
used extensively
in practice
and, although
continuous
dielectrics
have a limited
application,
the majority
employ periodic
structures
of various
kinds
[26],
[106],
[130]. The velocity
of propagation
in sud
must depend upon the particular
application
for example,

be c for linear

0.1 c for electron-tube

solid-state
mensional
been

electron

amplifiers

low-noise
[30 ],

[68 ].

only

and

If

the

then

electric
a practical

If the modulus
formance

bidi-

structures

linear

types

considered
in what follows.
The power P flowing along a slow-wave
We are related

[110],

0.01 c for

Although

slow-wave

[182],

structures
and may,

accelerators
[202]

amplifiers

and tridimensional

examined

have
will

structure

be
and

by

Such shapes,

lines, all show much the

confining
effect. The reclend itself to easy fabrica-

make

wavelengths.

and corners can be made with moderate

loss and low
reflection.
Semiconductor
diodes may be coupled to the

tion a reflecting
plate about *A behind the monopole.
As shown in Fig. 21(b), a ring excited from a rectangular

properties
millimeter

field

P/w.

= VQ.

in the

structure

(94)
is of importance,

parameter

is the

Zo =

I E [2/2@2P.

of the magnetic

is specified

coupling

impedance

field is effective,

(95)
the per-

by the admittance
Y =

\ H \/2pP,

(96)

IRE TRANSACTIONS

48

ON MICROWAVE

THEORY

AND

TECHNIQUES

Jan6.4ary

(iii)
t-$-

(v)

(vi)

(a)

(b)

Fig. 22Propagation along tape ladder Jines. (a) Cross s:ction: of Ijnes. (~) Dispersion curves with l~dder detail. Structures are
(1) side wall, (u) wavegulde, (iii) double ridge, (w) single ridge, (v) double tee and (VI) single tee.
Another

parameter,

the shunt
Z8~ =

impedance,

is defined

Vm (or lJ

as

I E ]2/2CYP

(97)

The

characteristic

the array
and

is related

to the power

because of ohmic
A large

per unit

length

structures

consists

[21]

of identical

shape and size coupled

two basic types

of coupling

pure capacitive,
the magnitude
termining
how the o-(? diagram
nators is modified.
For example,
as shown
parallel
ture

conductors.

can propagate

corresponding
tapes;

the

to a different
simplest

mode

phase change ~$ from

The
ladder

dispersion
structure

the TEM-mode

of TEM
mode
is that

curve and coupling

can be calculated

Z, t)

of a periodic

array

of

or tape struc-

waves,

each one

of excitation
in which

there

of the
is a

one tape to the next.

voltage

V(x, y,

and

of each component
deof the uncoupled
resothe ladder line consists,

Such a wire

a variety

of

together.

are pure inductive

in the inset of Fig. 22(b),

straight

impedance

may be defined

impedance
of the
by assuming
that

on each wire is given

~(y,

z) (A e@tF

by

+Be~ ~~) e~,

of a single

(loo)
conductor

where n is caused by the periodicity

The

method

of determining

[85 ] is restricted

to

in

by

Zo(pp + 27z7r)= T7JIm,

losses.

class of slow-wave

resonators
The

dissipated

= V~_~ (or l~_Je-~~~.

(101)

of the structure.
ZO found

rectangular

by

Fletcher

conductors

and

as-

sumes that
the component
E. of field
is constant
throughout
the region between the tapes. The fields at
the common
boundaries
of the other regions are then
matched.
The voltage on the nth conductor
can then be
obtained

directly,

be found

by

magnetic

field

equally

spaced

and the current

integrating
around
from

the
its

either

in the conductor

tangential

periphery.
ground

mensions

as in Fig. 22, this method

Numerical

values of the summation

tries have been given

simplifies

by Wailing

can

component
With

plane

the
and

of

ladder

with

di-

gives

for practical
[276].

If w/flsO,

geome(102)

to

(98)

where

The
given

voltage

and current

(y, z) plane

on successive

are related

by

conductors

(99)

Leblond
and Mourier
quasi-electrostatic
field

in a

but this method

itances
between

[163] calculated
ZO by using a
distribution
in the (y, z) plane,

requires a measured value of the capacdifferent

parts of the structure.
The

7960

Harvey:

analysis

also

enough

assumes

that

in the direction

to ensure

that

Periodic

each wire

Guiding
thick

backward
of these

conductors

is shielded

from

are

al 1 except

its

neighbors;

for rectangular

conductors

the result

to (103).
Butcher

[38 ] has exactly

calculated

the RF fields dis-

tributed

around

an array

of thin

tapes

which
takes into account
all the
This theory predicts in the practical
and gap widths

with

af Nlicrowave

Sfrucfures

to the plane of the ladder

the

normal

and

by

reduces

a method

mutual
couplings.
case of equal tape

w = m that

tapes

wave.

The

ladder

running

still

approximately
to their

horizontal

equal

exist
which

may be compared

with

(102).

It was shown

that

the coupling
impedance
and the group velocity
have a
product
which with certain
provisos,
is the same for a
wide
range
of geometries.
This
field
distribution
factor
of an array, using (94) and (95) is given by

(105)
In the case of space harmonics
solution

such that

leads to much

coupling
impedance
mate methods.

than

those

1.57r <P < 2~,

higher
given

values
by

the

The results of these methods are applied

structures
by consideration
of the geometry
ary

conditions.

cuited

at either

side walls
tangular

I?ig.
the

waveguide.

for which

TEM
(i)

the

opposing

tapes

are short-cir-

narrow

Whatever
standing

k is twice

curves

22(a)

(ii)

conducting

walls

the value

of the tapes.

shown

in Fig.

