FUN WITH SUBNETS

AND

MORE FUN WITH SUBNET

MASKS

Why Use Subnets?

Reduce

size of broadcast domains.

Allow Network Administrators more
Flexibility.
Its just good clean fun!

Remember the IP Address?

The NETWORK part of the IP is assigned by ARIN

The HOST part of the IP is assigned by the network
administrator.

To Create a Subnet:
Network

administrator chooses.
Borrow (re-purpose) bits from the
HOST.

Bits come from the

HOSTs First Octet
Class A will borrow from the 2nd Octet.
Class B will borrow from the 3rd Octet.
Class C will borrow from the 4th Octet.

Before subnetting (Class B):

After subnetting (Class B):

Class C Example

Questions/Steps
How

many subnets needed?

What is the subnet mask?
What is the IP in binary?
Addresses in new subnet?

How many subnets needed for:

IP 203.15.82.0 ?
(Class A, B, or C?)

# of Subnets and Bits Borrowed

Cannot

borrow < 2 bits

Must leave at least 2 bits

Borrowing bits:
Available subnets
Where

n = # of bits borrowed
2n 2 = total subnets available for use
23 2 = 6 available subnets

Borrowing bits:
Available hosts/subnet
Where

n = # of bits borrowed from 4 th

octet
28-n 2 = total hosts/subnet available for
use
25 2 = 30 available hosts/subnet
------------------------------------------------- Borrow from 3rd octet? (16-n)
Borrow from 2nd octet? (24-n)

Determine subnet mask

Three

bits borrowed for Class C

Borrowed | Remaining
111 | 00000 = 8 bits in octet
Higher end values of bits =
128 + 64 + 32 = 224
Mask = 255.255.255.224

The subnets:

000|
001|
010|
011|
100|

(not available - network)

(1st available)
(2nd available)
(3rd available)
(4th available)

110|
111|

(last available)
(not available broadcast)

Hosts on 1st available subnet

203.15.82.__
001|00000

(not available network) .32

001|00001 (1st available - gateway) .33
001|00010 (2nd available 1st host) .34

001|11110

(last available host) .62

001|11111 (not available broadcast) .63

Hosts on 2nd available subnet

203.15.82.__
010|00000

(not available network) .64

010|00001 (1st available - gateway) .65
010|00010 (2nd available 1st host) .66

010|11110

(last available host) .94

010|11111 (not available broadcast) .95

Hosts on last available subnet

203.15.82.__

110|00000 (not available network) .192

110|00001 (1st available - gateway) .193
110|00010 (2nd available 1st host) .194

110|11110 (last available host) .222

110|11111 (not available broadcast) .223

ANDing with subnet mask

Routers

do this to ROUTE to correct

subnet address.
YOU DO IT to verify your host
addresses.
IT WILL ALWAYS RETURN THE
SUBNET ADDRESSWHEN DONE
WITH ANY SUBNET HOST.

ANDing
Convert

IP address and subnet mask to

binary:
IP = 203.15.82.33

11001011.00001111.01010010.00100001
Subnet Mask= 255.255.255.224
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000

ANDing demonstrated:
H = 11001011.00001111.01010010.00100001
M = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
S = 11001011.00001111.01010010.00100000
H = Host M = Subnet Mask
S = Subnet address

Verify subnet address

convert to dotted decimal
S = 11001011.00001111.01010010.00100000
S = 203.15.82.32
That should equal the subnet address!

Yes we are done!

I said We are done!

Go Away!