The disper-

22(b)

horizontal
lines and since the group velocity
zero, the structure
does not propagate.
Both
and

capacitive

coupling

are present

but

are just equal and cancel each other.

The tape-ladder
line can be given
finite

bandwidth

frequency

by

upsetting

corresponding

duced by distorting
(iii) and (iv) of Fig.

of a rec-

of 6, this array

waves only at the frequency

the length

and

approxi-

to practical
and bound-

end by (i) two perpendicular

or (ii)

can support
sion

In

for the

[37]

to any

is always
inductive
amounts

a pass band
the

value

the structure
22(a) which,

the

are thus

equality.

with
The

of 8 can be re-

to the ridge shapes

in effect, reduces the

shorter

using

supported

by

frequent

y is

cutoff

to the first resonant

frequency

is a valuable

propor-

technique

the pass band of these structures

energy can now be made to propagate
rectangular

of two
with

arrays.

symmetric

for

while,
down

waveguide.

can be applied

parallel

to a structure

In this

con-

case, modes

or antisymmetric

field

can

distribu-

tions; the former is usually

of practical
interest,
multiple
lines give [19 1 ] high coupling
impedance,

Such
wide

pass band, and low dispersion.

Ash [11 ] has shown that
propagation
takes place along the ladder if the tapes are
inclined
or distorted
in some way. Since there is now no
need for ridge
be stacked

or tee sections,

together.

be a convenient

several

Tape-ladder

means

ties of the order

the exact

of any

by

plates

~-mode

This

The above analysis

sisting

frequency

tapes and is thus inversely

length.

the undistorted
(104)

cutoff

be raised

[186 ]. The

of the short-circuited
broadening
moreover,

can

between

side walls

tional

m-mode

lines

the

49

Frequencies

ladder

lines

of achieving

lines may

have

[68]

proved

group

to

veloci-

of 0.01 c.

If, in the ladder

line of the inset

of Fig.

22(b),

PI is

short-circuited
to PS and Qt is short-circuited
to Ql,
while Pz, PA, Qlj and Qz are open-circuited
and so on
down

the array,

[279]

of Fig.

the interdigital

line

23(a) is obtained.

[112],

[164],

The period

[193],

of the whole

structure
is 2P, but it is also unchanged
when it is
moved along the z-axis through
half a period and then
reflected
in the x = O plane. It is possible, therefore,
to
consider

a mode

z+@)

differs

factor

e-~~.

Taking

into

dispersion
line.

for which

from

account

curve

may

The results

of b/@, are given

to a backward

that

the

electric

held

at (%, y, z) only
the

boundary

be calculated

conditions,
as for

[38 ] for thin

tapes,

in Fig.

The branch

23(b).

space harmonic

at ( --X, y,

by a constant

the

for various

the
ladder
values

corresponds

but the complete

disper-

sion curve can be obtained

by displacing
it by integral
multiples
of r/@ along the fhaxis and then reflecting
all
these branches
in which
regions

VO

in the w-axis.

tends

such that

harmonics

The

to be greater

portions
than

the phase velocity

also exceeds c. The exact

of the curve

c lie in forbidden
of tone of the space
dispersion

curve

of

cutoff frequency
of the guides formed on either side of
the ladder,
The dispersion
curves therefore
have the
forms labelled
(iii) and (iv) in Fig. 22(b) and the structure
now propagates
energy.
The frequency
corre-

a completely
open structure
cannot
pass through
the
forbidden
regions because, if it did, the structure
would
radiate.
For thick tapes, successive gaps are shielded
from one another and the structure
resembles
a folded

sponding to any value of@ can be increased by adopting

the tee-shaped
structures
(v) and (vi) of Fig. 22(a),

transmission

the corresponding
22(b). The single
the

cutoff

formed

dispersion
tee curve

frequency

below

of the

the ladder

curves being given in Fig.

behaves peculiarly
because
TEo1

is higher

mode
than

of the

guide

the zero mode

cutoff frequency
set by the guide above the ladder and
the first resonant
frequency
of the tapes. In both tee
structures
the fundamental
is seen to have the phase
and group velocities
in opposite
directions;
it is thus a

line; the branches

*

are given by

co 26 = 2mr/p

(106)

as shown by the dashed line of Fig. 23(b). For very wide

gaps, the free-space wavelength
has the value 4a as in

the dotted

line.

The meander line of Fig, 23(c) is constructed

b y short
circuiting
PI and Pz, Qz and Qa, and Ps and P4, and so on
down the array. The structure
has a period of 2P and is
able to propagate
at frequencies
down to zero, It may

50

IRE TRANSACTIONS

ON

MICROWAVE

THEORY

AND

TECHNIQUES

January

(a)

(c)

(b)

Fig.

be shown

23Interdigital

and

[38] by the use of Babinets

meander
structures.
with parameter
b/p.

principle

that

(a) Interdigital
tape line.
Meander
tape line.

(b) Dispersion

curves

(c)

the

complete
dispersion
curve of a meander
line with gap
width (~ b) and tape width b k the same as that of an
interdigital
For

line with

structures

gap width

with

thick

the nth space harmonic

b and tape width

tapes,

is given

the

(P b).

velocity

(a)

Resonant

cavities

loading

METAL

T
)

\\
A

lRIS~S

(108)

G,*

(b)

Cavities

Slow-wave
nant

/ / / ///
\

T
\
///v/////

is
n?=l+

//

(107)

(zn -l)

velocity

STUBS

of

by

c
-=l+:+;
VPn
and the group

phase

structures
coupled

is small,

[65 ],
in various

the analysis

[66]

may

ways.

employ

reso-

If the amount

of

can be based on a perturba-

tion of a homogeneous
transmission
line. For exam~le.
Field [82 ] considered
a coaxial line in which either the
inner or outer conductor
is provided
with radial grooves
[70],
[242].
Such
support a TM-type

an inductively-loaded
surface
can
slow wave, the phase velocity
being

governed

by the depth

conductor
thickness

is typically
0.686-inch
of 0.011 inch and spacing

all corrugated
verse direction

structures,
and,

of the stub.

the field

in the example

At 9 kmc

(c)
Fig.

24Coupled-cavity
slow-wave
structures.
in rectangular
guide. (b) Capacitive-coupled
(c) Dielectric-disc
loading
of circular
guide.

the inner

diameter
with
disk
rather more. As with

structures
[135],
lengths
the stubs

decays

ridged

quoted,

(a) Stub resonators

circular
resonators.

in the transthe field

is

[179],
[265 ] for
have been milled

millimeter
wavein the ridge of a

waveguide.

The disk-loaded
circular
24(b) has been extensively

guide [144 ], [201] of Fig.

employed
in applications

effective to about 0.04 inch from the disc edges.

The structure
of Fig. 24(a) is essentially
a rectangular
waveguide
with one broad wall inductively
loaded with
series stubs. The dispersion
curve resembles that of Fig.
2 except that there is a lower cutoff frequency
caused by
the unperturbed
waveguide.
A waveguide
of square
section can transmit
two orthogonal
modes with differ-

structure
is rather
pronounced
but can be reduced at
the expense of low coupling
impedance
by the use of

ent

large

velocities

producing

and,

as such,

[236 ] circularly

is a broad-band

polarized

waves.

means
In practical

of

requiring

VP= c. The

theory

[31],

[51],

[69],

[101],

[102],
[104],
[105] of TM propagation
is based on a
matching
of the fields at the mouths of the resonators.
The dispersion
[56], [245 ], [268],
[269],
[270] of this

apertures

tenuation

in the disks.

[57 ] and

Data

the theory

has been given

on at-

has been confirmed

by

Harvey:

1960
experiment
[165],

[103 ]. An

[181],

periodically
accurate
based

[233]
loaded

alternative
that

[212 ] on a Fourier

cases, lower

circular

shunt

of the

and

Guiding

treatment

the

with

estimation

Periodic

assumes

waveguide

susceptances

dispersion

is achieved

by

is

while

curve

an

has been

series representation.

attenuation

Structures

In some

the

use of di-

electric
disks [277 ], [278] as an anisotropic
artificial
medium.
can
be anResonant-cavity
slow-wave
structures
alysed

[21] by consideration

Pure

inductive

lines

link

coupling

is a scheme

the cavities.

mode rectangular

of the method

An

example

waveguicle

of coupling.

in which
consists

with

only

of a TEoI

transverse

partitions

spaced distance $ apart. The dispersion

curve is a horizontal
frequency
line corresponding
to Ag = 2P which

at Microwave

with

consequent
negative

cavities

mode.

At

with

sides of the

allow

is lowered

until,

as the slot widens,

frequency

of

equivalent

circuit

the

plain

it reaches

rectangular

of this structure

the cutoff

waveguide.

waveguide,

central

aperture.

turbed

while

hole

the other

diameter

acteristic

of a plain

pacitance

to reach

circular

the

penetrate

end of the pass band

is that

and

E lines

the

case the zero mode

increases

of this structure

dispersion

curve

with

char-

entire

coupling

is characterized

by

E and H lines in the coupling

considering

the

disk-loaded

circular

the

mission
the

ca-

The

line.

a metal

shorting

parameters

of

termined

presence

of

be determined

mechanism.

Again

waveguide,

a slot

the space harmonics

the

inductive
aperture,

for

the addition
of the inductive
slot will decrease the capacitive
pass band until,
with equality
of coupling,
it
becomes zero. Further
increase in size of the inductive
slot,
mutual

which

may

coupling,

be regarded
lowers

the

as introducing
m-mode

positive

frequency.

be

,guide
[194]

The

fundamental
component
of the wave traveling
through
the structure
now has negative
phase velocity
[48 ] and
is thus a backward
wave.
In disk-loaded
circular
guides employing
an electron
beam, less stringent
requirements
are placed on the
central aperture
if the coupling
of the cavities is mainly
by inductive
slots. Forward-wave
operation
now requires, however,
the use of the n = +1 space harmonic

resonant.

guide

were

values

produced

probe

system

of
by

distances.

were

then

de-

method.

of a periodic

measurements

guide
when

may

the far

end is short circuited.

Care must be taken in the location
of the probe since it detects the total electric field of all

has a central

lowered

in the unloaded
are modified

nodal shift

characteristic
from

as previously

initially

cam then

plug into it at various

by the well-known

fact

but

cavi-

an interlaced

[124], all reactive

loaded

of the coupling

while the
coupling,

observed,

wall

of such

are themselves

in the

shows that the zero mode remains

constant
-r mode is raised in frequency for the capacitive
COUPIing. If the structure

metallic
curve

In one method

impedance

that

peripheral

[47]

adjacent

the slow-wave
structure
with a nonreflecting
load and
by making impedance
measurements
in the input trans-

is all that

and

in which

[9], [79 ], 159], [247]. The properties

of a matched input coupling
[185 ] may be examined
by terminating

apertures

central

is

can also be obtained

off frequency
of the TMo1 mode
is also given. The characteristics

tions

the

the

dispersion

of the wavelength

by

impedance

by reversed loops. An extension

of this
with the addition
of many loops around

cut in the periphery

of the partitions
will introduce
inducti ve coupling.
Investigation
of the field perturbacaused

coupling

structure,
The

coupling

structure,
shown in Fig. 25(b), indicates that- the fundamental is again a forward
wave. For reference, the cut-

sliding

circuit
shunt

resembles

a typical

The characteristics
of periodically
loaded waveguides
may be measured by a number of experimental
methods

rises as the

guide. The equivalent

of a line loaded

sides of

at the m mode but

when the loop circuits

small

the

on opposite

line

is not dis-

eventually

field

of Fig. 25(b)

The frequency

Fig. 1.
Mixed
both

since
In this

Craig

The

is a transmission

periodically
loaded
with
shunt
inductances
and the
dispersion
curve thus resembles that of Fig. 2.
Pure capacitive
coupling
exists in the disk-loaded
circular

and

shapes for alternate

dispersion
curve s hews that the
is depressed
relative
to the ~

(3P = &r,

ties are coupled

principle
is that

short

and

the magnetic

the structure

omitted.

coupling,

Chodorow

is in the same direction

about 130 ohms.

Negative
mutual

the

inductive

coupling.

such a design. The

zero-mode
frequency

cut centrally

guide

so that

A for-

in the opposite direction

for the zero mode. The cloverleaf structure
[47 ], [91] of Fig. 25(a) is an example of

in the partitions

consideration
of the magnetic
field distribution
shows
that the r mode is not affected whereas the zero mode

impedance.

may be set up by employ-

this by using different

the partition

slots

to the

mutual

51

coupling

fundamental

[47] achieved

joins the points at ~ = O when the cavities

oscillate
in
phase and at ~ = r when they are out of phase. Narrow
and parallel

reduced

ward-travelling
ing

Frequencies

that

is required.

whereas

generally

a determination

of the fundamental
Another

the phase of the field

method
inside

space harmonic
makes use of the
the stub

determines
the fundamental
wavelength
Thus by measurement
of the amplitudes

uniquely

in the line.
of the fields

at the back of each stub and plotting

on a graph, the
wavelength
may be obtained.
Greater
accuracy
was
obtained
[135 ] in measurements
at 50 kmc by using a
sliding base plate to carry the probe, the output
was fed into a bridge comparison
circuit.

of which

One satisfactory
method is to short circuit the transmission system at both ends and to search for the resonant frequencies
of this structure.
It is necessary that
the short-circuiting
plungers be at planes of symmetry
of the system so that all space harmonics
have zeros in
the standing-wave
pattern
at the plungers.
If this is not
done, reactance,
caused by other modes being excited
at the ends of the structure,
would resu [t in the resonant
frequencies
being
dependent
to some extent
on the

IRE TRANSACTIONJS ON

52
length

of guide

chosen.

ff is given

THEORY

frequencies

of the authors

connects to the output.

In this case there must be an
integral
number
of whole wavelengths
in the length of

for resonance

is

of half-wavefor a structure

structure

con-

sisting of N= 6 resonators
are shown in Fig. 26; the
relevant
dimensions
are given in the inset. It is seen
that the modes form a group of N+ 1 frequencies
in a
restricted
pass band where the modes are clustered
in
the
and

neighbourhood
more

pass band
changes

widely

of the two
spaced

edges of the

between.

The

one section

to the next

pass band

edges

are the zero and T modes at which

from

of

the

the phase

are BP= O and r,

by bending

guide

and,

into

it around

once again,

types

of resonators

impedance
mined

of a slow-wave

by perturbation

break

In both

of the

structure

techniques

inductance
coupling
(a) Re-entrant
reversed-loop
couphng.

llT

I H--=.

MODE

&-

15.5

++
I 50

14.5(

26Resonant

frequencies

up

these

resonances,

are usually
[3],

[184].

of a short-circuited

slow-wave

structure.

x,

deter-

As shown

cavity

8>000

Fig.

curves

or modes.

separation

the input

(b)

-T

16C

points

the

so that

especially
near the n- mode, can be increased by the use
of systematically-modified
loading
reactance.
The field distribution,
coupling impedance,
and shunt

gative-mutual
) Cavity
with

180.

Q;

in a circle

the continuous

a series of discrete

(a)
Fig. 25Slow-wave structures with r
with slot coupling. t

N
,,

January

TECHNIQUES

by

condition

nant
The resonant

AND

respectively.
The group velocity
may be found from the
slope of the curve and therefore
by using a measured
value of unloaded
Q factor, the attenuation
is calculated
from (8). A periodic
waveguide
may also be made reso-

The

that there must be an integral

number
lengths in the length of the guide so that
of N resonators,

MICROWAVE

Harvey:

i 960
in the
small

inset

of Fig.

dielectric

determ~.ned
gation.

Period;c

26, a perturbing

or metal

sphere

nant wavelength

J
JV

volumes,

The

and magnetic

energy.

as a traveling

wave

in opposite

wound

on a cylinder

rection.

This sheath

of the actual
the perturbed

measurement

is made

wave

directions

may

helixtwo
result

only
EH

exist
waves

in an elliptically

and conducting
model ignores

helix

as well

only

in the ~h di-

the periodic

as the finite

[2!02],
sheet

structure

size of the con-

ductor.
Sensiper
[228] shows that solutions
only exist
for S1OW waves
where
fl > flu and which
represent
modes

and cavity

absolute

A pure EH
on a simple

by Ollendorf
[188] and others [132], [150], [151],
in which the helix is replaced
by an anisotropic

(110)

where A V, V are, respectively,

53

Frequencies

Microwave

polarized
EH surface wave whose plane of polarization
rotates with position along the line.
Some basic properties
emerge from the model applied

@E)dv

Al

at

traveling

in reso-

[233] gives the relation

(pow

1
dh
.

as a
a pre-

of propa-

on the changes

Slater

Sfrucfures

such

along

the direction

are made

for which

Guiding

object

is moved

line as, for example,

Observations

and

by deter-

exampie,
a small variable
plunger in a region where H
is zero and E constant.
From knowledge
of the phase

characterized
by different
angular
variations
given by
e~mo.The usual m = O wave shows large dispersion
at low
frequencies,
but at higher frequencies,
the phase and

velocity
and field distribution,
may be calculated.

group velocities
are nearly
modes where m >1 which

mining

the total

stored

energy

HELICAL

Simple

the coupling

[187]

for,

impedance

sults

STRUCTURES

slow-wave

conductor

wound

structure

in the form

consists
of a helix

of a mewith

the

cir-

dicted
nearly
high
wave
Under

conducting

wire.

The

solutions

obtained

with

The

phase

latter

velocity

these circumstances

result

along

it has been shown

wire.

[138]

that

it is observed

and

group
with

backward

kxr
II

II

/!

II

II

l!

//
II
II

\+h

II
II
II

~1

2Trr},

some branches
in opposite

waves.

of the coupling
[63 ] shows that

br

narrow
The

gaps

model

irnpecl ante to be
this is about twice
in analysis

in which the cc,nductor is conradial

extent.
The structures

[266 ] and

developed

practical
ductor

tape

structures
widths.

helix
having

It is evident

miscellaneous
[228 ] is shown
nearly

sections

[49].

in Fig.

27(a),

equa,l gap and

(111)

04

2.03
>=

0.2

01
0

0.2

0,6

0.4

08

(b)

(c)
27Propagation
along a tape helix. (a) Developed
tape helix. (b) Phase velocity
(c) Frequency
characterisitc.
Helix details are $, = 10, r~/P =0.1.

con-

that

cot $hh= 2~?h/&

(a)

Fig.

have

directions,

The sheath

L-P-!

c]n an

examined
have included
narrow
tapes or wires [,154],
[155],
[156],
[197],
[214],
[215],
[240],
those with

as an EH surface wave, i.e., a mixture

of TM and TE
modes which contain roughly
equal amounts
of electric

1;
II
II
II

are now several

these are plotted

that

velocities

based on the tape model

sidered to possess zero

the wave possesses axial components

of both electric
and magnetic
field and since it is evanescent
over the
wave front on the outside of the helix it may be regarded

47

since there
When

that possessed by practical

structures.
The periodic nature of the helix is evident

to a

the

phase

corresponding

pre-

is equivalent

c traveling

complicated

enables an estimate
made but experiment

a traveling
wave whose axial phase velocity
is
c for low frequencies
but reduces to c sin ~h for
frequencies.

equal over a broad band. For

occur when 2~rh >h, the re-

per mode number.

o (3 diagram

cular cross section. The propagation

of electromagnetic
waves on such helical structures
was first studied
by
Pocklington
[206] who assumed that there was a thin
perfectly

are more

waves

Helix

A widely-used
tallic

by introducing

vs frequency,

m
T

li?E TRANSACTIONS

54

ON

MICROWAVE

The periodicity
means that the wave function
is characterized
by a phase-change
coefficient
given
by (1).
Each angular mode of the helix now contains a complete
set of space
nection

harmonics

between

structures,

and,

because

translation

the conditions

The exponential

field

and

of the

rotation

for propagation

relation

then

ei [(27r/p)z

determining

in

helix

require

helical
m = n.

becomes
(112)

regions

which

are associated

coupling
to fast waves [169]
the structure.
No propagation

leading
takes

[203]

with

to radiation
from
place for the con-

dition
w > n-c/p

or

(113)

p < +x.

TECHNIQUES

the change

in a continuous

alysis,

Tien

coupling

6].

AND

factor.

[252]

This

main

showed

impedance

body

for

z> O those

indicated
waves with
lines,

with

positive

group

lines, can exist, whereas

negative

group

velocity,

velocity,

for z <0

indicated

those

by dotted

can occur.

For

example,

sible with
COhaving
tive

waves

by full

w < 0.2irc/~,

propagation

is pos-

values of 130indicated
by the branches A Oand
positive phase velocities
and BO having nega-

phase velocities.

A few examples

can

experimentally
[5],
[267 ] of the harmonics

modes is given

of dielectric

is away

i3wp/27r

the

dispersion

of the

of the attenuation

the examined

helices

attenuation

helix.

of helices,

possesed

than

alone

and in

was found

to vary

of 0.1 to 0.25

of 13 to 23. The helix

with

the material,

to in-

and to have a flat maxipitch of ~. For a helix

of 40 turns per inch with diameters

0.15-inch
outside,
0. 1~8.inch inside, the attenuation
Coefficients
at 3 kmc
materials

the wire diameter

that a fluted
losses.

and supports

are given

was 0.011 inch.

or similar

support

TABLE
ATTEFWJATION

Type

These

in Table

results

adds little

I;

confirm

to the helix

OF SUPPORTED HELICES

are given,

the thin

Modifications

Considerations
arising in practical
use require modification
[161 ] of the simple helix. The effect of a dielec-

decibels
per inch

0.26

None

707 fluted glasstube

Quartz tube
707 plain glasstube

as a function

tape.

Silver-Plated
Tungsten
Wire

Plain
Tungsten
Wke

of Dielectric

decibels
pe~ ~:h

(114)

coupling
impedance
of tape helices. Other studies of the
helix have included
power handling
capacity
[34] and
attenuation
[118 ], [222], [261]; the latter results have
been extended
[49 ] by the use of a correction
factor
shapes other

the

immediate

Experimental

both

diameters

ratios

crease linearly with frequency,

mum at a ratio of wire-diameter

n + flo$/2r
branches

so that

the

several types of dielectric

support,
have been quoted
[196]. The frequency
was in the range 2.6 to 3.6 kmc and

[280 ], [281]. The

for various angular

fundamental
mode.
Analysis
of the power flow shows that a considerable
fraction is carried by the space harmonics
which explains
the too-high
coupling
impedance
given by the sheathhelix model. Butcher
[38 ] extended
his work on ladder
lines to include calculation
of the dispersion
curves and

Pyactical

from

of the associated

of co, in Fig. 27(c). Eq, (114) shows, for example,

that
the first forward
space harmonic
is equivalent,
as regards phase velocity,
to the fundamental
of a helix of
radius (27rr~ i) /2m. Operation
in such a harmonic
allows [158 ] the use of a larger helix than with the usual

to conductor

or wedges

for various

loading

O.20.8 and can be raised

by tubes

by
Vpn
.
c

and values

and

by a dielectric

the helix

reduce

results

space harmonics
marked with the appropriate
subscript
n, are also shown on the diagram;
such harmonics
have
been observed
phase velocity

the phase velocity

vicinity
of the helical surface.
Analysis
with the sheath model suggests [25 1 ] that
in certain
circumstances
small
amounts
of dielectric

for various
when

an-

that

is typically

of the metal

In a comprehensive

are reduced

factor

by supporting

in characteristics

surround.

inch and wire to helix length

The branches
A to E correspond
to different
angular
modes. If the helix is excited by a source at z = O, then

January

tric has, for example,

been examined
[100 ] in the case
of a spiral support
for a coaxial
line but most work
[183],
[189],
[221],
[240],
[260] has been devoted
to

close con-

On applying
the appropriate
boundary
conditions,
analytical
and graphical
procedures
give the results
shown in Fig. 27(b) for the particular
case of ~k = 10
and ~b/p = 0.1. The condition
~. > (3leads to the existence
of forbidden

THEORY

More
include

complicated
attenuating

ductors

0.33
0.4?
0.49

0:62
0.75
0.88

media which
layers
[160],

[243 ]. Ferrites

have been studied

[284] and semicon-

are of practical

interest

since

the loss caused by this medium may be nonreciprocal

in
direction.
Propagation
along a helix surrounded
by a
ferrite
sleeve has been analysed
[250] in terms of a
plane
curring
zation.
The

sheath
under

model

with

nonreciprocal

the condition

properties

properties

of circumferential

of a helix

with

a coaxial

oc-

magnetiinner

con-

ductor
have been examined
but the effect of an outer
metallic
sheath is more pronounced
[8], [207],
[229],
[235 ], [283] since radiation
from the helix is prevented.
Under
fields,

conditions
of evanescent
the outer sheath has little

radial
decay of the
effect unless it is very

close or the frequency

is low. For modes in which VP> c
Stark [246 ] has shown that the fields have a radial dependence

which

oscillates

outwards

to the

conducting

1960

Periodic

Harvey:

and

Guiding

Structures

af Microwave

55

Frequencies

(a)

(c)

(b)

/e
Fig.

sheath
loading

28Contra-wound

tape helix. (b) Modified

structure.
2d/p
= 1 and cot $k as parameter.

in the manner
noted in the case of capacitive
of Fig. 4. In these exceptional
regions the con-

ditions

resemble

coaxial

line and circular

If several

perturbed

TE

spaced

multifilar

TM

modes

of a

[126],

direction,

[238].

and radius

there

The

curves

results
of

Fig.

27(b) still apply, but if N is the number of conductors

the abscissa points ( 27r/4), O, (+ 27rp) and the ordinate point rc/~ are multiplied
by N. According
to the
value of IV, some
will be missing.
The bifilar
tion

[86],

of the

helix

space

harmonic

with

N=

2 has received

[152 ], [175].

At

low frequencies

extra

mode

wave

on a two-wire

equal
phase

RF currents
on the two tapes
or out-of-phase.
In the former

harmonics

present

which
line.

is analogous
At

any

are zero and in Fig.

components
much
there
to

transverse

27(b)

attenis an

the

TEM

plane

the

may thus be incase, odd space

the solution

now-vanished

portion

forbidden

of CO then
region.

case, the even space harmonics

join

In

the

the desired modes is realized.

The bifilar
helix has received special study [280 ] regarding
backward-wave
per
performance;
in the push-pull
mode it has substantially
higher impedance
[ 253] than the single helix.
As the pitch and diameter
of a single helix are increased, the impedance
of the fundamental
is reduced
[252],

[253]

while

that

of then=

-1

space harmonic

is
and
[46]

which, as shown in Fig. 28(a), consists of two helices

wound
in opposite
directions.
An alternative
version
shown in Fig. 28(b) consists [25] of a spatial distortion
which has the advantage
of simplicity
of construction.
Single or multifilar
helices are possible in both arrangements.

Two

modes,

designated

as the

symmetric

in phase

the axial

electric

and,

mode,
fields

component
add, and the resultant
together
with its associated stored
the TE portion
of the fundamental

in

the

which

latter,

is the one

of the fundamental
axial magnetic
field,
energy, is zero. Thus
component
is non-

existent so that the higher

have most of their energy

order space harmonics

must
in the magnetic
or TE part

of the

that

field.

harmonics
and,

This
have

implies
small

consequently,

axial
small

the

higher

electric

order

field

impedance

space

components

for

backward

The exponential

and

term

in the field equations

now takes

the form
exp~ j[(2r/$)(n

+ 2n)z mfl] },

(115)

where
(116)

Pm,n = 80,0 + 27r(M + 27z)/p

and is similar,

condi-

tion, the power carried by some of the unwanted

components can be eliminated
and a higher impedance
for

increased,
Such an effect is undesirable
in practice
may be eliminated
by the contra-wound
helix

considered,

and can be consid-

the combining
of the single helix
phases. In the fcu-mer, the two

In the symmetric

the

out-of-phase

are zero. In either

be propagated

are superimposed

out of phase.

corre-

through

may

characteristic

waves.

sponding to branch BO and the portion of branch Co along

the forbidden
boundary
region disappear;
the A o branch
and the remaining

antisymmetric,

(c) Frequency

ered as arising from

modes with different
modes

the same pitch

in the axial

helix

and

waveguide.

helices each with

are equally
the

helixes. (a) Twin

for helix wkh

space harmonics.
two

examples

if n is omitted,

to the single

In Fig. 28(c), w is plotted

of twin

helices

with

helix

set of

against

6 for

27rbI/@ ==

1, and

cot

~h = 5 and 10, respectively.

The forbidden
regions are
the same as for the single helix, and the solution
for cot
~h = 5 has two branches, whereas that for cot+, = 10 has
five, only three of which are shown. Measurements
[25]
on contra-wound
helices show typically
that there is an
increase by a factor of 2 in the fundamental
impedance
and a reduction
by a factor of 20 in the n = 1 space
harmonic,
as compared with the single helix. As expected
from the diagrams,
the phase velocities
show increased
dispersion over the single helix.
Numerous
practical
designs of helices have been developed
[71 ], [84] for use at microwave
frequencies.
A
typical
example
of 0.048-inch
diameter
copper wire,
diameter
of turn O.25-inch and pitch 01.157-inch would
have an axial velocity
of 0.1 c, attenuation,
2 decibels
per meter,

and coupling

impedance,

500 ohms.

The ap-

IRE TRANSACTIONS

56
placations

of helices

essential
tions

properties

from

and waveguide

[282 ] on such

convenient
tions

and efficient

from

measurement

MICROWAVE

[184]

coaxial

line

moveable
[170],

short

[287]

lines.

mercury
circuit.

[1]

In

formed

Transi-

may be via the inner

conductor,
the outer being continued
for a short distance
as a sheath surrounding
the helix. The reflections
caused
by changes in pitch angle [200] are also relevant.
Coupling
of power into and out of a helix at any particular
point
surrounding

can be achieved
concentric
helix.

when the helices have very

propagation
when uncoupled
opposite

senses. These

couplers,

and modifications

[59]
The

with an additional
coupling
is strong

nearly equal velocities

and they are wound

transitions

resemble

such as tapering

of
in

directional

[2]
[3]
[+]

.[51.
[6]

[7]

[8]

or stepping

can be employed.
Complete
power transfer
can be affected over a distance
of the order of one-helix
wave-

[9]

length (about O.11). Coupled helices have no direct connection and thus the input or output
circuit may be ex-

[10]

ternal

to

the

device

containing

the

main

helix.

The

coupling
conditions
are modified
in the presence of a dielectric or electron beam [272] and triangular
as well as
sernicircular-re-entrant
coupling
helices have been developed

[1 O]. A typical

[166]

helix

coupler

for frequen-

cies of 1. 72.3 kmc possessed a diameter

ratio of 2.7
with an input VSWR
of 1.3 and a directivity
of 4 db.
Such large diameter
and

thus

a third

ratios
helix,

lead to difficulty

intermediately

[11]

[12]
[13]

[14]

in matching

placed

and

un-

[15]

connected
but contra-wound
with respect to the other
two, has been proposed and tested [180].
A helical structure
maybe
made by spiraling
[113] a

[16]

rectangular

[17]

analysed

waveguide.
[274],

axis is uniformly
points

Such an arrangement

[275]

by

curved

at angular

considering

and adopting

separation

has been

a guide

whose

the fiction

of 2T are not

that

equivalent

but differ in axial position

by the pitch. If the rectangular guide propagating
its dominant
mode is orientated
with its major dimension
perpendicular
to the axis of
the structure,
a TMo1 mode is supported
whereas the
orthogonal
orientation
supports
a TEOI mode. Such a
structure
is very dispersive
[52] if coiled, for example,
with a radius ratio of 5:1. Improvement
results when
there

is coupling

between

turns

as, for instance,

in the

extreme case of a coaxial line with helical grooves in one

or both conductors.
The properties
now resemble those
of the stub-loaded
line provided
that account is taken
of circumferential
further
modification

as well as of axial propagation.

A
entails the removal
of the center

conductor
to form an open helical
a low frequency
cutoff.

waveguide

which

has

author

Duckworth,

is grateful
Dr.

P. N.

and Prof. A. L. Cullen

uscript.

to

G.

Butcher,
for helpful

J.
Dr.

Rich,

Dr.

H.

W.

on the man-

January

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A. E, Karbowiak

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TECHNIQUES

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The

AND

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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..., 1954.
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WAVE
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THEORY

AND

TECHNIQUES

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Solymar

1960

and

Eagles

field:

Design

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image hrres at

of

[290]
[291]

[292]
[293]

of Mode

L. SOLYMAR~

N the design
is often
guides

necessary

transmission

to connect

of different

two

cross section

system

uniform

it

wave-

by means of a non-

uniform
waveguide
(subsequently
referred to as a transducer).
The transducer
can be used for two different
1) to transform
the same mode from one
purposes:
waveguide

into

another

waveguide

of different

2) to transform

a certain

a predetermined

mode of the other

The
between

best

example

two

for

mode
the

rectangular

size; and

of one waveguide

first

into

waveguide,
type

waveguides

The requirement
is to transform
mode in a specified bandwidth.
All

is a transducer
of different

is always

is how to vary

circular.

The

efficiently
the HO1
the solutions
natu-

problem

complicated,
ing. Although
the earliest

since the shape of the cross section is varymode transducers

have been used since
days

of microwave

matic

procedure

design

of the required

transmission,

seems to have

cross sections.

were designed

cases optimum

This

field

by physical

for the

The existing

mode

intuition.

The aim of the present paper is to suggest a systematic design method.

For the better understanding
of
the basic

phenomena,

the properties

c)f a given

trans-

ducer are first analyzed.

It is shown that the incident
mode and the surface of a sufficiently
gradual
transducer determine
the outgoing
mode. In the third section
the inverse
problem
is dealt with,
ie., choosing
the
surface

of the

the uniform
THE

WAVE
Let

transducer

waveguides

when

the

clesired

modes

in

are given.

PROPAGATION OF THE ELIXTROMA~NETIC

IN A SUFFICIENTLY

us consider

GRADUAL, TRANsDucm?

the following

arrangement

of wave-

guides (see Fig. 1). The uniform

waveguide
.4 extends
from z= ~ to z= O, the transducer
from z = O to .s= L
and the uniform
waveguide
B from z = L to z = GO.

is

solutions

* Manuscript
received
by the PGMTT,
July
6, 1959; revised
manuscript
received,
August
17, 1959.
f Standard
Telecommun.
Labs. Ltd., Harlow,
Essex, Eng.

no syste-

been developed

in these cases

the size of the cross section.

well explored,
and for certain
have been obtained.

The design of a transducer

of the second type (generally called a mode transducer)
is incc~mparably
more

II.

size.

rally employ a transducer

whose cross section is everywhere rectangular.
Similarly,
the cross section
of a
transducer
between two circular waveguides
of different
diameter

Transducers*

transducers

INTRODUCTION

of a microwave

61

C. C. EAGLESFIELD~

AND

SummaryThe
propagation of the electromagnetic wave in a
gradual transducer is dkcussed. It k shown that the incident mode
and the geometry of the transducer determine the outgoing mode.
Inverttig this theorem, a method k suggested for the design of the
transducer% surface for casesin w~lch the desired modes in the tmiform waveguides are given.
The application of the method is illustrated in three examples.

1.

Transducers

millimetre
wavelengths,
IRE TRANS. ON MICROWAVE TEIEORY
AND T~CHNIQUES, vol. MTT-7,
pp. 6.S-69; January,
1959.
H. Zahn,
Detection
of electromagnetic
waves in dielectric
wires,
Ann. Physik,
vol. 49, p. 907; 1916.
J. Zenneck,
On the propagation
of plane
electromagnetic
waves along a flat conductor
and its application
to wireless
telegraphy,
Ann. Physik,
vol. 23, p. 846; 1907.
F. J. Zucker,
Theory
and application
of surface waves, Nuovo
Citn., vol. 9, (supplement),
p. 450; 1952.
F. J. Zucker,
The guiding
and radiation
of surface waves,
Proc. of the Sym@osiuw on Modem
Advances
in Microwave
Techniques,
Polytechnic
Inst. of Brooklyn,
Brooklyn,
N. Y.;
1954.

[285]

Design

Mode

I
z.L

z .0

Fig. 1.